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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etimolog%C3%ADas_(Isidoro_de_Sevilla)" title="Etimologías (Isidoro de Sevilla) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etimologías (Isidoro de Sevilla)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="האטימולוגיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האטימולוגיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiarum_libri_viginti" title="Etymologiarum libri viginti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Etymologiarum libri viginti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Etymologiae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Этимологии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этимологии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Etymologiae" 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font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Etymologiae <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologiae&rft.author=%5B%5BIsidore+of+Seville%5D%5D&rft.date=%3Cabbr+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B625%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pages=20+books"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Isidoro_di_siviglia,_etimologie,_fine_VIII_secolo_MSII_4856_Bruxelles,_Bibliotheque_Royale_Albert_I,_20x31,50,_pagina_in_scrittura_onciale_carolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Isidoro_di_siviglia%2C_etimologie%2C_fine_VIII_secolo_MSII_4856_Bruxelles%2C_Bibliotheque_Royale_Albert_I%2C_20x31%2C50%2C_pagina_in_scrittura_onciale_carolina.jpg/220px-Isidoro_di_siviglia%2C_etimologie%2C_fine_VIII_secolo_MSII_4856_Bruxelles%2C_Bibliotheque_Royale_Albert_I%2C_20x31%2C50%2C_pagina_in_scrittura_onciale_carolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Isidoro_di_siviglia%2C_etimologie%2C_fine_VIII_secolo_MSII_4856_Bruxelles%2C_Bibliotheque_Royale_Albert_I%2C_20x31%2C50%2C_pagina_in_scrittura_onciale_carolina.jpg/330px-Isidoro_di_siviglia%2C_etimologie%2C_fine_VIII_secolo_MSII_4856_Bruxelles%2C_Bibliotheque_Royale_Albert_I%2C_20x31%2C50%2C_pagina_in_scrittura_onciale_carolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Isidoro_di_siviglia%2C_etimologie%2C_fine_VIII_secolo_MSII_4856_Bruxelles%2C_Bibliotheque_Royale_Albert_I%2C_20x31%2C50%2C_pagina_in_scrittura_onciale_carolina.jpg/440px-Isidoro_di_siviglia%2C_etimologie%2C_fine_VIII_secolo_MSII_4856_Bruxelles%2C_Bibliotheque_Royale_Albert_I%2C_20x31%2C50%2C_pagina_in_scrittura_onciale_carolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1302" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Page of <i>Etymologiae</i>, Carolingian manuscript (8th century) – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium" title="Royal Library of Belgium">Royal Library of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>General knowledge</li><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">Encyclopaedia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 625</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">20 books</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Original text</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Etymologiarum_libri_XX" class="extiw" title="s:la:Etymologiarum libri XX">Etymologiae</a></i></span> at Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'Etymologies'), also known as the <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Origines</i></span></b> ('Origins'), usually abbreviated <i><b>Orig.</b></i>, is an <a href="/wiki/Medieval_etymology" title="Medieval etymology">etymological</a> encyclopedia compiled by the influential Christian bishop <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560–636</span>) towards the end of his life. Isidore was encouraged to write the book by his friend <a href="/wiki/Braulio_of_Zaragoza" title="Braulio of Zaragoza">Braulio, Bishop of Saragossa</a>. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> summarized and organized a wealth of knowledge from hundreds of classical sources; three of its books are derived largely from <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>. Isidore acknowledges Pliny, but not his other principal sources, namely <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servius_(grammarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servius (grammarian)">Servius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Gaius Julius Solinus</a>. </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> covers an encyclopedic range of topics. <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a>, the origins of words, is prominent, but the work also covers, among other things, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, mathematics, geometry, music, astronomy, medicine, law, the church and <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> sects, pagan philosophers, languages, cities, humans, animals, the physical world, geography, public buildings, roads, metals, rocks, agriculture, war, ships, clothes, food, and tools. </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> was a widely used textbook throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. It was so popular that it was read in place of many of the original <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a> that it summarized; as a result, some of these ceased to be copied and were lost. It was cited by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> (who placed Isidore in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i></span>), quoted by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, and mentioned by the poets <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a>. Among the thousand-odd surviving manuscript copies is the 13th-century <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Gigas" title="Codex Gigas">Codex Gigas</a></i></span>; the earliest surviving manuscript, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Codex Sangallensis</i></span>, preserves books XI to XX from the 9th century. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> was printed in at least ten editions between 1472 and 1530, after which its importance faded during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The first scholarly edition was printed in Madrid in 1599; the first modern <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a> was edited by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Lindsay" title="Wallace Lindsay">Wallace Lindsay</a> in 1911. </p><p>While less well known in modern times, modern scholars recognize the work's importance in preserving both classical texts, as well as insight into the medieval mindset. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isidore of Seville was born around 560 in <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>, which was under the unstable rule of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the West. His older brother, Leander, the abbot of a <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> monastery, supervised Isidore's education, probably in the school attached to his monastery. Leander was a powerful priest, a friend of Pope Gregory, and eventually he became bishop of Seville. Leander also made friends with the Visigothic king's sons, Hermenigild and Reccared. In 586, <a href="/wiki/Reccared" class="mw-redirect" title="Reccared">Reccared</a> became king, and in 587 he converted to Catholicism under Leander's religious direction, and consequently controlled the appointment of bishops. Reccared died in 601, not long after appointing Isidore as bishop of Seville. </p><p>Isidore helped to unify the kingdom through Christianity and education, eradicating the <a href="/wiki/Arian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian heresy">Arian heresy</a> which had been widespread, and led National Councils at Toledo and Seville. Isidore had a close friendship with king <a href="/wiki/Sisebut" title="Sisebut">Sisebut</a>, who came to the throne in 612, and with another Seville churchman, <a href="/wiki/Braulio_of_Zaragoza" title="Braulio of Zaragoza">Braulio</a>, who later became bishop of <a href="/wiki/Saragossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saragossa">Saragossa</a>. </p><p>Isidore was widely read, mainly in Latin with a little Greek and Hebrew. He was familiar with the works of both the church fathers and pagan writers such as <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and Pliny the Elder, this last the author of the major encyclopaedia then in existence, the <i>Natural History</i>. The classical encyclopedists had already introduced alphabetic ordering of topics, and a literary rather than observational approach to knowledge: Isidore followed those traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrehaut2003_[1912]22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrehaut2003_[1912]22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isidore became well known in his lifetime as a scholar. He started to put together the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span>, a collection of his knowledge, in about 600, and continued to write until around 625.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.20064–10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.20064–10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etymologiae_page_26_of_Codex_Karolinus_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Etymologiae_page_26_of_Codex_Karolinus_manuscript.jpg/170px-Etymologiae_page_26_of_Codex_Karolinus_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Etymologiae_page_26_of_Codex_Karolinus_manuscript.jpg/255px-Etymologiae_page_26_of_Codex_Karolinus_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Etymologiae_page_26_of_Codex_Karolinus_manuscript.jpg/340px-Etymologiae_page_26_of_Codex_Karolinus_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript page from the start of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span>, showing the letters of the Greek alphabet. Codex Karolinus, 8th century. Wolfenbüttel digital library.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etymologiae_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Etymologiae_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/170px-Etymologiae_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Etymologiae_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/255px-Etymologiae_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Etymologiae_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/340px-Etymologiae_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>An early printed edition, by Guntherus Zainer, <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, 1472. British Library</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> presents an abbreviated form of much of that part of the learning of antiquity that Christians thought worth preserving. Etymologies, often very far-fetched, form the subject of just one of the encyclopedia's twenty books (Book X), but perceived linguistic similarities permeate the work. An idea of the quality of Isidore's etymological knowledge is given by Peter Jones: "Now we know most of his derivations are total nonsense (eg, he derives <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">baculus</i></span>, 'walking-stick', from <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>, god of drink, because you need one to walk straight after sinking a few)".<sup id="cite_ref-JonesTelegraph_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesTelegraph-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work covers many of the subjects of ancient learning, from <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> to the construction and provenance of furniture, and provides a rich source of classical lore and learning for medieval writers. Isidore quotes from around 475 works from over 200 authors in his works, including those outside the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge200622_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge200622-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Braulio_of_Zaragoza" title="Braulio of Zaragoza">Bishop Braulio</a>, to whom Isidore dedicated it and sent it for correction, divided it into its twenty books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusche2005437–455_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusche2005437–455-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An analysis of Book XII by Jacques André identifies 58 quotations from named authors and 293 borrowed but uncited usages: 79 from Solinus; 61 from <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>; 45 from Pliny the Elder. Isidore takes care to name classical and Christian scholars whose material he uses: in descending order of frequency, Aristotle (15 references), Jerome (10 times), Cato (9 times), Plato (8 times), Pliny, Donatus, Eusebius, Augustine, Suetonius, and Josephus. He mentions as prolific authors the pagan <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> and the Christians <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>. But his translator Stephen Barney notes as remarkable that he never actually names the compilers of the encyclopedias that he used "at second or third hand",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a>. Barney further notes as "most striking"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Isidore never mentions three out of his four principal sources (the one he does name being Pliny): Cassiodorus, Servius and Solinus. Conversely, he names <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> eight times, even though Pythagoras wrote no books. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> are thus "complacently derivative".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Book II, dealing with dialectic and rhetoric, Isidore is heavily indebted to translations from the Greek by <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>; in Book III he is similarly in debt to <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, who provided the gist of Isidore's treatment of arithmetic. <a href="/wiki/Caelius_Aurelianus" title="Caelius Aurelianus">Caelius Aurelianus</a> contributes generously to the part of Book IV dealing with medicine. Isidore's view of Roman law in Book V is viewed through the lens of the Visigothic compendiary called the <i><a href="/wiki/Breviary_of_Alaric" title="Breviary of Alaric">Breviary of Alaric</a></i>, which was based on the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Theodosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Theodosius">Code of Theodosius</a>, which Isidore never saw. Through Isidore's condensed paraphrase a third-hand memory of Roman law passed to the Early Middle Ages. Lactantius is the author most extensively quoted in Book XI, concerning man. Books XII, XIII and XIV are largely based on the <i>Natural History</i> and Solinus, whereas the lost <i>Prata</i> of <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, which can be partly pieced together from what is quoted in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span>, seems to have inspired the general plan of the work, as well as many of its details.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isidore's Latin, replete with nonstandard <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, stands at the cusp of Latin and the local <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> emerging in Hispania.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the prefatory letters, the work was composed at the urging of Braulio, to whom Isidore sent the unedited manuscript at the end of his life, which seems to have begun circulating before Braulio was able to revise and issue it with a dedication to the late Visigothic king <a href="/wiki/Sisebut" title="Sisebut">Sisebut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.20064–10_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.20064–10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Etymologies</i> organizes knowledge, mainly drawn from the classics, into twenty books: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Structure of <i>The Etymologies</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Topics</th> <th>Principal sources </th></tr> <tr> <td>(Whole work)</td> <td>(Etymological encyclopedia)</td> <td>the <i>Prata</i> of <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, now lost<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book I: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de grammatica</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">Trivium</a>: grammar</td> <td><i>Institutes</i> of <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book II: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de rhetorica et dialectica</i></span></td> <td>Trivium: <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a></td> <td>Cassiodorus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book III: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de quatuor disciplinis mathematicis</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a>: arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> on mathematics; Cassiodorus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book IV: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de medicina</i></span></td> <td>medicine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caelius_Aurelianus" title="Caelius Aurelianus">Caelius Aurelianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a>, Pliny<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book V: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de legibus et temporibus</i></span></td> <td>law and <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_Gaius" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of Gaius"><i>Institutes</i> of Gaius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Breviary_of_Alaric" title="Breviary of Alaric">Breviary of Alaric</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book VI: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de libris et officiis ecclesiasticis</i></span></td> <td>Ecclesiastical books and offices</td> <td>Augustine, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Jerome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>, <i>Divine Institutes</i> of <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book VII: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de deo, angelis, sanctis et fidelium ordinibus</i></span></td> <td>God, angels and saints hierarchies of heaven and earth</td> <td>Augustine, Jerome, Gregory the Great, Lactantius, Tertullian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book VIII: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de ecclesia et sectis diversis</i></span></td> <td>The church, Jews, and heretical <a href="/wiki/Sects" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects">sects</a>; pagan philosophers, prophets and <a href="/wiki/Sibyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibyls">sibyls</a></td> <td>Augustine, Jerome, Gregory the Great, Lactantius, Tertullian (Christian); <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (pagan)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book IX: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus, affinitatibus</i></span></td> <td>Languages, peoples, kingdoms, armies, <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> and titles</td> <td>Augustine, Ambrose, Jerome, Servius, Pliny, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Solinus</a> (who borrowed from Pliny)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book X: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de vocabulis</i></span></td> <td>Etymologies</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a> via Festus; <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XI: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de homine et portentis</i></span></td> <td>Mankind, <a href="/wiki/Portent_(divination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portent (divination)">portents</a>, and transformations</td> <td>Books XI – XX all include material from Pliny's <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, Servius, Solinus </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XII: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de animalibus</i></span></td> <td>Beasts and birds</td> <td>Pliny, Servius, Solinus, <i><a href="/wiki/Hexameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexameron">Hexameron</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XIII: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de mundo et partibus</i></span></td> <td>The physical world, <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">elements</a>, natural phenomena</td> <td>as Book XI<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XIV: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de terra et partibus</i></span></td> <td>Geography: Earth, Asia, Europe, Libya, islands, promontories, mountains, caves</td> <td>as Book XI; <i>Histories Against the Pagans</i> of <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XV: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de aedificiis et agris</i></span></td> <td>Public buildings, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">public works</a>, roads</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>, Servius<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XVI: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de lapidibus et metallis</i></span></td> <td>Metals and stones</td> <td>Pliny, Servius, Solinus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XVII: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de rebus rusticis</i></span></td> <td>Agriculture</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato</a> via Columella, Pliny, Servius, Solinus, Rutilius Palladius, Varro<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XVIII: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de bello et ludis</i></span></td> <td>Terms of war, games, <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></td> <td>Servius; <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> on circus games<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XIX: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de navibus, aedificiis et vestibus</i></span></td> <td>Ships, houses, and clothes</td> <td>Servius; also Jerome, Festus, Pliny, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cetius_Faventinus" title="Marcus Cetius Faventinus">Marcus Cetius Faventinus</a>, Palladius, Nonus Marcellus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book XX: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de penu et instrumentis domesticis et rusticis</i></span></td> <td>Food, tools, and furnishings</td> <td>as Book XIX<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <b>Book I</b>, Isidore begins with a lengthy section on grammar, the first of three subjects in the mediaeval <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">Trivium</a> considered at the time the core of essential knowledge. He covers the letters of the alphabet, parts of speech, accents, punctuation and other marks, shorthand and abbreviations, writing in cipher and sign language, types of mistake and histories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639–68_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639–68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He derives the word for letters (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">littera</i></span>) from the Latin words for "to read" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">legere</i></span>) and 'road' (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">iter</i></span>), "as if the term were <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">legitera</i></span>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that letters offer a road for people who read.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639–68_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639–68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book II</b> completes the medieval Trivium with coverage of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>. Isidore describes what rhetoric is, kinds of argument, maxims, elocution, ways of speaking, and figures of speech. On dialectic, he discusses philosophy, syllogisms, and definitions. He equates the Greek term syllogism with the Latin term argumentation (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">argumentatio</i></span>), which he derives from the Latin for "clear mind" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">arguta mens</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200669–88_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200669–88-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book III</b> covers the medieval <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a>, the four subjects that supplemented the Trivium being arithmetic, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, music, and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that there are infinitely many numbers, as you can always add one (or any other number) to whatever number you think is the limit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200689–108_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200689–108-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attributes geometry to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, arguing that because the <a href="/wiki/River_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="River Nile">River Nile</a> flooded and covered the land with mud, geometry was needed to mark out people's land "with lines and measures".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200693_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200693-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isidore distinguishes astronomy from <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> and covers the world, the sky and the celestial sphere, the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>, the Sun, Moon, stars, <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, and planets, and the names of the stars. He derives the curved (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">curvus</i></span>) vault of the heavens from the Latin word for "upside-down" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">conversus</i></span>). He explains eclipses of the Sun as the Moon coming between the Earth and the Sun and eclipses of the Moon as happening when it runs into the shadow of the Earth. He condemns the Roman naming of the planets after their gods: Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200689–108_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200689–108-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isidore of Seiville distinguished between a 'Superstitious' astrology (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">astrologia superstitiosa</i></span>) from a 'natural' astrology. The first deals with the <a href="/wiki/Horoscope" title="Horoscope">horoscope</a> and the attempt of foreseeing the future of one or more persons; the latter was a legitimate activity which had concerns with meteorological predictions, including <a href="/wiki/Iatromathematicians" title="Iatromathematicians">iatromathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_astrology" title="Medical astrology">astrological medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book IV</b> covers medicine, including the four humours, diseases, remedies and medical instruments. He derives the word medicine from the Latin for "moderation" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">modus</i></span>), and "<a href="/wiki/Sciatica" title="Sciatica">sciatica</a>" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sciasis</i></span>) from the affected part of the body, the hip (Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἰσχία</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ischia</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006109–116_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006109–116-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book V</b> covers law and <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a>. Isidore distinguishes natural, civil, international, military and public law among others. He discusses the purpose of law, legal cases, witnesses, offences and penalties. On chronology, Isidore covers periods of time such as days, weeks, and months, solstices and equinoxes, seasons, special years such as Olympiads and Jubilees, generations and ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006117–134_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006117–134-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <b>Book VI</b>, Isidore describes ecclesiastical books and offices starting with the Old and New Testaments, the authors and names of the holy books, libraries and translators, authors, writing materials including tablets, papyrus and parchment, books, scribes, and Christian festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006135–152_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006135–152-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book VII</b> describes the basic scheme concerning God, angels, and saints: in other words, the hierarchies of heaven and earth from patriarchs, prophets and apostles down the scale through people named in the gospels to martyrs, clergymen, monks and ordinary Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006153–172_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006153–172-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book VIII</b> covers religion in the shape of the Christian church, the Jews and heretical sects, pagan philosophers including poets, <a href="/wiki/Sibyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibyls">sibyls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magi</a>, and the pagan gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006173–190_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006173–190-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book IX</b> covers languages, peoples, kingdoms, cities and titles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006191–212_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006191–212-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book X</b> is a word-list of nouns and adjectives, together with supposed etymologies for them. For example, the letter 'D' begins with the word for master (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dominus</i></span>), as he is the head of a household (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Domus</i></span>); the adjective docile (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">docilis</i></span>) is derived by Isidore from the verb for "to teach" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">docere</i></span>), because docile people are able to learn; and the word for abominable (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nefarius</i></span>) is explained as being not worth the grain called <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">far</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006213–230_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006213–230-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book XI</b> covers human beings, <a href="/wiki/Portent_(divination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portent (divination)">portents</a> and transformations. Isidore derives human beings (<i>homo</i>) from the Latin for soil (<i>humus</i>), as in Genesis 2:7 it says that man is made from the soil. Urine (<i>urina</i>) gets its name either from the fact that it can burn (<i>urere</i>) the skin or, Isidore hedges, that it is from the kidneys (<i>renes</i>). <i>Femina</i>, meaning woman, comes from <i>femora/femina</i> meaning thighs, as this part of the body shows she is not a man. The Latin for buttocks is <i>clunis</i> as they are near the large intestine or colon (<i>colum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006231–246_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006231–246-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book XII</b> covers <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>, including small animals, <a href="/wiki/Snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> and other beasts that fly. Isidore's treatment is as usual full of conjectural etymology, so a horse is called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">equus</i></span> because when in a team of four horses they are balanced (<i>aequare</i>). The spider (<i>aranea</i>) is so called from the air (<i>aer</i>) that feeds it. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_ray" title="Electric ray">electric ray</a> (<i>torpedo</i>) is called that because it numbs (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">torpescere</i></span>, compare English "torpid") anyone who touches it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006247–270_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006247–270-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book XIII</b> describes the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a>, the sky, clouds, thunder and lightning, rainbows, winds, and waters including the sea, the Mediterranean, bays, tides, lakes, rivers and floods. The sky is called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caelum</i></span>, as it has stars stamped on to it, like a decorated pot (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caelatus</i></span>). Clouds are called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nubes</i></span> as they veil (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">obnubere</i></span>) the sky, just as brides (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nupta</i></span>) wear veils for their weddings. The wind is called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ventus</i></span>, as it is angry and violent (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vehemens</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">violentus</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006271–284_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006271–284-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many kinds of water: some water "is salty, some alkaline, some with alum, some sulfuric, some tarry, and some containing a cure for illnesses."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006276_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006276-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are waters that cure eye injuries, or make voices melodious, or cause madness, or cure infertility. The water of the Styx causes immediate death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006271–284_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006271–284-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagrammatic_T-O_world_map_-_12th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diagrammatic_T-O_world_map_-_12th_century.jpg/220px-Diagrammatic_T-O_world_map_-_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diagrammatic_T-O_world_map_-_12th_century.jpg/330px-Diagrammatic_T-O_world_map_-_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diagrammatic_T-O_world_map_-_12th_century.jpg/440px-Diagrammatic_T-O_world_map_-_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T_and_O_map" title="T and O map">T and O map</a> from the first printed edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span>, XIV: <i>de terra et partibus</i>, representing the inhabited world. Augsburg, 1472. The East is at the top, with Asia occupying the top half of the "globe" (<i>orbis</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Book XIV</b> covers <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, describing the Earth, islands, promontories, mountains and caves. The Earth is divided into three parts, Asia occupying half the globe, and Europe and Africa each occupying a quarter. Europe is separated from Africa by the Mediterranean, reaching in from the Ocean that flows all around the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006285–300_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006285–300-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isidore writes that the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">orbis</i></span> of the Earth, translated by Barney as "globe", "derives its name from the roundness of the circle, because it resembles a wheel; hence a small wheel is called a 'small disk' (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">orbiculus</i></span>)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006285_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006285-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barney notes that <i>orbis</i> "refers to the 'circle' of lands around the Mediterranean, and hence to the total known extent of land."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006285_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006285-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isidore illustrated the <i>Etymologies</i> with a circular <a href="/wiki/T-O_map" class="mw-redirect" title="T-O map">T-O map</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also gave a vague impression of a <a href="/wiki/Flat_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat earth">flat disc-shaped Earth</a>, though authors disagree about Isidore's beliefs on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrehaut2003_[1912]174_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrehaut2003_[1912]174-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarwood200725_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarwood200725-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199186–87_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199186–87-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens1980268–77_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1980268–77-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1974268–77_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1974268–77-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book XV</b> covers cities and buildings including public buildings, houses, storehouses and workshops, parts of buildings, tents, fields and roads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006301–316_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006301–316-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book XVI</b> covers metals and rocks, starting with dust and earth, and moving on to gemstones of different colours, glass and mines. Metals include gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>. Weights and measures end the book. Games with boards and dice are described.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006317–336_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006317–336-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book XVII</b> describes agriculture, including grains, legumes, vines, trees, aromatic herbs and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006337–358_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006337–358-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book XVIII</b> covers the terms of war, games, and <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>. Isidore describes standards, trumpets, weapons including swords, spears, arrows, slings, battering rams, and armour including shields, breastplates and helmets. Athletic games include running and jumping, throwing and wrestling. Circus games are described, with chariot racing, horse racing and vaulting. In the theatre, comedy, tragedy, mime and dance are covered. In the amphitheatre, Isidore covers those who fight with nets, nooses and other weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006359–372_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006359–372-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book XIX</b> covers ships including boats, sails, ropes and nets; forges and tools; building, including walls, decorations, ceilings, mosaics, statues, and building tools; and clothes, including types of dress, cloaks, bedding, tools, rings, belts and shoes. The word "net" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rete</i></span>), is derived from retaining (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">retinere</i></span>) fish, or perhaps, writes Isidore, from the ropes (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">restis</i></span>) they are attached to.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006373–394_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006373–394-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Book XX</b> completes Isidore's encyclopaedia, describing food and drink and vessels for these, storage and cooking vessels; furnishings including beds and chairs; vehicles, farm and garden tools and equipment for horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006395–408_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.2006395–408-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isidoro_de_Sevilla_(Jos%C3%A9_Alcoverro)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Isidoro_de_Sevilla_%28Jos%C3%A9_Alcoverro%29_01.jpg/170px-Isidoro_de_Sevilla_%28Jos%C3%A9_Alcoverro%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Isidoro_de_Sevilla_%28Jos%C3%A9_Alcoverro%29_01.jpg/255px-Isidoro_de_Sevilla_%28Jos%C3%A9_Alcoverro%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Isidoro_de_Sevilla_%28Jos%C3%A9_Alcoverro%29_01.jpg/340px-Isidoro_de_Sevilla_%28Jos%C3%A9_Alcoverro%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption>1892 statue of Isidore of Seville in Madrid by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alcoverro" title="José Alcoverro">José Alcoverro</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isidore was widely influential throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, feeding directly into word lists and encyclopaedias by <a href="/wiki/Papias_(lexicographer)" title="Papias (lexicographer)">Papias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huguccio" title="Huguccio">Huguccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Anglicus" title="Bartholomaeus Anglicus">Bartholomaeus Anglicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais" title="Vincent of Beauvais">Vincent of Beauvais</a>, as well as being used everywhere in the form of small snippets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHexter2010489–490_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHexter2010489–490-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His influence also pertained to early medieval riddle collections such as the <a href="/wiki/Bern_Riddles" title="Bern Riddles">Bern Riddles</a> or the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Aenigmata</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a>. He was cited by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, quoted by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, and his name was mentioned by the poets <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a> among others. Dante went so far as to place Isidore in Paradise in the final part of his <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i> (10.130–131).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHexter2010489–490_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHexter2010489–490-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the Middle Ages, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> was the textbook most in use, regarded so highly as a repository of classical learning that, in a great measure, it superseded the use of the individual works of the classics themselves, full texts of which were no longer copied and thus were lost. It was one of the most popular compendia in medieval libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200624–26_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200624–26-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"An editor's enthusiasm is soon chilled by the discovery that Isidore's book is really a mosaic of pieces borrowed from previous writers, sacred and profane, often their 'ipsa verba' without alteration," <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Lindsay" title="Wallace Lindsay">Wallace Lindsay</a> noted in 1911, having recently edited Isidore for the <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1911a42–53_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1911a42–53-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the further observation, however, that a portion of the texts quoted have otherwise been lost: the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Prata</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, for instance, can only be reconstructed from Isidore's excerpts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1911a24–26_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1911a24–26-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the view of John T. Hamilton, writing in <i>The Classical Tradition</i> in 2010, "Our knowledge of ancient and early medieval thought owes an enormous amount to this encyclopedia, a reflective catalogue of received wisdom, which the authors of the only complete translation into English introduce as "arguably the most influential book, after the Bible, in the learned world of the Latin West for nearly a thousand years"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.20063_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.20063-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These days, of course, Isidore and his <i>Etymologies</i> are anything but household names... but the Vatican has named Isidore the patron saint of the Internet, which is likely to make his work slightly better known.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ralph Hexter, also writing in <i>The Classical Tradition</i>, comments on "Isidore's largest and massively influential work... on which he was still at work at the time of his death... his own architecture for the whole is relatively clear (if somewhat arbitrary)... At the deepest level Isidore's encyclopedia is rooted in the dream that language can capture the universe and that if we but parse it correctly, it can lead us to the proper understanding of God's creation. His word derivations are not based on principles of historical linguistics but follow their own logic... Isidore is the master of bricolage... His reductions and compilations did indeed transmit ancient learning, but Isidore, who often relied on <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> and earlier compilations, is often simplistic scientifically and philosophically, especially compared to .. figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> and Augustine."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHexter2010489–490_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHexter2010489–490-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/220px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/330px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/440px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</a> as network of knowledge: <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> considered nominating Isidore of Seville as the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, Peter Jones compares <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> to the Internet: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One might have thought that Isidore, Bishop of Seville, AD 600-636, had already suffered enough by having Oxford's computerised 'student administration project', planned since 2002, named after him. But five years ago Pope John Paul II compounded his misfortune by proposing (evidently) to nominate [Isidore] as the patron saint of the internet. </p><p>It was, indeed, a tempting choice. Isidore's <i>Etymologies</i>, published in 20 books after his death, was an encyclopedia of all human knowledge, glossed with his own derivations of the technical terms relevant to the topic in hand. Derivations apart, it was lifted from sources almost entirely at second or third hand ..., none of it checked, and much of it unconditional eyewash – the internet, in other words, to a T. </p><p> By the same token, Isidore's work was phenomenally influential throughout the West for 1,000 years, 'a basic book' of the Middle Ages, as one scholar put it, second only to the Bible. Written in simple Latin, it was all a man needed in order to have access to everything he wanted to know about the world but never dared to ask, from the 28 types of common noun to the names of women's outer garments. Today, one internet connection serves precisely the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesTelegraph_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesTelegraph-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts_and_printed_editions">Manuscripts and printed editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and printed editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost 1000 manuscript copies of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> have survived. The earliest is held at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_library_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey library of Saint Gall">Abbey library of Saint Gall</a> in Switzerland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200624–26_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200624–26-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 9th-century copy of Books XI to XX forming part of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Codex Sangallensis</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 13th-century <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Gigas" title="Codex Gigas">Codex Gigas</a></i></span> held in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Sweden" title="National Library of Sweden">National Library of Sweden</a>, the largest extant medieval manuscript, contains a copy of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1472 at <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> became one of the first books to be printed, quickly followed by ten more editions by 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200624–28_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200624–28-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juan de Grial produced the first scholarly edition in Madrid in 1599.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Faustino_Arevalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustino Arevalo">Faustino Arevalo</a> included it as two of the 17 volumes of his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Opera omnia</i></span> in Rome (1797–1803).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudolph Beer produced a facsimile edition of the Toledo manuscript of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace Lindsay edited the first modern critical edition in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacques Fontaine and Manuel C. Diaz y Diaz have between 1981 and 1995 supervised the production of the first five volumes of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Etymologiae</i></span> in the Belle Lettres series "Auteurs Latins du Moyen Age", with extensive footnotes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examined in detail by Johann Sofer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofer1930_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofer1930-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extensively criticised by Walter Porzig.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorzig1937129–170_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorzig1937129–170-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The accounts of logic in Book II and of arithmetic in Book III are transferred almost word for word from <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, Isidore's editor, W. M. Lindsay observed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1911a42_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1911a42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garwood notes, "St Augustine's stance on the shape of the earth [spherical] was supported, albeit vaguely, by the most popular encyclopedist of the era, St Isidore of Seville".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarwood200725_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarwood200725-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrehaut2003_[1912]22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrehaut2003_[1912]22_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrehaut2003_[1912]">Brehaut & 2003 [1912]</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.20064–10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.20064–10_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.20064–10_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarney_et_al.2006">Barney et al. 2006</a>, pp. 4–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1913" class="citation cs1">O'Connor, John Bonaventure (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Isidore of Seville"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Isidore_of_Seville"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Isidore of Seville</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia+%281913%29%2FSt.+Isidore+of+Seville&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+Bonaventure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesTelegraph-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesTelegraph_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesTelegraph_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Peter2006" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Peter (27 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3654846/Patron-saint-of-the-internet.html">"Patron saint of the internet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329010052/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3654846/Patron-saint-of-the-internet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Patron+saint+of+the+internet&rft.date=2006-08-27&rft.au=Jones%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F3654846%2FPatron-saint-of-the-internet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge200622-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge200622_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLapidge2006">Lapidge 2006</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusche2005437–455-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusche2005437–455_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRusche2005">Rusche 2005</a>, pp. 437–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarney_et_al.2006">Barney et al. 2006</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1911b_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay1911b">Lindsay 1911b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofer1930-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofer1930_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofer1930">Sofer 1930</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorzig1937129–170-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorzig1937129–170_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorzig1937">Porzig 1937</a>, pp. 129–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200614–15_12-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarney_et_al.2006">Barney et al. 2006</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639–68-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639–68_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639–68_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarney_et_al.2006">Barney et al. 2006</a>, pp. 39–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200639_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarney_et_al.2006">Barney et al. 2006</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200669–88-15"><span 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href="https://imagesonline.bl.uk/en/asset/show_zoom_window_popup.html?asset=12349&location=grid&asset_list=12349&basket_item_id=undefined">"Diagrammatic T-O map. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Codex+Sangallensis%2C+books+XI%E2%80%93XX&rft.date=800&rft.au=Isidore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesg.unifr.ch%2Fcesg-cgi%2Fkleioc%2Fg0010%2Fexec%2Fpagesmaframe%2F%2522csg-0232_001.jpg%2522%2Fsegment%2F%2522body%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsidore" class="citation web cs1">Isidore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.se/codex-gigas/eng/Browse-the-Manuscript/Isidorus-Etymologiae/?close=False&closechild=False&mode=0&page=399#content">"Codex Gigas: Isidorus"</a>. National Library of Sweden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526234136/http://www.kb.se/codex-gigas/eng/Browse-the-Manuscript/Isidorus-Etymologiae/?close=False&closechild=False&mode=0&page=399#content">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Codex+Gigas%3A+Isidorus&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Sweden&rft.au=Isidore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kb.se%2Fcodex-gigas%2Feng%2FBrowse-the-Manuscript%2FIsidorus-Etymologiae%2F%3Fclose%3DFalse%26closechild%3DFalse%26mode%3D0%26page%3D399%23content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200624–28-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200624–28_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarney_et_al.2006">Barney et al. 2006</a>, pp. 24–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarney_et_al.200627–28_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarney_et_al.2006">Barney et al. 2006</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarney_et_al.2006" class="citation book cs1">Barney, Stephen A.; Lewis, W. J.; Beach, J.A.; Berghof, O. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ep502syZv8C"><i>The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville</i></a> (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-21969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-21969-6"><bdi>978-0-511-21969-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111230647/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ep502syZv8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etymologies+of+Isidore+of+Seville&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-511-21969-6&rft.aulast=Barney&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Beach%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Berghof%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ep502syZv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrehaut2003_[1912]" class="citation book cs1">Brehaut, Ernest (2003) [1912]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestiary.ca/etexts/brehaut1912/brehaut%20-%20encyclopedist%20of%20the%20dark%20ages.pdf"><i>An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages: Isidore of Seville</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Digital ed.). Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120050723/http://bestiary.ca/etexts/brehaut1912/brehaut%20-%20encyclopedist%20of%20the%20dark%20ages.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2010-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedist+of+the+Dark+Ages%3A+Isidore+of+Seville&rft.edition=Digital&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brehaut&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestiary.ca%2Fetexts%2Fbrehaut1912%2Fbrehaut%2520-%2520encyclopedist%2520of%2520the%2520dark%2520ages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fear, A. T., and Jamie Wood, eds. <i>Isidore of Seville and His Reception in the Early Middle Ages: Transmitting and Transforming Knowledge.</i> Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarwood2007" class="citation book cs1">Garwood, Christine (2007). <i>Flat Earth: The History of an Infamous Idea</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-4702-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-4702-9"><bdi>978-1-4050-4702-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flat+Earth%3A+The+History+of+an+Infamous+Idea&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4050-4702-9&rft.aulast=Garwood&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1974" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Edward (1974). <i>A Sourcebook in Medieval Science</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-82360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-82360-0"><bdi>978-0-674-82360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+in+Medieval+Science&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-674-82360-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hamilton, John T. (2010). "Pliny the Elder". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). <i>The Classical Tradition</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pliny+the+Elder&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHexter2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hexter, Ralph (2010). "Isidore of Seville". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). <i>The Classical Tradition</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isidore+of+Seville&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hexter&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidge2006" class="citation book cs1">Lapidge, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1HbVyElFD4C&pg=PA22"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Library</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-153301-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-153301-3"><bdi>978-0-19-153301-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426080703/https://books.google.com/books?id=z1HbVyElFD4C&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Library&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-153301-3&rft.aulast=Lapidge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz1HbVyElFD4C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay1911a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Lindsay" title="Wallace Lindsay">Lindsay, Wallace</a> (1911a). "The Editing of Isidore Etymologiae". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800019273">10.1017/S0009838800019273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170517611">170517611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Editing+of+Isidore+Etymologiae&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800019273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170517611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay1911b" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, Wallace (1911b). <i>Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi Etymologiarum Sive Originum Libri XX</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isidori+Hispalensis+Episcopi+Etymologiarum+Sive+Originum+Libri+XX&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorzig1937" class="citation journal cs1">Porzig, Walter (1937). "Die Rezensionen der Etymologiae des Isidorus von Sevilla". <i>Hermes</i>. <b>72</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermes&rft.atitle=Die+Rezensionen+der+Etymologiae+des+Isidorus+von+Sevilla&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Porzig%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusche2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rusche, Philip G. (October 2005). "Isidore's "Etymologiae" and the Canterbury Aldhelm Scholia". <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i>. <b>104</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">437–</span>455. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27712536">27712536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=Isidore%27s+%22Etymologiae%22+and+the+Canterbury+Aldhelm+Scholia&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27712536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rusche&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1991" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventingflatear00russ"><i>Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians</i></a></span>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95904-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95904-3"><bdi>978-0-275-95904-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Flat+Earth%3A+Columbus+and+Modern+Historians&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95904-3&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventingflatear00russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofer1930" class="citation book cs1">Sofer, Johann (1930). <i>Lateinisches und Romanisches aus den Etymologiae des Isidorus von Sevilla</i>. Göttingen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lateinisches+und+Romanisches+aus+den+Etymologiae+des+Isidorus+von+Sevilla&rft.pub=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Sofer%2C+Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1980" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Wesley M. (1980). "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's "De natura rerum"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Isis</i>. <b>71</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">268–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F352464">10.1086/352464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/230175">230175</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133430429">133430429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=The+Figure+of+the+Earth+in+Isidore%27s+%22De+natura+rerum%22&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133430429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F230175%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F352464&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Wesley+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEtymologiae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>17 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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