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data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-12240 ">Cartel </span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-107305 apercu surlignable"><p>A cartel is an anti-competitive agreement or concerted practice between two or more rival firms aimed at coordinating their competitive behaviour on the market or influencing other parameters of competition through practices that include but are not limited to: the direct or indirect fixing of prices or other trading conditions; the limitation or control of production, markets, technical developments or investment; the sharing of markets or sources of supply, including bid-rigging; restrictions of imports or exports, or a combination of these practices. Exchange of competitively sensitive information can also be treated as cartel conduct in certain circumstances.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-107305 texte surlignable"><p>Cartels involve collusion among rival firms to distort, limit or eliminate competition,<br class='autobr' /> primarily in pursuit of higher prices and profits, without producing any countervailing<br class='autobr' /> benefits. As such, cartels are considered among the most harmful forms of anti-<br class='autobr' /> competitive conduct and their prosecution is a priority among competition authorities. It is estimated that in 2021, competition authorities worldwide imposed cartel fines totalling approximately USD 4.6 billion (EUR 4 billion). Cartel participation may also give rise to individual criminal liability in certain jurisdictions as well as private damages actions by harmed undertakings and/or consumers.</p> <p>Cartels involve collusion between firms and can therefore be distinguished from unilateral conduct capable of infringing competition laws (i.e. an abuse by a dominant firm of its position of market power).</p> <p>A cartel typically involves secret meetings or contacts between cartel participants over a sustained period of time (although in certain jurisdictions a one-off meeting may provide a sufficient basis for a cartel). Such arrangements may take many different forms: cartels can be based on written or oral agreements, whether formal or informal in nature, or, in the absence of a concluded agreement, a common understanding by which the parties consciously commit to a common scheme (<i>Monsanto</i>, pages 465 U.S. 752, 768; <i>Suiker Unie</i>, paragraph 26).</p> <p>Cartel participants generally compete in the production and / or supply of a relevant set of products or services. However, organisations such as trade associations and consultancy firms may also be found guilty of cartel conduct if they knowingly facilitate cartel meetings, contacts or the exchange of competitively sensitive information between competitors.</p> <p>A cartel may result from an isolated event, a series of acts or from continuous conduct.</p> <p>Many cartels are complex and last a long period of time. During the entire duration of the cartel, some firms may be more active than others: some may abandon the cartel but subsequently re-join, others may attend only a handful of meetings. If a cartel operates on a global basis there may also be a number of sub-agreements covering different products or services and jurisdictions. For these reasons, competition authorities have found ways to ensure that a related series of anti-competitive actions may be treated as a single, overreaching cartel.</p> <p>In the EU, for example, the concept of a "single and continuous infringement" (SCI) enables a competition authority to group together a series of infringements of<br class='autobr' /> Article 101 of the Treaty for the Functioning of the EU (TFEU) and treat these as forming part of the same cartel conduct, on the ground that they pursue a single overall plan. The US has developed a similar concept, known as the "single versus multiple conspiracies" doctrine. Under these concepts, it is necessary to determine whether the cartel arrangements are sufficiently linked to be considered part of one unified cartel, instead of a number of smaller, independent collusive practices.</p> <p>Practices commonly found in cartel arrangements, such as price-fixing, output restrictions and market-sharing, are treated as among the most serious types of competition infringement. For example, in the EU such arrangements are characterised as restrictions of competition "<i>by object</i>", while in the US they are treated as <i>per se</i> violations under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. The important practical consequence of such categorisations is that there is generally no need for competition authorities to establish the actual effect of the cartel on any specific market in order to conclude that there has been a competition law infringement; harm to competition is self-evident given the nature of the activities involved (<i>Cartes Bancaires</i>, paragraph 51).</p> <p>Most forms of cartel activity entail exchanges of information among rivals. The<br class='autobr' /> exchange of certain types of information between competitors can provide a standalone basis for a cartel finding. Competition authorities are particularly concerned with the exchange of so-called "competitively sensitive information" (CSI) that may enable undertakings to predict each other’s future behaviour and to coordinate their behaviour on the market by reducing uncertainty as to the operation of the market in question, with the result that competition is restricted (<i>T-Mobile</i>, paragraph 35). CSI may include future prices, marketing strategies, quantities, commercial terms with particular customers or suppliers, costs, operational plans, production levels and utilization, capacity reduction/expansion plans and technical information. The exchange of CSI may be unlawful where it is part of a mechanism for enforcing or monitoring a cartel or as an infringement in itself.</p> <p>Competition authorities generally have extensive powers to investigate suspected cartels.</p> <p>These typically include powers to request information directly from firms and to conduct surprise inspections (so-called "dawn raids") at business or private premises to search for electronic or physical documents and conduct interviews. These wide-ranging powers of investigation are generally limited by legal professional privilege and the privilege against self-incrimination (with the availability, precise nature and scope of differing forms of privilege capable of varying between jurisdictions).</p> <p>A fundamental feature of cartel enforcement worldwide is the power for competition<br class='autobr' /> authorities to impose significant sanctions, with the related aims of punishing firms that participate in cartels and deterring firms from forming cartels in the first place.</p> <p>Most competition authorities can impose substantial administrative fines on cartel participants.</p> <p>In 2021, the largest cartel fines were imposed by the European Commission (totalling<br class='autobr' /> around USD 2 billion; EUR 1.7 billion), South Korea (USD 865 million; EUR 763 million), Brazil (USD 656 million; EUR 578 million), China (USD 268 million; EUR 263<br class='autobr' /> million), the United States (USD 150 million; EUR 132 million) and India (USD 117<br class='autobr' /> million; EUR 103 million).</p> <p>Parties harmed by cartel conduct can and increasingly do bring actions for damages. In certain jurisdictions (like the EU) a competition authority’s findings can be relied on as evidence without the claimant needing to prove the existence of the cartel.</p> <p>Many jurisdictions, such as Australia, Canada, Brazil, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Romania, South Africa, South Korea, the UK and the US, also have powers to impose criminal sanctions against individuals involved in cartel activity. These sanctions may lead to imprisonment in cases of serious infringement. In most of these jurisdictions, criminal cartel offences are investigated and prosecuted by a public prosecutor and criminal sanctions imposed by the national criminal courts. One notable exception is the UK where both the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) and the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) have the power to investigate and prosecute criminal cartel offences. However, only the UK’s criminal courts can impose criminal sanctions against individuals.</p> <p>One of the most successful tools to detect and prosecute cartels is the use of leniency<br class='autobr' /> programmes, whereby cartel participants that report the existence of a cartel to a<br class='autobr' /> competition authority and hand over evidence are granted either total immunity (in<br class='autobr' /> principle to the first undertaking to come forward) or a reduction from fines. Leniency<br class='autobr' /> programmes have been adopted in most jurisdictions worldwide.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-107305 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2014/the-eu-court-of-justice-provides-further-clarity-on-when-an-agreement-has-the">Case C-67/13P Groupement des cartes bancaires v Commission, EU:C:2014:220 (Cartes Bancaires)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2009/the-eu-court-of-justice-clarifies-the-notion-of-concerted-practice-and-holds-en">Case C-8/08 T-Mobile Netherlands, EU:C:2009:343 (T-Mobile)</a></p> <p>Monsanto Co. v Spray-Rite Svc. Corp, 465 U.S. Supreme Court, 752, 768 (1984) (Monsanto)</p> <p>Case C-40/73 Suiker Unie and Others v Commission, EU:C:1975:174 (Suiker Unie)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-107305 jurisprudence"><p>Alison Jones, Brenda Sufrin and Niamh Dunee, EU Competition Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (7th edition, Oxford University Press, 2019), Chapter 9.</p> <p>David Bailey and Laura Elizabeth John (eds.), Bellamy and Child: European Union Law of Competition (8th edition, Oxford University Press, 2018), Chapter 5.</p> <p>Douglas Broder, US Antitrust Law and Enforcement (3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2016), Chapter 3.</p> <p>Richard Whish and David Bailey, Competition Law (10th edition, Oxford University Press, 2021), Chapter 13.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/cartel#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/cartel#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/cartel#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/cartel#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/kyriakos.fountoukakos_hsf_com_hgs_copy-9194b.jpg?1711359212) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Herbert Smith Freehills (Brussels)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Belgium</span> <span class="articles"><em>139</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>155007</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Kyriakos Fountoukakos, </span> <span class="entry-title">Cartel</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12240</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">31907</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12240 texte surlignable"><p>Arrangement(s) between competing firms designed to limit or eliminate competition between them, with the objective of increasing prices and profits of the participating companies and without producing any objective countervailing benefits. In practice, this is generally done by fixing prices, limiting output, sharing markets, allocating customers or territories, bid rigging or a combination of these. Cartels are harmful to consumers and society as a whole due to the fact that the participating companies charge higher prices (and earn higher profits) than in a competitive market. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p> <p>A cartel is a formal agreement among firms in an oligopolistic industry. Cartel members may agree on such matters as prices, total industry output, market shares, allocation of customers, allocation of territories, bid-rigging, establishment of common sales agencies, and the division of profits or combination of these. Cartel in this broad sense is synonymous with "explicit" forms of collusion. Cartels are formed for the mutual benefit of member firms. The theory of "cooperative" oligopoly provides the basis for analyzing the formation and the economic effects of cartels. Generally speaking, cartels or cartel behaviour attempts to emulate that of monopoly by restricting industry output, raising or fixing prices in order to earn higher profits. A distinction needs to be drawn between public and private cartels. In the case of public cartels, the government may establish and enforce the rules relating to prices, output and other such matters. Export cartels and shipping conferences are examples of public cartels. In many countries <i>depression cartels</i> have been permitted in industries deemed to be requiring price and production stability and/or to permit rationalization of industry structure and excess capacity. In Japan for example, such arrangements have been permitted in the steel, aluminum smelting, ship building and various chemical industries. Public cartels were also permitted in the United States during the depression in the 1930s and continued to exist for some time after World War II in industries such as coal mining and oil production. Cartels have also played an extensive role in the German economy during the inter-war period. International commodity agreements covering products such as coffee, sugar, tin and more recently oil (OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) are examples of <i>international cartels</i> which have publicly entailed agreements between different national governments. <i>Crisis cartels</i> have also been organized by governments for various industries or products in different countries in order to fix prices and ration production and distribution in periods of acute shortages. In contrast, private cartels entail an agreement on terms and conditions from which the members derive mutual advantage but which are not known or likely to be detected by outside parties. Private cartels in most jurisdictions are viewed as being illegal and in violation of antitrust laws. Successful cartels, be they public or private, require "concurrence", "coordination" and "compliance" among members. This means that cartel members need to be able to detect when violations of an agreement take place and be able to enforce the agreement with sanctions against the violators. These conditions are not easily met and this often explains why cartels tend to break down over time. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_glossary_of_industrial_organisation_economics_and_competition_law.pdf?39924/61543ab059ef02f25a5b58d7b8b4636a8fe2232efa57c3b86700b24cdb1da9ca" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>OECD</a></strong></p> <p>See also <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement" class="spip_in">Price-fixing agreement</a> and <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging" class="spip_in">Bid-rigging</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QhW9uy/Ro79t/gs08dJmOk08uKZ1GVDPQXkAAuvJNg8gDgCl/RV2koMsC87lZEA9m52XZhxQv1CgtTZX4uem5A1bWy7y74nWqNoMWqogK9rsDh23GC3XWC+0Xz6VIHWbbK76vi9cnjXq6z1QACMAP6lS32NRZRc70eq5Yd1V5IAbeLsLwupnuauEDt0DLwCwMKL/1ZKZbbWbXOTvGPOBdVqnsVbqY1PErQaPAV8ySWYy0iKQx/6hccVwdoiVeRVwYz3g7HcLHBXDHL+q3b9Xs0JBPH2OrfZuksoPXzqtRmQgaLUrEffm1tuNfUBsltEDfYUlzZRJRA8Ha4KSpJVY0qLBR6kbWw==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/cartel"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wilmer-hale">Wilmer Hale</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2000/the-eu-commission-fines-15-liner-shipping-companies-for-agreeing-not-to-offer" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission fines 15 liner shipping companies for agreeing not to offer discounts <em>(Hapag-Lloyd / Maersk / P&O...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-22T16:45:27Z">22 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121942 introduction entry-content"> <p>In May 2000, the Commission announced that it had adopted a decision under Article 81 EC imposing fines totaling just under EUR 7 million on 15 liner shipping companies. (Commission Press Release IP/00/486, 16 May 2000.) The Commission found that the 15 liner shipping companies had agreed not to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-eu-commission-carries-out-unannounced-antitrust-inspections-in-the-data" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission carries out dawn raids in the data centre construction sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-17T23:00:00Z">18 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121856 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission carries out unannounced antitrust inspections in the data centre construction sector* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission is carrying out unannounced inspections at the premises of companies active in the data centre construction sector. In parallel, the Commission has sent out formal requests (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jeffrey-martino">Jeffrey Martino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ashley-eickhof">Ashley Eickhof</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stephen-loertscher">Stephen Loertscher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/byron-tuyay">Byron Tuyay</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-us-supreme-court-refuses-to-review-the-reversal-of-a-criminal-conviction" rel="bookmark">The US Supreme Court refuses to review the reversal of a criminal conviction for bid rigging by the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit potentially constraining the DoJ’s approach in dual distribution contexts <em>(Brewbaker)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-11T23:00:00Z">12 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121819 introduction entry-content"> <p>In brief <br class='autobr' /> This alert was initially published on December 21, 2023, and has been updated to reflect the Supreme Court’s denial of DOJ’s Petition for Writ of Certiorari on November 12, 2024. <br class='autobr' /> The U.S. Supreme Court has denied appeals from both parties from the December 1, 2023, decision of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jeronimo-maillo">Jerónimo Maillo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/cartel-settlements/cartel-settlements-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law-120387" rel="bookmark">Cartel settlements: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-07T23:00:00Z">8 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120387 introduction entry-content"><p>The fight against cartels is now one of the top priorities of all competition authorities in both developed and developing countries. In Europe, the fight against hard-core cartels prioritized public (administrative) enforcement, although private enforcement and antitrust damages claims have also been promoted in the latter years. Within public enforcement, new techniques have been launched in the last decades to foster effectiveness and deterrence. One of these innovations has been the EU cartel settlement procedure. Fifteen years have already passed since the settlement procedure was launched, a reasonable time to assess its results. Furthermore, some national jurisdictions have also introduced settlements procedures in national law (many mirroring to a larger or lesser extent the EU Model), a trend that also needs to be evaluated. These are the aims of this foreword: to form a good understanding of how settlement has worked and developed, to assess whether it has met its goals or deviate from them and to what an extent, to identify recent trends, to comprehend the relationships and interactions between leniency, settlements and damage in practice and to assess whether the possible risks have been materialized or kept under control. The foreword will try to assess developments of the whole aforementioned period, although it will focus more on recent trends of the last 3 years, since the last foreword was published in Concurrences.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/general-court-of-the-european-union-101310">General Court of the European Union</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-eu-general-court-confirms-that-2-major-banks-participated-in-a-cartel-in" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court confirms that 2 major banks participated in a cartel in the sector for suprasovereign, sovereign, and public agency bonds <em>(Crédit Agricole / Crédit Suisse)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T23:00:00Z">6 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121485 introduction entry-content"> <p>The banks Crédit agricole and Credit Suisse participated in a cartel in the sector for suprasovereign bonds, sovereign bonds and public agency bonds denominated in US dollars (‘SSA Bonds’)* <br class='autobr' /> The General Court of the European Union confirms the Commission’s finding of an infringement and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/exchange-of-information-the-general-court-of-the-european-union-upholds-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exchange of information</strong> : The General Court of the European Union upholds the fines for exchanges of information between bank traders with a view to obtaining a competitive advantage, confirming the existence of an infringement by object and validating the replacement, for the purposes of calculating the basic amount of the fine adopted by the Commission, of the turnover of the undertakings penalised by the notional amounts of the SSA obligations <em>(Crédit Agricole / Crédit Suisse)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T23:00:00Z">6 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121584 introduction entry-content"> <p>On November 6, 2024, the General Court of the European Union handed down its judgment in joined cases T-386/21 (Crédit Agricole and Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank v. European Commission) and T-406/21 (UBS Group and Credit Suisse Securities (Europe) v. European Commission).. <br class='autobr' /> It (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcus-pollard">Marcus Pollard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kathleen-gooi">Kathleen Gooi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2023/the-hong-kong-competition-tribunal-hears-an-appeal-against-a-decision-by-the" rel="bookmark">The Hong Kong Competition Tribunal hears an appeal against a decision by the Competition Authority to refuse to grant leniency to a real estate company <em>(Midland Realty / WONG Ching Yi Angela / PO Siu Ming / LEE Chung Yin / CHEONG Tsz Chuen / MA Tai Yeung)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-30T16:42:34Z">30 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121375 introduction entry-content"> <p>Several real estate agencies – Midland Realty International Limited, Hong Kong Property Services (Agency) Limited and Midland Holdings Limited (collectively “Midland”) – initiated proceedings to judicially review the Hong Kong Competition Commission’s (“HKCC”) decision to refuse to grant Midland (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/croatian-competition-authority">Croatian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-croatian-constitutional-court-upholds-after-multiple-appeals-the" rel="bookmark">The Croatian Constitutional Court upholds, after multiple appeals, the Competition Authority’s decision to fine 4 bus transport companies €137M for market sharing <em>(Presečki grupa)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-28T23:00:00Z">29 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121467 introduction entry-content"> <p>Constitutional Court rejects the constitutional complaint filed by Presečki grupa* <br class='autobr' /> The aim of the protection of market competition is primarily to create benefits for consumers and equal conditions for all entrepreneurs on the market, who, acting in accordance with the existing rules and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/federico-de-michiel">Federico De Michiel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/paulo-abecasis">Paulo Abecasis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/julia-wahl">Julia Sabine Wahl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tuomas-haanpera">Tuomas Haanperä</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/eu-competition-law/eu-competition-law-an-economists-overview-of-case-law" rel="bookmark">EU Competition Law: An economists’ overview of case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-24T22:00:00Z">25 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120852 introduction entry-content"><p>European Union (EU) competition enforcement has remained active over the past year with notable decisions by the Commission and rulings on landmark cases by the EU courts. In the past 12 months, two new tools came fully into force for the European Commission’s (the Commission) Directorate General for Competition (DG Comp): the Digital Markets Act (DMA) gatekeepers’ designations in September and the mandatory notifications of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) for mergers and public tenders. The Commission has already demonstrated its intent to make full use of these tools, having opened one Phase 2 investigation under FSR and six investigations under DMA compliance rules by June 2024. Under FSR, the Commission also opened its first ex officio investigation into the wind turbine industry in April 2024. It is still too early to tell how the Commission will use its economic tools in applying these new regulations with only one decision being announced so far. This article provides a brief overview of recent developments in the second half of 2023 and the first half of 2024 in competition law enforcement in Europe, focusing particularly on the usage of economics in those investigations. To draft this article, we have interviewed the DG Comp’s Chief Economist Team (CET) and prominent competition law practices in Brussels: Covington, Dentons, DLA Piper, Freshfields, Jones Day, Linklaters, Slaughter and May, Weil, Gotshal & Manges, and WilmerHale. These interviews were conducted between June and September 2024.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/singaporean-competition-authority">Singaporean Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-singaporean-competition-authority-issues-a-proposed-infringement-decision" rel="bookmark">The Singaporean Competition Authority issues a proposed infringement decision against 2 construction companies for rigging bids in public sector tenders <em>(Hunan Fengtian / Trust-Build)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-24T22:00:00Z">25 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121638 introduction entry-content"> <p>CCCS Issues Proposed Infringement Decision to Two Construction Companies for Rigging Bids in Public Sector Tenders* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore (“CCCS”) has issued a Proposed Infringement Decision (“PID”) against Hunan Fengtian Construction Group Co., Ltd and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Austrian-Competition-Authority">Austrian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/is-antitrust-back-in-fashion-implications-of-the-ftc-s-win-in-the-tapestry" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Supreme Cartel Court upholds the Competition Authority’s appeal and fines a company €65K in a joiner cartel investigation <em>(Pirkl)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-23T22:00:00Z">24 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121626 introduction entry-content"> <p>Joiner cartel investigations concluded: Supreme Cartel Court upholds AFCA appeal and fines Pirkl EUR 65,000* <br class='autobr' /> The Supreme Cartel Court looked into legal questions surrounding the "ne bis in idem" - principle as well as the setting of the fine after the Austrian Federal Competition Authority (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Austrian-Competition-Authority">Austrian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/ftc-issues-notice-of-its-withdrawal-from-cross-agency-merger-review-agreement" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Cartel Court finds a waste management company guilty of participating in a cartel but refrains from imposing a fine due to the company’s full cooperation in the matter <em>(FCC Austria Abfall Service)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-21T22:00:00Z">22 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121627 introduction entry-content"> <p>Update on Waste Management Cartel: Finding Decision against FCC Austria Abfall Service AG is final* <br class='autobr' /> At the request of the AFCA, the Cartel Court found that FCC Austria Abfall Service AG (hereinafter “FCC”) participated in an Austria-wide cartel in the waste management sector. <br class='autobr' /> FCC was (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mara-stabulniece">Mara Stabulniece</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/karina-deksne">Karina Deksne</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-latvian-supreme-court-upholds-the-annulment-of-a-fine-against-a" rel="bookmark">The Latvian Supreme Court upholds the annulment of a fine against a construction material retailer for providing incomplete information during an investigation <em>(DEPO DIY)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-17T22:00:00Z">18 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121251 introduction entry-content"> <p>On October 18, 2024, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia (the Senate) upheld the Regional Administrative Court’s judgment from November 4, 2020, which annulled the Competition Council’s (CC) decision to impose a fine on SIA DEPO DIY (DEPO). The CC had fined DEPO for allegedly failing to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bulgarian-competition-authority-sofia">Bulgarian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-bulgarian-competition-authority-fines-2-flower-wholesalers-for-their" rel="bookmark">The Bulgarian Competition Authority fines 2 flower wholesalers for their participation in a bid-rigging cartel <em>(Total / S.I.I.)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-14T22:00:00Z">15 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121629 introduction entry-content"> <p>CPC sanctioned Total LC Ltd and the consultant S.I.I. for their participation in a bid-rigging cartel for the manipulation of public procurement procedures* <br class='autobr' /> By Decision № 1058/10.10.2024 the Commission established committed infringement of art. 15 of the LPC and art. 101 of the TFEU and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/slovak-competition-authority-17056">Slovak Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-slovak-competition-authority-conducts-dawn-raids-at-the-premises-of" rel="bookmark">The Slovak Competition Authority conducts dawn raids at the premises of companies operating in the health sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-13T22:00:00Z">14 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121639 introduction entry-content"> <p>CARTELS: AMO conducted inspections at undertakings in health sector* <br class='autobr' /> From 8 to 10 October 2024 the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic (AMO) was conducting unannounced inspections at the business premises of undertakings operating in the market of providing institutional health care. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/cartel?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679l0CjBzCGDmxZ+cMoCax5Q58PBPZYCOK3aUnwqG/p57AtlPZywG7dT89gMSdGZeeUBASa2PLrhjnZ908bR3raIGP3FuNkaaBilhsjXGhBHzP4NXj+DhdY+bMBlpaNfoZ/jxz5YXJSCuyrW0L6A7ulcLX63AbFILMCSL2vRMs6XgNPQDcrJ8mGzybfc6zhRqsk1t1U8y3lRYJjddH44DwTrSHBfBC5aTkf6VJq8wWQilG9FaIJ7LWwSwgv7Crlthvig78OqifwYulOV4r1FlgFoZI3CfZcFC2yc51m6M6M7BUKTIuax3P6J14DG4BDiAohka60GihWn8TM=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/cartel"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/aastha-gupta">Aastha Gupta</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anandkumar-singh">Anandkumar Singh</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bianca-bhardwaj-220572">Bianca Bhardwaj</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/international/india-antitrust-and-its-relationship-with-sustainability-a-course-change" rel="bookmark">India: Antitrust and its relationship with sustainability - A course change?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119769 introduction entry-content"> <p>Unsustainable business practices, arising out of mindless competition between firms, are an imminent threat to the environment and society at large. 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This reform was proposed by the Swiss Federal Council on 24 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/timur-bondaryev">Timur Bondaryev</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mykhailo-lazoryshynets">Mykhailo Lazoryshynets</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/international/ukraine-antitrust-enforcement-in-challenging-times" rel="bookmark">Ukraine: Antitrust Enforcement in Challenging Times</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114826 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the last 10 years, Ukraine has undergone socio-political upheavals including the Russian invasion, its association with the EU in 2014, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the onset of full-scale war in 2022. The authors of this article aim to summarize the main developments of the national antitrust (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tihamer-toth">Tihamér Tóth</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/livres/114854" rel="bookmark">The Cambridge Handbook of Competition Law Sanctions, Tihamer TOTH (ed.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114854 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-whelan">Peter Whelan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/books/research-handbook-on-cartels-whelan-peter-ed" rel="bookmark">Research Handbook on Cartels, WHELAN Peter (ed.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116837 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/articles/should-the-eu-competition-damages-directive-be-revised-to-grant-companies-that" rel="bookmark">Should the EU Competition Damages Directive be revised to grant companies that have received immunity from fines under the competition authorities’ leniency programmes also immunity from damages?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112968 introduction entry-content"> <p>Following various proposals in the academic literature, and in the light of the observed decrease in the number of leniency applications received by European competition authorities in the period 2015–2020, the German Monopolies Commission (Monopolkommission) proposed in 2022 to amend the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/edgar-martin-padilla">Edgar Martín Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/carlos-mena-labarthe">Carlos Mena Labarthe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/international/mexico-overview-and-trends-in-antitrust-enforcement" rel="bookmark">Mexico: Overview and trends in antitrust enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112967 introduction entry-content"> <p>While antitrust enforcement in Mexico might be influenced by our legal formalistic tradition, there are several innovative tools available for the authorities and practitioners to enhance compliance of the Competition Law. Mexico will continue to lead antitrust enforcement breakthroughs in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/cartel?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1RhK9uyjRgDOl5VCNF1eyXopPQTXxnf38KNVAqJS0xapuua56nOdz0B3wZpLBiAFT2Mru2TtDeUAa6taa+QMb7uaM4E7sfs/sB/b/UFS9LK+tdkaeHflOWn6nzX1XCHoeKGRlGL3zSzbhPNypNOyj3Xcww9OaEJHBGTK/jWbdvfT7SzcMTV8VCfvqxLWOOize0HReXjGaCoquAfF1nIpdRuZ4EzUN06Buhqocva3q9CN64LHQyRQgnMVwUa/7LHCSxQv7DLt99PCgL8KqidwcqjCVDByGJv5p5FOEO4GdindMheG5s7W/CoolnR70FAaqkgxmGKrwz73w7oiLLHmoVgFvg0rU' data-origin="//en/dictionary/cartel"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-luc">Irène Luc</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-law-enforcement-articulation-public-private-enforcement" rel="bookmark">Competition law enforcement: Articulation public & private enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-02-15T16:00:00Z">15 February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110714 introduction entry-content"><p>The “Competition law enforcement : Articulation public and private enforcement Conference” organised by Concurrences in partnership with Ashurst took place in Paris on February 15th, 2023.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sarretta-mcdonough">Sarretta McDonough</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marvin-n-price-jr">Marvin N. Price Jr.</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lisa-m-phelan">Lisa M. Phelan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Maria-Jaspers">Maria Jaspers</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mikael-herve">Mikaël Hervé</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/global-cartel-enforcement-trends-webinar-110012" rel="bookmark">Global Cartel Enforcement Trends Webinar</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-24T15:30:00Z">24 January 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110012 introduction entry-content"><p>“Global Cartel Enforcement Trends” Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Charles River Associates and Morrison Foerster, with <a href="en/auteurs/mikael-herve" class="spip_in">Mikaël Hervé</a> (Vice President, CRA), <a href="en/auteur/Maria-Jaspers" class="spip_in">Maria Jaspers</a> (Director, Cartels, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/sarretta-mcdonough" class="spip_in">Sarretta C. McDonough</a> (Associate General Counsel, Antitrust and Commercial Litigation, Intel), <a href="en/authors/marvin-n-price-jr" class="spip_in">Marvin N. Price Jr.</a> (Acting Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Criminal Enforcement, U.S. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division) and <a href="en/authors/lisa-m-phelan" class="spip_in">Lisa M. Phelan</a> (Partner, Morrison Foerster).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kjersti-bjerkebo">Kjersti Bjerkebo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maria-luisa-tierno-centella-783">María Luisa Tierno Centella</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tihamer-toth">Tihamér Tóth</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gerald-miersch">Gerald Miersch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christopher-mayock">Christopher Mayock</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/katrin-roesen">Katrin Roesen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/daniel-vowden">Daniel Vowden</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/gordon-christian">Gordon Christian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alfredos-theodorakopoulos">Alfredos Theodorakopoulos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ashley-brickles">Ashley Brickles</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/cartels-workshop-an-advanced-seminar-on-substantive-and-procedural-eu-109565" rel="bookmark">Cartels Workshop : An advanced seminar on substantive and procedural EU developments</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-25T11:00:00Z">25 January 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109565 introduction entry-content"><p>The “Cartels Workshop: An Advanced Seminar on Substantive and Procedural EU Developments” Conference organised by Concurrences in partnership with Herbert Smith Freehills and FTI Consulting took place in Brussels on January 25th, 2023.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/svetlana-s-gans">Svetlana S. Gans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/amanda-l-wait">Amanda Wait</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/peter-swire">Peter Swire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-d-graubert">John D. Graubert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic">William E. Kovacic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/ftc-s-rulemaking-authority-update-following-recent-developments" rel="bookmark">FTC’s Rulemaking Authority: Update Following Recent Developments</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-24T13:30:00Z">24 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108758 introduction entry-content"><p>The “FTC’s Rulemaking Authority: Update Following Recent Developments” webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with CCIA, with an opening speech by <a href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic" class="spip_in">William E. Kovacic</a> (Professor, The George Washington University School of Law), followed by a panel with <a href="en/authors/svetlana-s-gans" class="spip_in">Svetlana Gans</a> (Partner, Gibson Dunn), <a href="en/authors/john-d-graubert" class="spip_in">John D. Graubert</a> (Senior Counsel, Covington & Burling, Washington D.C.), <a href="en/auteurs/peter-swire" class="spip_in">Peter Swire</a> (Holder Chair of Law and Ethics, Georgia Tech Scheller College of Business | Senior Counsel, Alston & Bird), and <a href="en/authors/amanda-l-wait" class="spip_in">Amanda Wait</a> (Head of Antitrust, Norton Rose Fulbright).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/samuel-chan-ka-yan">Samuel Chan Ka-yan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sandra-marco-colino">Sandra Marco Colino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yan-yu">Yan Yu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kirstie-nicholson">Kirstie Nicholson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephen-crosswell">Stephen Crosswell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephen-ryan-2177">Stephen Ryan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/grant-chamberlain">Grant Chamberlain</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wendy-peter">Wendy Peter</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-development-of-individual-and-criminal-sanctions-in-the-asia-pacific-region-107225" rel="bookmark">The development of individual and criminal sanctions in the Asia-Pacific Region (Antitrust in Asia #1)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-17T06:30:00Z">17 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-107225 introduction entry-content"><p>1st webinar of the “Antitrust in Asia: One Size Fits All?” Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Baker McKenzie and RBB Economics. Welcome Remarks by <a href="en/authors/sandra-marco-colino" class="spip_in">Sandra Marco Colino</a> (Associate Professor, The Chinese University of Hong Kong). Opening Keynote Speech by <a href="en/authors/samuel-chan-ka-yan" class="spip_in">Samuel Chan</a> (Chairperson, Hong Kong Competition Commission). The first panel “The Development of Individual and Criminal Sanctions in the Asia-Pacific Region” with <a href="en/auteurs/grant-chamberlain" class="spip_in">Grant Chamberlain</a> (Cartel Investigations Manager, New Zealand Commerce Commission), <a href="en/authors/stephen-crosswell" class="spip_in">Stephen Crosswell</a> (Partner, Baker McKenzie), <a href="en/authors/kirstie-nicholson" class="spip_in">Kirstie Nicholson</a> (Competition Counsel, BHP), <a href="en/auteurs/wendy-peter" class="spip_in">Wendy Peter</a> (General Counsel, Specialist Advice and Services Division, Australian Competition & Consumer Commission), <a href="en/authors/stephen-ryan-2177" class="spip_in">Stephen Ryan</a> (Head Legal Advisory, Hong Kong Competition Commission), <a href="en/authors/yan-yu" class="spip_in">Yan Yu</a> (Partner, RBB Economics).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paulo-burnier-da-silveira">Paulo Burnier da Silveira</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/gina-cass-gottlieb">Gina Cass-Gottlieb</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michal-s-gal">Michal Gal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Geeta-Gouri">Geeta Gouri</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/harry-first">Harry First</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-in-developing-emerging-economies-2" rel="bookmark">Big Tech and Developing Countries: Can Developing Countries Harness the Opportunities and Control the Abuses? </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-26T15:30:00Z">26 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108509 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd webinar of the “Antitrust in Developing & Emerging Economies: New Challenges in Public Interest, Big Tech, and Regionalism” Conference, organised by Concurrences in partnership with ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law. The second panel “Big Tech and Developing Countries: Can Developing Countries Harness the Opportunities and Control the Abuses?” with <a href="en/authors/paulo-burnier-da-silveira" class="spip_in">Paulo Burnier da Silveira</a> (Senior Competition Expert, Competition Division, OECD), <a href="en/auteurs/gina-cass-gottlieb" class="spip_in">Gina Cass-Gottlieb</a> (Chair, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission), <a href="en/authors/michal-s-gal" class="spip_in">Michal Gal</a> (Professor, University of Haifa), <a href="en/auteur/Geeta-Gouri" class="spip_in">Geeta Gouri</a> (Economic Consultant), <a href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak" class="spip_in">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a> (Founding Partner, ELIG Attorneys-at-Law) and <a href="en/authors/harry-first" class="spip_in">Harry First</a> (Professor, NYU School of Law).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-riley">Anne Riley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anny-tubbs">Anny Tubbs</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-stephan">Andreas Stephan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic">William E. Kovacic</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rosa-m-abrantes-metz">Rosa M. Abrantes-Metz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/perspectives-on-antitrust-compliance-the-price-fixer-compliance-tales-from-the-en" rel="bookmark">The Price Fixer: Compliance Tales from the Other Side - Perspectives on Antitrust Compliance</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-05-16T13:30:00Z">16 May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106020 introduction entry-content"><p>The “Perspectives on Antitrust Compliance: The Price Fixer - Compliance Tales from the Other Side” Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Brattle Group and ICC with <a href="en/authors/rosa-m-abrantes-metz" class="spip_in">Rosa M. Abrantes-Metz</a> (Practice Co-Leader: Global Antitrust & Competition, Brattle), <a href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic" class="spip_in">Bill Kovacic</a> (Professor, George Washington University), <a href="en/authors/anne-riley" class="spip_in">Anne Riley</a> (Independent Competition Consultant), <a href="en/authors/andreas-stephan" class="spip_in">Andreas Stephan</a> (Professor, University of East Anglia) and <a href="en/auteurs/anny-tubbs" class="spip_in">Anny Tubbs</a> (Co-Founder, First Move Productions).</p> <p><strong>The book <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/perspectives-on-antitrust-compliance">"Perspectives on Antitrust Compliance"</a> edited by Anne Riley, Andreas Stephan and Anny Tubbs was presented during this webinar. </strong></p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Hughes-Parmentier">Hugues Parmentier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-bosco">David Bosco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mercedes-pedraz-calvo">Mercedes Pedraz Calvo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marina-tavassi">Marina Tavassi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/private-enforcement-4-imputability-interest-in-bringing-an-action-and-causal" rel="bookmark">Private Enforcement #4 Imputability, interest in bringing an action and causal link</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-04-01T13:30:00Z">1 April 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99048 introduction entry-content"><p>4th Webinar of the 6th « Private Enforcement Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Dechert, with <a href="en/authors/david-bosco" class="spip_in">David Bosco</a> (Professor, Aix-Marseille Université), <a href="en/auteur/Hughes-Parmentier" class="spip_in">Hugues Parmentier</a> (Policy officer - ECN & private enforcement, DG COMP), <a href="en/auteurs/mercedes-pedraz-calvo" class="spip_in">Mercedes Pedraz Calvo</a> (Judge, Audiencia Nacional), <a href="en/auteurs/marina-tavassi" class="spip_in">Marina Tavassi</a> (Former President, Milan Court of Appeal | Professor of IP Law and Competition, University of Pavia) and <a href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara" class="spip_in">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a> (Partner, Dechert).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-hubert">Patrick Hubert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rafael-amaro">Rafael Amaro</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert">Nathalie Dostert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/brigitte-brun-lallemand">Brigitte Brun-Lallemand</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/private-enforcement-2-assessment-of-damages-current-challenges" rel="bookmark">Private Enforcement #2 Assessment of damages: Current challenges</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-03-30T13:30:00Z">30 March 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99038 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd Webinar of the 6th « Private Enforcement » Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Deloitte and Orrick, with <a href="en/authors/rafael-amaro" class="spip_in">Rafael Amaro</a> (Professor, University of Caen Normandy), <a href="en/auteurs/brigitte-brun-lallemand" class="spip_in">Brigitte Brun-Lallemand</a> (President, Economic Regulation Chamber (5/7), Paris Court of Appeal), <a href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert" class="spip_in">Nathalie Dostert</a> (President of the Competition Law Chamber and Honorary Vice President, Paris Commercial Court), <a href="en/authors/patrick-hubert" class="spip_in">Patrick Hubert</a> (Partner, Orrick) and <a href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon" class="spip_in">Gildas de Muizon</a> (Partner, Head of the Economic Advisory practice, Deloitte).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dirk-van-erps">Dirk Van Erps</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sophie-bresny">Sophie Bresny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/georgios-gryllos">Georgios Gryllos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-investigations-2-successive-and-continued-inspections" rel="bookmark">Competition Investigations #2 Successive and continued inspections</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-03-05T10:30:00Z">5 March 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98894 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd Webinar of the 5th « Competition Investigations » Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Mayer Brown, with <a href="en/authors/sophie-bresny" class="spip_in">Sophie Bresny</a> (<i>Chef du service investigations</i>, Autorité de la concurrence), <a href="en/authors/georgios-gryllos" class="spip_in">Georgios Gryllos</a> (Legal Secretary, General Court of the European Union), <a href="en/authors/laurence-idot" class="spip_in">Laurence Idot</a> (Emeritus Professor, University Paris II Panthéon‑Assas), <a href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury" class="spip_in">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a> (Partner, Mayer Brown) and <a href="en/authors/dirk-van-erps" class="spip_in">Dirk Van Erps</a> (Adviser to the Deputy Director-General for Antitrust and Cartels, DG COMP).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/juliane-kokott">Juliane Kokott</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Maria-Jaspers">Maria Jaspers</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/manish-das">Manish Das</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/milan-kristof">Milan Kristof</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aleksandra-boutin">Aleksandra Boutin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/2nd-cartels-workshop-1-opening-speech-substantive-issues" rel="bookmark">2nd Cartels Workshop #1 Opening speech & Substantive issues</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-20T14:00:00Z">20 January 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97241 introduction entry-content"><p>1st Webinar of the « 2nd Cartels Workshop » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Herbert Smith Freehills and Positive Competition, with <a href="en/authors/juliane-kokott" class="spip_in">Juliane Kokott</a> (Advocate General, Court of Justice), <a href="en/auteurs/aleksandra-boutin" class="spip_in">Aleksandra Boutin</a> (Founding Partner, Positive Competition), <a href="en/authors/manish-das" class="spip_in">Manish Das</a> (Head of Competition Law, Lloyds Banking Group), <a href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos" class="spip_in">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a> (Managing Partner, Herbert Smith Freehills), <a href="en/auteur/Maria-Jaspers" class="spip_in">Maria Jaspers</a> (Director - Cartels, DG COMP) and <a href="en/auteurs/milan-kristof" class="spip_in">Milan Kristof</a> (<i>Référendaire</i>, Court of Justice).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ingrid-vandenborre">Ingrid Vandenborre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bill-batchelor">Bill Batchelor</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" 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Grebe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119321" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Chile</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions53 CHILE Benjamin Grebe Partner, Prieto Abogados Andrea Von Chrismar Counsel, Prieto Abogados 54Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions Historically, Chile has used a system that has privileged the actions of the National Economic Prosecutor's Office (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/a-ortega-gonzalez-houthoff-com">Angela Ortega-Gonzalez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gerrit-oosterhuis">Gerrit Oosterhuis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-mussche">Vincent Mussche</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119317" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Belgium</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">BELGIUM Gerrit Oosterhuis Partner, Houthoff Angela Ortega González Professional Support Lawyer, Houthoff Vincent Mussche Partner, Liedekerke G. Oosterhuis, A. O. González and V. Mussche 30Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions In Belgium, private enforcement of competition law has been (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jose-gabriel-assis-de-almeida">José Gabriel Assis de Almeida</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joyce-honda">Joyce Honda</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mickael-viglino">Mickael Viglino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thales-lemos">Thales Lemos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119318" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Brazil</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">BRAZIL Joyce Honda Partner, Cescon Barrieu Thales de Melo e Lemos Senior Associate, Cescon Barrieu José Gabriel Assis de Almeida Partner, J.G. Assis de Almeida & Associados Mickael Viglino Partner, J.G. Assis de Almeida & Associados 42Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions In Brazil, private (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Barbara-Rosenberg">Barbara Rosenberg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/great-antitrust-enforcers-lessons-from-regulators#id=114767" rel="bookmark">Great Antitrust Enforcers - Lessons from Regulators <small><strong>BARBARA ROSENBERG</strong></br>Brazil’s Secretariat of Economic Law of the Ministry of justice</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-24T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">25 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">309 Barbara Rosenberg * Brazil's Secretariat of Economic Law of the Ministry of Justice, Senior Manager (2003‑2005) You were a crucial participant in the development of Brazil's highly successful competition system. You were a senior manager at the Secretariat of Economic Law of the Ministry of (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_chapitres' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/cartel?debut_chapitres=15#pagination_chapitres' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/cartel#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/cartel#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/cartel#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/cartel#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/cartel#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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