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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flintknapper&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintknapper">Flintknapper</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shaping of conchoidal fracturing stone to manufacture stone tools</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Knapping" title="Special:EditPage/Knapping">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Knapping%22">"Knapping"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Knapping%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Knapping%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Knapping%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Knapping%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Knapping%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flint-knapping_Demonstration_(27349458154).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flint-knapping_Demonstration_%2827349458154%29.jpg/220px-Flint-knapping_Demonstration_%2827349458154%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flint-knapping_Demonstration_%2827349458154%29.jpg/330px-Flint-knapping_Demonstration_%2827349458154%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flint-knapping_Demonstration_%2827349458154%29.jpg/440px-Flint-knapping_Demonstration_%2827349458154%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Flintknapping a stone tool</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Knapping</b> is the shaping of <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Conchoidal_fracture" title="Conchoidal fracture">conchoidal fracturing</a> stone through the process of <a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">lithic reduction</a> to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a>, strikers for <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> firearms, or to produce flat-faced stones for building or facing walls, and <a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">flushwork</a> decoration. The original Germanic term <i>knopp</i> meant to strike, shape, or work, so it could theoretically have referred equally well to making statues or dice. Modern usage is more specific, referring almost exclusively to the free hand percussion process pictured. It is distinguished from the more general verb "chip" (to break up into small pieces, or unintentionally break off a piece of something) and is different from "carve" (removing only part of a face), and "cleave" (breaking along a natural plane). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knapping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knapping.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Knapping.JPG/170px-Knapping.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Knapping.JPG/255px-Knapping.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Knapping.JPG/340px-Knapping.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="3365" /></a><figcaption>A leather leg guard protects the knapper from being injured by the edges of the flint.</figcaption></figure> <p>Flintknapping or knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product. For stone tools and flintlock strikers, chert is worked using a fabricator such as a <a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">hammerstone</a> to remove <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">lithic flakes</a> from a nucleus or <a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">core</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">tool stone</a>. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform <a href="/wiki/Pressure_flaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure flaking">pressure flaking</a>. </p><p>For building work a hammer or pick is used to split chert nodules supported on the lap. Often the chert nodule will be split in half to create two cherts with a flat circular face for use in walls constructed of lime. More sophisticated knapping is employed to produce near-perfect cubes which are used as bricks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knapping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. Early knappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. The factors that contribute to the knapping results are varied, but the EPA (exterior platform angle) indeed influences many attributes, such as length, thickness and termination of flakes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hard hammer</i> techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early knappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools. This method of manufacture is believed to have been used to make some of the earliest stone tools ever found, some of which date from over 2 million years ago. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soft_Hammer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Soft_Hammer.jpg/220px-Soft_Hammer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Soft_Hammer.jpg/330px-Soft_Hammer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Soft_Hammer.jpg/440px-Soft_Hammer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Soft hammer knapping</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Soft hammer</i> techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a knapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools. These "soft hammer" techniques also produce longer, thinner flakes, potentially allowing for material conservation or a lighter lithic tool kit to be carried by mobile societies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Pressure flaking</i> involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (when successful) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early knappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch; traditionalist knappers still use antler tines and copper-tipped tools. The major advantage of using soft metals rather than wood or bone is that the metal punches wear down less and are less likely to break under pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knapping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aztec_sacrificial_knives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Aztec_sacrificial_knives.jpg/220px-Aztec_sacrificial_knives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Aztec_sacrificial_knives.jpg/330px-Aztec_sacrificial_knives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Aztec_sacrificial_knives.jpg/440px-Aztec_sacrificial_knives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> stone knives</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinschloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Steinschloss.jpg/220px-Steinschloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Steinschloss.jpg/330px-Steinschloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Steinschloss.jpg/440px-Steinschloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A gun-flint mounted in the jaws of a flintlock musket</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stratford_St_Mary_church_April_2005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stratford_St_Mary_church_April_2005.JPG/220px-Stratford_St_Mary_church_April_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stratford_St_Mary_church_April_2005.JPG/330px-Stratford_St_Mary_church_April_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stratford_St_Mary_church_April_2005.JPG/440px-Stratford_St_Mary_church_April_2005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Knapped flint walls and <a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">flushwork</a> at the church of <a href="/wiki/Stratford_St._Mary" title="Stratford St. Mary">Stratford St. Mary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In cultures that have not adopted metalworking technologies, the production of stone tools by knappers is common, but in modern cultures the making of such tools is the domain of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">experimental archaeologists</a> and hobbyists. <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">Archaeologists</a> usually undertake the task so that they can better understand how prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> were made. </p><p>Knapping is often learned by outdoor enthusiasts. </p><p>Knapping <i>gun flints</i>, used by <a href="/wiki/Flintlock_mechanism" title="Flintlock mechanism">flintlock firearms</a> was formerly a major industry in flint-bearing locations, such as <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Suffolk" title="Brandon, Suffolk">Brandon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, England, and the small towns of <a href="/wiki/Meusnes" title="Meusnes">Meusnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Couffy" title="Couffy">Couffy</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-ancientcrafts_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientcrafts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meusnes has a small museum dedicated to the industry. </p><p>In 1804, during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Brandon was supplying over 400,000 flints a month for use by the British Army and Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-whittaker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whittaker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brandon knappers made gun flints for export to Africa as late as the 1960s. </p><p>Knapping for building purposes is still a skill that is practiced in the flint-bearing regions of southern England, such as <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, Suffolk, and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, and in northern France, especially <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, where there is a resurgence of the craft due to government funding.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_hazards">Health hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knapping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Health hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sustained inhalation of flint dust produced by knapping can cause <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a>. This has been called "the world's first <a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">industrial disease</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ancientcrafts_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientcrafts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pugetsound_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pugetsound-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is unclear how severe the issue may actually have been in prehistoric working conditions, as silicosis is aggravated by a lack of ventilation and the use of metal tools which produce more dust. Ancient knappers, working in the open air and with stone and bone tools, would have had less prolonged exposure to dust than in more modern workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1981156_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1981156-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When gun flint knapping was a large-scale industry in <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Suffolk" title="Brandon, Suffolk">Brandon, Suffolk</a>, silicosis was widely known as <i>knappers' rot</i>. It has been claimed silicosis was responsible for the early death of three-quarters of Brandon gun flint makers. In one workshop, seven of the eight workers died of the condition before the age of fifty.<sup id="cite_ref-ancientcrafts_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientcrafts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average age of death for knappers was 44 years, compared to 66 for other employed men in the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1981154_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1981154-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern knappers are advised to work in the open air to reduce the dust hazard, and to wear eye and hand protection.<sup id="cite_ref-ancientcrafts_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientcrafts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern knappers wear a <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirator</a> to guard against dust.<sup id="cite_ref-pugetsound_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pugetsound-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 survey of 173 knappers found that 86% used eye protection, 57% wore gloves, and only 5% used a respirator, mask, or fan to control dust (although 68% preferred to knap outdoors). About half of respondents reported being injured at least "often" when knapping, and 23% admitted having to seek professional medical attention at least once. The most commons injuries were cuts and bruises, typically on the fingers and hands, while flakes in the eye were also frequent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_study">Contemporary study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knapping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ense%C3%B1ando_a_tallar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ense%C3%B1ando_a_tallar.jpg/150px-Ense%C3%B1ando_a_tallar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ense%C3%B1ando_a_tallar.jpg/225px-Ense%C3%B1ando_a_tallar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ense%C3%B1ando_a_tallar.jpg/300px-Ense%C3%B1ando_a_tallar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>French prehistorian <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tixier" title="Jacques Tixier">Jacques Tixier</a> offers modern training in stone knapping.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern American interest in knapping can be traced back<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittaker199456-58_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker199456-58-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the study of a <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> Native American called <a href="/wiki/Ishi" title="Ishi">Ishi</a> who lived in the early twentieth century. Ishi taught scholars and academics traditional methods of making stone tools and how to use them for survival in the wild. Early European explorers to the New world were also exposed to flint knapping techniques. Additionally, several pioneering nineteenth-century European experimental knappers are also known and in the late 1960s and early 1970s experimental archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Don_Crabtree" title="Don Crabtree">Don Crabtree</a> published texts such as <i>Experiments in Flintworking</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bordes" title="François Bordes">François Bordes</a> was an early writer on <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> knapping; he experimented with ways to replicate stone tools found across <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. These authors helped to ignite a small craze in knapping among archaeologists and prehistorians. </p><p>English archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Phil_Harding_(archaeologist)" title="Phil Harding (archaeologist)">Phil Harding</a> is another contemporary expert, whose exposure on the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Team" title="Time Team">Time Team</a></i> has led to him being a familiar figure in the UK and beyond. Many groups, with members from all walks of life, can now be found across the United States and Europe. These organizations continue to demonstrate and teach various ways of shaping stone tools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knapping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_flint_jewelry" title="Ancient Egyptian flint jewelry">Ancient Egyptian flint jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">Debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_flint" title="Eccentric flint">Eccentric flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nap (disambiguation)">Nap (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olduwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Olduwan">Olduwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranchet_axe" title="Tranchet axe">Tranchet axe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knapping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDibbleWhittaker1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dibble, Harold; Whittaker, John (1981). "New Experimental Evidence on the Relation Between Percussion Flaking and Flake Variation". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">283–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-4403%2881%2990004-2">10.1016/0305-4403(81)90004-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=New+Experimental+Evidence+on+the+Relation+Between+Percussion+Flaking+and+Flake+Variation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0305-4403%2881%2990004-2&rft.aulast=Dibble&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeclin1997" class="citation journal cs1">Peclin, Andrew (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjasc.1996.0145">"The Effect of Indentor Type on Flake Attributes: Evidence from a Controlled Experiment"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>24</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">613–</span>621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjasc.1996.0145">10.1006/jasc.1996.0145</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Indentor+Type+on+Flake+Attributes%3A+Evidence+from+a+Controlled+Experiment&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E621&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjasc.1996.0145&rft.aulast=Peclin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Fjasc.1996.0145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancientcrafts-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancientcrafts_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancientcrafts_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancientcrafts_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancientcrafts_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914071404/http://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/Flintknapping/Flintknapping.html#Health">"Basic Tool Production Techniques, Health and Safety"</a>. ancientcrafts.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/Flintknapping/Flintknapping.html#Health">the original</a> on 14 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Tool+Production+Techniques%2C+Health+and+Safety&rft.pub=ancientcrafts.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientcraft.co.uk%2FFlintknapping%2FFlintknapping.html%23Health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whittaker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whittaker_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker2001" class="citation journal cs1">Whittaker, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428192652/http://web.grinnell.edu/anthropology/Faculty/JohnWhittaker/Articles/2001_The_Oldest_British.pdf">"The Oldest British Industry: continuity and obsolescence in a flintknapper's sample set"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>75</b> (288): <span class="nowrap">382–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00061032">10.1017/s0003598x00061032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163235035">163235035</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.grinnell.edu/anthropology/Faculty/JohnWhittaker/Articles/2001_The_Oldest_British.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+British+Industry%3A+continuity+and+obsolescence+in+a+flintknapper%27s+sample+set&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=288&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00061032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163235035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.grinnell.edu%2Fanthropology%2FFaculty%2FJohnWhittaker%2FArticles%2F2001_The_Oldest_British.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flintknapping.co.uk/arch.html">"Architectural flintwork"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architectural+flintwork&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flintknapping.co.uk%2Farch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pugetsound-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pugetsound_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pugetsound_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalin2010" class="citation web cs1">Kalin, Jeffery (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pugetsoundknappers.com/interesting_stuff/knapping_silicosis_article.html">"Flintknapping and Silicosis"</a>. Pudget Sound Knappers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flintknapping+and+Silicosis&rft.pub=Pudget+Sound+Knappers&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kalin&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpugetsoundknappers.com%2Finteresting_stuff%2Fknapping_silicosis_article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1981156-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1981156_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw1981">Shaw 1981</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1981154-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1981154_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw1981">Shaw 1981</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalaLycettBebberEren2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gala, Nicholas; Lycett, Stephen J.; Bebber, Michelle R.; Eren, Metin I. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faaq.2023.27">"The Injury Costs of Knapping"</a>. <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>88</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">283–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faaq.2023.27">10.1017/aaq.2023.27</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316">0002-7316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Injury+Costs+of+Knapping&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faaq.2023.27&rft.issn=0002-7316&rft.aulast=Gala&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Lycett%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Bebber%2C+Michelle+R.&rft.au=Eren%2C+Metin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Faaq.2023.27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker199456-58-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittaker199456-58_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhittaker1994">Whittaker 1994</a>, p. 56-58.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knapping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrabtree1971" class="citation book cs1">Crabtree, Donald (January 1971). <i>Experiments in Flintworking</i>. Idaho State University Museum. ASIN B0006XPAQU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiments+in+Flintworking&rft.pub=Idaho+State+University+Museum&rft.date=1971-01&rft.aulast=Crabtree&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw1981" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, A. Batty (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139012">"Knapper's Rot, Silicosis in East Anglian Flint Knappers"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>25</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300034359">10.1017/s0025727300034359</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139012">1139012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7012479">7012479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=Knapper%27s+Rot%2C+Silicosis+in+East+Anglian+Flint+Knappers&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1139012%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7012479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025727300034359&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=A.+Batty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1139012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldorf1994" class="citation book cs1">Waldorf, D.C. (1994). <i>The Art of Flint Knapping</i> (Paperback) (4th ed.). Mound Builder Books, Branson MO, USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Flint+Knapping&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Mound+Builder+Books%2C+Branson+MO%2C+USA&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Waldorf&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span> (Excellent illustrations by Valerie Waldorf of processes, techniques, hand tools, ancient and modern knapped artifacts [mostly North American]. On front and rear cover are photos of precisely knapped replicas of prehistoric points and within the text are B&W photos including two full-scale [<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in or 320 mm and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in or 270 mm] "Danish dagger" replicas made by the author.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker1994" class="citation book cs1">Whittaker, John C. (1994). <i>Flintknapping : Making and Understanding Stone Tools</i> (Paperback). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-79083-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-79083-X"><bdi>0-292-79083-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flintknapping+%3A+Making+and+Understanding+Stone+Tools&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-292-79083-X&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnapping" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knapping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flint_knapping" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flint knapping">Flint knapping</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stonemasonry" title="Template talk:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stonemasonry66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">Ashlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">Rustication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Dry stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">Letter cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tensioned_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-tensioned stone">Post-tensioned stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_precut_stone" title="Massive precut stone">Massive precut stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_masonry" title="Monumental masonry">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipform_stonemasonry" title="Slipform stonemasonry">Slipform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snecked_masonry" title="Snecked masonry">Snecked</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_stone" title="Artificial stone">Artificial stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_stone" title="Cast stone">Cast stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decorative_stones" title="List of decorative stones">Decorative stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstone" title="Fieldstone">Fieldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">Lime mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone" title="List of types of limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sandstones" title="List of sandstones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_veneer" title="Stone veneer">Stone veneer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_hammer" title="Bush hammer">Bush hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter" title="Ceramic tile cutter">Ceramic tile cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_blade" title="Diamond blade">Diamond blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(lifting_appliance)" title="Lewis (lifting appliance)">Lewis (lifting appliance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_trowel" title="Masonry trowel">Trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-explosive_demolition_agents" title="Non-explosive demolition agents">Non-explosive demolition agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">Plug and feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemason%27s_hammer" title="Stonemason's hammer">Stonemason's hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_flaming" title="Stone flaming">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_masonry" title="Polygonal masonry">Polygonal masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repointing" title="Repointing">Repointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabbling" title="Scabbling">Scabbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckpointing" title="Tuckpointing">Tuckpointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_veneer" title="Masonry veneer">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Brickwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wythe" title="Wythe">Wythe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Footstone" title="Footstone">Footstone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">Stone wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Work_to_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland">Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Contractors_Association_of_America" title="Mason Contractors Association of America">Mason Contractors Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Masons" title="Worshipful Company of Masons">Worshipful Company of 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