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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_glossaire composition_glossaire ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Geographic market - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="The relevant geographic market comprises the area in which the undertakings concerned are involved in the supply and Remand of products or services, in which the conditions of competition are…" /> <style type='text/css'>img.adapt-img{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper {display:inline-block;max-width:100%;position:relative;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;line-height:1px;overflow:hidden}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper.loading:not(.loaded){background-size: cover;}@media (min-width:320.5px){.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}}.adapt-img-background{width:100%;height:0}@media print{html .adapt-img-wrapper{background:none}}</style> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/var adaptImgDocLength=149531;adaptImgAsyncStyles="picture.adapt-img-wrapper{background-size:0;}";adaptImgLazy=false;(function(){function d(a){var b=document.documentElement;b.className=b.className+" "+a}function f(a){var b=window.onload;window.onload="function"!=typeof window.onload?a:function(){b&&b();a()}}document.createElement("picture");adaptImgLazy&&d("lazy");var a=!1;if("undefined"!==typeof window.performance)a=window.performance.timing,a=(a=~~(adaptImgDocLength/(a.responseEnd-a.connectStart)))&&50>a;else{var c=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;"undefined"!==typeof c&& (a=3==c.type||4==c.type||/^[23]g$/.test(c.type))}a&&d("aislow");var e=function(){var a=document.createElement("style");a.type="text/css";a.innerHTML=adaptImgAsyncStyles;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("style")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b);window.matchMedia||window.onbeforeprint||beforePrint()};"undefined"!==typeof jQuery?jQuery(function(){jQuery(window).on('load',e)}):f(e)})();/*]]>*/</script>  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/geographic-market" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/dictionnaire/marche-geographique" />   <link rel="schema.DC" href="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="rfc1766" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" lang="en" content="Geographic market" /> <meta name="DC.Description.Abstract" lang="en" content="The relevant geographic market comprises the area in which the undertakings concerned are involved in the supply and Remand of products or services, in which the conditions of competition are…" /> <meta name="DC.Date" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2018-10-17" /> <meta name="DC.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2018-10-17T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.date.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2018-10-17T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.Date.Modified" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2019-01-16" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/geographic-market" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Concurrences" /> <meta name="DC.Source" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Commission, European" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Commission, European" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Commission - DG COMP (Brussels)"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Geographic market" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://www.concurrences.com/squelettes/img/logo/favicon/favicon.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/38/eb53752304d66f157aaf81b9ef6dd6.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="48x48" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/2b/0d54d963c60e773622ff95e0b4c182.ico" /> <link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/b8/42ed8c8a24f31e702c68b2aa6f69ba.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/05/6ca8b6d4c932f8e13bf741535dd98e.png" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; 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class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-104181 apercu surlignable"><p>The area relevant to the assessment of the conduct constitutes the geographic dimension of a relevant antitrust market. Under EU competition law, the relevant geographic market comprises the area in which the undertakings concerned are involved in the supply and demand of products or services, in which the conditions of competition are sufficiently homogeneous and which can be distinguished from neighbouring areas because the conditions of competition are appreciably different in those areas. While the exact definition of a geographic market shows some variation between jurisdictions, many systems of competition law use the concept to identify the geographic boundaries of competition.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-104181 texte surlignable"><p>A relevant market is typically defined in terms of both a product and geographic dimension. The geographic dimension concerns the geographic or territorial boundaries of the market. Its purpose is to identify the geographic boundaries of competition, in other words to identify the suppliers of a given product or service that are capable of constraining the market behaviour of a given company and to whom customers of that product or service can turn.</p> <p>The European Courts of Justice have long held that a relevant market has a geographic dimension, the definition of which must be based on appropriate evidence. From the early case Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company v Commission (1973), the Court of Justice considered it necessary to take account of the geographic dimension of the relevant market. The case concerned an attempt by the Commission to prohibit a concentration under what is today Art 102 TFEU at a time when no specific merger control regulation existed in Community competition law. The Court annulled the Commission’s decision for lack of reasoning.</p> <p>The Court explained that the Commission was under an obligation to state legally sufficient reasons or, at least, to prove that the remaining competitors could no longer constrain the merged entity (Continental Can, paragraph 29). In<br class='autobr' /> this context, and while the Court approached the question of relevant market primarily from the product market perspective, it explained that ‘[t]he argument … that the plants of certain manufacturers … were located too far away from most … consumers to enable the latter to decide to use them as a permanent source of supply, has not been substantiated’, thus acknowledging that the relevant market had a geographic dimension (Continental Can, paragraph 35). A few years later, in United Brands v Commission (1978, paragraph 10), the Court of Justice stated this explicitly.</p> <p>Since Continental Can and United Brands, the European Courts of Justice have discussed geographic market definition many times. The long history of case law is enshrined in the EU Market Definition Notice (1997), which describes the European Commission’s approach to market definition, including to relevant geographic market. The Notice explains that a relevant market includes a geographic dimension, and that such relevant geographic market comprises the area in which the undertakings concerned are involved in the supply and demand of products or services, in which the conditions of competition are sufficiently homogeneous and which can be distinguished from neighbouring areas because the conditions<br class='autobr' /> of competition are appreciably different in those areas (EU Market Definition Notice,<br class='autobr' /> paragraph 8). A similar definition is found in Article 9(7) of the EU Merger Regulation, called the ‘geographic reference market’.</p> <p>The idea of a systematically defined geographic market is widely recognised outside the EU. For example, in the US, Section 7 of the Clayton Act prohibits mergers that substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce ‘in any section of the country’. Ruling on a case under the Clayton Act, the US Supreme Court explained in Brown Shoe Co., Inc. v. United States (1962) that the area of effective competition must be determined by reference to ‘a geographic market (the “section of the country”)’ (Brown Shoe, paragraph 324). The Court further instructed that the definition of such market required ‘a pragmatic, factual approach’ and that the market must ‘correspond to the commercial realities’ of the industry (Brown Shoe, paragraph 336). It follows that the US Horizontal Merger Guidelines (2010) note that the ‘arena of competition affected by the merger may be geographically bounded if geography limits some customers’ willingness or ability to substitute to some products, or some suppliers’ willingness or ability to serve some customers’ (US Horizontal Merger Guidelines, section 4.2).</p> <p>The analytical approach to defining a geographic market is largely similar to defining the product market. In the context of a geographic market, demand substitution refers to the possibility of customers in a given area turning to suppliers outside that area. At the same time, supply substitution refers to the possibility of suppliers located outside a given area starting to supply customers inside that area. In this context, it is interesting to observe that different jurisdictions take different approaches to these competitive constraints.</p> <p>In particular, while demand substitution is generally accepted as the main competitive constraint, approach to supply substitution shows some variation. Overall, supply substitution is considered less often than demand substitution and, for example, the US Horizontal Merger Guidelines explicitly state that market definition focuses solely on demand substitution, leaving supply substitution to be considered in the competitive assessment (US Horizontal Merger Guidelines, section 4). In contrast, while demand substitution is typically considered the most effective and immediate constraint under the EU competition law (easyJet, paragraph 99), the EU Market Definition Notice accepts that supply substitution ‘may’ be taken into account,<br class='autobr' /> including for the definition of a geographic market, if its effects are equivalent to those of demand substitution in terms of effectiveness and immediacy (EU Market Definition Notice, paragraphs 20 and 21).</p> <p>The factors considered in the definition of a geographic market may be different from those for a product market. The OECD has observed (OECD 2016, paragraph 44) that, with regard to geographic markets, transport costs are one of the most frequently cited, and potentially determinative, factors. They increase the relative price of imports (or lower their quality) and, if sufficiently high, effectively close a market to foreign producers and support a narrower market definition. Transport costs are nonetheless not the only factor, and the OECD has further observed that product characteristics, regulatory and trade barriers, consumer preferences and characteristics as well as market dynamics and commercial relationships are<br class='autobr' /> commonly considered (OECD 2016, sections 3.3.2 – 3.3.5). It could be noted that at least some of these factors appear capable of having an impact on both demand and – where considered – supply substitution: For example transport costs, trade barriers or the perishable nature of a product may have an impact on both demand and supply substitution. In the definition of a geographic market, the practical impact on market definition of demand and supply substitution may thus be close to each other in some respects and cases, or at least closer than in product market definition.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-104181 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2006/case-comments/State-aid-procedures-Litigation">T-177/04 easyJet Airline Co. Ltd v Commission of the European Communities (‘easyJet’), ECLI:EU:T:2006:187</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/february-1978/the-eu-court-of-justice-confirms-the-commission-s-decision-finding-that-a">Case 27/76 United Brands v Commission of the European Communities (‘United Brands’), ECLI:EU:C:1978:22</a></p> <p>Case 6/72 Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company Inc. v Commission of the European Communities (‘Continental Can’), ECLI:EU:C:1973:22</p> <p>Brown Shoe Co., Inc. v. United States, 370 U.S. 294 (1962) (‘Brown Shoe’)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-104181 jurisprudence"><p>Commission Notice on the definition of the relevant market for the purposes of Community competition law, OJ C 372, 9.12.1997, p. 5 (‘EU Market Definition Notice’).</p> <p>David Bailey and Laura Elizabeth John (eds.), Bellamy and Child: European Union Law of Competition (8th edn, Oxford University Press 2018).</p> <p>Jonathan Faull and Ali Nikpay (eds.), The EU Law of Competition (3rd edn, Oxford University Press 2014).</p> <p>OECD Secretariat Background Paper, Defining geographic markets across national borders, 28-29 November 2016 (‘OECD 2016’).</p> <p>U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission, Horizontal Merger Guidelines (2010) (‘US Horizontal Merger Guidelines’).</p> <p><strong>Disclaimer:<br class='autobr' /> </strong></p> <p>The information and views set out in this text are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/geographic-market#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/geographic-market#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/geographic-market#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/geographic-market#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Authors</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/joao-azevedo" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton131769-cbb22.jpg?1711364611) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">João Azevedo </span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Commission - DG COMP (Brussels)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Belgium</span> <span class="articles"><em>1</em> contribution</span> <span class="visites"><em>13897</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteur/Jani-Ringborg" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton50173-715a4.jpg?1711359764) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Jani Ringborg</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Commission - Legal Service (Brussels)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Belgium</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>14535</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">João Azevedo, Jani Ringborg, </span> <span class="entry-title">Geographic market</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86379</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">13930</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86379 texte surlignable"><p>The relevant geographic market comprises the area in which the undertakings concerned are involved in the supply and Remand of products or services, in which the conditions of competition are sufficiently homogeneous and which can be distinguished from neighbouring areas because the conditions of competition are appreciably different in those area. <strong>©</strong> <a href="doc39659.pdf"><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QlK9uyjRSD9Z1OyT7LGZkQw38N9YuLOi5sEI+fEY3pR+uTvQ6KeTDK5dtTvoS/DyUG8cLbsVB3zJiZy0wIZBZuVzaxqH9g3Frolp1D4btL2xfkWYKW45M+EPRDuBmh0DJtbpaYkHfMuyL1KVUrcCM+UtGJSq/MAzd1h8bdhsH7MAq2NjOCLMEIKk7YqcMmMuAbS9YvRNKxevMfkTYFgsH9KbNo1OCDxatsRgdCMzLelDiH61hNl0ZGcd3aYha4k0dARWWmIrs2+y5Q95KXdIr7uiutLl9eazgqhIQlnk0roCMDPtKDCtUnaSPoQ9ZMB55tSudBX6gkLZB6KM9NH6ReRY2+yI2j0=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/geographic-market"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irish-competition-authority">Irish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-irish-competition-authority-joins-eu-consumer-authorities-in-calling-on-a" rel="bookmark">The Irish Competition Authority joins EU consumer authorities in calling on a Big Tech firm to stop geo-blocking on its services <em>(Apple)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-11T23:00:00Z">12 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121808 introduction entry-content"> <p>CCPC joins EU consumer authorities in calling on Apple to stop geo-blocking on its services* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission, alongside fellow European consumer authorities, is calling on Apple to stop geo-blocking on its services. <br class='autobr' /> The call comes following an (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-us-court-of-appeals-for-the-first-circuit-affirms-the-blocking-of-2-major" rel="bookmark">The US Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirms the blocking of 2 major airlines’ non-compete agreements in the Northeast <em>(American Airlines / JetBlue)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-07T23:00:00Z">8 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121702 introduction entry-content"> <p>U.S. Court of Appeals Affirms Justice Department’s Victory Protecting Airline Competition* <br class='autobr' /> The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit today affirmed the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts’ ruling in favor of the Justice Department and the Attorneys General of six states (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/french-competition-authority">French Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-french-competition-authority-supports-a-draft-decision-to-deregulate-the" rel="bookmark">The French Competition Authority supports a draft decision to deregulate the wholesale central access market for fixed broadband while urging close monitoring of the fibre transition <em>(Arcep)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-14T22:00:00Z">15 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121001 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Autorité de la concurrence issues its opinion to ARCEP on its draft decision to deregulate the market for wholesale central access provided at a fixed location for the mass market (“Market 3b”)* Background <br class='autobr' /> The French electronic communications, postal and print media distribution (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/new-caledonia-competition-authority-noumea">New Caledonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-paris-administrative-court-of-appeal-confirms-the-new-caledonian" rel="bookmark">The Paris Administrative Court of Appeal confirms the New Caledonian Competition Authority’s decisions to authorize the opening of supermarkets in the Normandy and Boulari districts <em>(Korail / K-Gou)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-02T22:00:00Z">3 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121296 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Paris Administrative Court of Appeal confirms the decisions of the ACNC to authorize the opening of the Korail in Normandie and K-Gou in Boulari* <br class='autobr' /> In two judgments dated 3 October 2024, the Paris Administrative Court of Appeal confirmed in all respects the Authority’s decisions No. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/exclusive-control-the-french-competition-authority-publishes-a-decision" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exclusive control</strong>: The French Competition Authority publishes a decision unconditionally authorising a group to take exclusive control of companies in the animal sector <em>(Axéréal Elevage / Avril)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-26T22:00:00Z">27 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121363 introduction entry-content"> <p>On October 23, 2024, the French Competition Authority (Autorité de la concurrence) published online decision no. 24-DCC-210 of September 27, 2024 in which it unconditionally authorized the acquisition of exclusive control of Axéréal Elevage and Centre Grains by the Avril group, a specialist in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/telecommunications-the-french-competition-authority-publishes-its-favorable" rel="bookmark"><strong>Telecommunications</strong>: The French competition authority publishes a favorable opinion on the telecommunications regulator’s plan to deregulate the wholesale central access market known as “3b”, subject to a few recommendations designed to maintain pressure on one operator during the scheduled two-stage extinction of the copper network</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-15T22:00:00Z">16 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121040 introduction entry-content"> <p>On October 15, 2024, Arcep sent the European Commission its draft decision on lifting the regulation of the wholesale market for central access at a fixed location for the mass market, for possible comment. This is the final stage before Arcep adopts its decision. <br class='autobr' /> This draft decision, which is (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/gambling-the-french-competition-authority-authorises-an-acquisition-in-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Gambling</strong> : The French competition authority authorises an acquisition in the online gaming and betting sector, subject to commitments, one of which is the separation of brands and logos in order to avoid any confusion in the minds of players between activities under exclusive rights and competitive activities <em>(FDJ ; Kindred)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-12T22:00:00Z">13 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121261 introduction entry-content"> <p>In recent days, the French Competition Authority has posted 23 new merger clearance decisions online, including 21 simplified decisions. <br class='autobr' /> These include decision no. 24-DCC-197 of September 13, 2024 in which the French Competition Authority authorized La Française des Jeux to acquire exclusive (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/portuguese-competition-authority">Portuguese Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-portuguese-competition-authority-fines-an-air-conditioning-equipment" rel="bookmark">The Portuguese Competition Authority fines an air conditioning equipment supplier for establishing a price fixing agreement with after-sales technical support services</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-31T22:00:00Z">1 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120033 introduction entry-content"> <p>AdC fines HVAC equipment supplier for price fixing after-sales services* <br class='autobr' /> The AdC has fined an HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems and equipment supplier, operating nationwide, for establishing a vertical agreement with dealers concerning the provision of after-sales (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/croatian-competition-authority">Croatian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-croatian-competition-authority-launches-an-in-depth-investigation-to-assess" rel="bookmark">The Croatian Competition Authority launches an in-depth investigation to assess the proposed merger of a hospitality company and a real estate agent <em>(Eagle Hills / Sunčani Hvar / Sunčani Hvar Nekretnine)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-10T22:00:00Z">11 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119608 introduction entry-content"> <p>CCA launches in-depth probe of “Eagle Hills and Sunčani Hvar and Sunčani Hvar Nekretnine” merger* <br class='autobr' /> The aim of the protection of market competition is primarily to create benefits for consumers and equal conditions for all entrepreneurs on the market, who, acting in accordance with the existing (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/rail-transport-the-french-competition-authority-issues-a-favorable-opinion-to" rel="bookmark"><strong>Rail transport</strong>: The French Competition Authority issues a favorable opinion to the French Transport Regulatory Authority on a project to make limited changes to the rules governing accounting separation, along with five recommendations, in view of the ongoing opening up of a transport company to competition <em>(SNCF Voyageurs)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-19T22:00:00Z">20 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120911 introduction entry-content"> <p>On October 7, 2024, the French Competition Authority published a opinion no. 24-A-04 adopted on June 20, 2024 following a referral from the Autorité de régulation des transports (ART) concerning the draft accounting separation rules for SA SNCF Voyageurs. <br class='autobr' /> In November 2023, SNCF Voyageurs, a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/exclusive-control-the-french-competition-authority-publishes-the-decision" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exclusive control</strong>: The French Competition Authority publishes the decision authorising, subject to commitments relating to 6 shops, the acquisition of exclusive control of assets of a French group specialising in the games trade by a toy shop company (<em>Ludendo / JouéClub</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-18T22:00:00Z">19 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120050 introduction entry-content"> <p>In recent days, the French Competition Authority has posted 6 new merger clearance decisions online, including 5 simplified decisions. <br class='autobr' /> These include decision no. 24-DCC-129 of June 19, 2024 in which the French Competition Authority authorized JouéClub’s acquisition of exclusive control over (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-publishes-a-statement-of-issues-outlining" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority publishes a Statement of Issues outlining preliminary competition concerns with the proposed lease acquisitions in the radiation oncology services market <em>(Icon Group)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-05T22:00:00Z">6 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119090 introduction entry-content"> <p>Icon Group’s proposed lease acquisitions raise concerns* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC has published a Statement of Issues outlining its preliminary competition concerns with Icon Group’s proposed acquisitions of leases at: St Andrew’s Ipswich Private Hospital in Queensland; St Vincent’s Private Hospital Northside (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marty-hansen">Marty Hansen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laura-somaini-219778">Laura Somaini</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-the-country-of-origin-principle-for-online" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice upholds the country-of-origin principle for online service providers, exclusively allowing Member State of establishment to regulate access to the provider’s services <em>(Amazon)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-29T22:00:00Z">30 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119522 introduction entry-content"> <p>On May 30, 2024, the Court of Justice of the EU (“CJEU”) handed down its rulings in several cases (C-665/22, Joined Cases C‑664/22 and C‑666/22, C‑663/22, and Joined Cases C‑662/22 and C‑667/22) concerning the compatibility with EU law of certain Italian measures imposing obligations on (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/stacey-anne-mahoney">Stacey Anne Mahoney</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/noah-kaufman-morganlewis-com">Noah J. Kaufman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/olanike-a-steen">Olanike A. Steen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-us-supreme-court-denies-a-petition-for-a-writ-of-certiorari-in-an-antitrust" rel="bookmark">The US Supreme Court denies a petition for a writ of certiorari in an antitrust case concerning an alleged agreement to divide geographic markets and stifle competition in the football industry <em>(Relevent Sports / USSF / FIFA)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-21T22:00:00Z">22 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118916 introduction entry-content"> <p>The US Supreme Court on April 22, 2024 denied a petition for a writ of certiorari in the closely watched antitrust case United States Soccer Federation Inc. v. Relevent Sports LLC. The decision raises important questions about the pleading requirements in Sherman Act Section 1 cases brought (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/alerts/merger-control-the-french-competition-authority-s-decision-authorising-without" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exclusive control</strong>: The French Competition Authority’s decision authorising, without conditions, a merger in the aerospace sector is online <em>(Cobham Aerospace / Thales)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-24T23:00:00Z">25 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118429 introduction entry-content"> <p>In recent days, the French Competition Authority has posted 39 new merger clearance decisions online, including 38 simplified decisions. <br class='autobr' /> These include decision no. 24-DCC-52 of March 25, 2024 which authorized the unconditional takeover of Cobham Aerospace by Thales. <br class='autobr' /> Thales and the target (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/geographic-market?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXnRhW9pyjRwD9e5WbMyyEjMEYwuV+Wb4y8hYOoKTha0O4Le7kUTdlTCgQpJOQmk72/mFGzE4oX0NfAvKlwVWg4YjebDqduscElNptr68L4Y7+B99YDMpLHPYkS9npX7Wk9LGRtGaVzUzThthBBmA6vkXd8C0v5hZ4lhcapCaZjevbeMWssWeLoPcUW8Bac/4S4kdC5xQ1LBmYi7NzoTQfw+hs7Z0ucv/6RyGj0HaWTUNxzSch5rbccokStQ7Ib3co8uiL7CrkvaHGhg/G5ynm+s0HMJdxHlF1UCplJOCUsPzLp6tk8S5/RjhOfrQbeZXDoza/mGI3vrQz00Ba1HG3PQFLX' data-origin="//en/dictionary/geographic-market"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frank-montag">Frank Montag</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bjorn-sijtsma">Björn Sijtsma</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/forewords/revamping-competition-law-to-overcome-the-productivity-gap" rel="bookmark">Revamping competition law to overcome the productivity gap?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-11T13:55:05Z">11 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120892 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 9 September 2024, Mario Draghi published his highly anticipated report, The Future of European Competitiveness (the “Report”). The initiatives suggested in the Report are expected to significantly influence the political agenda of the new European Commission (EC or Commission) for the period (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/asad-ahmad">Asad Ahmad</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/razan-alqasem">Razan Alqasem</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rachid-el-bazzim">Rachid El Bazzim</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hugh-hollman">Hugh Hollman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eyad-maher-dabbah">Eyad Maher Dabbah</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/muath-masri">Muath Masri</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rafik-rabia">Rafik Rabia</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pauline-van-sande">Pauline Van Sande</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/yavuz-selim-gunay">Yavuz Selim Günay</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cigdem-gizem-okkaoglu">Cigdem Gizem Okkaoglu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eymen-kurt">Eymen Kurt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/salma-farouq">Salma Farouq</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/on-topic/competition-law-and-policy-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa" rel="bookmark">Competition law and policy in the Middle East and North Africa</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120451 introduction entry-content"> <p>This On-Topic is a collection of essays on a range of current issues which are of academic and practical significance within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Important competition law regimes in the region are discussed, with a specific focus on major trends and developments. The various (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laurene-bernot">Laurène Bernot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/romina-polley">Romina Polley</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/international/germany-stronger-enforcement-powers-for-the-german-federal-cartel-office-with-116691" rel="bookmark">Germany: Stronger enforcement powers for the German Federal Cartel Office with the New Competition Tool</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116691 introduction entry-content"> <p>On November 7, 2023, the highly controversial 11th Amendment to the German Act against Restraint of Competition entered into force. Following a sector inquiry, the German Federal Cartel Office can now order far-reaching behavioral and structural remedies against identified malfunctionings of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/saar-dierckens">Saar Dierckens</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tone-oeyen">Tone Oeyen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/interviews/saar-dierckens-siemens-perspectives-from-an-in-house-competition-law-counsel" rel="bookmark">Saar Dierckens (Siemens) : Perspectives from an in-house competition law counsel</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116128 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Tone Oeyen, Partner, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, Brussels. <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> You have been working as an in-house competition law counsel at Siemens for more than thirteen years. 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Economic analysis, including methods like the hypothetical monopolist test, plays an increasingly significant role in defining relevant markets, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eshien-chong">Eshien Chong</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/helene-bourguignon">Hélène Bourguignon</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/interview/eshien-chong-professional-economists-in-the-world-of-competition-policy" rel="bookmark">Eshien Chong (French Competition Authority): Professional economists in the world of competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113630 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Hélène Bourguignon, Partner, Oxera, Paris. <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> I. 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This symposium brought together Polynesian stakeholders, administration, economic actors, practitioners, international specialists, and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2023/foreword/competition-policy-has-not-said-its-last-word" rel="bookmark">Competition policy has not said its last word</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112133 introduction entry-content"> <p>In view of the rise of industrial policy and concerns about sovereignty in Europe, it would be hasty to consider that competition policy is outdated and will no longer be a major regulatory instrument in the future. In practice, competition policy may continue to play an essential role in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-bridoux">Vincent Bridoux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2023/articles/foreign-subsidies-regulation-the-consecration-of-new-interactions-between" rel="bookmark">Foreign Subsidies Regulation: The consecration of new interactions between competition law and public procurement law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112251 introduction entry-content"> <p>The publication of Regulation 2022/2560 of 14 December 2022 on foreign subsidies distorting the internal market constitutes the birth of a new pillar of European competition law and also consecrates new interactions and complementarities between EU competition law and public procurement law. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/oliver-budzinski-47399">Oliver Budzinski</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anton-garcia">Antón Garcia</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/robby-houben">Robby Houben</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-jubete-blanco">David Jubete Blanco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/valerio-mancini">Valerio Mancini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tommaso-marazzi">Tommaso Marazzi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/albert-riera">Albert Riera</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stephen-weatherill">Stephen Weatherill</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/conferences/the-future-of-sport-governance-in-europe-brussels-13-january-2023" rel="bookmark">The future of sport governance in Europe (Brussels, 13 January 2023)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111158 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 13 January 2023, Concurrences held a conference in Brussels on «The future of sport governance in Europe». Important topics were discussed such as the interpretation of Article 165 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union in the sports sector, the conclusions of Advocate General (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-dezobry">Guillaume Dezobry</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexandra-bonhomme">Alexandra Bonhomme</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dominique-jamme">Dominique Jamme</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-jeremie">Pierre Jérémie</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laurent-joudon">Laurent Joudon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leigh-hancher">Leigh Hancher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/michel-derdevet">Michel Derdevet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marjolaine-germain-letaleur">Marjolaine Germain Letaleur</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/on-topic/energy-and-competition" rel="bookmark">Energy and competition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111311 introduction entry-content"> <p>For almost eighteen months, Europe has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis. The massive increase in electricity and gas prices is threatening the competitiveness of industries and undermining the entire European economy. While the Member States have adopted temporary measures to limit the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/giuliano-amato">Giuliano Amato</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/foreword/both-private-and-public-powers-are-going-beyond-their-bounds-let-s-keep-an-eye-110213" rel="bookmark">Both private and public powers are going beyond their bounds - let’s keep an eye on both</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110213 introduction entry-content"> <p>Twenty-five years ago, when I wrote Antitrust and the Bounds of Powers (Hart Publishing), my purpose was to remind the antitrust community, at the time absorbed in the thousand technicalities of our discipline, that the discipline itself was not only about efficiency and consumer welfare; it had (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/articles/agriculture-and-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Agriculture and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109366 introduction entry-content"> <p>The implementation of competition law in agriculture and, more broadly, the food sector constitutes an important area of study, of particular importance during this period of inflationary tendencies. The paper examines the broader competition policy issues that arise in the context of global (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francesco-martucci">Francesco Martucci</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/books/laurence-idot-liber-amicorum-concurrence-et-europe-vol-i-ii" rel="bookmark">Laurence Idot Liber Amicorum : Concurrence et Europe – Vol. I & II</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109436 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/douglas-fairhurst">Douglas Fairhurst</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ryan-williams">Ryan Williams</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/droit-et-economie/collusion-and-efficiency-in-horizontal-mergers-evidence-from-geographic-overlap" rel="bookmark">Collusion and efficiency in horizontal mergers: Evidence from geographic overlap</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105118 introduction entry-content"> <p>We explore the sources of gains in horizontal mergers by exploiting heterogeneity between the merging firms’ geographic footprints. We calculate the geographic overlap between the bidder, target, and their rivals and customers to identify variation in the competitive impact of horizontal (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/geographic-market?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVlRhK9u2gOkzdlJFHcO6GZUzNkVV5cILBz/8gRCrlG42zESSmuGSyGcqozGk5UrfgYg0Hs5N+LioOR5ZaPBb81nTPaVTYBLM+eV8lJvqrYmNOtY2eVUl+AW/6E2ytNKkg0BYeJyFn/76lgrwvXeMoFsF0gyeU2JSKuyl4THlUVGG7IWbaAo95Jfq0wCsVj4ZMNN0YMLExo7lWteXGnZ9DbrtZw0Iqb8E0RUWSiAOlgCeD3idAL9680Uge0O1GWTAo7AD9QwW8rS6y95Q95KXd4OZWdqPrl9eazwvYkYWSJJvw4Jd2aqv6tUnaSPow9ZFKSrIWyfq6fz6iHoUGeEgyM+EeY6F7f' data-origin="//en/dictionary/geographic-market"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascale-dechamps">Pascale Déchamps</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-genevaz">Simon Genevaz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/catchment-areas-in-merger-control" rel="bookmark">Catchment areas in merger 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href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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