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3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-2"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-101604 ">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-101600 apercu surlignable"><p>The EEA Agreement is a multilateral treaty based on a two pillar model concluded by the EU and its Member States and the EFTA States Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. The EFTA Surveillance Authority (“ESA”) and the European Commission apply EEA competition law. In state aid law, the ESA has sole jurisdiction in the EFTA pillar. The EFTA Court hears nullity actions against decisions of the ESA and renders preliminary rulings on references from national courts. The EFTA Court is the only court of general jurisdiction which has been referred to by the ECJ when interpreting EU law.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-101600 texte surlignable"><p>General</p> <p>The EEA Agreement’s goal is to extend the EU single market to the participating EFTA States. The treaty is based on a two pillar model. Originally planned for seven EFTA States, the EFTA pillar has since 1 May 1995 consisted of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.</p> <p>EEA law originates in the EU pillar and is incorporated by way of decision of the EEA Joint Committee. The EEA/EFTA States have no right of co-decision, but a right of co-determination (Art. 99 et seq. EEA). Importantly, they have their own independent Surveillance Authority, the ESA, which operates in parallel to the European Commission; they also have their own independent Court which acts in parallel to the Court of Justice of the European Union (“ECJ”). There is no EFTA Court of First Instance; thus the EFTA Court is also a court of fact.</p> <p>The types of procedure in the EFTA pillar are essentially identical in substance to the ones in the EU pillar with certain differences in the preliminary ruling procedure (no written obligation on courts of last resort to refer; rulings are of sui generis character). The Commission and ESA have the right to participate in proceedings before each other’s courts.</p> <p>The first basic principle of the EEA Agreement is homogeneity which comes in several forms. Written rules oblige the EFTA Court to follow relevant ECJ case law which predates the signature of the EEA Agreement (2 May 1992) and to take into account relevant subsequent ECJ case law. However, this does not exclude a certain degree of systemic competition. The EFTA Court has upheld liberal EFTA values even in cases where ECJ case law was to the contrary. Moreover, it has had to resolve novel legal questions in the majority of its cases. The dispute settlement mechanism (Article 105 EEA) has never been applied. In practice, conflicts are resolved through judicial dialogue (AG Trstenjak, C-300/10 Marques Almeida, fn. 25). In this process, both courts have occasionally given way.</p> <p>The second basic principle of the EEA Agreement is reciprocity. The EEA States in both pillars must grant citizens and economic operators the same rights to do business. However, reciprocity also has a procedural dimension. It gives citizens and economic operators in both EEA pillars rights which can be enforced in court (AG Kokott in C-431/11 UK v Council, pt. 42). The EFTA Court has recognised general principles, i.a. State liability and conform interpretation, but not direct effect or primacy. It has also acknowledged fundamental rights. The ECHR and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights are relevant in the latter regard (E-15/10 Posten Norge, para. 100; E-14/15 Holship, paras. 88-91). The ECtHR has for its part made reference to EFTA Court case law (Ástráðsson v. Iceland, no. 26374/18, paras. 75, 80, 140 et seq.).</p> <p>Written competition law</p> <p>Articles 53 and 54 EEA reproduce the cartel prohibition and the abuse prohibition of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. As stated in Article 55 EEA, Articles 53 and 54 EEA are enforced by the Commission and ESA. According to the allocation of competences in Article 56 EEA, the Commission is responsible in most cases. Article 57 EEA gives the competence to control mergers, basically to the Commission. In Articles 61 to 64 EEA, the State aid rules of EU law have been taken over. In cases concerning the EEA/EFTA States, ESA is competent.</p> <p>Competition practice and case law</p> <p>In 26 years, ESA has issued three decisions imposing fines for violation of Article 54 EEA. (1) In Norway Post, the fine for abuse of a dominant position in the business-to-consumer parcel delivery market in Norway was reduced by the EFTA Court from EUR 12.89 million to EUR 11.11 million due to the excessive length of the administrative procedure. (2) In Color Line, which concerned the operation of a long-term exclusive harbour agreement concluded with a Municipality, the fine of EUR 18.81 million was not challenged. (3) In Telenor, ESA on 30 June 2020 imposed a fine of EUR 112 million for abuse of a dominant position by a pricing strategy that resulted in rivals making a loss when selling residential mobile broadband services on tablets and laptops. The case is currently pending before the EFTA Court (E-12/20).</p> <p>The most significant competition law judgment is E-15/10 Norway Post where the EFTA Court held that ESA could not be granted a margin of discretion regarding complex economic appraisals and that competition law decisions that impose fines must be subject to full judicial review. In E-3/16 Ski taxi, the Court, unlike the ECJ in C-67/13 P Cartes Bancaires, adopted AG Wahl’s proposition that only conduct whose harmful nature is proven and easily identifiable, in the light of experience and economics, should be regarded as a restriction of competition by object (para. 61, see AG Wahl, pt. 56). In E-29/15 Sorpa, the Court found that municipal bodies are capable of abuse of dominance within the meaning of Article 54 EEA.</p> <p>In C-67/96 Albany, the ECJ held that collective agreements aimed at improving the working conditions and thus were beyond the scope of European competition law. AG Jacobs had concluded that in virtually all legal systems, including US law, collective agreements were to some extent sheltered from competition law, but that such immunity was not unlimited. The EFTA Court chose to base its E-8/00 LO ruling on AG Jacobs’ opinion. It held that provisions of collective agreements prima facie fall outside the scope of Article 53 EEA. If, however, the national court finds that they do not, in fact, pursue the apparent objectives, “they may, in the light of the objectives actually pursued, fall within the scope of Article 53 EEA” (para. 75).</p> <p>In E-14/15 Holship, the EFTA Court in essence declared dockworkers’priority right to load and unload vessels in Norwegian ports incompatible with EEA competition law and the right of freedom of establishment. The ECtHR has found no violation of Article 11 ECRH (45487/17, Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) and Norwegian Transport Workers’ Union (NTF) v Norway).</p> <p>E-18/14 Wow Air was about the interpretation of Regulation EEC 95/93 on common rules for the allocation of slots at EEA airports. The President granted the accelerated preliminary reference procedure stating that “[t]o guarantee fair and effective competition is one of the most important goals of the EEA Agreement. Effective competition benefits both consumers and competitors and contributes to the common good. In the case at hand, Iceland’s special geographic situation must be taken into account with Keflavík essentially being the only international airport in the<br class='autobr' /> country.” (Para. 7.)</p> <p>In E-8/13 Abelia the EFTA Court held that an in-house counsel cannot generally be denied the right of audience. It must be assessed on a case by case basis whether they are independent or not. In doing so, the EFTA Ct. deliberately deviated from ECJ C-422/11 P and C-423/11 P Prezes. In C-515/17 P and C-561/17 P Uniwersytet Wrocławski, the ECJ’s Grand Chamber held on 4 February 2020 that a lecturer who legally represents a university with which he or she is associated is an independent legal counsel.</p> <p>In E-14/11 DB Schenker I, the Court restricted the presumption underlying the ECJ’s case law that access to documents is not to be granted in antitrust, merger and State aid cases, to the latter two. At para. 132, it held that “specific policy considerations arise in requests for access to documents as part of follow-on damages cases brought before national courts concerning Articles 53 and 54 EEA. The private enforcement of these provisions ought to be encouraged, as it can make a significant contribution to the maintenance of effective competition in the EEA [...] While pursuing his private interest, a plaintiff in such proceedings contributes at the same time to the protection of the public interest.”</p> <p>State aid practice and case law</p> <p>ESA and the EFTA Court have generally followed the Commission’s practice and the Union courts’ case law Two points may be mentioned:</p> <p>(1) As regards locus standi of a beneficiary of aid or a competitor of a beneficiary to challenge a State aid decision by ESA, the EFTA Court was quite liberal in the early days (E-2/94 Scottish Salmon Growers). However, in E-2/02 Bellona, the Court deduced from the homogeneity principle that the “Plaumann formula” of the ECJ (25/62) also applied in the EFTA pillar of the EEA and denied Bellona, an environmental foundation, locus standi. The Court stuck to this approach in later cases (E-1/17 Konkurrenten II).</p> <p>(2) Regarding the substance of State aid law, the EFTA Court held in E-4/97 Husbanken II that the financing of the Norwegian State Housing bank was an undertaking. The EFTA Court basically opted for full review of ESA’s decision.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-101600 jurisprudence"><p>Eric Barbier de la Serre A lesson on judicial review from the other European Court in Luxembourg, Kluwer Competition Law Blog 27 April, 2012.</p> <p>Carl Baudenbacher, Judicial Independence. Memoirs of a European Judge, Springer 2019, Chapters 3, 16, 17, 21.</p> <p>Michael-James Clifton, Applying Competition Law and the View Ahead: 25 Years of the EFTA Court, in: Five Years of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union: the role of the Court. International Conference (19-20 September 2019, Minsk) A. Bugaeva (Ed.) Minsk, Medison, 2020, 144 et seq.</p> <p>Philipp Speitler, Judicial Homogeneity as a Fundamental Principle of the EEA, in: Carl Baudenbacher, Ed., The Fundamental Principles of EEA Law: EEA-ities, Springer, 2017.</p> <p>John Temple Lang, Competition Law: The Brussels Perspective, in: Baudenbacher, Ed., The Handbook of EEA Law, Springer, 2016, 523 et seq.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/carl-baudenbacher" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH99/auton1605-130a7.jpg?1711370723) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Carl Baudenbacher</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Monckton Chambers (London)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>3</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>2303</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Carl Baudenbacher, </span> <span class="entry-title">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 101604</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">857</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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