CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Threshing board - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0b0b8d95-2ccb-46b9-b9d2-52c261c28be9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Threshing_board","wgTitle":"Threshing board","wgCurRevisionId":1242823164,"wgRevisionId":1242823164,"wgArticleId":7944529,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the EasyTimeline extension","Articles containing Spanish-language text","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1: long volume value","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with Latin-language sources (la)","CS1 errors: external links","Articles with short description", "Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021","Articles containing Basque-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","History of agriculture","Agricultural machinery","Grain production","Threshing tools"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Threshing_board","wgRelevantArticleId":7944529,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q510812","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.timeline.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.timeline.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Trillo-1.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Trillo-1.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Threshing board - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_board"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_board"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Threshing_board rootpage-Threshing_board skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Threshing+board" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Threshing+board" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Threshing+board" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Threshing+board" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_threshing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_threshing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Traditional threshing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_threshing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional threshing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_threshing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Threshing_with_the_threshing_board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threshing_with_the_threshing_board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Threshing with the threshing board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threshing_with_the_threshing_board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_in_the_Neolithic_and_Copper_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_the_Neolithic_and_Copper_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins in the Neolithic and Copper Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_the_Neolithic_and_Copper_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Greece_and_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Greece_and_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classical Greece and Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Greece_and_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craftsmen_from_Cantalejo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craftsmen_from_Cantalejo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Craftsmen from Cantalejo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Craftsmen_from_Cantalejo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Craftsmen from Cantalejo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Craftsmen_from_Cantalejo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Making_the_wooden_frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Making_the_wooden_frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Making the wooden frame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Making_the_wooden_frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_the_stone_flakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_the_stone_flakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Working the stone flakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_the_stone_flakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gacería" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gacería"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span><i>Gacería</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gacería-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_threshing_implements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_threshing_implements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related threshing implements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_threshing_implements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Threshing board</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillo" title="Trillo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Trillo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Диканя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диканя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill" title="Trill – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trill" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulum" title="Tribulum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tribulum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreschschlitten" title="Dreschschlitten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dreschschlitten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillo_(agricultura)" title="Trillo (agricultura) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trillo (agricultura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailu" title="Trailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planche_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9piquer" title="Planche à dépiquer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Planche à dépiquer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribolo_(agricoltura)" title="Tribolo (agricoltura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tribolo (agricoltura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92_(%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99)" title="מורג (כלי חקלאי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מורג (כלי חקלאי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კევრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კევრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulum" title="Tribulum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tribulum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дикан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дикан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫਲ੍ਹਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਲ੍ਹਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCven" title="Düven – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Düven" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Диканя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Диканя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboulom" title="Triboulom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Triboulom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%9Fon" title="Maşon – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Maşon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q510812#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Threshing_board" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Threshing_board" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Threshing_board"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Threshing_board"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Threshing_board" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Threshing_board" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&oldid=1242823164" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Threshing_board&id=1242823164&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThreshing_board"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThreshing_board"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Threshing_board&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Threshing_boards" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q510812" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaic agricultural implement for separating cereals from their straw</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Trillo-1.JPG/170px-Trillo-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Trillo-1.JPG/255px-Trillo-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Trillo-1.JPG/340px-Trillo-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Top view of a Spanish threshing board</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trillo-2.JPG/170px-Trillo-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trillo-2.JPG/255px-Trillo-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trillo-2.JPG/340px-Trillo-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Bottom view of a Spanish threshing board</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>threshing board</b>, also known as <b>threshing sledge</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an obsolete <a href="/wiki/Farm_implements" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm implements">agricultural implement</a> used to separate <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>; that is, to <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">thresh</a>. It is a thick board, made with a variety of slats, with a shape between rectangular and trapezoidal, with the frontal part somewhat narrower and curved upward (like a <a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">sled or sledge</a>) and whose bottom is covered with <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">lithic flakes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Razor" title="Razor">razor</a>-like metal blades. </p><p>One form, once common by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, was "about three to four feet wide and six feet deep (these dimensions often vary, however), consisting of two or three wooden planks assembled to one another, of more than four inches wide, in which is several hard and cutting flints crammed into the bottom part pull along over the grains. In the rear part there is a large ring nailed, that is used to tie the rope that pulls it and to which two horses are usually harnessed; and a person, sitting on the threshing board, drives it in circles over the cereal that is spread on the threshing floor. Should the person need more weight, he need only put some big stones over it."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dimensions of threshing boards varied. In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, they could be up to approximately two metres in length and a metre and a half wide. There were also smaller threshing boards, as little about a metre-and-a-half long and a metre wide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thickness of the slats of the threshing board is some five or six cm. Nonetheless, since threshing boards are nowadays custom made, made to order or made smaller as an adornment or souvenir, they may range from miniatures up to the sizes previously described.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The threshing board has been traditionally pulled by mules or by oxen over the grains spread on the <a href="/wiki/Threshing_floor" title="Threshing floor">threshing floor</a>. As it was moved in circles over the harvest that was spread, the stone chips or blades cut the <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> and the ear of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> (which remained between the threshing board and the pebbles on the ground), thus separating the seed without damaging it. The threshed grain was then gathered and set to be cleaned by some means of <a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnowing</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_threshing_systems">Traditional threshing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional threshing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sichel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sichel.png/200px-Sichel.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sichel.png/300px-Sichel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sichel.png/400px-Sichel.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Preparing sheafs to bring to the <a href="/wiki/Threshing_floor" title="Threshing floor">threshing floor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Threshing-sledge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Threshing-sledge.png/200px-Threshing-sledge.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Threshing-sledge.png/300px-Threshing-sledge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Threshing-sledge.png/400px-Threshing-sledge.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Traditional threshing with a threshing board in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barriendo_el-_muelo_cereal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Barriendo_el-_muelo_cereal.jpg/200px-Barriendo_el-_muelo_cereal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Barriendo_el-_muelo_cereal.jpg/300px-Barriendo_el-_muelo_cereal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Barriendo_el-_muelo_cereal.jpg/400px-Barriendo_el-_muelo_cereal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Sweeping the threshing floor in order to pile up the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limpia_tradicional_cereal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Limpia_tradicional_cereal.jpg/200px-Limpia_tradicional_cereal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Limpia_tradicional_cereal.jpg/300px-Limpia_tradicional_cereal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Limpia_tradicional_cereal.jpg/400px-Limpia_tradicional_cereal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Cleaning the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> with a mechanical <a href="/wiki/Winnowing_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnowing machine">winnowing machine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvesters</a>, which reap, thresh and clean grain in a single process, the traditional methods of threshing cereals and some <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> were those described by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, with three variants: "The cereals are threshed in some places with the threshing board on the threshing floor; in others they are trampled by a train of horses, and in others they are beaten with flails".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this manner, Pliny refers to the three traditional methods of threshing grain: </p> <ul><li><b>Beating</b> sheafs of grain against a crushing stone or lump of wood.</li> <li><b>Trampling</b> grain spread on the threshing floor; the trampling would be done by a train of mules or oxen</li> <li><b>Threshing with <a href="/wiki/Flail_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flail (agriculture)">flails</a></b>, a type of traditional wooden tool with which one strikes the pile of grain until the seed is separated from the <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threshing_with_the_threshing_board">Threshing with the threshing board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Threshing with the threshing board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The threshing board is a historical form of threshing that can still be seen in some regions that practice marginal agriculture. It is also somewhat preserved as an occasional <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folkloric</a> and ceremonial practice, to commemorate traditional local customs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For threshing with the threshing board, firstly one brings the baled stalks to the threshing floor. Some are stacked, waiting their turn, and others are untied and placed in a circle forming a pile of grain that is heated by the sun. Then farmers drag the threshing board over the stalks, first going several times around in circles, and then in figure-eights, and stirring the grain with a wooden <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork" title="Pitchfork">pitchfork</a>. Sometimes, this work was done with another kind of threshing implement: a <i>Plostellum punicum</i> (Latin; literally "Punic cart") or <b>threshing cart</b>, fitted with a group of rollers, each with metallic transverse razors. In this first stage, the straw is detached from the ear; much chaff and dirty dust remains, mixed with the edible grain. Every time the work of dragging the threshing board is repeated, the grain is stirred again, moving more straw to the edge of the threshing floor. If too much grain is spread on the ground, it has to be raked and swept in order to make a round mound and, if possible, to remove as much straw as possible. </p><p>After turning the grain and straw upside down and leaving it to dry during a meal break, farmers carry out a second round of threshing in order to separate the last of the grain from the straw. Then, they use pitchforks, rakes and brooms to create a mound. A pair of oxen or mules pulls the threshing board by means of a chain or a strap fixed to a hook nailed in the front plank; <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a> are not used, because unlike mules and oxen they often defecate on the crops. The driver rides on the threshing board, both guiding the draft animals and increasing the weight of the threshing board. If the driver's weight is not enough, large stones are put on the board. In recent times, the animals are sometimes replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a>; because the driver no longer sits on the board, the weight of stones becomes more important. Children enjoy riding on the threshing board for fun, and the farmers allow it because their weight is useful, as long as the children are not too boisterous.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this process, if the stalks are excessively squashed, two large metal arcs are affixed to the back of the threshing board; these turn-up and give volume to the straws, behind the threshing. </p><p>After threshing is finished, to avoid mixing the dirty remnants with the clean, new stalks, the threshing floor must be cleaned first with a rake to move the heavier material, and then with several brooms (in the narrow sense: they are typically made from "<a href="/wiki/Broom_(shrub)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broom (shrub)">broom shrub</a>"—<i><a href="/wiki/Cytisus_scoparius" title="Cytisus scoparius">Cytisus scoparius</a></i>—and are stronger than domestic brooms<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Also the straw was accumulated carefully and stored, because it was a good <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> for <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. The entire process of threshing generates a thin dust that soaks in through the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> and sticks to the <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a>. </p><p>During the sweeping, the <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> are separated to one part of the threshing-floor, while the grain, still not entirely clean, was winnowed, either by traditional of <a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnowing</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieves</a>, or by a mechanical <a href="/wiki/Winnowing_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnowing machine">winnowing machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional threshing implements (including the threshing board) were gradually abandoned and replaced by modern combine harvesters. This change, of course, occurred in some areas before others. For instance, in Spain, it happened in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until that time, threshing boards were made in certain particular towns and villages with specialised craftsmen. Whereas the woodworking involved is simple, even rough, the flintknapping and the inlaying of flakes into the bottom of board need specialised skills that were passed from father to son. The most famous Spanish town for this work was, doubtlessly, <a href="/wiki/Cantalejo" title="Cantalejo">Cantalejo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Segovia_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segovia (province)">Segovia</a>), where the craftsmen who made threshing boards were known as <i>briqueros</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_the_Neolithic_and_Copper_Age">Origins in the Neolithic and Copper Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins in the Neolithic and Copper Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obsidian_trade_(IV_millennium_BC).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Obsidian_trade_%28IV_millennium_BC%29.png/200px-Obsidian_trade_%28IV_millennium_BC%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Obsidian_trade_%28IV_millennium_BC%29.png/300px-Obsidian_trade_%28IV_millennium_BC%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Obsidian_trade_%28IV_millennium_BC%29.png/400px-Obsidian_trade_%28IV_millennium_BC%29.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Obsidian trade in the 4th millennium BC</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tableta_con_trillo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tableta_con_trillo.png/200px-Tableta_con_trillo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tableta_con_trillo.png/300px-Tableta_con_trillo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tableta_con_trillo.png/400px-Tableta_con_trillo.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Engraved tablet from <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, dating from <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">3350 BC</a>, with representations of threshing boards on both sides</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Threshing_Sled_(Tunisie).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Threshing_Sled_%28Tunisie%29.png/200px-Threshing_Sled_%28Tunisie%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Threshing_Sled_%28Tunisie%29.png/300px-Threshing_Sled_%28Tunisie%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Threshing_Sled_%28Tunisie%29.png/400px-Threshing_Sled_%28Tunisie%29.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Small threshing board from <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Patricia C. Anderson (of <i>Centre d’Etudes Préhistoire, Antiquité et Moyen Age del <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a></i>), discovered archaeological remains that demonstrate the existence of threshing boards at least 8,000 years old in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. The artefacts are <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">lithic flakes</a> and, above all <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> <a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">blades</a>, recognizable through the type of microscopic wear that it has. Her work was completed by Jacques Chabot (of the <i>Centre interuniversitaire d'études sur les lettres, les arts et les traditions</i>, CELAT), who has studied <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (northern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>). Both count among their specialties the study of <a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis#Function" title="Lithic analysis">microwear analysis</a>, through which it is possible to take a particular piece of flint or obsidian (to take the most common examples) and determine the tasks for which it was used.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concretely, the cutting of cereals leaves a very characteristic <i><a href="/wiki/Gloss_(material_appearance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloss (material appearance)">glossy</a></i> pattern of wear, owing to the presence of microscopic mineral particles (<i><a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a></i>) in the stalks of the plants. Therefore, scholars using controlled experimental replication studies and functional analysis with a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> are able to identify stone artefacts that were used as <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a> or the teeth of threshing boards. The edge damage on the pieces used in threshing boards is distinct because, besides the <i>glossy</i> abrasion characteristic of cutting cereals, they have micro-scars from chipping, as a result of the blows of the threshing board against the rock surface of the threshing floor.<sup id="cite_ref-benito_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benito-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most productive <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> is <a href="/wiki/Aratashen" title="Aratashen">Aratashen</a>, Armenia: a village occupied between 5000 and 3000 BC (<a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">archaeological excavations</a> have provided thousands of pieces from the knapping of obsidian (suggesting that Aratashen was a centre of production and trade of artefacts of that highly regarded stone); the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a> consists mainly of fragments of common pottery, <a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">ground stones</a>, and other agricultural tools. Analysing a sample of 200 lithic flakes and blades, selected from the best-preserved pieces, it is possible to differentiate between those used in sickles and those used in threshing boards. The lithic blades of obsidian were knapped using highly developed and standardized methods, such as the use of a "pectoral crutch" with a copper point.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning at the headwaters of the river <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, where this site is located, the craftsmen and peddlers sold their wares throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. </p><p>The threshing boards must have been important in the <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">protohistory</a> of Mesopotamia, since they already appear in some of the oldest written documents discovered: specifically, several <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> tablets from the early town of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>), engraved with <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Pictographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictographic">pictograms</a>, which could be the world's oldest surviving written record, dating to the middle of the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a> (Early <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these tablets, preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, appears to have pictures of threshing boards on both faces, next to some numeric symbols and other pictograms. These presumed threshing boards (which might instead be sledges<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) have a shape similar to threshing carts that were used until recently in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> where non-industrial agriculture survived. Descriptions also appear in numerous cuneiform <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a> as early as the third millennium BC. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cilindro-sello_trillo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cilindro-sello_trillo.png/300px-Cilindro-sello_trillo.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cilindro-sello_trillo.png/450px-Cilindro-sello_trillo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cilindro-sello_trillo.png/600px-Cilindro-sello_trillo.png 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Impression from a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Arslantepe-Malatya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), depicting a ritual thresh, dated to the third millennium BC</div></figcaption></figure> <p>There are another representation, in this case without writing, in central Turkey. It is an impression of a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> from the archaeological site of <b><a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Arslantepe-Malatya</a></b>, which appeared near of the named «Temple B». The archaeological layers were dated to 3374 BC using <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stamp shows a figure seated on a threshing board, with a clear image of the lithic flakes inlaid in the bottom of the board. The main figure is sitting (possibly on a <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a>) under a <a href="/wiki/Dossal" title="Dossal">dossal</a>. In front is a driver or oxherd, and there are peasants with pitchforks nearby. According to M. A. Frangipane, that the seal may illustrate a religious scene: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>«This seal</i> [...] (is) <i>interpreted as a ritual threshing scene, emphasising the ideological reference by the Arslantepe elites to images of power expressed in a Mesopotamian environment»</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It closely resembles another scene, painted on the walls of the same site (a ceremonial procession of a person of high rank, painted in an archaic lineal style in the colours red and black), although the current condition of the wall obscures the exact nature of the vehicle in which he is seated, it is indeed possible to see that it is pulled by a pair of oxen. Professor Sherratt interprets both scenes as presenting manifestations of civil or religious power.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that era, the threshing board was a sophisticated and expensive implement, built by specialized artisans, using pieces of flint or obsidian; in the case of Lower Mesopotamia, these were imported from far away: in the alluvial plateau of Sumer, as in all south of Mesopotamia, it was impossible to find stone, not even a pebble.<sup id="cite_ref-hamblin_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamblin-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery of a ceremonial sledge (perhaps a threshing board) with gold ornaments in the <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Tomb of Pu-Abi</a>, one of the "royal tombs" of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, dated from the 3rd millennium BC,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> makes clear the underlying problem of distinguishing in the ancient representations between a true threshing board and a sledge (that is, an unwheeled vehicle for hauling freight). Although we know that the threshing board appears no later than the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a> (as we can see in <i>Atarashen</i> and <i>Arslantepe-Malatya</i>), and we also know that the wheel was invented in Mesopotamia in the middle of that same millennium, still, the utilisation and spread of the wheel was not instantaneous. The sledges survived at least until the invention of the articulated axle, nearly 2000 BC. During this time, some vehicles were hybrids: sledges with wheels that could be dismantled to overcome obstacles by carrying it on shoulders or, simply, dragging it.<sup id="cite_ref-hamblin_b_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamblin_b-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently—except in the case of Arslantepe, where the lithic flakes are clear visible—we cannot determine whether these representations are threshing boards or sledges for freight or for rites. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="James Frazer">James Frazer</a> compiled numerous ceremonies of harvest and thresh, that centered on a <i>Cereal Spirit</i>. From the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> era to pre-industrial period, this spirit seems to have reside d in the first threshed sheaf or, sometimes, in the last one.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Greece_and_Rome">Classical Greece and Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classical Greece and Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early history of Greece and Rome the threshing board was not used. Only after the development of commerce (with occurred in the 5th and 4th centuries in Greece and 2nd and 1st centuries in Rome) and the subsequent transmission of information from the near east that it became widely used. According to V.V. Struve, who cites, in part, verses of <a href="/wiki/The_Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iliad">The Iliad</a>, the Greeks of the 8th century BC threshed cereals by trampling them with oxen:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>[A]s one who yokes broad-browed oxen that they may tread barley in a threshing-floor - and it is soon bruised small under the feet of the lowing cattle - even so did the horses of Achilles trample on the shields and bodies of the slain.</i><br />(<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad/Book_XX" class="extiw" title="s:The Iliad/Book XX">Chapter XX</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>)</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, which colonized the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in the 3rd century BC, had advanced agricultural technology, greatly superior to the Roman techniques of the time. Their methods astonished travellers such as <a href="/wiki/Agathocles" title="Agathocles">Agathocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Atilius_Regulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Atilius Regulus">Regulus</a>, and were an inspiration for the writings of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> and Pliny. One well-known Carthaginian agronomist, <i><a href="/wiki/Mago_(agricultural_writer)" title="Mago (agricultural writer)">Mago</a></i>, wrote a treatise that was translated into Latin by order of the Roman Senate. The ancient Romans describe Tunisia, today mainly desert, as a fertile landscape of <a href="/wiki/Olive_grove" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive grove">olive groves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat fields</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, the Carthaginians are known to have introduced several new crops (mainly <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">fruit trees</a>) and some machines like the threshing board, either the version with stone-chips (<i>tribulum</i> in Latin) or the version with rollers (<i>threshing cart</i>, named in their honour <i>plostellum punicum</i> by the Romans).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, the threshing board had only economic significance, without the religious symbolism it took on in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. The treatises of agriculture written by Roman experts as Cato, Varro, Columella and Pliny the Elder (quoted above), touch the topic of threshing. In chronological order: </p> <ul><li><b>Cato</b>: In the time of <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>—that is, the 2nd century BC—Rome was intensely connected with the conquered areas of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, whose higher degree of agricultural development threatened Roman traditionalism. Cato's book <i>De Agricultura</i><sup id="cite_ref-uchicago_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was against exotic innovations such as the threshing board in its different variants, defending instead a traditional agricultural system based on manual labour. To some writers, Cato's ideas drove, indirectly, to the disintegration of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> society and even the imperial economy. Cato preferred threshing by trampling by mules or oxen. He doesn't expressly mention the threshing board, in spite of the fact it was already spreading through the empire. It is, then, "almost impossible to define, on the basis of Cato's report, when this or that implement or refinement came into use".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Varro</b>: Unlike Cato, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> was not a man of action but a scholar, a πολιγραφοτάτω, in the 1st century BC. Varro, whose studies were wider than Cato's, tried to combine the cosmopolitan Greek outlook with Rome's provincial traditions. In his book of agricultural advice <i>Rerum Rusticarum de Agri Cultura</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varro only twice reflects the reality of his times by mentioning threshing boards. He advises, "None of the implements that can be produced in the plantation (farm) itself should be bought, as with almost all everything which is made from unfinished wood such as hampers, baskets, <b>threshing boards</b>, stakes, rakes…";<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the inclination to self-sufficiency that he demonstrates here would later be harmful to Rome. Varro nonetheless shows himself more open to innovation that Cato: "To achieve an abundant and high-quality harvest, the stalks should be taken to the threshing floor without piling them up, so the grain is in the best condition, and the grain (should be) separated from the stalks on the threshing floor, a process which is done, among other ways, with a pair of mules and a <b>threshing board</b>. This is made with a wooden board (with its underside) equipped with stone-chips or saws of iron, which, with a plow in front or a large counterweight, is pulled by a pair of mules yoked together and thus separates the grain from the stalks…".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, he explains in a very didactic way how the threshing boards works and the advantages of this innovative device. Next, he talks about the variant called <i>plostellum poenicum</i> (=<i>punicum</i>=Punic=Carthaginian), a threshing implement with rollers and metallic saws whose origin is, as we have already seen, Carthaginian, and which was used in Hispania (which had, in the past, been controlled by Carthage): "Another way to make it is by means of a cart with teethed rollers and bearings; this cart is named <i>plostellum punicum</i>, in which one can sit and move the device that is pulled by mules, as it is done in <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a> and other places."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Columella</b> (<a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Lucius Junius Moderatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/0s" title="0s">beginning of Common Era</a> - 60s): a native of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>; after finishing his military career, Columella worked managing large estates. This writer from Hispania brings a new note to this topic, writing, in this case, about <a href="/wiki/Threshing_floor" title="Threshing floor">threshing floors</a>: "The threshing floor, if it is possible, must be placed in such way that it can be overseen by the master or by the foreman; the best is one that is cobbled, because not only allows that the cereal be quickly threshed, since the ground don't give way to the blows of hoofs and threshing boards, but also, these cereals, before being winnowed, are cleaner and lack the pebbles and little clods that always remaine in a threshing floor of pressed earth."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Pliny</b>: <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23 - 79) only compiles what his predecessors had written, which we have already quoted.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Trillo.jpg/170px-Trillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Trillo.jpg/255px-Trillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Trillo.jpg/340px-Trillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A Threshing board used as a door</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">barbarian invasions</a> of Europe had detrimental effects upon agriculture, leading to the loss of many of the more advanced techniques, among them the threshing board, which was completely alien to Germanic tradition. The eastern Mediterranean areas, on the other hand, continued the use of the threshing board, passing into the Muslim culture, where it took deep root. </p><p>In the Iberian Peninsula, in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Gothic_Hispania_(5th–8th_centuries)" title="History of Spain">Visigothic kingdom</a> and the Christian zone during the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>, the threshing board was little known (although awareness of it never quite disappeared<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The degradation extended not only to the economy, but also to the very sources that we have to study the period: scholars are confronted with a documentary void that is difficult to get around. It is certain that in Islamic <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, the threshing board continued to be very popular, which led to the Christians recuperating the tradition as they advanced in the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>.</i> This act coincides with a generalized recovery in all of Europe. Economic prosperity began to return at the start of the 11th century; the experts speak of the increased area of tilled lands; the increased use of draft animals (first oxen, thanks to the frontal yoke, and later horses, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">harness collar</a>); of the increase in metal tools and improved metalworking; of the appearance of the moldboard plough, often with wheels; and the increase in watermills. Livestock became a sign of progress: peasants, less dependent and more prosperous, became able to buy draft animals, and even plows. The peasants who had their own plow and one or two draft animals were a small elite, pampered by the feudal lord, who acquired a distinct status, that of <i>yeoman farmers</i>, quite distinct from <i>farm-hand labourer</i> whose only tool was their own arms.<sup id="cite_ref-duby_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duby-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of draft animals does not imply the diffusion of the threshing board in Western Europe, where the flail continued to be the preferred threshing implement.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in Spain, the weight of Eastern tradition made the difference: Professor <a href="/wiki/Julio_Caro_Baroja" title="Julio Caro Baroja">Julio Caro Baroja</a> admits that in Spain the threshing board appears cited or represented in works of art. Concretely, he mentions some <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanesque sculpture">Romanesque</a> reliefs in <a href="/wiki/Bele%C3%B1a" title="Beleña">Beleña</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salamanca_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanca province">Salamanca</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Campis%C3%A1balos,_Guadalajara" class="mw-redirect" title="Campisábalos, Guadalajara">Campisábalos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Guadalajara" title="Province of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>), both from the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One may add a document written in 1265, in which a woman named Doña Mayor (widow of one Don Arnal, an ecclesiastical tax collector, and thus a person of good position), leaves to the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">chapter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> her inheritance of <i>Valcuevo</i>, a farm in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Valverd%C3%B3n" title="Valverdón">Valverdón</a>, Salamanca: </p> <blockquote><p>And I, Doña Mayor, leave on my death these two yokings of country state above referred to the Cathedral Chapter, well preserved with 76 <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a> of wheat, 38 bushels of rye, and 38 bushels of barley to seed each yoking and with ploughshares, and with plows, and with ploughbeams, and with <b>threshing boards</b> and with all the accoutrements that a well-laid-out property should have.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>These documents, at least testify for the presence of threshing boards, which, undoubtedly was continuous from then until recently in the Mediterranean basin. The rest is mere generalized speculation, given that traditional historiography centers on features more like of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. In any case, none of the consulted authors describe the threshing board as playing a relevant part in the progress of medieval agriculture. We must, then, join with the despair of French historian <a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Georges Duby</a>, in his complaint: </p> <blockquote><p>Through all that has been said, we can see how interesting it would be to measure the influence of technical progress on agricultural output. Nevertheless, we must renounce this hope. Before the end of the 12th century, the methods of seignorial administration were all quite primitive; they granted little importance to writing and even less to numbers. The documents are more deceptive than those of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Carolingian era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nowadays, numerous elements of traditional agriculture are being lost, and because of this various entities have been working to conserve or recover this cultural capital. Among these is an international interdisciplinary project called E.A.R.T.H., <b>E</b>arly <b>A</b>gricultural <b>R</b>emnants and <b>T</b>echnical <b>H</b>eritage. Participating countries include <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Investigations center on broad archeological, documentary and ethnological aspects, related to diverse elements of traditional agriculture, threshing boards among them, in diverse countries, historical periods and societies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"> <div style="float:center; margin: 3 mm; padding: 1 mm; width: 740px; border: 1px solid;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Chronology of evidences referred in the article</div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_2tzr8t7eupq2o4grqpt3mc5qa7dtxd7"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cantalejo" coords="661,49,747,70" title="Cantalejo" alt="Cantalejo" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Isaiah" coords="459,49,528,70" title="Isaiah" alt="Isaiah" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/David" coords="424,49,488,70" title="David" alt="David" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" coords="213,49,310,70" title="Deuteronomy" alt="Deuteronomy" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Puabi" coords="287,49,351,70" title="Puabi" alt="Puabi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Malatya" coords="234,49,326,70" title="Malatya" alt="Malatya" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" coords="133,49,191,70" title="Kish (Sumer)" alt="Kish (Sumer)" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_2tzr8t7eupq2o4grqpt3mc5qa7dtxd7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/2tzr8t7eupq2o4grqpt3mc5qa7dtxd7.png" /></div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craftsmen_from_Cantalejo">Craftsmen from Cantalejo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Craftsmen from Cantalejo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cantalejo" title="Cantalejo">Cantalejo</a> is located at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Duraton_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Duraton River">Duraton River</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cega_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cega River (page does not exist)">Cega River</a>. Modern Cantalejo arose in the 11th century, although there are architectural remains that are much older, and forms part of <a href="/wiki/Segovia_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segovia (province)">Segovia</a> province in Spain. It was apparently prosperous at the beginning but, lost its liberty in the 17th century and became a jurisdictional <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lordship</a>. There is no clear record of when the specialized craft of making threshing boards was introduced into Cantalejo, but all who have written on the topic indicate that it was probably during the 16th or 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of threshing boards appears to coincide with the arrival of foreign artisans, although this is speculation based on the fact that the artisans' form of speech (see [[#Gacería|the section on <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">gacería</i></span>]]) includes aspects of many foreign languages, especially <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. The makers of threshing boards and plows were called <i>«Briqueros»</i>, a word of French origin<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Others say it's from "brica", a metathesis of "criba". (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that refers to the making of <a href="/wiki/Tinderbox" title="Tinderbox">tinderboxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlocks</a> for guns, which in France were called <i><a href="/wiki/Briquette" title="Briquette">briquets</a></i>, literally in archaic French: <i>«Petite pièce d’acier don't on se sert pour tirer du feu d’un caillou.»</i> (today, synonym of <a href="/wiki/Briquette" title="Briquette">briquette</a> or flammable matter, but also refers to a <a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">lighter</a>) for the <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">early firearms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>...). It is therefore plausible that foreign gunsmiths introducing firearms in the Iberian Peninsula created an important colony in Cantalejo, although it is difficult to determine their origin<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In any case, with time Cantalejo opted for peaceful and productive crafts such as the making of diverse agricultural implements, including threshing boards. By the 1950s, Cantalejo had reached 400 workshops producing more than 30,000 threshing boards each year; this suggests that more than half the population was dedicated to this occupation. The threshing boards were then distributed throughout the entire <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain#The_Inner_Plateau_and_associated_mountains" title="Geography of Spain">Meseta Central</a> of Spain. </p><p>This article concentrates on threshing boards made only with flint chips, although there were threshing boards made with metal teeth or according to other, less common designs.<sup id="cite_ref-amparo_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amparo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Making_the_wooden_frame">Making the wooden frame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Making the wooden frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of summer, or in the autumn, work began with the selection of <a href="/wiki/European_Black_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="European Black Pine">black pines</a>, which they cut and carefully smoothed with a device called a <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">tronzador</i></span> until the trunks were formed into cylinders nearly two meters in length; these log sections were called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">tozas</i></span>. They also prepared long, straight planks to serve as transverse headpieces. They carried the log sections to the sawmill, where they cut slats as wide as the log permitted (no less than 20 centimeters), of some five centimeters in thickness and with a curved shape (just like a <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">ski</a>) on the end that would eventually be in front. The planks were dried in the sun for several months, turned over every so often. The village during this period took on a peculiar appearance, as many buildings had their façades covered with drying planks. Afterwards, these were piled in <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">castillos</i></span>, crossing some slats with others in order to make the pile more stable. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-6_tronco_de_pino.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The pine tozas, from which the slats were cut"><img alt="The pine tozas, from which the slats were cut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trillo-6_tronco_de_pino.png/120px-Trillo-6_tronco_de_pino.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trillo-6_tronco_de_pino.png/180px-Trillo-6_tronco_de_pino.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trillo-6_tronco_de_pino.png/240px-Trillo-6_tronco_de_pino.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pine <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">tozas</i></span>, from which the slats were cut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-7_listones_en_linea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Slats aligned, before forming the threshing board"><img alt="Slats aligned, before forming the threshing board" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trillo-7_listones_en_linea.png/120px-Trillo-7_listones_en_linea.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trillo-7_listones_en_linea.png/180px-Trillo-7_listones_en_linea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trillo-7_listones_en_linea.png/240px-Trillo-7_listones_en_linea.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Slats aligned, before forming the threshing board</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Briquero_escopleando.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chiseling the slat"><img alt="Chiseling the slat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Briquero_escopleando.png/92px-Briquero_escopleando.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Briquero_escopleando.png/139px-Briquero_escopleando.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Briquero_escopleando.png/185px-Briquero_escopleando.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chiseling the slat</div> </li> </ul> <p>Once the slat was in the right conditions, the next process was chiseling: using a <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammer</a> and chisel to prepare the slots (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">ujeros</i></span> for the chips of flint (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">chinas</i></span> or lithic flakes). The chiseling was done with the slats front-on, guided by pencil-marks so the workman wouldn't err. Before beginning, the workman made sure that the slat had not warped since being cut, as that would make it unusable. </p><p>The next pass took place in the mechanical presses; the Spanish language term for these was <i>"cárceles"</i>, "jails". The three, four, or five planks had to be perfectly joined: spread with glue and pressed, using small reinforcement jigs, called <i>tasillos</i> (wooden cylinders glued and nailed with a mallet at the edges of a slat), and wedges. When the slats were well-aligned and fixed in place, the <i>cabezales</i> (headers), or crosspieces, were nailed in place with big nails known in Spain as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">puntas de París</i></span> (although, at least in the 19th and 20th centuries, they came from <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-8_cabezales.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The planks glued, as they are in the cárceles"><img alt="The planks glued, as they are in the cárceles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trillo-8_cabezales.png/120px-Trillo-8_cabezales.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trillo-8_cabezales.png/180px-Trillo-8_cabezales.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trillo-8_cabezales.png/240px-Trillo-8_cabezales.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The planks glued, as they are in the <i>cárceles</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-9_clavar_cabezales.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Placing the "headers" (cabezales) with large iron nails"><img alt="Placing the "headers" (cabezales) with large iron nails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Trillo-9_clavar_cabezales.png/120px-Trillo-9_clavar_cabezales.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Trillo-9_clavar_cabezales.png/180px-Trillo-9_clavar_cabezales.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Trillo-9_clavar_cabezales.png/240px-Trillo-9_clavar_cabezales.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Placing the "headers" (<i>cabezales</i>) with large iron nails</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-10_clavar_juntas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Placing of stopgaps in the junctions."><img alt="Placing of stopgaps in the junctions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trillo-10_clavar_juntas.png/120px-Trillo-10_clavar_juntas.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trillo-10_clavar_juntas.png/180px-Trillo-10_clavar_juntas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trillo-10_clavar_juntas.png/240px-Trillo-10_clavar_juntas.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="323" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Placing of stopgaps in the junctions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-11_vista_general.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The wooden structure completed, but with the cutting stones not yet added"><img alt="The wooden structure completed, but with the cutting stones not yet added" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Trillo-11_vista_general.png/120px-Trillo-11_vista_general.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Trillo-11_vista_general.png/180px-Trillo-11_vista_general.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Trillo-11_vista_general.png/240px-Trillo-11_vista_general.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The wooden structure completed, but with the cutting stones not yet added</div> </li> </ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Trillo-3.JPG/100px-Trillo-3.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Trillo-3.JPG/150px-Trillo-3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Trillo-3.JPG/200px-Trillo-3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Hook for pulling</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the basic structure of the threshing board is ready, it must be smoothed. This is first done by "working" it with an adze lengthwise, along the grain. Then the final finishing is done with various specialized carpenter's <a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">planes</a>, on both top and bottom; first going across in a transverse direction, and later lengthwish. </p><p>The final phase of the work consisted of covering the junctions of the slats on the top side, which is done with thin strips at the front, tacked on with a board called the "front piece", and on the rest using long thin little boards (<i>tapajuntas</i> or stopgaps). On the front header they attached a strong hook for the <i>barzón</i>, or iron ring with a strap or a long rod for tying on the drafthorses or oxen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_the_stone_flakes">Working the stone flakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Working the stone flakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instrumental_de_briquero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Instrumental_de_briquero.jpg/150px-Instrumental_de_briquero.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Instrumental_de_briquero.jpg/225px-Instrumental_de_briquero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Instrumental_de_briquero.jpg/300px-Instrumental_de_briquero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Various hammers traditionally found in the workshop of a <i>briquero</i></figcaption></figure> <p>To create the lithic flakes used to cover threshing boards, the <i>briqueros</i> in Cantalejo used a manufacturing technique similar to prehistoric methods of making tools, except that they used metal hammers rather than percussors made of stone, wood, or antler.<sup id="cite_ref-benito_b_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benito_b-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The raw materials preferred by these artisans was a whitish flint imported from the province of <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara (province)">Guadalajara</a>. When they had to repair threshing boards at home, if they did not have any other raw materials, they would use rounded river pebbles, made of homogeneous, high-grade <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, which they selected during their travels. The flint from Guadalajara was extracted from quarries in large blocks, which were split by hand with hammers of various sizes until the stone reached a size small enough to be comfortably held in the hand. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Briquero.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Briquero.png/150px-Briquero.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Briquero.png/225px-Briquero.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Briquero.png/300px-Briquero.png 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>Briquero</i> knapping flint</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Knapping</b>: Once manageable chunks of flint were obtained, knapping to obtain lithic flakes was performed using a very light hammer (called a <i>pickaxe</i>) with a narrow handle and a pointed head. Knapping was considered "men's work." To work quartzite pebbles, they used a hammer with a head that was rounded and slightly wider. During the process of removing stone flakes, they sometimes resorted to a normal hammer to crack the stone and achieve perussion plains inaccessible with the pickaxe alone. </p><p>The <i>briquero</i> held the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">stone core</a> in the left hand, protected with a piece of leather and with the palm upward, and struck rapid blows using a pick held in the right hand. The stone flakes would fall into the palm of the right hand, on top of the leather protector, which allowed the worker to evaluate them during fractions of a second: if they were acceptable, the <i>briquero</i> allowed them to fall into a tin; if not, he threw them into a reject pile.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pile was also where the <i>briquero</i> threw used-up stone cores —that is, stone blocks incapable of producing more chips; pieces of stone broken by accident; <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(archaeology)" title="Cortex (archaeology)">cortical</a> flint flakes, useless fragments, and debris. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empedrando_el_trillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Empedrando_el_trillo.jpg/150px-Empedrando_el_trillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Empedrando_el_trillo.jpg/225px-Empedrando_el_trillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Empedrando_el_trillo.jpg/300px-Empedrando_el_trillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Woman pounding stone flakes into a threshing board</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The working of pebbles was similar to the working of flint, except that with pebbles only the outside layer was chipped off. Thus, the pebbles were essentially "peeled" and discarded (unlike flint stones, whose interiors were worked until they were used up); using only the cortical flakes. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">Lithic flake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flintknapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintknapper">Flintknapper</a></div> <p><b>Covering the board with stone flakes</b> was mainly the work of women called <i>enchifleras</i>. The task is monotonous and repetitive. Up to three thousand lithic flakes may be pounded into a large threshing board. In addition, it is necessary to sort the flakes: small ones in the front, medium-sized in the middle, and the largest on the sides and in the back. It is necessary to pound in each flake without damaging its sharp edge, although it was impossible to avoid leaving at least some small mark (a "spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Retouch_(lithics)" title="Retouch (lithics)">retouch</a>" in technical terms). The tool used was a light hammer with a cylindrical head and flat or concave ends. The flakes are inserted into the cracks at their thickest part (technically, the percussion zone, that is, the proximal heel of the flake as it is struck off.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trillo-5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Trillo-5.JPG/200px-Trillo-5.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Trillo-5.JPG/300px-Trillo-5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Trillo-5.JPG/400px-Trillo-5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Detail of stone flakes: in foreground, a flake with a large chip; the others retain a sharp edge.</figcaption></figure> <p>Threshing boards from Cantalejo captured nearly all the sales in <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid (autonomous community)">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castile-La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Castile-La Mancha">Castile-La Mancha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (autonomous community)">Valencia</a>. They sometimes also reached <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amparo_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amparo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, artesans from Cantalejo travelled with large carts loaded with selected threshing boards, winnowing bellows, grain <a href="/wiki/Dry_measure" title="Dry measure">measures</a> (of different traditional dry units: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celem%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celemín (page does not exist)">celemín</a></i></span> is a wooden case with 4,6 L, <i>cuartilla</i> has 14 L, and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES"><a href="/wiki/Fanega" title="Fanega">fanega</a></i></span> equivalent to 55.5 L...) and other implements for threshing or winnowing, which they peddled from town to town. They also carried flint chips, and tools and supplies for repairing damaged threshing boards and farming implements. In later times, they traveled by train to pre-arranged stations, and then in small trucks. They typically brought their entire families along; combined with their strange manner of speaking and unusual occupation, this gave the <i>briqueros</i> an air of mystery. They began selling threshing boards as soon as the threshing boards were complete, beginning in April and lasting until August. The <i>briqueros</i> would then return to their home town (the <i>Vilorio</i>) to celebrate the festivals of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> (August 15) and <a href="/wiki/Roch" class="mw-redirect" title="Roch">Saint Roch</a> (August 16) with their families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gacería"><span id="Gacer.C3.ADa"></span><i>Gacería</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gacería"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gacer%C3%ADa" title="Gacería">Gacería</a></div> <p><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">Gacería</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Cant_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant language">cant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argot</a> used by makers and vendors of threshing boards in <a href="/wiki/Cantalejo,_Segovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantalejo, Segovia">Cantalejo</a> and some other parts of Spain. It is not a technical vocabulary, but rather a code made up of a small group of words that allows the speakers to communicate freely in the presence of strangers without others understanding the content of the conversation. </p><p><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">Gacería</i></span> was purely verbal, colloquial, and associated with the selling of threshing boards; as a result, it largely disappeared with the mechanization of agriculture. Nevertheless, a number of studies have attempted to record its varied aspects. There are many doubts regarding the origin of the words that make up the vocabulary of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">Gacería</i></span>, including the word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">Gacería</i></span> itself, which may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> word <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">gazo</i></span>, which means "ugly" or "good-for-nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly accepted opinion is that most of the words derive from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, with additions from other languages including <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Basque, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Spanish_Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caló (Spanish Romani)">Caló</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amparo_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amparo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is certain is that the makers and vendors of threshing boards took words from any area they visited regularly, creating a linguistic mishmash. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_threshing_implements">Related threshing implements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Related threshing implements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the term "threshing board" is used to refer to all the different variants of this primitive implement. Technically, we should distinguish at least the two main types of threshing boards: the <b>"threshing sledge,"</b> which is the subject of this article, and the <b>"threshing cart."</b> </p><p>The "threshing sledge" is the most common type. As its name indicates, it is dragged over the ripe grain, and it threshes using cutting pieces made of stone or metal. This is what is referred to in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> as <i>morag</i> (מורג) and in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as <i>mowrej.</i> Strictly speaking, the threshing boards of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> have characteristics that render them easily distinguishable from those found in Europe. On the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, cutting blades found on the bottom part of the threshing board are arranged on end and in rows roughly parallel to the direction of threshing. In contrast, the <i>mogag</i> and <i>mowrej</i> found to the Middle East have circular holes (made with a special short, wide <a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">drill</a>) into which are pressed small round, semicircular stones with sharp ridges. (See a detail photo of a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/RelEd/id/3518/rec/1">Middle-Eastern threshing board</a>). </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mowrej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mowrej.jpg/190px-Mowrej.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mowrej.jpg/285px-Mowrej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mowrej.jpg/380px-Mowrej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Threshing sledge <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, 1937<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Threshing_at_Heliopolis-1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Threshing_at_Heliopolis-1884.jpg/350px-Threshing_at_Heliopolis-1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Threshing_at_Heliopolis-1884.jpg/525px-Threshing_at_Heliopolis-1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Threshing_at_Heliopolis-1884.jpg/700px-Threshing_at_Heliopolis-1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Threshing cart (<i>plostellum punicum</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Cairo_suburb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)">Heliopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1884<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A second model, which the classic sources refer to as <i>plostellum punicum</i> (literally, the "Punic cart"), ought to be called <b>"threshing cart"</b>. Although the Carthaginians, heirs of the Phoenicians, brought this model to the Western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, this implement was known at least since the second millennium BC, appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Babylonian texts</a> with a name that we can <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterate</a> as <i>gīš-bad</i>. Both variants continued to be used well into the 20th century in Europe, and continue to be used in the regions where agriculture has not been mechanized and industrialized. Museums and collectors in Spain retain some threshing carts, which were once highly prized in areas such as the province of <a href="/wiki/Zamora_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamora (province)">Zamora</a>, where they were used to thresh <a href="/wiki/Garbanzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbanzo">garbanzos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone boat">Stone boat</a> a similar looking sledge but with a smooth bottom</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The big threshing boards were intended for a "yoke" or pair of draft animals (oxen or mules), whereas the smaller ones were intended to be drawn by a single animal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are specialized original threshing boards for <a href="/wiki/Garbanzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbanzo">garbanzos</a>, with smaller dimensions than those used for cereal grains; also, at times, instead of stone chips, they have rollers with crammed blades: "threshing carts" («<i>trillo de ruedas</i>») known in antiquity as <i>Plostellum punicum</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long ago it was customary among children from the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain#The_Inner_Plateau_and_associated_mountains" title="Geography of Spain">Spanish Meseta</a>) to extract the gummy <a href="/wiki/Plant_sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sap">plant sap</a> for chewing, like <a href="/wiki/Chewing-gum" class="mw-redirect" title="Chewing-gum">chewing-gum</a>. Today, we know that the leaves and stalks of <a href="/wiki/Scotch_broom" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch broom">scotch broom</a> contain <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Sparteine" title="Sparteine">sparteine</a> and isosparteine) that, in large amounts, can be poisonous; but in small quantities, are medicinal or, even, narcotic, <a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">altering the cardiac rhythm</a>, which explains the former popularity of this gummy substance among young people.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The non-industrial agriculture that remains in marginal places of Europe and many underdeveloped Mediterranean areas, and where the threshing board and other traditional implements remain customary, preserve an ancestral vocabulary that forms part of the heritage of these countries. Almost all of this vocabulary is in danger of extinction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sledges were as vehicles for freight before the invention of wheel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a></i> (Libro XVII: La agricultura), simply repeats what the classical sources had to say on this theme, indicating his merely slight familiarity with the technology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The threshing board, as we have had occasion to repeat throughout this article, was expensive, as were the conditions of its use, only the wealthy laborers and the nobility could afford a threshing board and a plow. Its use was, perhaps, another lordly <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">ban</a>, and thus a mark of a <a href="/wiki/Bondservant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondservant">bondage</a>. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Flail_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flail (agriculture)">flail</a> was a cheap, simple tool, which anyone could get hold of and which supposed a certain independence and freedom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are similar cases in other parts of Europe. For example, in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, "a new industry was born at <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Suffolk" title="Brandon, Suffolk">Brandon, Suffolk</a> nearly 200 years ago when men who may well have been immigrants to the town began the knapping of gunflints whose effectiveness was proved on the field of Waterloo." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandon-heritage.co.uk/">See that web-site</a><br />The writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._Forrest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. J. Forrest (page does not exist)">A. J. Forrest</a> still knew <a href="/wiki/Flintknapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintknapper">flintknappers</a> fifty years ago and wrote a book about this unusual industry, which flourished in times of war and survived thanks to exports to distant parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>; the last documented exports were sent to <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> in 1947.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFForrest,_A._J.1983" class="citation book cs1">Forrest, A. J. (1983). <i>Masters of Flint</i>. Terence Dalton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86138-016-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86138-016-9"><bdi>0-86138-016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Flint&rft.pub=Terence+Dalton&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-86138-016-9&rft.au=Forrest%2C+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span><br />Something similar may have occurred in Cantalejo, but without the military power of Great Britain or its empire, the Spanish <i>briqueros</i> had to adapt their production to the national market, agriculture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The activity is rhythmic and very rapid, too fast for an inexperienced observer to determine whether a chip is adequate or not to use in a threshing board -- whether it is too small, or too large, or has the proper shape.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>, <i>De Re Rustica</i> (Book 1, chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Columella/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html#ref60">6:23</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoutelou,_Claudio1806" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boutelou, Claudio (1806). "<i>Sobre un trillo de nueva invención</i> ("About a threshing board of recent invention")". <i>Semanario de Agricultura y Artes</i> (in Spanish). <b>XIX</b>. Madrid: 50 <i>et. seq</i>. <q>«…de tres a cuatro pies de ancho y unos seis de largo, variando frecuentemente estas dimensiones, y se compone de dos o tres tablones ensamblados unos con otros, de más de cuatro pulgadas de grueso, en los que se hallan embutidas por su parte inferior muchos pedernales muy duros y cortantes que arrastran sobre las mieses. En la parte anterior hay clavada una argolla para atar la cuerda que le arrastra, y a la que se enganchan comúnmente dos caballerías; y sentado un hombre en el trillo lo conduce dando vueltas sobre la parva extendida en la era. Si el hombre necesita más peso, pone encima piedras grandes»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semanario+de+Agricultura+y+Artes&rft.atitle=Sobre+un+trillo+de+nueva+invenci%C3%B3n+%28%22About+a+threshing+board+of+recent+invention%22%29&rft.volume=XIX&rft.pages=50+%27%27et.+seq.%27%27&rft.date=1806&rft.au=Boutelou%2C+Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>«Messis ipsa alibi tribulis in area, alibi equarum gressibus exteritur, alibi perticis flagellatur»</i> Gaius Plinius Secundus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/18*.html#lxxii"><i>Naturalis Historia</i>, Liber XVIII (naturae frugum), lxxii - 298</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, Natural History, Book XVIII (Agriculture), lxxii - 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908080429/http://www.geocities.com/urunuela21/trilla/trilla.htm">La trilla tradicional en Castroviejo, Rioja Alta</a> ("Traditional threshing in Castroviejo, Rioja Alta, Spain").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLucas_Varela,_Antonio2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lucas Varela, Antonio (2002). <i>Cerramícalo</i> (in Spanish). Fundación Hernández Puertas de Alaeojs (Valladolid) - <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-607-4578-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-607-4578-3"><bdi>84-607-4578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cerram%C3%ADcalo&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Hern%C3%A1ndez+Puertas+de+Alaeojs+%28Valladolid%29+-+Madrid&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=84-607-4578-3&rft.au=Lucas+Varela%2C+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Ruiz2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Ruiz, José Ignacio (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.es/estaticos/congresos/histec05/b3_martinez_ruiz.pdf">"La fabricación de maquinaria agrícola en la España de Postguerra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). VIII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Historia Económica, Sesión B3, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+fabricaci%C3%B3n+de+maquinaria+agr%C3%ADcola+en+la+Espa%C3%B1a+de+Postguerra&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=VIII+Congreso+de+la+Asociaci%C3%B3n+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Historia+Econ%C3%B3mica%2C+Sesi%C3%B3n+B3%2C+Universidade+de+Santiago+de+Compostela&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.es%2Festaticos%2Fcongresos%2Fhistec05%2Fb3_martinez_ruiz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Patricia_C.Chabot,_Jacquesvan_Gijn,_Annelou2004" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Patricia C.; Chabot, Jacques; van Gijn, Annelou (2004). "The Functional Riddle of 'Glossy' Canaanean Blades and the Near Eastern Threshing Sledge". <i>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology</i>. <b>17</b> (1, June): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fjmea.17.1.87.56076">10.1558/jmea.17.1.87.56076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Functional+Riddle+of+%27Glossy%27+Canaanean+Blades+and+the+Near+Eastern+Threshing+Sledge&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2C+June&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fjmea.17.1.87.56076&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Patricia+C.&rft.au=Chabot%2C+Jacques&rft.au=van+Gijn%2C+Annelou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benito-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-benito_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenito_del_Rey,_Luis_y_Benito_Álvarez,_José-Manuel1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benito del Rey, Luis y Benito Álvarez, José-Manuel (1994). "La taille actuelle de la pierre à la manière préhistorique. L'exemple des pierres pour Tribula à Cantalejo (Segovia - Espagne)". <i>Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française</i> (in French). Tome 91 (Numéro 3, <span class="nowrap">mai–</span>juin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Pr%C3%A9historique+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=La+taille+actuelle+de+la+pierre+%C3%A0+la+mani%C3%A8re+pr%C3%A9historique.+L%27exemple+des+pierres+pour+Tribula+%C3%A0+Cantalejo+%28Segovia+-+Espagne%29&rft.volume=Tome+91&rft.issue=Num%C3%A9ro+3%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Emai%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3Ejuin&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Benito+del+Rey%2C+Luis+y+Benito+%C3%81lvarez%2C+Jos%C3%A9-Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> (p. 222 and footnote 10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <i>«Grande béquille pectorale»</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPelegrin,_Jacques1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pelegrin, Jacques (1988). "Débitage expérimental par pression, "du plus petit au plus grand"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Technologie Préhistorique</i>. Notes et monographies techniques (25): 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-222-04235-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-222-04235-6"><bdi>2-222-04235-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technologie+Pr%C3%A9historique&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9bitage+exp%C3%A9rimental+par+pression%2C+%22du+plus+petit+au+plus+grand%22&rft.volume=Notes+et+monographies+techniques&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2-222-04235-6&rft.au=Pelegrin%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClairborne,_Robert1974" class="citation book cs1">Clairborne, Robert (1974). <i>The Birth of Writing</i>. Time-Life Inc. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-1282-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-1282-9"><bdi>0-8094-1282-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Writing&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Time-Life+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8094-1282-9&rft.au=Clairborne%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/dendro/acta/fig6.htm">Graphic</a> on the Cornell University web site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrangipane,_M._A.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Frangipane, M. A. (1997). "4th millennium temple palace complex at Arslantepe-Malatya. North-South relations and the formation of early state societies in the northern regions of greater Mesopotamia". <i>Paléorient</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fpaleo.1997.4644">10.3406/paleo.1997.4644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A9orient&rft.atitle=4th+millennium+temple+palace+complex+at+Arslantepe-Malatya.+North-South+relations+and+the+formation+of+early+state+societies+in+the+northern+regions+of+greater+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fpaleo.1997.4644&rft.au=Frangipane%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span>. p. 64-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSherratt,_Andrew2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sherratt, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/">"ArchAtlas, an electronic atlas of archaeology Animal traction and the transformation of Europe"</a>. <i>P. Pétrequin. Proceedings of the Frasnois Conference</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (<span class="nowrap">19–</span>21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P.+P%C3%A9trequin.+Proceedings+of+the+Frasnois+Conference&rft.atitle=ArchAtlas%2C+an+electronic+atlas+of+archaeology+Animal+traction+and+the+transformation+of+Europe&rft.volume=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Sherratt%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamblin-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamblin_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamblin,_Dora_Jane1973" class="citation book cs1">Hamblin, Dora Jane (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstcities00hamb"><i>The First Cities</i></a></span>. Time-Life Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-1301-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-1301-9"><bdi>0-8094-1301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Cities&rft.pub=Time-Life+Inc.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8094-1301-9&rft.au=Hamblin%2C+Dora+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstcities00hamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span> p.90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWooley,_Leonard1934" class="citation book cs1">Wooley, Leonard (1934). <i>Ur Excavations II, The Royal Cemetery</i>. London-Philadelphia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ur+Excavations+II%2C+The+Royal+Cemetery&rft.place=London-Philadelphia&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Wooley%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> p.73 <i>et. seq.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamblin_b-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamblin_b_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamblin,_Dora_Jane1973" class="citation book cs1">Hamblin, Dora Jane (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstcities00hamb"><i>The First Cities</i></a></span>. Time-Life Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-1301-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-1301-9"><bdi>0-8094-1301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Cities&rft.pub=Time-Life+Inc.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8094-1301-9&rft.au=Hamblin%2C+Dora+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstcities00hamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrazer,_James_George1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="James Frazer">Frazer, James George</a> (1995) [1922]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i> (reprint). Touchstone edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82630-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82630-5"><bdi>0-684-82630-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Bough&rft.pub=Touchstone+edition&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-684-82630-5&rft.au=Frazer%2C+James+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span> (p. 488 and followings)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStruve,_V._V.1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Struve, V. V. (1979). <i>Historia de la Antigua Grecia</i> (in Spanish) (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: Akal Editor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7339-190-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-7339-190-X"><bdi>84-7339-190-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Antigua+Grecia&rft.place=Madrid&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Akal+Editor&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=84-7339-190-X&rft.au=Struve%2C+V.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span> p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlázquez,_José_María1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blázquez, José María (1983). "Capítulo XVI, Colonización cartaginesa en la península Ibérica". <i>Historia de España antigua. Tomo I: Protohistoria</i> (in Spanish) (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: Ediciones Cátedra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-376-0232-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-376-0232-7"><bdi>84-376-0232-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cap%C3%ADtulo+XVI%2C+Colonizaci%C3%B3n+cartaginesa+en+la+pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Espa%C3%B1a+antigua.+Tomo+I%3A+Protohistoria&rft.place=Madrid&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Ediciones+C%C3%A1tedra&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=84-376-0232-7&rft.au=Bl%C3%A1zquez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span> (página 421)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uchicago-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uchicago_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De_Agricultura/home.html">"LacusCurtius • Cato — De Agricultura"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Cato+%E2%80%94+De+Agricultura&rft.pub=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCato%2FDe_Agricultura%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>«[resulta] casi imposible definir, sobre la base de la exposición de Catón, cuando entró en uso tal o cual instrumento, cuándo fue aplicado tal o cual perfeccionamiento»</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKovaliov,_Sergei_I.1979" class="citation book cs1">Kovaliov, Sergei I. (1979). <i>Historia de Roma</i> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: Akal Editor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7339-455-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-7339-455-0"><bdi>84-7339-455-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Roma&rft.place=Madrid&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Akal+Editor&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=84-7339-455-0&rft.au=Kovaliov%2C+Sergei+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span> p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/varro.html"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/varro.html">Rerum Rusticarum de Agri Cultura<i> online in the original Latin</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varro, <i>Rerum Rusticarum…</i> Liber primus, XII: <i>«Quae nasci in fundo ac fieri a domesticis poterunt, eorum nequid ematur, ut fere sunt quae ex viminibus et materia rustica fiunt, ut corbes, fiscinae, tribula, valli, rastelli…»</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varro, <i>Rerum Rusticarum…</i> Liber primus, LII. <i>«Quae seges grandissima atque optima fuerit, seorsum in aream secerni oportet spicas, ut semen optimum habeat; e spicis in area excuti grana. Quod fit apud alios iumentis iunctis ac tribulo. Id fit e tabula lapidibus aut ferro asperata, quae cum imposito auriga aut pondere grandi trahitur iumentis iunctis, discutit e spica grana;…»</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varro, <i>Rerum Rusticarum…</i> Liber primus, LII. <i>«…aut ex axibus dentatis cum orbiculis, quod vocant plostellum poenicum; in eo quis sedeat atque agitet quae trahant iumenta, ut in Hispania citeriore et aliis locis faciunt.»</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030821172122/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/columella1.html">De Re Rustica, cap VI</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>: <i>«Area, si competit, ita constituenda est, ut vel a domino vel certe a procuratore despici possit. Eaque optima est silice constrata, quod et celeriter frumenta deteruntur, non cedente solo pulsibus ungularum tribularumque, et eadem ventilata mundiora sunt, lapillisque carent et glaebulis, quas per trituram fere terrena remittit area.»</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/18*.html#lxxii">Naturalis Historia, Liber XVIII (naturae frugum), lxxii - 298</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duby-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duby_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuby,_Georges1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Duby, Georges</a> (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlygrowthofe00duby"><i>The early growth of the European economy. Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century</i></a></span>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9169-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9169-X"><bdi>0-8014-9169-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+growth+of+the+European+economy.+Warriors+and+Peasants+from+the+Seventh+to+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8014-9169-X&rft.au=Duby%2C+Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlygrowthofe00duby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaro_Baroja_Julio1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julio_Caro_Baroja" title="Julio Caro Baroja">Caro Baroja Julio</a> (1983). <i>Tecnología popular española</i>. Editorial Nacional, Colección Artes del tiempo y del espacio, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-276-0588-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-276-0588-9"><bdi>84-276-0588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tecnolog%C3%ADa+popular+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Editorial+Nacional%2C+Colecci%C3%B3n+Artes+del+tiempo+y+del+espacio%2C+Madrid&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=84-276-0588-9&rft.au=Caro+Baroja+Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diocesan archive of Salamanca: <i>«Et yo, donna Mayor, devo dexar a mia muerte estas duas yugadas de heredat devandichas al cabildo bien allinadas, con quatro kafiçes de trigo, et un kafiz de centeno, et un kafiz de cevada pora semiente cada yugada, et con reias, et con arados, et con timones, et con <b>trillos</b> et con todo appayamiento que heredade bien allinnada deve aver»</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Duby, op. cit. page 249: <i>«A través de cuanto hemos dicho se ve el interés que tendría la medición de la incidencia del progreso técnico en el rendimiento de la empresa agrícola. Sin embargo, hay que renunciar a hacerla. Antes de fines del siglo XII, los métodos de la administración señorial son todavía muy primitivos; conceden poca importancia a la escritura y menos aún a las cifras. Los documentos son más decepcionantes que los de la época carolingia»</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth.arts.gla.ac.uk/html/home.html">E.A.R.T.H.</a>, official site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Torices,_José_Luis_y_Díez_Barrio,_Germán1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González Torices, José Luis y Díez Barrio, Germán (1991). "Capítulo IV, La Trilla". <i>Aperos de madera</i> (in Spanish). Ámbito Ediciones, for the <a href="/wiki/Junta_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Junta de Castilla y León">Junta de Castilla y León</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-86770-48-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-86770-48-3"><bdi>84-86770-48-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cap%C3%ADtulo+IV%2C+La+Trilla&rft.btitle=Aperos+de+madera&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=%C3%81mbito+Ediciones%2C+for+the+Junta+de+Castilla+y+Le%C3%B3n&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=84-86770-48-3&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Torices%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Luis+y+D%C3%ADez+Barrio%2C+Germ%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaro_Baroja_Julio1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Julio_Caro_Baroja" title="Julio Caro Baroja">Caro Baroja Julio</a> (1983). <i>Tecnología popular española</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Editorial Nacional, Colección Artes del tiempo y del espacio. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-276-0588-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-276-0588-9"><bdi>84-276-0588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tecnolog%C3%ADa+popular+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Editorial+Nacional%2C+Colecci%C3%B3n+Artes+del+tiempo+y+del+espacio&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=84-276-0588-9&rft.au=Caro+Baroja+Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-amparo-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amparo_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amparo_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amparo_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiguero1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Siguero, Amparo (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funjdiaz.net/folklore/07ficha.cfm?id=367">"Los trilleros"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funjdiaz.net/folklore/index.cfm">Revista de Folklore</a></i> (in Spanish). Tomo: 04a (número: 41): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>180. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cajaespana.es/">Caja España</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funjdiaz.net/">Fundación Joaquín Díaz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.funjdiaz.net%2Ffolklore%2Findex.cfm+Revista+de+Folklore%5D&rft.atitle=Los+trilleros&rft.volume=Tomo%3A+04a&rft.issue=n%C3%BAmero%3A+41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Siguero&rft.aufirst=Amparo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.funjdiaz.net%2Ffolklore%2F07ficha.cfm%3Fid%3D367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <br /> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenito_del_Rey,_Luis_y_Benito_Álvarez,_José-Manuel1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benito del Rey, Luis y Benito Álvarez, José-Manuel (1995). "Trilleros, en busca del eslabón perdido (I, II y III)". <i>La Frontera del Duero</i> (in Spanish). Año 1 (Números 1, 2 y 3). Depósito Legal, AV 121-1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Frontera+del+Duero&rft.atitle=Trilleros%2C+en+busca+del+eslab%C3%B3n+perdido+%28I%2C+II+y+III%29&rft.volume=A%C3%B1o+1&rft.issue=N%C3%BAmeros+1%2C+2+y+3&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Benito+del+Rey%2C+Luis+y+Benito+%C3%81lvarez%2C+Jos%C3%A9-Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-benito_b-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-benito_b_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenito_del_ReyLuis_y_Benito_ÁlvarezJosé-Manuel1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Benito del Rey; Luis y Benito Álvarez; José-Manuel (1994). "La taille actuelle de la pierre à la manière préhistorique. L'exemple des pierres pour Tribula à Cantalejo (Segovia - Espagne)". <i>Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française</i>. Tome 91 (Numéro 3, <span class="nowrap">mai–</span>juin): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbspf.1994.9770">10.3406/bspf.1994.9770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Pr%C3%A9historique+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=La+taille+actuelle+de+la+pierre+%C3%A0+la+mani%C3%A8re+pr%C3%A9historique.+L%27exemple+des+pierres+pour+Tribula+%C3%A0+Cantalejo+%28Segovia+-+Espagne%29&rft.volume=Tome+91&rft.issue=Num%C3%A9ro+3%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Emai%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3Ejuin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbspf.1994.9770&rft.au=Benito+del+Rey&rft.au=Luis+y+Benito+%C3%81lvarez&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9-Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCuesta_Polo,_Marciano,_coord.1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cuesta Polo, Marciano, coord. (1993). <i>Glosario de Gacería</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Cantalejo" title="Cantalejo">Ayuntamiento de Cantalejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glosario+de+Gacer%C3%ADa&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Ayuntamiento+de+Cantalejo%2C+Segovia&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Cuesta+Polo%2C+Marciano%2C+coord.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVV.AA.1937" class="citation book cs1">VV.AA. (1937). <i>The Story of the Bible</i>. Amalgamated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Amalgamated+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.au=VV.AA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBishop_Vincent,_John_H.1884" class="citation book cs1">Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_H._Vincent" title="John H. Vincent">Vincent, John H.</a> (1884). <i>Earthly Footsteps of the Man of Galilee</i>. N.D. Thompson Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earthly+Footsteps+of+the+Man+of+Galilee&rft.pub=N.D.+Thompson+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Bishop+Vincent%2C+John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThreshing+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>This article draws heavily on the corresponding article <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillo_(agricultura)" class="extiw" title="es:Trillo (agricultura)">Trillo (agricultura)</a> in the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="es:">Spanish-language Wikipedia</a>, accessed in the version of 20 November 2006.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trillo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:trillo">trillo</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Threshing_boards" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Threshing boards">Threshing boards</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3b12439/">A threshing floor in the hills of Galilee</a> (ca. 1900), <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esf.org/publication/194/earth.pdf">Early Agricultural Remnants and Technical Heritage (EARTH)</a></li> <li>Patricia C. Anderson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth.arts.gla.ac.uk/html/anderson.html">Sound and Science: an approach to the ethnoarchaeology of threshing cereals and pulses</a>, on the EARTH site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepam.cnrs.fr/index2.php?page=ProCompTech/production/France">Reconstruction of a Mesopotamian threshing sledge</a>, reprint from EARTH</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116141832/http://www.cepam.cnrs.fr/index2.php?page=ProCompTech%2Fproduction%2Ftribulum">tribulum: reconstitution d'un traineau à dépiquer mésopotamien</a>: "Threshing board: Reconstruction of a Mesopotamian threshing sledge" (drawings), Centre d'études Préhistorique, Antiquité, Moyen Âge (CEPAM), University of Nice</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepam.cnrs.fr/index2.php?page=ProCompTech/production/Syria">Threshing sledges from the Bronze Age and today</a> (CEPAM / Centre de Recherches Archéologiques - CNRS)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskalnet.net/eelizalde/index.htm">Día del Mundo Rural 2000</a> (Rural World Day 2000). Pictures from Miranda de Arga (Navarre, Spain).</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> Laureano Molina Gómez, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225193002/http://www.etnografo.com/abuelo_trillo.htm">El trillo del abuelo</a> ("Grandfather's Threshing board"), etnografo.com.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> Amparo Siguera <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funjdiaz.net/folklore/popup2.cfm?idfoto=9702&id=367">Los trilleros</a> ("The threshers"), <i>Revista de Folklore</i>; includes some illustrations</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&oldid=1242823164">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&oldid=1242823164</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grain_production" title="Category:Grain production">Grain production</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Threshing_tools" title="Category:Threshing tools">Threshing tools</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_EasyTimeline_extension" title="Category:Pages using the EasyTimeline extension">Pages using the EasyTimeline extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:Articles with Latin-language sources (la)">Articles with Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_external_links" title="Category:CS1 errors: external links">CS1 errors: external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Basque-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Basque-language text">Articles containing Basque-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 August 2024, at 23:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_board&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Threshing board</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>18 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-64b5bb4b79-cncj9","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.812","walltime":"1.131","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3147,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":72276,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8217,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":126465,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 979.868 1 -total"," 22.73% 222.718 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.55% 211.158 17 Template:Cite_book"," 14.48% 141.885 15 Template:Lang"," 14.24% 139.535 9 Template:NoteTag"," 9.63% 94.357 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.91% 77.546 2 Template:Sister_project"," 6.20% 60.708 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.14% 60.119 2 Template:Side_box"," 6.00% 58.827 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.487","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16296240,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6d5cfb54f4-9g72v","timestamp":"20250210180741","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Threshing board","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Threshing_board","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q510812","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q510812","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-11-15T01:57:20Z","dateModified":"2024-08-28T23:19:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3a\/Trillo-1.JPG","headline":"Archaic agricultural implement for separating cereals from their straw"}</script> </body> </html>