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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-6th_century_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-6th century BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-6th_century_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity_(6th_century_BC_–_5th_century_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_(6th_century_BC_–_5th_century_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_(6th_century_BC_–_5th_century_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages_(5th–10th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages_(5th–10th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages_(5th–10th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_and_Late_Middle_Ages_(10th–15th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_and_Late_Middle_Ages_(10th–15th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_and_Late_Middle_Ages_(10th–15th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period_(15th_century–1789)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period_(15th_century–1789)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early modern period (15th century–1789) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period_(15th_century–1789)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_France_(1789–1799)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_France_(1789–1799)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Revolutionary France (1789–1799) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_France_(1789–1799)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleon_and_19th_century_(1799–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon_and_19th_century_(1799–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Napoleon and 19th century (1799–1914) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon_and_19th_century_(1799–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_to_mid-20th_century_(1914–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_to_mid-20th_century_(1914–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_to_mid-20th_century_(1914–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 1946–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Location and borders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology,_topography_and_hydrography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology,_topography_and_hydrography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Geology, topography and hydrography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology,_topography_and_hydrography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_territories_and_collectivities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_territories_and_collectivities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Overseas territories and collectivities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_territories_and_collectivities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Major cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">France</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 309 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-309" aria-hidden="true" > 309 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peurancih" title="Peurancih – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Peurancih" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Фрэндж – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Фрэндж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Францие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Францие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%A3%E1%8B%AD" title="ፈረንሣይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈረንሣይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranska" title="Ranska – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ranska" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francland" title="Francland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Francland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Франциа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Франциа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%90" title="ܦܪܢܣܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܢܣܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանսա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրանսա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2n%C8%9Bie" title="Frânție – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Frânție" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্ৰান্স – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফ্ৰান্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A3sia" title="Hyãsia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hyãsia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Паранс – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Паранс" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phransiya" title="Phransiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phransiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0ransi" title="Fàransi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Fàransi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রান্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parancis" title="Parancis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Parancis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-kok" title="Hoat-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Францыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Францыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Францыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransya" title="Pransya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pransya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franis" title="Franis – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Franis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥ་རན་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥ་རན་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro-C%27hall" title="Bro-C'hall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro-C'hall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie" title="Francie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanzi" title="Furanzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Furanzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrig" title="Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرانسا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرانسا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriika" title="Frankriika – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Frankriika" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%C3%A1ghahii_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dáághahii Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dáághahii Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francojska" title="Francojska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Francojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ཕརཱནསི་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཕརཱནསི་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsusmaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Франция Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Франция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakland" title="Frakland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Frakland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farayse" title="Farayse – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Farayse" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhrainc" title="An Fhrainc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhrainc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Rank" title="Yn Rank – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Rank" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C5%A3iya" title="Franţiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Franţiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhraing" title="An Fhraing – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Fhraing" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Фаьренгехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фаьренгехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranja" title="Baranja – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Baranja" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="ફ્રાન્સ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફ્રાન્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fap-koet" title="Fap-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fap-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Пранцсин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пранцсин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4" title="프랑스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransa" title="Faransa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Faransa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani" title="Palani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Palani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանսիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ़्रान्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रान्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoska" title="Francoska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Francoska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransia" title="Pransia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pransia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রান্স – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফ্রান্স" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%97%E1%95%8C%E1%93%90%E1%94%85" title="ᕗᕌᓐᔅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕗᕌᓐᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Франц – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Франц" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi" title="Fransi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Fransi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFulansi" title="IFulansi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IFulansi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frakkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C9%A9%C9%A9" title="Fransɩɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fransɩɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B3" title="فرٛانٛس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فرٛانٛس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%ABj%C3%B4" title="Francëjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Francëjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Frynk" title="Pow Frynk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Frynk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa" title="Ubufaransa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubufaransa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa" title="Ubufaransa – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubufaransa" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufaransa" title="Ufaransa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufaransa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Прансузму – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Прансузму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwalansa" title="Fwalansa – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Fwalansa" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca" title="Franca – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Franca" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafrans" title="Lafrans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lafrans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzia" title="Franzia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Franzia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%86ceja" title="Praņceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Praņceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija" title="Francija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="Frankräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija" title="Prancūzija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falansia" title="Falansia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Falansia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsii" title="Frantsii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Frantsii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fasygu%27e" title="fasygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fasygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufalansa" title="Bufalansa – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bufalansa" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A0ncia" title="Frància – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Frància" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciaorsz%C3%A1g" title="Franciaország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franciaország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Франција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsa" title="Frantsa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frantsa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രാൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABw%C4%AB" title="Wīwī – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wīwī" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საფრანგეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81" title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parancih" title="Parancih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parancih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-gu%C3%B3k" title="Huák-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huák-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ncia" title="Fráncia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Fráncia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кранцмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кранцмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Франц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanise" title="Varanise – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Varanise" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="フランス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A5nkrik" title="Frånkrik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Frånkrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunce" title="Fraunce – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaansi" title="Firaansi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Firaansi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပိဉ်တိစ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိဉ်တိစ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Франс – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Франс" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="បារាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បារាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franche" title="Franche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Franche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frens" title="Frens – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Frens" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francja" title="Francja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλλία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γαλλία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciya" title="Franciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Franciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkistan" title="Frenkistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Frenkistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C4%81ni" title="Farāni – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Farāni" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franța" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchiya" title="Franchiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Franchiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Frantscha" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransiya" title="Ransiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ransiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Франція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Быраансыйа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Быраансыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farani" title="Farani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Farani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="फ्रान्सदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फ्रान्सदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C3%A2nzi" title="Farânzi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Farânzi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantza" title="Frantza – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frantza" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunce" title="Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca" title="Franca – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Franca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFulansi" title="IFulansi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IFulansi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%BAzsko" title="Francúzsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francúzsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija" title="Francija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Франкїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Франкїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francyj%C5%8F" title="Francyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Francyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransiiska" title="Faransiiska – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Faransiiska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فەڕەنسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەڕەنسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franskondre" title="Franskondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Franskondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Француска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Француска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranska" title="Ranska – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிரான்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E1%B9%9Ban%E1%B9%A3a" title="Fṛanṣa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Fṛanṣa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frange" title="Frange – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Frange" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BE%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၾရၢင်ႇသဵတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၾရၢင်ႇသဵတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్రాన్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రాన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="ประเทศฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B3" title="ፈረንሳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፈረንሳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фаронса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фаронса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falanis%C4%93" title="Falanisē – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Falanisē" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎦᎸᏥᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎸᏥᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi%C3%BDa" title="Fransiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fransiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%CC%B1ransa_(a%CC%B1byin)" title="Fi̱ransa (a̱byin) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fi̱ransa (a̱byin)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%8C%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94" title="ᨄᨙᨑᨊᨌᨗᨔ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨙᨑᨊᨌᨗᨔ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="فرانسىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فرانسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazgoz" title="Fazgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fazgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francii" title="Francii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Francii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p" title="Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%A4n" title="Fransän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fransän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Prantsusmaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrankryk" title="Vrankryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vrankryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransya" title="Fransya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fransya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraas" title="Faraas – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Faraas" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furhwa" title="Furhwa – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Furhwa" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="פראנקרייך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנקרייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABz%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Prancūzėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prancūzėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Western Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"French Republic" and "La France" redirect here. For preceding republics, see <a href="/wiki/French_Republics_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="French Republics (disambiguation)">French Republics</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/France_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="France (disambiguation)">France (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lafrance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lafrance (disambiguation)">Lafrance (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">French Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names">République française (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/125px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/188px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/250px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms[I] of France"><img alt="Coat of arms[I] of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/75px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/113px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="364" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a><a href="#cite_note-one-3">[I]</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "<a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a>"<div>("Liberty, Equality, Fraternity")</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="La_Marseillaise.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/La_Marseillaise.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/La_Marseillaise.ogg/La_Marseillaise.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_emblem_of_France" title="Diplomatic emblem of France">Diplomatic emblem</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/90px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/135px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/180px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-France_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-EU-France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>France on the globe centred on Europe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/250px-EU-France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/375px-EU-France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/500px-EU-France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> (European part of France) in Europe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:France_and_its_region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/France_and_its_region.png/220px-France_and_its_region.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/France_and_its_region.png/330px-France_and_its_region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/France_and_its_region.png/440px-France_and_its_region.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="909" /></a>France and its neighbors</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_waters_-_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Territorial_waters_-_France.svg/250px-Territorial_waters_-_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Territorial_waters_-_France.svg/375px-Territorial_waters_-_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Territorial_waters_-_France.svg/500px-Territorial_waters_-_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a>Show France, its overseas territories and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_France" title="Exclusive economic zone of France">its exclusive economic zones</a></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of France (blue or dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=France&params=48_51_N_2_21_E_type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C">48°51′N 2°21′E / 48.850°N 2.350°E / 48.850; 2.350</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>and national language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><a href="#cite_note-two-4">[II]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>92.2% <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></li><li>7.8% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-gov_data-6">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;">50% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space;">33% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></li><li style="white-space;">4% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space;">4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">other religions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" title="List of presidents of the Senate of France">President of the Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Larcher" title="Gérard Larcher">Gérard Larcher</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of France">President of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%ABl_Braun-Pivet" title="Yaël Braun-Pivet">Yaël Braun-Pivet</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">Kingdom of the West Franks</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 843</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy">French Republic</a> – <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1792</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Current constitution</a> – <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1958</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">672,051 km2 (259,480 sq mi)Includes <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a>, excludes <a href="/wiki/Terre_Adelie" class="mw-redirect" title="Terre Adelie">Terre Adelie</a> <a href="#cite_note-Comparateur_de_territoire_-_IGN-8">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">43rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.86<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Institut_g%C3%A9ographique_national" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut géographique national">IGN</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">551,695 km2 (213,011 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-four-9">[III]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Metropolitan France (<a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">543,940.9 km2 (210,016.8 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-five-10">[IV]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• January 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 68,373,433<a href="#cite_note-pop_est-12">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">106.20274/km2 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by population density">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Metropolitan France, estimate as of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit">[update]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 66,142,961<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">122/km2 (316.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">89th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4.359 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.FR-14">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $65,940<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.FR-14">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3.174 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.FR-14">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $48,011<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.FR-14">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 29.8<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-15">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.910<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-16">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)<a href="#cite_note-six-17">[V]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a> (XPF)<a href="#cite_note-seven-18">[VI]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a><a href="#cite_note-eight-19">[VII]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_France" title="Telephone numbers in France">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_France" title="Telephone numbers in France">+33</a><a href="#cite_note-nine-20">[VIII]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:FR" title="ISO 3166-2:FR">FR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.fr" title=".fr">.fr</a><a href="#cite_note-ten-21">[IX]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn">Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km2 (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).</div></td></tr></tbody></table> France,<a href="#cite_note-22">[a]</a> officially the French Republic,<a href="#cite_note-23">[b]</a> is a country located primarily in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">overseas regions and territories</a> include <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> in the North Atlantic, the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a>, and many islands in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, giving it <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_France" title="Exclusive economic zone of France">one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> shares borders with <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to the south, and a maritime border with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">eighteen integral regions</a> (five of which are overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi) and have a total population of 68.4 million as of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Field_Listing_::_Area-24">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pop_est-12">[8]</a> France is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a> with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">country's largest city</a> and main cultural and commercial centre. Metropolitan France was settled during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> before <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Rome annexed the area</a> in 51 BC, leading to a distinct <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> formed the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, which became the heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> of 843 partitioned the empire, with <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> evolving into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, France was a powerful but decentralized <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> kingdom, but from the mid-14th to the mid-15th centuries, France was plunged into a dynastic conflict with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> saw culture flourish and a <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> rise.<a href="#cite_note-:8-25">[14]</a> Internally, France was dominated by the conflict with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> between <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>. France was successful in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and further increased its influence during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789 overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> and produced the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man</a>, which expresses the nation's ideals to this day. France reached its political and military zenith in the early 19th century under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, subjugating part of continental Europe and establishing the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>. The collapse of the empire initiated a period of relative decline, in which France endured the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> until the founding of the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a> which was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s takeover. His empire collapsed during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> in 1870. This led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third French Republic</a>, and subsequent decades saw a period of economic prosperity and cultural and scientific flourishing known as the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>. France was one of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">major participants</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">it emerged victorious</a> at great human and economic cost. It was among the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>, but it surrendered and <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">was occupied</a> in 1940. Following <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">its liberation in 1944</a>, the short-lived <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> was established and later dissolved in the course of the defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>. The current <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> was formed in 1958 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. Algeria and most French colonies became independent in the 1960s, with the majority retaining <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">close economic and military ties with France</a>. France retains its centuries-long status as a global centre <a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">of art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">philosophy</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">It hosts</a> the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">fourth-largest</a> number of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">world's leading tourist destination</a>, receiving 100 million foreign <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">visitors in 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tourism.stat-27">[16]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, France has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">high nominal per capita income globally</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">its advanced economy</a> ranks among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">largest in the world</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[17]</a> being one of the five <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent members of the United Nations Security Council</a> and an official <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear-weapon state</a>. France is a <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">founding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)" title="Big Four (Western Europe)">leading</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-superficy-29">[18]</a> as well as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), and <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_France" title="Name of France">Name of France</a></div> Originally applied to the whole <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a>, the name France comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, or "realm of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>".<a href="#cite_note-30">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Franks" title="Name of the Franks">name of the Franks</a> is related to the English word frank ("free"): the latter stems from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> franc ("free, noble, sincere"), and ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> word francus ("free, exempt from service; freeman, Frank"), a generalisation of the tribal name that emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> borrowing of the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> *Frank.<a href="#cite_note-31">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[21]</a> It has been suggested that the meaning "free" was adopted because, after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, only Franks were free of taxation,<a href="#cite_note-33">[22]</a> or more generally because they had the status of freemen in contrast to servants or slaves.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[21]</a> The etymology of *Frank is uncertain. It is traditionally derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> word *frankōn, which translates as "javelin" or "lance" (the throwing axe of the Franks was known as the <a href="/wiki/Francisca" title="Francisca">francisca</a>),<a href="#cite_note-34">[23]</a> although these weapons may have been named because of their use by the Franks, not the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[21]</a> In English, 'France' is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/fræns/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">FRANSS</a> in American English and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/frɑːns/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">FRAHNSS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/fræns/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">FRANSS</a> in British English. The pronunciation with <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɑː/</a> is mostly confined to accents with the <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">trap-bath split</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, though it can be also heard in some other dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline of French history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-6th_century_BC">Pre-6th century BC</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory of France</a></div> The oldest traces of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a> in what is now France date from approximately 1.8 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17-36">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> occupied the region into <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">the Upper Paleolithic</a> era but were slowly replaced by <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> around 35,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-37">[26]</a> This period witnessed the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, including at <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 18,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17-36">[25]</a> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;<a href="#cite_note-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17-36">[25]</a> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era, and its inhabitants became <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a>. After demographic and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, <a href="/wiki/Metal_Ages" title="Metal Ages">metallurgy appeared</a>, initially working gold, <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">bronze</a>, then later <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[27]</a> France has numerous <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> sites from the Neolithic, including the <a href="/wiki/Carnac_stones" title="Carnac stones">Carnac stones</a> site (approximately 3,300 BC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_(6th_century_BC_–_5th_century_AD)">Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></div> In 600 BC, <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>).<a href="#cite_note-39">[28]</a> Celtic tribes penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-40">[29]</a> Around 390 BC, the Gallic <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chieftain</a> <a href="/wiki/Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)" title="Brennus (leader of the Senones)">Brennus</a> and his troops made their way to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>, defeated the Romans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a>, and besieged and <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransomed</a> Rome.<a href="#cite_note-41">[30]</a> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-42">[31]</a> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-43">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France-002364_-_Square_House_(15867600545).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg/220px-France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg/330px-France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg/440px-France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maison_carr%C3%A9e" title="Maison carrée">Maison carrée</a> was a temple of the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Nemausus" title="Nemausus">Nemausus</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>) and is one of the best-preserved <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temples</a> anywhere</figcaption></figure> Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Provincia Nostra</a> ("Our Province"), which evolved into <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> in French.<a href="#cite_note-44">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> in 52 BC.<a href="#cite_note-45">[34]</a> Gaul was divided by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> into provinces<a href="#cite_note-c53-46">[35]</a> and many cities were founded during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gallo-Roman period</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>), the capital of the Gauls.<a href="#cite_note-c53-46">[35]</a> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">fortified borders</a> attacked by <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-c77-47">[36]</a> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-48">[37]</a> In 312, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">converted to Christianity</a>. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<a href="#cite_note-49">[38]</a> But from the 5th century, the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Barbarian Invasions</a> resumed.<a href="#cite_note-50">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutonic</a> tribes invaded the region, the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> settling in the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> along the Rhine River Valley, and the Franks in the north.<a href="#cite_note-51">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages_(5th–10th_century)">Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France in the Middle Ages</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a>, ancient Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>, fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a>, settled in west <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a>; the Armorican peninsula was renamed <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic culture</a> was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>, who began his reign as king of the <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a> in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>, which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis <a href="/wiki/Franco-Visigothic_Wars" title="Franco-Visigothic Wars">regained the southwest from the Visigoths</a> and was baptised in 508. Clovis I was the first <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> conqueror after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<a href="#cite_note-52">[41]</a> and French kings called "the Most Christian Kings of France". <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlodwigs_taufe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chlodwigs_taufe.jpg/220px-Chlodwigs_taufe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chlodwigs_taufe.jpg/330px-Chlodwigs_taufe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chlodwigs_taufe.jpg/440px-Chlodwigs_taufe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2969" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">Frankish monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a> until then, became <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Franks embraced the Christian <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a>, and ancient Gaul was renamed <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romanic languages</a>. Clovis made <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> his capital and established the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a>, but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Rheims</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roi_fain%C3%A9ant" title="Roi fainéant">last Merovingian kings</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">lost power</a> to their <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_palace" title="Mayor of the palace">mayors of the palace</a> (head of household). One mayor of the palace, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, defeated an <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul">Umayyad invasion of Gaul</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732). His son, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a>, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>. Pepin's son, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. Proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> and thus establishing the French government's longtime <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_France" title="History of the Catholic Church in France">historical association</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-53">[42]</a> Charlemagne tried to revive the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a> kept the empire united, however in 843, it was divided between Louis' three sons, into <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<a href="#cite_note-54">[43]</a> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking invasions</a>, France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and authority of the king became more religious than secular, and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> in 1066, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_and_Late_Middle_Ages_(10th–15th_century)">High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg/180px-Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg/270px-Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg/360px-Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> led the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> to several important victories during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.</figcaption></figure> The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a> was crowned <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">king of the Franks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the Capetian rulers began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<a href="#cite_note-56">[45]</a> Later kings expanded their directly possessed <a href="/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France" title="Crown lands of France">domaine royal</a> to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">hierarchically conceived society</a> distinguishing <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">nobility</a>, clergy, and <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">commoners</a>. The nobility played a prominent role in <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> to restore Christian access to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as Franj.<a href="#cite_note-google.fr-57">[46]</a> French Crusaders imported French into the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> the base of the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> ("Frankish language") of the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google.fr-57">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a> in the southwest of modern-day France.<a href="#cite_note-58">[47]</a> From the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a>, rulers of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">County of Anjou</a>, established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a>, then built an "empire" from England to the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Plantagenet empire</a> would last a hundred years, until <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> to the Plantagenets. <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV the Fair</a> died without an heir in 1328.<a href="#cite_note-guerard-59">[48]</a> The crown passed to <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip of Valois</a>, rather than Edward of Plantagenet, who became <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<a href="#cite_note-guerard-59">[48]</a> However Philip's seat on the throne was contested by Edward in 1337, and England and France entered the off-and-on <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[49]</a> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English Kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, from which half of the 17 million population died.<a href="#cite_note-61">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period_(15th_century–1789)">Early modern period (15th century–1789)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_early_modern_period" title="France in the early modern period">France in the early modern period</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts">official language of France</a> and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[51]</a> This forced <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> to flee to Protestant regions such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. The wars were ended by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>, which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish</a> troops,<a href="#cite_note-63">[52]</a> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">The war</a> cost France 300,000 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-64">[53]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<a href="#cite_note-65">[54]</a> France fought in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BNF-66">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/180px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/270px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/360px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, the "Sun King", was the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">absolute monarch of France</a> and made France the leading European power.</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s minority, trouble known as <a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">The Fronde</a> occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">sovereign courts</a> as a reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">royal absolute power</a>. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV. By turning lords into <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtiers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">most populous European country</a> and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, science, and literature until the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Language_and_Diplomacy-67">[56]</a> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">revoked the Edict of Nantes</a>, forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the <a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a> providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> Under the wars of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> (r. 1715–1774), France lost <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> and most <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">Indian possessions</a> after its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763). Its <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">European territory</a> kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> (r. 1774–1793) <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">supported America with money, fleets and armies</a>, helping them win <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">independence from Great Britain</a>. France gained revenge, but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">naming of oxygen</a> (1778) and the first <a href="/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers" title="Montgolfier brothers">hot air balloon carrying passengers</a> (1783), were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the <a href="/wiki/European_and_American_voyages_of_scientific_exploration" title="European and American voyages of scientific exploration">voyages of scientific exploration</a> through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">reason</a> is advocated as the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a>, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_France_(1789–1799)">Revolutionary France (1789–1799)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/220px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/330px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/440px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8133" data-file-height="6181" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General of 1789</a>, and ended with the <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">coup of 18 Brumaire</a> in 1799 and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a>. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<a href="#cite_note-71">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Its causes</a> were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the <a href="/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation">convocation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General</a>, which was converted into a <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> in June. The <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">abolition of feudalism</a>, state control over the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">declaration of rights</a>. The next three years were dominated by struggle for political control, exacerbated by <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a>. Military defeats following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> in April 1792 resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">insurrection of 10 August 1792</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy">monarchy was abolished</a> and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> in September, while <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Louis XVI was executed</a> in January 1793. After another <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">revolt in June 1793</a>, the constitution was suspended and power passed from the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a>. About 16,000 people were executed in a <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">ended in July 1794</a>. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a>. Four years later in 1799, the <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a> seized power in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">coup</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon_and_19th_century_(1799–1914)">Napoleon and 19th century (1799–1914)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">France in the long nineteenth century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="5135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a>, built a <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">vast empire across Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> Napoleon became <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">First Consul</a> in 1799 and later <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> (1804–1814; 1815). Changing sets of <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">European coalitions</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">wars on Napoleon's empire</a>. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">battles of Jena-Auerstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>. Members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a> family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Blanning-73">[62]</a> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> and Declaration of the Rights of Man. In 1812 Napoleon <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">attacked Russia</a>, reaching Moscow. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">uprising of European monarchies</a> against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">died during the Napoleonic Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blanning-73">[62]</a> After his <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">brief return</a> from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon monarchy was restored</a> with new constitutional limitations. The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830, which established the constitutional <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>; French troops began the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">conquest of Algeria</a>. Unrest led to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a> and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a>, Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a>, as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Italy</a>. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870, and his regime replaced by the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan2007-74">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_colonial_Empire10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/France_colonial_Empire10.png/350px-France_colonial_Empire10.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/France_colonial_Empire10.png/525px-France_colonial_Empire10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/France_colonial_Empire10.png/700px-France_colonial_Empire10.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The first (light blue) and second (dark blue) <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></figcaption></figure> France had <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonial possessions</a> since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">empire</a> extended greatly and became the second-largest behind the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-25">[14]</a> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13 million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>, the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">state secularism</a> was <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">officially established</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_to_mid-20th_century_(1914–1946)">Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of France (1900–present)">History of France (1900–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa,_en_Par%C3%ADs,_el_14_de_julio_de_1917,_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg/220px-El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg/330px-El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg/440px-El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Poilu" title="Poilu">Poilus</a> posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I</figcaption></figure> France was <a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain</a> at the start of World War I in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> emerged victorious against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<a href="#cite_note-75">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[65]</a> Interwar was marked by <a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">intense international tensions</a> and social reforms introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front government</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">annual leave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour workdays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">women in government</a>). In 1940, France was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">invaded and quickly defeated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. France was divided into a <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German occupation zone</a> in the north, an <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">Italian occupation zone</a> and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of the southern France and the French empire. The <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a>, an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a>, the government-in-exile led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, was set up in London.<a href="#cite_note-77">[66]</a> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">75,000 Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[67]</a> were deported to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[68]</a> On 6 June 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">invaded Normandy</a>, and in August they <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">invaded Provence</a>. The Allies and <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">wage war against Germany</a> and to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">purge collaborators from office</a>. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_France" title="Social security in France">social security</a> system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946–present">1946–present</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/180px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/270px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/360px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, a hero of World War I, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a></figcaption></figure> A new constitution resulted in the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (les <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a>). France was a founding member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and attempted to <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">regain control of French Indochina</a>, but was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> in 1954. France faced another <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialist">anti-colonialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">conflict in Algeria</a>, then part of France and home to over one million European settlers (<a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noir</a>). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<a href="#cite_note-Macqueen2014-80">[69]</a> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<a href="#cite_note-81">[70]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">May 1958 crisis</a>, the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>, which included a strengthened presidency.<a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> The war concluded with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a> in 1962 which led to <a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">Algerian independence</a>, at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2 million internally-displaced Algerians.<a href="#cite_note-Springer-83">[72]</a> Around one million Pied-Noirs and <a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a> fled from Algeria to France.<a href="#cite_note-google4-84">[73]</a> A vestige of empire is the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">French overseas departments and territories</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern blocs</a>. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a <a href="/wiki/Force_de_dissuasion" title="Force de dissuasion">nuclear development programme</a> and made France the <a href="/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">fourth nuclear power</a>. He <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">restored</a> cordial <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">Franco-German relations</a> to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational Europe</a>, favouring <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign nations</a>. The revolt of <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a> had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<a href="#cite_note-85">[74]</a> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">economies in the world</a> but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, notably by signing the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> in 1992, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> in 1999 and signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-86">[75]</a> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<a href="#cite_note-87">[76]</a> Since the 19th century, France has <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">received many immigrants</a>, often male <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">foreign workers</a> from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<a href="#cite_note-Marie-Christine_Weidmann-Koop-88">[77]</a> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, in northwest Africa)<a href="#cite_note-Marie-Christine_Weidmann-Koop-88">[77]</a> to permanently <a href="/wiki/Family_reunification" title="Family reunification">settle in France with their families</a> and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<a href="#cite_note-89">[78]</a> The government had a policy of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<a href="#cite_note-90">[79]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/1995_France_bombings" title="1995 France bombings">1995 public transport bombings</a>, France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the <a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">Charlie Hebdo attack</a> in 2015 which provoked the <a href="/wiki/Republican_marches" title="Republican marches">largest public rallies</a> in French history, gathering 4.4 million people,<a href="#cite_note-91">[80]</a> the <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">November 2015 Paris attacks</a> which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<a href="#cite_note-92">[81]</a> and the deadliest in the European Union since the <a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombings in 2004</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">Opération Chammal</a>, France's military efforts to contain <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a>, killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-94">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography of France</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_borders">Location and borders</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamonix_valley_from_la_Fl%C3%A9g%C3%A8re,2010_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chamonix_valley_from_la_Fl%C3%A9g%C3%A8re%2C2010_07.JPG/220px-Chamonix_valley_from_la_Fl%C3%A9g%C3%A8re%2C2010_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chamonix_valley_from_la_Fl%C3%A9g%C3%A8re%2C2010_07.JPG/330px-Chamonix_valley_from_la_Fl%C3%A9g%C3%A8re%2C2010_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chamonix_valley_from_la_Fl%C3%A9g%C3%A8re%2C2010_07.JPG/440px-Chamonix_valley_from_la_Fl%C3%A9g%C3%A8re%2C2010_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a> valley with the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> at background, the highest mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> on the border with <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> The vast majority of France's territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in the northwest, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in the southeast. Its land borders consist of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> in the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> in the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the south and southwest. Except for the northeast, most of France's land borders are roughly delineated by natural boundaries and geographic features: to the south and southeast, the Pyrenees and the Alps and the Jura, respectively, and to the east, the Rhine river. Metropolitan France includes various coastal islands, of which the largest is <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. Metropolitan France is situated mostly between latitudes <a href="/wiki/41st_parallel_north" title="41st parallel north">41°</a> and <a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_north" title="51st parallel north">51° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_meridian_west" title="6th meridian west">6° W</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_meridian_east" title="10th meridian east">10° E</a>, on the western edge of Europe, and thus lies within the northern <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> zone. Its continental part covers about 1000 km from north to south and from east to west. Metropolitan France covers 551,500 square kilometres (212,935 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-France-95">[84]</a> the largest among <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-superficy-29">[18]</a> France's total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a>), is 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi), 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. France possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> in the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a> in the south-central and <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> in the southwest. Due to its numerous <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas departments and territories of France">overseas departments and territories</a> scattered across the planet, France possesses the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,261,000 sq mi). Its EEZ covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology,_topography_and_hydrography">Geology, topography and hydrography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013.07.05_roussillon_-_roque_anth%C3%A9ron_172.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2013.07.05_roussillon_-_roque_anth%C3%A9ron_172.JPG/220px-2013.07.05_roussillon_-_roque_anth%C3%A9ron_172.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2013.07.05_roussillon_-_roque_anth%C3%A9ron_172.JPG/330px-2013.07.05_roussillon_-_roque_anth%C3%A9ron_172.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2013.07.05_roussillon_-_roque_anth%C3%A9ron_172.JPG/440px-2013.07.05_roussillon_-_roque_anth%C3%A9ron_172.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5686" data-file-height="3728" /></a><figcaption>Geological formations near <a href="/wiki/Roussillon,_Vaucluse" title="Roussillon, Vaucluse">Roussillon, Vaucluse</a></figcaption></figure> Metropolitan France has a wide variety of topographical sets and natural landscapes. During the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_uplift" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian uplift">Hercynian uplift</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleozoic Era">Paleozoic Era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armorican_Massif" title="Armorican Massif">Armorican Massif</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morvan" title="Morvan">Morvan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> ranges and the island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> were formed. These massifs delineate several sedimentary basins such as the <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine_Basin" title="Aquitaine Basin">Aquitaine Basin</a> in the southwest and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris Basin</a> in the north. Various routes of natural passage, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône Valley">Rhône Valley</a>, allow easy communication. The Alpine, Pyrenean and Jura mountains are much younger and have less eroded forms. At 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft)<a href="#cite_note-96">[85]</a> above sea level, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>, located in the Alps on the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Italy_border" title="France–Italy border">France–Italy border</a>, is the highest point in Western Europe. Although 60% of municipalities are classified as having seismic risks (though moderate). The coastlines offer contrasting landscapes: mountain ranges along the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>, coastal cliffs such as the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Alb%C3%A2tre" title="Côte d'Albâtre">Côte d'Albâtre</a>, and wide sandy plains in the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>. Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast. France has an extensive river system consisting of the four major rivers <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> and their tributaries, whose combined catchment includes over 62% of the metropolitan territory. The Rhône divides the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the <a href="/wiki/Camargue" title="Camargue">Camargue</a>. The Garonne meets the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne_(river)" title="Dordogne (river)">Dordogne</a> just after Bordeaux, forming the <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde estuary</a>, the largest estuary in Western Europe which after approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) empties into the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-97">[86]</a> Other water courses drain towards the Meuse and Rhine along the northeastern borders. France has 11,000,000 km2 (4,200,000 sq mi) of marine waters within three oceans under its jurisdiction, of which 97% are overseas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">List of national parks of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_natural_parks_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional natural parks of France">Regional natural parks of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change in France</a></div> France was one of the first countries to create an environment ministry, in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-98">[87]</a> France is ranked <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions">19th by carbon dioxide emissions</a> due to the country's heavy investment in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">nuclear power</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[88]</a> which now accounts for 75 per cent of its electricity production<a href="#cite_note-100">[89]</a> and results in less pollution.<a href="#cite_note-101">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[91]</a> According to the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, France was the fifth most environmentally conscious country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-103">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[93]</a> Like all European Union state members, France agreed to cut <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> by at least 20% of 1990 levels by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-105">[94]</a> As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit">[update]</a>, French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China.<a href="#cite_note-106">[95]</a> The country was set to impose a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> in 2009;<a href="#cite_note-107">[96]</a> however, the plan was abandoned due to fears of burdening French businesses.<a href="#cite_note-108">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roseli%C3%A8re_de_Pauillac_et_carrelets_sur_l%27estuaire_de_la_Gironde,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Roseli%C3%A8re_de_Pauillac_et_carrelets_sur_l%27estuaire_de_la_Gironde%2C_France.jpg/220px-Roseli%C3%A8re_de_Pauillac_et_carrelets_sur_l%27estuaire_de_la_Gironde%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Roseli%C3%A8re_de_Pauillac_et_carrelets_sur_l%27estuaire_de_la_Gironde%2C_France.jpg/330px-Roseli%C3%A8re_de_Pauillac_et_carrelets_sur_l%27estuaire_de_la_Gironde%2C_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Roseli%C3%A8re_de_Pauillac_et_carrelets_sur_l%27estuaire_de_la_Gironde%2C_France.jpg/440px-Roseli%C3%A8re_de_Pauillac_et_carrelets_sur_l%27estuaire_de_la_Gironde%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde estuary</a> is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary_and_Pertuis_sea_Marine_Nature_Park" title="Gironde estuary and Pertuis sea Marine Nature Park">marine nature park</a> and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> network. The left bank is part of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9doc" title="Médoc">Médoc</a> <a href="/wiki/Regional_nature_parks_of_France" title="Regional nature parks of France">regional nature park</a>. With a surface area of 635 km2 (245 sq mi), it is the largest estuary in Europe.</figcaption></figure> Forests account for 31 per cent of France's land area—the fourth-highest proportion in Europe—representing an increase of 7 per cent since 1990.<a href="#cite_note-109">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[100]</a> French forests are some of the most diverse in Europe, comprising more than 140 species of trees.<a href="#cite_note-112">[101]</a> France had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 4.52/10, ranking it 123rd globally.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-113">[102]</a> There are nine <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[103]</a> and 46 <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">natural parks</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-115">[104]</a> A regional nature park<a href="#cite_note-116">[105]</a> (French: parc naturel régional or PNR) is a public establishment in France between local authorities and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">national government</a> covering an inhabited rural area of outstanding beauty, to protect the scenery and heritage as well as setting up sustainable economic development in the area.<a href="#cite_note-117">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FGTO-118">[107]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit">[update]</a> there are 54 PNRs in France.<a href="#cite_note-119">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></div> France is a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> organised as a unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[109]</a> Democratic traditions and values are deeply rooted in French culture, identity and politics.<a href="#cite_note-:1-121">[110]</a> The Constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by <a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">referendum</a> on 28 September 1958, establishing a framework consisting of executive, legislative and judicial branches.<a href="#cite_note-122">[111]</a> It sought to address the instability of the Third and Fourth Republics by combining elements of both parliamentary and presidential systems, while greatly strengthening the authority of the executive relative to the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-:1-121">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:320px;max-width:320px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Macron_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emmanuel_Macron_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/152px-Emmanuel_Macron_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emmanuel_Macron_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/228px-Emmanuel_Macron_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emmanuel_Macron_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/304px-Emmanuel_Macron_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="903" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> since 14 May 2017</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:(Michel_Barnier)_EPP_Summit_Brussels,_March_2019_(46712419984)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%28Michel_Barnier%29_EPP_Summit_Brussels%2C_March_2019_%2846712419984%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-%28Michel_Barnier%29_EPP_Summit_Brussels%2C_March_2019_%2846712419984%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%28Michel_Barnier%29_EPP_Summit_Brussels%2C_March_2019_%2846712419984%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-%28Michel_Barnier%29_EPP_Summit_Brussels%2C_March_2019_%2846712419984%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%28Michel_Barnier%29_EPP_Summit_Brussels%2C_March_2019_%2846712419984%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/320px-%28Michel_Barnier%29_EPP_Summit_Brussels%2C_March_2019_%2846712419984%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2393" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> since 5 September 2024</div></div></div></div></div> The executive branch has two leaders. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of the Republic</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a five-year term.<a href="#cite_note-123">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, appointed by the President to lead the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">government</a>. The President has the power to dissolve Parliament or circumvent it by submitting referendums directly to the people; the President also appoints judges and civil servants, negotiates and ratifies international agreements, as well as serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The Prime Minister determines public policy and oversees the civil service, with an emphasis on domestic matters.<a href="#cite_note-124">[113]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a>, president Macron was re-elected.<a href="#cite_note-125">[114]</a> Two months later, in the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election" title="2022 French legislative election">June 2022 legislative elections</a>, Macron lost his parliamentary majority and had to form a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_Palais_Bourbon_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fa%C3%A7ade_Palais_Bourbon_3.jpg/220px-Fa%C3%A7ade_Palais_Bourbon_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fa%C3%A7ade_Palais_Bourbon_3.jpg/330px-Fa%C3%A7ade_Palais_Bourbon_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fa%C3%A7ade_Palais_Bourbon_3.jpg/440px-Fa%C3%A7ade_Palais_Bourbon_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4511" data-file-height="3007" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a>, the meeting place of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, the lower legislative chamber of the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> The legislature consists of the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> body made up of a <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> (Assemblée nationale) and an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[116]</a> Legislators in the National Assembly, known as <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9put%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Députés">députés</a>, represent local constituencies and are directly elected for five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-128">[117]</a> The Assembly has the power to dismiss the government by majority vote. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for six-year terms, with half the seats submitted to election every three years.<a href="#cite_note-129">[118]</a> The Senate's legislative powers are limited; in the event of disagreement between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the final say.<a href="#cite_note-130">[119]</a> The parliament is responsible for determining the rules and principles concerning most areas of law, political amnesty, and fiscal policy; however, the government may draft specific details concerning most laws. From World War II until 2017, French politics was dominated by two politically opposed groupings: one left-wing, the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a>, which was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> (in 1969); and the other right-wing, the <a href="/wiki/Gaullist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist Party">Gaullist Party</a>, whose name changed over time to the <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a> (1947), the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a> (1958), the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (1976), the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (2007) and <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a> (since 2015). In the 2017 presidential and legislative elections, the <a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">radical centrist</a> party <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">La République En Marche!</a> (LREM) became the dominant force, overtaking both Socialists and Republicans. LREM's opponent in the second round of the 2017 and 2022 presidential elections was the growing far-right party <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a> (RN). Since 2020, <a href="/wiki/Europe_Ecology_%E2%80%93_The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe Ecology – The Greens">Europe Ecology – The Greens</a> (EELV) have performed well in mayoral elections in major cities<a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a> while on a national level, an alliance of Left parties (the <a href="/wiki/NUPES" class="mw-redirect" title="NUPES">NUPES</a>) was the second-largest voting block elected to the lower house in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populist</a> RN became the largest opposition party in the National Assembly in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-133">[122]</a> The electorate is constitutionally empowered to vote on amendments passed by the Parliament and bills submitted by the president. Referendums have played a key role in shaping French politics and even foreign policy; voters have decided on such matters as Algeria's independence, the election of the president by popular vote, the formation of the EU, and the reduction of presidential term limits.<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions of France</a></div> The French Republic is divided into 18 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions</a> (located in Europe and overseas), five <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivities_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas collectivities of France">overseas collectivities</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">overseas territory</a>, one special collectivity—<a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and one uninhabited island directly under the authority of the Minister of Overseas France—<a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regions">Regions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments of France</a></div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 400px; padding: 15px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:France_base_map_18_regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/France_base_map_18_regions.png/400px-France_base_map_18_regions.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/France_base_map_18_regions.png/600px-France_base_map_18_regions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/France_base_map_18_regions.png/800px-France_base_map_18_regions.png 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2048" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:214px; top:56.4px"><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de- France</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:142px; top:96px"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:216px; top:102px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de- France</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:278px; top:105.6px"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:261.2px; top:155.6px"><a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne- Franche- Comté</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:180.8px; top:147.2px"><a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre- Val de Loire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:126px; top:148px"><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90px; top:126.4px"><a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:150.8px; top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle- Aquitaine</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:216.8px"><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne- Rhône-Alpes</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:205.2px; top:284px"><a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:290.8px; top:267.2px"><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence- Alpes- Côte d'Azur</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:372px; top:340px"><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:18px; top:252px"><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:2px; top:124px"><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:2px; top:162.4px"><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:270px; top:368px"><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:318px; top:368px"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></div><div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:258px; top:36px"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:296.4px; top:65.6px"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:362px; top:83.2px"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:338px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:366px; top:238px"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:280px"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:94px; top:20px"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:190px; top:336px"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:94px; top:324px"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:0px; top:292px"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:342px"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div><div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:130px; top:56px"><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:66px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:366px; top:292px"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:254px; top:317.6px"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div> </div> Since 2016, France is divided into 18 administrative regions: 13 regions in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>),<a href="#cite_note-135">[124]</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">overseas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-France-95">[84]</a> The regions are further subdivided into 101 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[125]</a> which are numbered mainly alphabetically. The department number is used in postal codes and was formerly used on <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_France" title="Vehicle registration plates of France">vehicle registration plates</a>. Among the 101 French departments, five (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, Guadeloupe, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>) are in overseas regions (ROMs) that are simultaneously overseas departments (DOMs), enjoying the same status as metropolitan departments and are thereby included in the European Union. The 101 departments are subdivided into 335 <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissements</a>, which are, in turn, subdivided into 2,054 <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">cantons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-constituencies-137">[126]</a> These cantons are then divided into 36,658 <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">communes</a>, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council.<a href="#cite_note-constituencies-137">[126]</a> Three communes—Paris, Lyon and Marseille—are subdivided into 45 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_arrondissements_of_France" title="Municipal arrondissements of France">municipal arrondissements</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overseas_territories_and_collectivities">Overseas territories and collectivities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">Overseas territory (France)</a></div>In addition to the 18 regions and 101 departments, the French Republic has five <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">overseas collectivities</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> collectivity (<a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">overseas territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a>), and one island possession in the Pacific Ocean (<a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a>). Overseas collectivities and territories form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the European Union or its fiscal area (except for Saint Barthélemy, which seceded from Guadeloupe in 2007). The Pacific Collectivities (COMs) of French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and New Caledonia continue to use the <a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[127]</a> whose value is strictly linked to that of the euro. In contrast, the five overseas regions used the French franc and now use the euro.<a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations of France</a></div> France is a founding member of the United Nations and serves as one of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent members of the UN Security Council</a> with veto rights.<a href="#cite_note-140">[129]</a> In 2015, it was described as "the best networked state in the world" due to its membership in more international institutions than any other country;<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a> these include the G7, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO),<a href="#cite_note-142">[131]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> (SPC)<a href="#cite_note-143">[132]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Commission" title="Indian Ocean Commission">Indian Ocean Commission</a> (COI).<a href="#cite_note-144">[133]</a> It is an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a> (ACS)<a href="#cite_note-145">[134]</a> and a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> (OIF) of 84 French-speaking countries.<a href="#cite_note-146">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_francophonie_mapa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="La Francophonie map (dozens of countries in Africa, Europe, Asia and Latin America are members of this international organisation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/La_francophonie_mapa.svg/220px-La_francophonie_mapa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/La_francophonie_mapa.svg/330px-La_francophonie_mapa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/La_francophonie_mapa.svg/440px-La_francophonie_mapa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>88 states and governments are part of <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[136]</a> which promotes values of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">cultural diversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[137]</a> France has been a key member of this global organisation since its inception in 1970.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="European Parliament opening in Strasbourg with crowd and many countries' flags on flagpoles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg/220px-Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg/330px-Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg/440px-Inauguration_EYE2014_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_9_mai_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (near the border with Germany). France is a founding member of all EU institutions.</figcaption></figure> As a significant hub for international relations, France has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_France" title="List of diplomatic missions of France">third-largest assembly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic missions</a>, second only to China and the United States. It also hosts the headquarters of several <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organisations</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>, and the OIF.<a href="#cite_note-149">[138]</a> French foreign policy after World War II has been largely shaped by membership in the European Union, of which it was a <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">founding member</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">1960s</a>, France has developed close ties with reunified Germany to become the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">most influential driving force of the EU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[139]</a> Since 1904, France has maintained an "<a href="/wiki/Entente_cordiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente cordiale">Entente cordiale</a>" with the United Kingdom, and there has been a strengthening of links between the countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Defence_and_Security_Co-operation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence and Security Co-operation Treaty">militarily</a>. France is a member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), but under President de Gaulle excluded itself from the joint military command, in protest of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a> between the United States and Britain, and to preserve the independence of French foreign and security policies. Under <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, France rejoined the NATO joint military command on 4 April 2009.<a href="#cite_note-151">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[142]</a> France retains strong political and economic influence in its <a href="/wiki/Second_French_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French colonial empire">former African colonies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a>)<a href="#cite_note-154">[143]</a> and has supplied economic aid and troops for peacekeeping missions in <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[144]</a> From 2012 to 2021, France and other African states intervened in support of the <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Malian</a> government in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a>. In 2017, France was the world's fourth-largest donor of <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a> in absolute terms, behind the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-156">[145]</a> This represents 0.43% of its <a href="/wiki/GNP" class="mw-redirect" title="GNP">GNP</a>, the 12th highest among the OECD.<a href="#cite_note-157">[146]</a> Aid is provided by the governmental <a href="/wiki/French_Development_Agency" title="French Development Agency">French Development Agency</a>, which finances primarily humanitarian projects in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-aid-158">[147]</a> with an emphasis on "developing infrastructure, access to health care and education, the implementation of appropriate economic policies and the consolidation of the rule of law and democracy".<a href="#cite_note-aid-158">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafale_-_RIAT_2009_(3751416421).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rafale_-_RIAT_2009_%283751416421%29.jpg/200px-Rafale_-_RIAT_2009_%283751416421%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rafale_-_RIAT_2009_%283751416421%29.jpg/300px-Rafale_-_RIAT_2009_%283751416421%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rafale_-_RIAT_2009_%283751416421%29.jpg/400px-Rafale_-_RIAT_2009_%283751416421%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Dassault Rafale</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_et_de_l%27Espace" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace">Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_(R91)_underway_on_24_April_2019_(190424-M-BP588-1005).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_on_24_April_2019_%28190424-M-BP588-1005%29.jpg/200px-French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_on_24_April_2019_%28190424-M-BP588-1005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_on_24_April_2019_%28190424-M-BP588-1005%29.jpg/300px-French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_on_24_April_2019_%28190424-M-BP588-1005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_on_24_April_2019_%28190424-M-BP588-1005%29.jpg/400px-French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_on_24_April_2019_%28190424-M-BP588-1005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="935" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> aircraft carrier of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Marine nationale</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastille_Day_2014_Paris_-_Motorised_troops_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bastille_Day_2014_Paris_-_Motorised_troops_063.jpg/200px-Bastille_Day_2014_Paris_-_Motorised_troops_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bastille_Day_2014_Paris_-_Motorised_troops_063.jpg/300px-Bastille_Day_2014_Paris_-_Motorised_troops_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bastille_Day_2014_Paris_-_Motorised_troops_063.jpg/400px-Bastille_Day_2014_Paris_-_Motorised_troops_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4493" data-file-height="2995" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Leclerc_tank" title="Leclerc tank">AMX Leclerc</a> tank of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Armée de terre</a></div></div></div></div></div> The French Armed Forces (Forces armées françaises) are the military and paramilitary forces of France, under the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of the Republic</a> as supreme commander. They consist of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> (Armée de Terre), the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> (Marine Nationale, formerly called Armée de Mer), the <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">French Air and Space Force</a> (Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace), and the <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie</a> (Gendarmerie nationale), which serves as both <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a> and civil police in rural areas. Together they are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of troops">largest armed forces in the world</a> and the largest in the EU. According to a 2015 study by <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Suisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Crédit Suisse">Crédit Suisse</a>, the French Armed Forces ranked as the world's sixth-most powerful military, and the second most powerful in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-CreditSuisse2015-159">[148]</a> France's annual military expenditure in 2022 was US$53.6 billion, or 1.9% <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditure_share_of_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditure share of GDP">of its GDP</a>, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">eighth biggest military spender in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[149]</a> There has been no national <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-161">[150]</a> France has been a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons#Five_nuclear-weapon_states_under_the_NPT" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">recognised nuclear state</a> since 1960. It is a party to both the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a> (CTBT)<a href="#cite_note-status-162">[151]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>. The French nuclear force (formerly known as "<a href="/wiki/Force_de_Frappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Force de Frappe">Force de Frappe</a>") consists of four <a href="/wiki/Triomphant_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Triomphant class submarine">Triomphant</a> class submarines equipped with <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched ballistic missiles</a>. In addition to the submarine fleet, it is estimated that France has about 60 <a href="/wiki/Air-Sol_Moyenne_Port%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-Sol Moyenne Portée">ASMP</a> medium-range <a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">air-to-ground missiles</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear warheads</a>;<a href="#cite_note-163">[152]</a> 50 are deployed by the Air and Space Force using the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000N/2000D" title="Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D">Mirage 2000N</a> long-range nuclear strike aircraft, while around 10 are deployed by the French Navy's <a href="/wiki/Dassault-Breguet_Super_%C3%89tendard" title="Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard">Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM)</a> attack aircraft, which operate from the nuclear-powered <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_(R91)" class="mw-redirect" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91)">Charles de Gaulle</a>. France has major military industries and one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">aerospace sectors</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-164">[153]</a> The country has produced such equipment as the Rafale fighter, the Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier, the <a href="/wiki/Exocet" title="Exocet">Exocet</a> missile and the <a href="/wiki/AMX-56_Leclerc" class="mw-redirect" title="AMX-56 Leclerc">Leclerc</a> tank among others. France is a major arms seller,<a href="#cite_note-165">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[155]</a> with most of its arsenal's designs available for the export market, except for nuclear-powered devices. One French intelligence unit, the <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">Directorate-General for External Security</a> (Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure), is considered to be a component of the Armed Forces under the authority of the Ministry of Defense. The other, the <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security" title="General Directorate for Internal Security">Directorate-General for Internal Security</a> (Direction générale de la Sécurité intérieure) operates under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior.<a href="#cite_note-dgsi-167">[156]</a> France's <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity capabilities</a> are regularly ranked as some of the most robust of any nation in the world.<a href="#cite_note-168">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[158]</a> French weapons exported totaled 27 billion euros in 2022, up from 11.7 billion euros the previous year 2021. Additionally, the UAE alone contributed more than 16 billion euros arms to the French total.<a href="#cite_note-170">[159]</a> Among the largest French defence companies are <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Group" title="Dassault Group">Dassault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safran" title="Safran">Safran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law of France</a></div> France uses a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil legal</a> system, wherein law arises primarily from written statutes;<a href="#cite_note-France-95">[84]</a> judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judicial interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system). Basic principles of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> were laid in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> (which was largely based on the royal law codified under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>). In agreement with the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="color drawing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/170px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/255px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/340px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption>The basic principles that the French Republic must respect are found in the 1789 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>.</figcaption></figure> French law is divided into two principal areas: <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a>. Private law includes, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>. Public law includes, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>. However, in practical terms, French law comprises three principal areas of law: civil law, criminal law, and administrative law. Criminal laws can only address the future and not the past (criminal <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">ex post facto</a> laws are prohibited).<a href="#cite_note-172">[161]</a> While administrative law is often a subcategory of civil law in many countries, it is completely separated in France and each body of law is headed by a specific supreme court: <a href="/wiki/French_judiciary_courts" title="French judiciary courts">ordinary courts</a> (which handle criminal and civil litigation) are headed by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a> and administrative courts are headed by the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27Etat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'Etat (France)">Council of State</a>. To be applicable, every law must be officially published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Journal officiel de la République française">Journal officiel de la République française</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] France does not recognise <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a> as a motivation for the enactment of prohibitions; it has long abolished <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> laws and <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy laws</a> (the latter in 1791). However, "offences against <a href="/wiki/Decency" class="mw-redirect" title="Decency">public decency</a>" (contraires aux bonnes mœurs) or <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace" title="Breach of the peace">disturbing public order</a> (trouble à l'ordre public) have been used to repress public expressions of homosexuality or street prostitution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] France generally has a positive reputation regarding <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[162]</a> Since 1999, <a href="/wiki/Pacte_civil_de_solidarit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacte civil de solidarité">civil unions</a> for homosexual couples have been permitted, and since 2013, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption">LGBT adoption</a> are legal.<a href="#cite_note-174">[163]</a> Laws prohibiting discriminatory speech in the press are <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Freedom_of_the_Press_of_29_July_1881" title="Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881">as old as 1881</a>. Some consider <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_France" title="Hate speech laws in France">hate speech laws in France</a> to be too broad or severe, undermining <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[164]</a> France has laws against racism and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[165]</a> while the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">Gayssot Act</a> prohibits <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>. In 2024, France became the first nation in the European Union to explicitly protect <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_France" title="Freedom of religion in France">Freedom of religion</a> is constitutionally guaranteed by the 1789 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a> is the basis for <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a> (state secularism): the state does not formally recognise any religion, <a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordat in Alsace-Moselle">except in Alsace-Moselle</a>, which continues to subsidize education and clergy of Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Judaism. Nonetheless, France does recognise religious associations. The Parliament has <a href="/wiki/Groups_referred_to_as_cults_in_government_reports#France" class="mw-redirect" title="Groups referred to as cults in government reports">listed many religious movements as dangerous cults</a> since 1995 and has <a href="/wiki/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools" title="French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools">banned wearing conspicuous religious symbols in schools</a> since 2004. In 2010, it banned the <a href="/wiki/French_ban_on_face_covering" title="French ban on face covering">wearing of face-covering Islamic veils in public</a>; human rights groups such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> described the law as discriminatory towards Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-178">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[168]</a> However, it is supported by most of the population.<a href="#cite_note-180">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04-2017._Par%C3%ADs-34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="La Défense, seen from the Eiffel Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/04-2017._Par%C3%ADs-34.jpg/220px-04-2017._Par%C3%ADs-34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/04-2017._Par%C3%ADs-34.jpg/330px-04-2017._Par%C3%ADs-34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/04-2017._Par%C3%ADs-34.jpg/440px-04-2017._Par%C3%ADs-34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> was in 2017 ranked by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young">Ernst & Young</a> as the leading <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> in continental Europe, and the fourth in the world.<a href="#cite_note-181">[170]</a></figcaption></figure>France has a <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, characterised by <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigisme in France">sizeable government involvement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">economic diversity</a>. For roughly two centuries, the French economy has <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison_statistics_of_the_ten_largest_economies_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)">consistently ranked</a> among the ten largest globally; it is currently the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">world's ninth-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">seventh-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a>, and the second-largest in the European Union by both metrics.<a href="#cite_note-data.worldbank.org-182">[171]</a> France is considered an <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic power</a>, with membership in the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven</a> leading <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialised countries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), and the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">Group of Twenty</a> largest economies. France's economy is highly diversified; <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">services</a> represent two-thirds of both the workforce and GDP,<a href="#cite_note-183">[172]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industrial sector</a> accounts for a fifth of GDP and a similar proportion of employment. France is the third-biggest manufacturing country in Europe, behind Germany and Italy, and ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by manufacturing output">eighth in the world by share of global manufacturing output</a>, at 1.9 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-184">[173]</a> Less than 2 per cent of GDP is generated by the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector">primary sector</a>, namely agriculture;<a href="#cite_note-185">[174]</a> however, France's agricultural sector is among the largest in value and leads the EU in terms of overall production.<a href="#cite_note-186">[175]</a> In 2018, France was the fifth-largest trading nation in the world and the second-largest in Europe, with the value of exports representing over a fifth of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-wto-187">[176]</a> Its membership in the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> and the broader <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a> facilitates access to capital, goods, services, and skilled labour.<a href="#cite_note-euroc-188">[177]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> policies over certain industries, particularly in agriculture, France has generally played a leading role in fostering free trade and commercial integration in Europe to enhance its economy.<a href="#cite_note-189">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[179]</a> In 2019, it ranked first in Europe and 13th in the world in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment">foreign direct investment</a>, with European countries and the United States being leading sources.<a href="#cite_note-FDI-191">[180]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a> (founded in 1800),<a href="#cite_note-192">[181]</a> the leading recipients of FDI were manufacturing, real estate, finance and insurance.<a href="#cite_note-lloydsbanktrade.com-193">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Paris Region</a> has the highest concentration of multinational firms in mainland Europe.<a href="#cite_note-lloydsbanktrade.com-193">[182]</a> Under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Dirigiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigiste">Dirigisme</a>, the government historically played a major role in the economy; policies such as <a href="/wiki/Indicative_planning" title="Indicative planning">indicative planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalisation</a> are credited for contributing to three decades of unprecedented postwar economic growth known as <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a>. At its peak in 1982, the public sector accounted for one-fifth of industrial employment and over four-fifths of the credit market. Beginning in the late 20th century, France loosened regulations and state involvement in the economy, with most leading companies now being privately owned; state ownership now dominates only transportation, defence and broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-194">[183]</a> Policies aimed at promoting economic dynamism and privatisation have improved France's economic standing globally: it is among the world's 10 most <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovative</a> countries in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Innovation Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[184]</a> and the 15th most competitive, according to the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report#2019_rankings" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a> (up two places from 2018).<a href="#cite_note-196">[185]</a> The Paris stock exchange (French: La Bourse de Paris) is one of the oldest in the world, created in 1724.<a href="#cite_note-197">[186]</a> In 2000, it merged with counterparts in Amsterdam and Brussels to form <a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a>,<a href="#cite_note-banque-198">[187]</a> which in 2007 merged with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_stock_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="New York stock exchange">New York stock exchange</a> to form <a href="/wiki/NYSE_Euronext" title="NYSE Euronext">NYSE Euronext</a>, the world's largest stock exchange.<a href="#cite_note-banque-198">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Euronext Paris</a>, the French branch of NYSE Euronext, is Europe's second-largest stock exchange market. Some examples of the most valuable French companies include <a href="/wiki/LVMH" title="LVMH">LVMH</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al" title="L'Oréal">L'Oréal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Sociéte Générale.</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[188]</a> France has historically been one of the world's major agricultural centres and remains a "global agricultural powerhouse"; France is the world's sixth-biggest exporter of agricultural products, generating a trade surplus of over €7.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-agriculture-200">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[190]</a> Nicknamed "the granary of the old continent",<a href="#cite_note-202">[191]</a> over half its total land area is <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">farmland</a>, of which 45 per cent is devoted to permanent field crops such as cereals. The country's diverse climate, extensive arable land, modern farming technology, and <a href="/wiki/Common_agricultural_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Common agricultural policy">EU subsidies</a> have made it Europe's leading agricultural producer and exporter.<a href="#cite_note-203">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism in France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_vue_d%27ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_vue_d%27ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg/200px-Paris_vue_d%27ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_vue_d%27ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg/300px-Paris_vue_d%27ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_vue_d%27ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg/400px-Paris_vue_d%27ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2899" data-file-height="1933" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> is the world's most-visited paid monument, an icon of both Paris and France.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafen_von_Nizza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hafen_von_Nizza.jpg/200px-Hafen_von_Nizza.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hafen_von_Nizza.jpg/300px-Hafen_von_Nizza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hafen_von_Nizza.jpg/400px-Hafen_von_Nizza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6806" data-file-height="3355" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> on the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg/200px-Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg/300px-Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg/400px-Mont-Saint-Michel_vu_du_ciel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Bay" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Bay">its bay</a> were listed as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in 1979.</div></div></div></div></div> With 100 million international tourist arrivals in 2023,<a href="#cite_note-tourism.stat-27">[16]</a> France is the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">world's top tourist destination</a>, ahead of Spain (85 million) and the United States (66 million). However, it ranks third in tourism-derived income due to the shorter duration of visits.<a href="#cite_note-204">[193]</a> The most popular tourist sites include (annual visitors): <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> (6.2 million), <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Château de Versailles</a> (2.8 million), <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (France)">Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle</a> (2 million), <a href="/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard">Pont du Gard</a> (1.5 million), <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> (1.2 million), <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a> (1 million), <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> (683,000), <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Haut-K%C5%93nigsbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg">Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg</a> (549,000), <a href="/wiki/Puy_de_D%C3%B4me" title="Puy de Dôme">Puy de Dôme</a> (500,000), <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a> (441,000), and <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a> (362,000).<a href="#cite_note-205">[194]</a> France, especially Paris, has some of the world's largest museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_visited_art_museums_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most visited art museums in the world">most visited art museum in the world</a> (7.7 million visitors in 2022), the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> (3.3 million), mostly devoted to <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Musée de l'Orangerie</a> (1.02 million), which is home to eight large <a href="/wiki/Water_Lilies_(Monet_series)" title="Water Lilies (Monet series)">Water Lily</a> murals by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a> (3 million), dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a> is Europe's most popular theme park, with 15 million combined visitors to the resort's <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Park_(Paris)" title="Disneyland Park (Paris)">Disneyland Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Park" title="Walt Disney Studios Park">Walt Disney Studios Park</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-206">[195]</a> With more than 10 million tourists a year, the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a> (French: Côte d'Azur), in Southeast France, is the second leading tourist destination in the country, after the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Paris Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[196]</a> With 6 million tourists a year, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux_of_the_Loire_Valley" title="Châteaux of the Loire Valley">castles of the Loire Valley</a> (French: châteaux) and the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a> itself are the third leading tourist destination in France.<a href="#cite_note-208">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[198]</a> France has 52 sites inscribed in <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">UNESCO's World Heritage List</a> and features cities of high cultural interest, beaches and seaside resorts, ski resorts, as well as rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity (<a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">green tourism</a>). Small and picturesque French villages are promoted through the association <a href="/wiki/Les_Plus_Beaux_Villages_de_France" title="Les Plus Beaux Villages de France">Les Plus Beaux Villages de France</a> (literally "The Most Beautiful Villages of France"). The "<a href="/wiki/Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Remarkable Gardens of France">Remarkable Gardens</a>" label is a list of the over 200 gardens classified by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture</a>. This label is intended to protect and promote remarkable gardens and parks. France attracts many religious <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrims</a> on their <a href="/wiki/Way_of_St._James" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of St. James">way to St. James</a>, or to <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, a town in the <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a> that hosts several million visitors a year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centrale_EDF_de_Belleville-FR-18-a05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nuclear power plant in Cattenom, France four large cooling towers expelling white water vapour against a blue sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Centrale_EDF_de_Belleville-FR-18-a05.jpg/220px-Centrale_EDF_de_Belleville-FR-18-a05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Centrale_EDF_de_Belleville-FR-18-a05.jpg/330px-Centrale_EDF_de_Belleville-FR-18-a05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Centrale_EDF_de_Belleville-FR-18-a05.jpg/440px-Centrale_EDF_de_Belleville-FR-18-a05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belleville_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Belleville Nuclear Power Plant">Belleville Nuclear Power Plant</a>. France derives most of its electricity from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">nuclear power</a>, the highest percentage in the world. </figcaption></figure> France is the world's tenth-largest producer of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-210">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">Électricité de France</a> (EDF), which is majority-owned by the French government, is the country's main producer and distributor of electricity, and one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">electric utility companies</a>, ranking third in revenue globally.<a href="#cite_note-211">[200]</a> In 2018, EDF produced around one-fifth of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s electricity, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[201]</a> As of 2021, France was the biggest energy exporter in Europe, mostly to the U.K. and Italy,<a href="#cite_note-:3-213">[202]</a> and the largest net exporter of electricity in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:3-213">[202]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, France has pursued a strong policy of <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-213">[202]</a> namely through <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">heavy investment in nuclear energy</a>. It is one of 32 countries with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>, ranking second in the world by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">number of operational nuclear reactors</a>, at 56.<a href="#cite_note-214">[203]</a> Consequently, 70% of France's electricity is generated by nuclear power, the highest proportion in the world by a wide margin;<a href="#cite_note-215">[204]</a> only Slovakia and Ukraine also derive a majority of electricity from nuclear power, at roughly 53% and 51%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-216">[205]</a> France is considered a world leader in nuclear technology, with reactors and fuel products being major exports.<a href="#cite_note-:3-213">[202]</a> France's significant reliance on nuclear power has resulted in comparatively slower development of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">renewable energy</a> sources than in other Western nations. Nevertheless, between 2008 and 2019, France's production capacity from renewable energies rose consistently and nearly doubled.<a href="#cite_note-:5-217">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> is by far the leading source, accounting for over half the country's renewable energy sources<a href="#cite_note-:4-218">[207]</a> and contributing 13% of its electricity,<a href="#cite_note-:5-217">[206]</a> the highest proportion in Europe after Norway and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-:4-218">[207]</a> As with nuclear power, most hydroelectric plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Eguzon_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Eguzon dam">Eguzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tang_de_Soulcem" title="Étang de Soulcem">Étang de Soulcem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lac_de_Vouglans" title="Lac de Vouglans">Lac de Vouglans</a>, are managed by EDF.<a href="#cite_note-:4-218">[207]</a> France aims to further expand hydropower into 2040.<a href="#cite_note-:5-217">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creissels_et_Viaduct_de_Millau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Creissels_et_Viaduct_de_Millau.jpg/220px-Creissels_et_Viaduct_de_Millau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Creissels_et_Viaduct_de_Millau.jpg/330px-Creissels_et_Viaduct_de_Millau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Creissels_et_Viaduct_de_Millau.jpg/440px-Creissels_et_Viaduct_de_Millau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3431" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_bridges" title="List of tallest bridges">tallest bridge in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-structurae-219">[208]</a></figcaption></figure> France's <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_France" title="Rail transport in France">railway network</a>, which stretches 29,473 kilometres (18,314 mi) as of 2008,<a href="#cite_note-220">[209]</a> is the second most extensive in Western Europe after <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Germany" title="Rail transport in Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[210]</a> It is operated by the <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>, and high-speed trains include the <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> and <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>, which travels at 320 km/h (199 mph).<a href="#cite_note-222">[211]</a> The Eurostar, along with the <a href="/wiki/Eurotunnel_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurotunnel Shuttle">Eurotunnel Shuttle</a>, connects with the United Kingdom through the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>. Rail connections exist to all other neighbouring countries in Europe except Andorra. Intra-urban connections are also well developed, with most major cities having <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">underground</a> or tramway services complementing bus services. There are approximately 1,027,183 kilometres (638,262 mi) of serviceable roadway in France, ranking it the most extensive network of the European continent.<a href="#cite_note-223">[212]</a> The Paris Region is enveloped with the densest network of roads and highways, which connect it with virtually all parts of the country. French roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighbouring Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco. There is no annual registration fee or <a href="/wiki/Road_tax" title="Road tax">road tax</a>; however, usage of the mostly privately owned motorways is through tolls except in the vicinity of large communes. The new car market is dominated by domestic brands such as <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[213]</a> France possesses the <a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a>, the world's tallest bridge,<a href="#cite_note-225">[214]</a> and has built many important bridges such as the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Normandie" title="Pont de Normandie">Pont de Normandie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a>-driven cars and lorries cause a large part of the country's <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[216]</a> There are 464 <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_France" title="List of airports in France">airports</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-France-95">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a>, located in the vicinity of Paris, is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic and connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[217]</a> which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea.<a href="#cite_note-229">[218]</a> 12,261 kilometres (7,619 mi) of waterways traverse France including the <a href="/wiki/Canal_du_Midi" title="Canal du Midi">Canal du Midi</a>, which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-France-95">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of French inventions and discoveries">List of French inventions and discoveries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_(51773093465).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ariane 5 rocket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%2851773093465%29.jpg/170px-Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%2851773093465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%2851773093465%29.jpg/255px-Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%2851773093465%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%2851773093465%29.jpg/340px-Ariane_5_with_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Prelaunch_%2851773093465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3315" data-file-height="4143" /></a><figcaption>France is in 2020 the biggest national financial contributor to the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[219]</a> which conceived the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane rocket family</a>, launched from <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">French Guiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> pictured).</figcaption></figure> Since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, France has contributed to scientific and technological achievement. In the early 11th century, the French-born <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Pope Sylvester II</a> reintroduced the <a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">abacus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary sphere</a> and introduced <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clocks</a> to much of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-231">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, founded in the mid-12th century, is still one of the most important academic institutions in the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-232">[221]</a> In the 17th century, mathematician and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> pioneered <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism as a method for acquiring scientific knowledge</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> became famous for his work on <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>; both were key figures of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, which blossomed in Europe during this period. The <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>, founded in the mid-17th century by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> to encourage and protect French <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific research</a>, was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_sciences" title="Academy of sciences">national scientific institutions</a> in history. The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> was marked by the work of biologist <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Buffon</a>, one of the first naturalists to recognize <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">ecological succession</a>, and chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>, who discovered the role of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">D'Alembert</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a>, which aimed to give the public access to "useful knowledge" that could be applied to everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-233">[222]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> of the 19th century saw spectacular scientific developments in France, with <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Fresnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin Fresnel">Augustin Fresnel</a> founding modern <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a> laying the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> pioneering <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>. Other eminent French scientists of the period have their <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower" title="List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower">names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower</a>. Famous French scientists of the 20th century include the mathematician and physicist <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a>; physicists <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, who remain famous for their work on <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>; physicist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a>; and virologist <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a>, co-discoverer of <a href="/wiki/HIV_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV AIDS">HIV AIDS</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hand_transplantation" title="Hand transplantation">Hand transplantation</a> was developed in <a href="/wiki/Lyon,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon, France">Lyon</a> in 1998 by an international team that included <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Dubernard" title="Jean-Michel Dubernard">Jean-Michel Dubernard</a>, who afterward performed the first successful double hand transplant.<a href="#cite_note-dubernard1-234">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Remote_surgery" title="Remote surgery">Telesurgery</a> was <a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_operation" title="Lindbergh operation">first performed</a> by French surgeons led by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marescaux" title="Jacques Marescaux">Jacques Marescaux</a> on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-istmarescaux-235">[224]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Face_transplant" title="Face transplant">face transplant</a> was first done on 27 November 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Devauchelle" title="Bernard Devauchelle">Bernard Devauchelle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[226]</a> France ranked 12th in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a>, compared to 16th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-238">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_in_France.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Population_density_in_France.png/260px-Population_density_in_France.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Population_density_in_France.png/390px-Population_density_in_France.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Population_density_in_France.png/520px-Population_density_in_France.png 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Population density in France by <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissement</a></figcaption></figure> With an estimated January 2024 population of 68,373,433 people,<a href="#cite_note-pop_est-12">[8]</a> France is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population#Sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">20th most populous country in the world</a>, the third-most populous in Europe (after <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>), and the second most populous in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (after Germany). France is an outlier among developed countries, particularly in Europe, for its relatively high rate of <a href="/wiki/Natural_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural population growth">natural population growth</a>: By birth rates alone, it was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the European Union in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-240">[229]</a> Between 2006 and 2016, France saw the second-highest overall increase in population in the EU and was one of only four EU countries where natural births accounted for the most population growth.<a href="#cite_note-241">[230]</a> This was the highest rate since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a> in 1973 and coincides with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> from a nadir of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010. As of January 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit">[update]</a>, the fertility rate declined slightly to 1.84 children per woman, below the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement rate">replacement rate</a> of 2.1, and considerably below the high of 4.41 in 1800.<a href="#cite_note-242">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-population-244">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[234]</a> France's fertility rate and crude birth rate nonetheless remain among the highest in the EU. However, like many developed nations, the French <a href="/wiki/Population_ageing" title="Population ageing">population is aging</a>; the average age is 41.7 years, while about a fifth of French people are 65 or over.<a href="#cite_note-246">[235]</a> The life expectancy at birth is 82.7 years, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">12th highest in the world</a>. From 2006 to 2011, population growth averaged 0.6 per cent per year;<a href="#cite_note-evol-247">[236]</a> since 2011, annual growth has been between 0.4 and 0.5 per cent annually.<a href="#cite_note-248">[237]</a> Immigrants are major contributors to this trend; in 2010, 27 per cent of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France#Immigration_per_region" title="Immigration to France">foreign-born</a> parent and another 24 per cent had at least one parent born outside Europe (excluding French overseas territories).<a href="#cite_note-249">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Functional_area_(France)" title="Functional area (France)">Functional area (France)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_unit" title="Urban unit">Urban unit</a></div> France is a highly urbanised country, with its <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_France_over_20,000_population_(1999_census)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in France over 20,000 population (1999 census)">largest cities</a> (in terms of <a href="/wiki/Functional_area_(France)" title="Functional area (France)">metropolitan area</a> population in 2021<a href="#cite_note-250">[239]</a>) being Paris (13,171,056 inh.), <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (2,308,818), <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> (1,888,788), <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> (1,521,660), <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (1,490,640), <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> (1,393,764), <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> (1,031,953), <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (864,993), <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> (823,120), and <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (771,320). (Note: since its 2020 revision of metropolitan area borders, <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> considers that <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> is a metropolitan area separate from the <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>-<a href="/wiki/Antibes" title="Antibes">Antibes</a> metropolitan area; these two combined would have a population of 1,019,905, as of the 2021 census). <a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a> was a perennial political issue throughout most of the 20th century. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_France" title="Template:Largest metropolitan areas of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest metropolitan areas of France (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest metropolitan areas of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest metropolitan areas in France <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2021 census</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_France_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in France by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in France">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_France_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in France by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_France_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in France by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in France">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_France_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in France by population">Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower_from_Montparnasse_Tower,_May_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paris"><img alt="Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Eiffel_Tower_from_Montparnasse_Tower%2C_May_2022.jpg/120px-Eiffel_Tower_from_Montparnasse_Tower%2C_May_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Eiffel_Tower_from_Montparnasse_Tower%2C_May_2022.jpg/180px-Eiffel_Tower_from_Montparnasse_Tower%2C_May_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Eiffel_Tower_from_Montparnasse_Tower%2C_May_2022.jpg/240px-Eiffel_Tower_from_Montparnasse_Tower%2C_May_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1111" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lyon-part-dieu-2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lyon"><img alt="Lyon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lyon-part-dieu-2023.jpg/120px-Lyon-part-dieu-2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lyon-part-dieu-2023.jpg/180px-Lyon-part-dieu-2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lyon-part-dieu-2023.jpg/240px-Lyon-part-dieu-2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5347" data-file-height="3576" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,171,056</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">722,904 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,308,818</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">709,065 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,888,788</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">626,218 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,521,660</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">581,948 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,490,640</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">522,597 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,393,764</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">508,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,031,953</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">508,699 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">864,993</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">500,562 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">823,120</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">478,105 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">771,320</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">456,452 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a></div> Historically, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> were mainly of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic peoples">Celtic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> origin, with a significant admixture of <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>) groups reflecting centuries of respective migration and settlement.<a href="#cite_note-251">[240]</a> Through the course of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, France incorporated various neighbouring ethnic and linguistic groups, as evidenced by <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Breton</a> elements in the west, <a href="/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani">Aquitanian</a> in the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian people">Scandinavian</a> in the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemannic</a> in the northeast, and <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligurian</a> in the southeast. Large-scale immigration over the last century and a half have led to a more multicultural society; beginning with the French Revolution, and further codified in the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution">French Constitution of 1958</a>, the government is prohibited from collecting data on ethnicity and ancestry; most demographic information is drawn from private sector organisations or academic institutions. In 2004, the Institut Montaigne estimated that within Metropolitan France, 51 million people were White (85% of the population), 6 million were Northwest African (10%), 2 million were Black (3.3%), and 1 million were Asian (1.7%).<a href="#cite_note-252">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[242]</a> A 2008 poll conducted jointly by <a href="/wiki/INED" class="mw-redirect" title="INED">the Institut national d'études démographiques</a> and <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">the French National Institute of Statistics</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheimer-255">[244]</a> estimated that the largest minority ancestry groups were <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_France" title="Italians in France">Italian</a> (5 million), followed by <a href="/wiki/Northwest_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest African">Northwest African</a> (3–6 million),<a href="#cite_note-Cohen1995-256">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-French" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-French">Sub-Saharan African</a> (2.5 million), Armenian (500,000), and Turkish (200,000).<a href="#cite_note-259">[248]</a> There are also sizeable minorities of other <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European ethnic groups</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen1995-256">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[250]</a> France has a significant <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">Gitan (Romani)</a> population, numbering between 20,000 and 400,000;<a href="#cite_note-262">[251]</a> many foreign <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> are <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Roma_migrants_from_France" title="Deportation of Roma migrants from France">expelled back to Bulgaria and Romania frequently.</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration to France</a></div> It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least partially from the different waves of immigration since the early 20th century;<a href="#cite_note-264">[253]</a> between 1921 and 1935 alone, about 1.1 million net immigrants came to France.<a href="#cite_note-265">[254]</a> The next largest wave came in the 1960s when around 1.6 million <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">pieds noirs</a> returned to France following the independence of its Northwest African possessions, Algeria and Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-266">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[256]</a> They were joined by numerous former colonial subjects from North and West Africa, as well as numerous European immigrants from Spain and Portugal. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calais2015a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Calais2015a.jpg/220px-Calais2015a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Calais2015a.jpg/330px-Calais2015a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Calais2015a.jpg/440px-Calais2015a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Calais_Jungle" title="Calais Jungle">Calais Jungle</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">illegal migrant</a> encampment in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, France, that existed from January 2015 to October 2016.</figcaption></figure> France remains a major destination for immigrants, accepting about 200,000 legal immigrants annually.<a href="#cite_note-268">[257]</a> In 2005, it was Western Europe's leading recipient of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">asylum</a> seekers, with an estimated 50,000 applications (albeit a 15% decrease from 2004).<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-269">[258]</a> In 2010, France received about 48,100 asylum applications—placing it among the top five asylum recipients in the world.<a href="#cite_note-270">[259]</a> In subsequent years it saw the number of applications increase, ultimately doubling to 100,412 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-271">[260]</a> The European Union allows free movement between the member states, although France established controls to curb <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European">Eastern European</a> migration.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Foreigners' rights are established in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Entry_and_Residence_of_Foreigners_and_of_the_Right_to_Asylum" title="Code of Entry and Residence of Foreigners and of the Right to Asylum">Code of Entry and Residence of Foreigners and of the Right to Asylum</a>. Immigration remains a contentious political issue.<a href="#cite_note-272">[261]</a> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">INSEE</a> (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) estimated that the total number of foreign-born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population), while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population. Thus, nearly a fifth of the country's population were either first or second-generation immigrants, of which more than 5 million were of European origin and 4 million of <a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Maghrebi</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-273">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Insee_1-274">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-INSEE1-275">[264]</a> In 2008, France granted <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> to 137,000 persons, mostly from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-276">[265]</a> In 2022, more than 320,000 migrants came to France, with the majority coming from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[266]</a> In 2014, the INSEE reported a significant increase in the number of immigrants coming from Spain, Portugal and Italy between 2009 and 2012. According to the institute, this increase resulted from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period.<a href="#cite_note-sudouest.fr-278">[267]</a> Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 per cent between 2009 and 2012, with the population growing from 5,300 to 11,000.<a href="#cite_note-sudouest.fr-278">[267]</a> Of the total of 229,000 foreigners coming to France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, 5% British, 5% Spanish, 4% Italian, 4% German, 3% Romanian, and 3% Belgian.<a href="#cite_note-sudouest.fr-278">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Francophone_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="world map of French speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map-Francophone_World.svg/330px-Map-Francophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map-Francophone_World.svg/495px-Map-Francophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map-Francophone_World.svg/660px-Map-Francophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_French_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where French is an official language">Francophone</a> world: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Native language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Administrative language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Secondary or cultural language</div> </figcaption></figure> The official language of France is French,<a href="#cite_note-279">[268]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Since 1635, the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> has been France's official authority on the French language, although its recommendations carry no legal weight. There are also regional languages spoken in France, such as <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">Flemish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> dialect), <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> (German dialect), <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> (Italian dialect). Italian was the official language of Corsica until 9 May 1859.<a href="#cite_note-280">[269]</a> The Government of France does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals, but the use of French is required by law in commercial and workplace communications. In addition to mandating the use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote French in the European Union and globally through institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>. Besides French, there exist 77 vernacular minority languages of France, eight spoken in French metropolitan territory and 69 in the French <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas departments and territories of France">overseas territories</a>. It is estimated that between 300 million<a href="#cite_note-281">[270]</a> and 500 million<a href="#cite_note-282">[271]</a> people worldwide can speak French, either as a mother tongue or as a second language. According to the 2007 Adult Education survey, part of a project by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and carried out in France by the <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> and based on a sample of 15,350 persons, French was the native language of 87.2% of the total population, or roughly 55.81 million people, followed by Arabic (3.6%, 2.3 million), Portuguese (1.5%, 960,000), Spanish (1.2%, 770,000) and Italian (1.0%, 640,000). Native speakers of other languages made up the remaining 5.2% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-283">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_5002_(fixed_angles).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Notre-Dame de Reims façade, gothic stone cathedral against blue sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Reims_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_5002_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg/170px-Reims_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_5002_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Reims_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_5002_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg/255px-Reims_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_5002_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Reims_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_5002_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg/340px-Reims_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_5002_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Notre-Dame de Reims</a> is the Roman Catholic cathedral where the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Kings of France were crowned</a> until 1825.<a href="#cite_note-284">[X]</a></figcaption></figure> France is a secular country in which <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> is a constitutional right. The French policy on religion is based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a>, a strict <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> under which the government and public life are kept completely secular, detached from any religion. The region of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> is an exception to the general French norm since the <a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Local law in Alsace-Moselle">local law</a> stipulates official status and state funding for <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. <a href="#cite_note-religion2020-285">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholicism</a> has been the main religion in France for more than a millennium, and it was once the country's <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[274]</a> France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter (French: Fille aînée de l'Église), and the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> always maintained close links to the Pope,<a href="#cite_note-Parisse-287">[275]</a> receiving the title Most Christian Majesty from the Pope in 1464.<a href="#cite_note-288">[276]</a> However, the French monarchy maintained a significant degree of autonomy, namely through its policy of "<a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a>", whereby the king selected bishops rather than the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-289">[277]</a> Its role nowadays, however, has been greatly reduced, although, as of 2012, among the 47,000 religious buildings in France 94% were still Catholic churches.<a href="#cite_note-290">[278]</a> After alternating between royal and secular republican governments during the 19th century, in 1905 France passed the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a>, which established the aforementioned principle of laïcité.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown2-291">[279]</a> The government is prohibited from recognising specific rights to any religious community (with the exception of legacy statutes like those of military chaplains and the aforementioned local law in Alsace-Moselle). It recognises religious organisations according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine, and religious organisations are expected to refrain from intervening in policymaking.<a href="#cite_note-292">[280]</a> Some religious groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Family_International" title="The Family International">Children of God</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple" title="Order of the Solar Temple">Order of the Solar Temple</a>, are considered <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a> (sectes in French, which is considered a pejorative term<a href="#cite_note-293">[281]</a>) in France, and therefore they are not granted the same status as recognised religions.<a href="#cite_note-294">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_France" title="Health in France">Health in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1000513_Paris_XIII_Salpetri%C3%A8re_reductwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, stone building with slate dome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P1000513_Paris_XIII_Salpetri%C3%A8re_reductwk.JPG/220px-P1000513_Paris_XIII_Salpetri%C3%A8re_reductwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P1000513_Paris_XIII_Salpetri%C3%A8re_reductwk.JPG/330px-P1000513_Paris_XIII_Salpetri%C3%A8re_reductwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P1000513_Paris_XIII_Salpetri%C3%A8re_reductwk.JPG/440px-P1000513_Paris_XIII_Salpetri%C3%A8re_reductwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re_Hospital" title="Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital">Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital</a>, a teaching hospital in Paris, is one of Europe's largest hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-295">[283]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Health_in_France" title="Health in France">French health care system</a> is one of <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> largely financed by government <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a>. In its 2000 assessment of world health care systems, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> found that France provided the "close to best overall health care" in the world.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-296">[284]</a> The French health care system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-297">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[286]</a> In 2011, France spent 11.6% of its GDP on health care, or US$4,086 per capita,<a href="#cite_note-WHO_country_facts:_France-299">[287]</a> a figure much higher than the average spent by countries in Europe. Approximately 77% of health expenditures are covered by government-funded agencies.<a href="#cite_note-300">[288]</a> Care is generally free for people affected by <a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic disease">chronic diseases</a> (affections de longues durées) such as cancer, AIDS or <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>. The life expectancy at birth is 78 years for men and 85 years for women.<a href="#cite_note-301">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[290]</a> There are 3.22 physicians for every 1000 inhabitants in France,<a href="#cite_note-303">[291]</a> and average health care spending per capita was US$4,719 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-304">[292]</a> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit">[update]</a>, approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France are living with HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-France-95">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG/170px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG/255px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG/340px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">ENS</a> produces among the most <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-305">[293]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1802, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée">lycée</a>, the second and final stage of secondary education that prepares students for higher education studies or a profession.<a href="#cite_note-306">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> is considered the father of the French modern school, leading reforms in the late 19th century that established free, secular and compulsory education (currently mandatory until the age of 16).<a href="#cite_note-307">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[296]</a> French education is centralised and divided into three stages: primary, secondary, and higher education. The <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a>, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, ranked France's education as near the OECD average in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-309">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-310">[298]</a> France was one of the PISA-participating countries where school children perceived some of the lowest levels of support and feedback from their teachers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-310">[298]</a> Schoolchildren in France reported greater concern about the disciplinary climate and behaviour in classrooms compared to other <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-:2-310">[298]</a> Higher education is divided between <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities in France">public universities</a> and the prestigious and selective <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">Grandes écoles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po Paris</a> for political studies, <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a> for economics, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">Polytechnique</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes_en_sciences_sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des hautes études en sciences sociales">École des hautes études en sciences sociales</a> for social studies and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris">École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris</a> that produce high-profile engineers, or the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a> for careers in the <a href="/wiki/Grands_corps_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Grands corps de l'État">Grands Corps</a> of the state. The Grandes écoles have been criticised for alleged <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitism</a>, producing many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants, CEOs and politicians.<a href="#cite_note-gécoles-311">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture of France</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">French art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg/170px-Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg/255px-Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg/340px-Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2021" data-file-height="2694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionist</a> movement</figcaption></figure> The origins of French art were very much influenced by <a href="/wiki/Flemish_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish art">Flemish art</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Italian art</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a>, the most famous medieval French painter, is said to have been the first to travel to Italy and experience the Early Renaissance firsthand. The Renaissance painting <a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">School of Fontainebleau</a> was directly inspired by Italian painters such as <a href="/wiki/Primaticcio" class="mw-redirect" title="Primaticcio">Primaticcio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosso_Fiorentino" title="Rosso Fiorentino">Rosso Fiorentino</a>, who both worked in France. Two of the most famous French artists of the time of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque era">Baroque era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a>, lived in Italy. French artists developed the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a> style in the 18th century, as a more intimate imitation of the old baroque style, the works of the court-endorsed artists <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Watteau" title="Antoine Watteau">Antoine Watteau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</a> being the most representative in the country. The French Revolution brought great changes, as <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> favoured artists of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassic style</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> and the highly influential <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts" title="Académie des Beaux-Arts">Académie des Beaux-Arts</a> defined the style known as <a href="/wiki/Academism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academism">Academism</a>. In the second part of the 19th century, France's influence over painting grew, with the development of new styles of painting such as <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>. The most famous impressionist painters of the period were <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Renoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Renoir">Auguste Renoir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[300]</a> The second generation of impressionist-style painters, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulouse-Lautrec" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a>, were also at the avant-garde of artistic evolutions,<a href="#cite_note-313">[301]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">fauvist</a> artists <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Vlaminck" title="Maurice de Vlaminck">Maurice de Vlaminck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[303]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, Cubism was developed by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a> and the Spanish painter <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, living in Paris. Other foreign artists also settled and worked in or near Paris, such as <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>. There are many art museums in France, the most famous of which being the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>, which collects artwork from the 18th century and earlier. The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> was inaugurated in 1986 in the old railway station <a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Orsay" title="Gare d'Orsay">Gare d'Orsay</a>, in a major reorganisation of national art collections, to gather French paintings from the second part of the 19th century (mainly Impressionism and Fauvism movements).<a href="#cite_note-316">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[305]</a> It was voted the best museum in the world in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-318">[306]</a> Modern works are presented in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne" title="Musée National d'Art Moderne">Musée National d'Art Moderne</a>, which moved in 1976 to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a>. These three state-owned museums are visited by close to 17 million people a year.<a href="#cite_note-sites-319">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">French architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sainte Chapelle interior showing painted stonework vaulting and stained glass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/170px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/255px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/340px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Saint Louis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> represents the French impact on religious architecture.</figcaption></figure> During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by feudal nobles to mark their powers. Some French castles that survived are <a href="/wiki/Chinon_(castle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinon (castle)">Chinon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Angers" title="Château d'Angers">Château d'Angers</a>, the massive <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a> and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Cathar_castles" title="Cathar castles">Cathar castles</a>. During this era, France had been using <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> like most of Western Europe. <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, originally named Opus Francigenum meaning "French work",<a href="#cite_note-320">[308]</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> and was the first French style of architecture to be imitated throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-321">[309]</a> Northern France is the home of some of the most important Gothic cathedrals and basilicas, the first of these being the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a> (used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic cathedrals are <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Chartres">Notre-Dame de Chartres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Notre-Dame d'Amiens</a>. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de Reims">Notre-Dame de Reims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[310]</a> The final victory in the Hundred Years' War marked an important stage in the evolution of French architecture. It was the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> and several artists from Italy were invited to the French court; many residential palaces were built in the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a>, from 1450 as a first reference the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montsoreau" title="Château de Montsoreau">Château de Montsoreau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[311]</a> Examples of such residential castles include the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord" title="Château de Chambord">Château de Chambord</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a>. Following the Renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> replaced the traditional Gothic style. However, in France, Baroque architecture found greater success in the secular domain than in the religious one.<a href="#cite_note-324">[312]</a> In the secular domain, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> has many Baroque features. <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin_Mansart" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Hardouin Mansart">Jules Hardouin Mansart</a>, who designed the extensions to Versailles, was one of the most influential French architects of the Baroque era; he is famous for his dome at <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[313]</a> Some of the most impressive provincial Baroque architecture is found in places that were not yet French such as <a href="/wiki/Place_Stanislas" title="Place Stanislas">Place Stanislas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>. On the military architectural side, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban">Vauban</a> designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and became an influential military architect; as a result, imitations of his works can be found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-326">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[315]</a> After the Revolution, the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicans</a> favoured <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> although it was introduced in France before the revolution with such buildings as the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Parisian Pantheon</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Capitole_de_Toulouse" title="Capitole de Toulouse">Capitole de Toulouse</a>. Built during the first French Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine" class="mw-redirect" title="Église de la Madeleine">Sainte Marie-Madeleine</a> represent the best example of <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire-style</a> architecture.<a href="#cite_note-328">[316]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, a new wave of urbanism and architecture was given birth; extravagant buildings such as the neo-Baroque <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> were built. The urban planning of the time was very organised and rigorous; most notably, <a href="/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris">Haussmann's renovation of Paris</a>. The architecture associated with this era is named <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Empire (architecture)">Second Empire</a> in English, the term being taken from the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>. At this time there was a strong Gothic resurgence across Europe and in France; the associated architect was <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>. In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Gustave Eiffel</a> designed many bridges, such as the <a href="/wiki/Garabit_viaduct" title="Garabit viaduct">Garabit viaduct</a>, and remains one of the most influential bridge designers of his time, although he is best remembered for the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a>. In the 20th century, French-Swiss architect <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> designed several buildings in France. More recently, French architects have combined both modern and old architectural styles. The <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a> is an example of modern architecture added to an older building. The most difficult buildings to integrate within French cities are skyscrapers, as they are visible from afar. For instance, in Paris, since 1977, new buildings had to be under 37 metres (121 ft).<a href="#cite_note-329">[317]</a> France's largest financial district is <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a>, where a significant number of skyscrapers are located.<a href="#cite_note-330">[318]</a> Other massive buildings that are a challenge to integrate into their environment are large bridges; an example of the way this has been done is the <a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a>. Some famous modern French architects include <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Perrault" title="Dominique Perrault">Dominique Perrault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Portzamparc" title="Christian de Portzamparc">Christian de Portzamparc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Andreu" title="Paul Andreu">Paul Andreu</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_philosophy">Literature and philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French philosophy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg/220px-Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg/330px-Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg/440px-Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> writer and politician</figcaption></figure> The earliest French literature dates from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Age">Middle Ages</a> when what is now known as modern France did not have a single, uniform language. There were several languages and dialects, and writers used their own spelling and grammar. Some authors of French medieval texts, such as <a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancelot-Grail" title="Lancelot-Grail">Lancelot-Grail</a> are unknown. Three famous medieval authors are <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langue d'oïl</a>), and <a href="/wiki/William_IX_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="William IX of Aquitaine">Duke William IX of Aquitaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">langue d'oc</a>). Much medieval French poetry and literature was inspired by the legends of the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Carolingian cycle</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">Song of Roland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chansons_de_geste" class="mw-redirect" title="Chansons de geste">chansons de geste</a>. The Roman de Renart, written in 1175 by Perrout de Saint Cloude, tells the story of the medieval character <a href="/wiki/Reynard" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynard">Reynard</a> ('the Fox') and is another example of early French writing. An important 16th-century writer was <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>, who wrote five popular early <a href="/wiki/Picaresque" class="mw-redirect" title="Picaresque">picaresque</a> novels. Rabelais was also in regular communication with <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite de Navarre</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Heptameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptameron">Heptameron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[319]</a> Another 16th-century author was <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, whose most famous work, <a href="/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">Essais</a>, started a literary genre.<a href="#cite_note-332">[320]</a> French literature and poetry flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> is best known as the main editor of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a>, whose aim was to sum up all the knowledge of his century and to fight ignorance and <a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscurantism</a>. During that same century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a> was a prolific writer of children's fairy tales including <a href="/wiki/Puss_in_Boots" title="Puss in Boots">Puss in Boots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluebeard" title="Bluebeard">Bluebeard</a>. At the start of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">symbolist poetry</a> was an important movement in French literature, with poets such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[321]</a> The 19th century saw the writings of many French authors. Victor Hugo is sometimes seen as "the greatest French writer of all time"<a href="#cite_note-victor-334">[322]</a> for excelling in all <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genres</a>. Hugo's verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hugo-335">[323]</a> His novel <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a> is widely seen as one of the greatest novels ever written<a href="#cite_note-336">[324]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a> has remained immensely popular. Other major authors of that century include <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte-Cristo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Count of Monte-Cristo">The Count of Monte-Cristo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Seas" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas</a>), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Les_Rougon-Macquart" title="Les Rougon-Macquart">Les Rougon-Macquart</a>), <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black" title="The Red and the Black">The Red and the Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">The Charterhouse of Parma</a>), whose works are among the most well known in France and the world. In the early 20th century France was a haven for literary freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Beat_censors-337">[325]</a> Works banned for obscenity in the US, the UK and other Anglophone nations were published in France decades before they were available in the respective authors' home countries.<a href="#cite_note-Beat_censors-337">[325]</a> The French were disinclined to punish literary figures for their writing, and prosecutions were rare.<a href="#cite_note-Beat_censors-337">[325]</a> Important writers of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a>, which is one of the best selling books in history.<a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Modiano-338">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[327]</a> Medieval philosophy was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> until the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_France" title="Humanism in France">Humanism</a> in the Renaissance. <a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern philosophy</a> began in France in the 17th century with the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a>. Descartes was the first <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosopher</a> since ancient times to attempt to build a philosophical system from the ground up rather than building on the work of predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-340">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[329]</a> France in the 18th century saw major philosophical contributions from <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> who came to embody the Enlightenment and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> whose work highly influenced the French Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-342">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[331]</a> French philosophers made major contributions to the field in the 20th century including the <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialist</a> works of <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, Camus, and Sartre.<a href="#cite_note-344">[332]</a> Other influential contributions during this time include the moral and political works of <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a>, contributions to <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a> including from <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralist</a> works by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/170px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/255px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/340px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="2771" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, a French composer</figcaption></figure> France has a long and varied musical history. It experienced a golden age in the 17th century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed talented musicians and composers in the royal court. Composers of this period include <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel-Richard_Delalande" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel-Richard Delalande">Michel-Richard Delalande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a>, all of them composers at the court. After the death of the "Roi Soleil", French musical creation lost dynamism, but in the next century the music of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a> reached some prestige.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rameau became the dominant composer of <a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a> and the leading French composer of the harpsichord.<a href="#cite_note-347">[335]</a> In the field of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, France has produced a number of notable composers such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>. Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are the most prominent figures associated with <a href="/wiki/Impressionist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist music">Impressionist music</a>. The two composers invented new musical forms<a href="#cite_note-348">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[339]</a> and new sounds. Debussy was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and his use of non-traditional scales and <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> influenced many composers who followed.<a href="#cite_note-352">[340]</a> His music is noted for its sensory content and frequent usage of <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a> was a key member of the early-20th-century Parisian <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a>'s best-known works are his piano suite <a href="/wiki/Trois_mouvements_perp%C3%A9tuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Trois mouvements perpétuels">Trois mouvements perpétuels</a> (1919), the ballet <a href="/wiki/Les_biches" title="Les biches">Les biches</a> (1923), the <a href="/wiki/Concert_champ%C3%AAtre" title="Concert champêtre">Concert champêtre</a> (1928) for <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> and orchestra, the opera <a href="/wiki/Dialogues_des_Carm%C3%A9lites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogues des Carmélites">Dialogues des Carmélites</a> (1957) and the <a href="/wiki/Gloria_(Poulenc)" title="Gloria (Poulenc)">Gloria</a> (1959) for <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, choir and orchestra. In the middle of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ohana" title="Maurice Ohana">Maurice Ohana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> contributed to the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[341]</a> French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music in the middle of the 20th century. Although English-speaking creations achieved popularity in the country, <a href="/wiki/French_popular_music" title="French popular music">French pop music</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Chanson_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanson française">chanson française</a>, has also remained very popular. Among the most important French artists of the century are <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf" title="Édith Piaf">Édith Piaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Brassens" title="Georges Brassens">Georges Brassens</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Léo Ferré">Léo Ferré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Aznavour" title="Charles Aznavour">Charles Aznavour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg" title="Serge Gainsbourg">Serge Gainsbourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[342]</a> Modern pop music has seen the rise of popular <a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" title="French hip hop">French hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="French rock">French rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>/<a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turntablist" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntablist">turntablists</a>/DJs. Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-speaking countries,<a href="#cite_note-355">[343]</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Noir_D%C3%A9sir" title="Noir Désir">Noir Désir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_(band)" title="Mano Negra (band)">Mano Negra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niagara_(band)" title="Niagara (band)">Niagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Rita_Mitsouko" title="Les Rita Mitsouko">Les Rita Mitsouko</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Superbus_(band)" title="Superbus (band)">Superbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(band)" title="Phoenix (band)">Phoenix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gojira_(band)" title="Gojira (band)">Gojira</a>,<a href="#cite_note-frmusic-356">[344]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shaka_Ponk" title="Shaka Ponk">Shaka Ponk</a>, have reached worldwide popularity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmed%27or.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Palme d'Or award in presentation case" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Palmed%27or.jpg/220px-Palmed%27or.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Palmed%27or.jpg/330px-Palmed%27or.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Palmed%27or.jpg/440px-Palmed%27or.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, one of the "<a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">Big Three</a>" film festivals alongside the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[347]</a></figcaption></figure> France has historical and strong links with <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">cinema</a>, with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière Brothers</a>) credited with creating cinema in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-360">[348]</a> The world's first female filmmaker, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9" title="Alice Guy-Blaché">Alice Guy-Blaché</a>, was also from France.<a href="#cite_note-361">[349]</a> Several important cinematic movements, including the late 1950s and 1960s <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Vague" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelle Vague">Nouvelle Vague</a>, began in the country. It is noted for having a strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the government. France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit">[update]</a> producing more films than any other European country.<a href="#cite_note-362">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1995-02-28-363">[351]</a> The nation also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannes Festival">Cannes Festival</a>, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.<a href="#cite_note-364">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[353]</a> Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has also been a gathering spot for artists from across Europe and the world. For this reason, French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations. Directors from nations such as Poland (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski" title="Andrzej Żuławski">Andrzej Żuławski</a>), Argentina (<a href="/wiki/Gaspar_No%C3%A9" title="Gaspar Noé">Gaspar Noé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Cozarinsky" title="Edgardo Cozarinsky">Edgardo Cozarinsky</a>), Russia (<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Alexeieff" title="Alexandre Alexeieff">Alexandre Alexeieff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Litvak" title="Anatole Litvak">Anatole Litvak</a>), Austria (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a>) and Georgia (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9la_Babluani" title="Géla Babluani">Géla Babluani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otar_Iosseliani" title="Otar Iosseliani">Otar Iosseliani</a>) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tourneur" title="Jacques Tourneur">Jacques Tourneur</a> or <a href="/wiki/Francis_Veber" title="Francis Veber">Francis Veber</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a>. Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-erudit-366">[354]</a> French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-erudit-366">[354]</a> In 2013 France was the second greatest exporter of films in the world, after the United States.<a href="#cite_note-unifrance.org-367">[355]</a> As part of its advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">cultural exception</a>, a political concept of treating culture differently from other commercial products,<a href="#cite_note-368">[356]</a> France succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalised sectors of the WTO in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-369">[357]</a> Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a vote by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2005: the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory with 198 countries voting for it and only 2 countries, the United States and Israel, voting against it.<a href="#cite_note-370">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">French fashion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel_headquarters_bordercropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chanel's headquarters storefront window at the Place Vendôme Paris with awning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Channel_headquarters_bordercropped.jpg/170px-Channel_headquarters_bordercropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Channel_headquarters_bordercropped.jpg/255px-Channel_headquarters_bordercropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Channel_headquarters_bordercropped.jpg/340px-Channel_headquarters_bordercropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a>'s headquarters on <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> Fashion has been an important industry and cultural export of France since the 17th century, and modern "<a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a>" originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris, along with London, Milan, and New York City, is considered one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capitals</a>, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses. The expression Haute couture is, in France, a legally protected name, guaranteeing certain quality standards. The association of France with fashion and style (French: la mode) dates largely to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[359]</a> when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. But France renewed its dominance of the high fashion (French: couture <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style>or haute couture) industry in the years 1860–1960 through the establishment of the great <a href="/wiki/Couturier" class="mw-redirect" title="Couturier">couturier</a> houses such as <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Dior S.A.">Dior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Givenchy" title="Givenchy">Givenchy</a>. The French perfume industry is the world leader in its sector and is centred on the town of <a href="/wiki/Grasse" title="Grasse">Grasse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[360]</a> According to 2017 data compiled by <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Moet_Hennessey" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessey">Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessey</a> (LVMH), a French brand, is the largest luxury company in the world by sales, selling more than twice the amount of its nearest competitor.<a href="#cite_note-mode-373">[361]</a> Moreover, France also possesses 3 of the top 10 luxury goods companies by sales (<a href="/wiki/LVMH" title="LVMH">LVMH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kering_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kering SA">Kering SA</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al" title="L'Oréal">L'Oréal</a>), more than any other country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-mode-373">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro,_14_boulevard_Haussmann,_Paris_9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg/220px-Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg/330px-Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg/440px-Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="3986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> was founded in 1826 and it is still considered a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspaper of record</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[362]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2021, regional daily newspapers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ouest-France" title="Ouest-France">Ouest-France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sud_Ouest_(newspaper)" title="Sud Ouest (newspaper)">Sud Ouest</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Voix_du_Nord_(daily)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Voix du Nord (daily)">La Voix du Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9_Lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauphiné Libéré">Dauphiné Libéré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9gramme" title="Le Télégramme">Le Télégramme</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Le_Progr%C3%A8s" title="Le Progrès">Le Progrès</a>, more than doubled the sales of national newspapers, such as <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe" title="L'Équipe">L'Équipe</a> (sports), <a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Les_Echos_(France)" title="Les Echos (France)">Les Echos</a> (finance). Free dailies, distributed in metropolitan centers, continue to increase their market share.<a href="#cite_note-375">[363]</a> The sector of weekly magazines includes more than 400 specialised weekly magazines published in the country.<a href="#cite_note-376">[364]</a> The most influential news magazines are the left-wing <a href="/wiki/L%27Obs" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Obs">Le Nouvel Observateur</a>, centrist <a href="/wiki/L%27Express_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Express (France)">L'Express</a> and right-wing <a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a> (in 2009 more than 400,000 copies),<a href="#cite_note-377">[365]</a> but the highest circulation numbers for weeklies are attained by TV magazines and by women's magazines, among them <a href="/wiki/Marie_Claire" title="Marie Claire">Marie Claire</a> and <a href="/wiki/ELLE" class="mw-redirect" title="ELLE">ELLE</a>, which have foreign versions. Influential weeklies also include investigative and satirical papers <a href="/wiki/Le_Canard_Encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Canard Enchaîné">Le Canard Enchaîné</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo" title="Charlie Hebdo">Charlie Hebdo</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Paris_Match" title="Paris Match">Paris Match</a>. As in most industrialised nations, the print media have been affected by a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper crisis">severe crisis</a> with the rise of the internet. In 2008, the government launched a major initiative to help the sector reform and become financially independent,<a href="#cite_note-378">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[367]</a> but in 2009 it had to give 600,000 euros to help the print media cope with the <a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="Global financial crisis of 2008–2009">economic crisis</a>, in addition to existing subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-380">[368]</a> In 1974, after years of centralised monopoly on radio and television, the governmental agency <a href="/wiki/ORTF" class="mw-redirect" title="ORTF">ORTF</a> was split into several national institutions, but the three already-existing TV channels and four national radio stations<a href="#cite_note-381">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-mediapol-382">[370]</a> remained under state control. It was only in 1981 that the government allowed free broadcasting in the territory, ending the state monopoly on radio.<a href="#cite_note-mediapol-382">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_taste_of_wines.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/French_taste_of_wines.JPG/220px-French_taste_of_wines.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/French_taste_of_wines.JPG/330px-French_taste_of_wines.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/French_taste_of_wines.JPG/440px-French_taste_of_wines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wines</a> are usually made to accompany French cuisine.</figcaption></figure> Different regions have different styles. In the north, butter and cream are common ingredients, whereas <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> is more commonly used in the south.<a href="#cite_note-383">[371]</a> Each region of France has traditional specialties: <a href="/wiki/Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">cassoulet</a> in the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Choucroute_garnie" title="Choucroute garnie">choucroute</a> in Alsace, <a href="/wiki/Quiche" title="Quiche">quiche</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef_bourguignon" title="Beef bourguignon">beef bourguignon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tapenade" title="Tapenade">tapenade</a>, etc. France is most famous for its <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">wines</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[372]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_cheeses" title="List of French cheeses">cheeses</a>, which are often named for the territory where they are produced (<a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">AOC</a>).<a href="#cite_note-385">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[374]</a> A meal typically consists of three courses, entrée ('starter'), plat principal ('main course'), and fromage ('cheese') or dessert, sometimes with a salad served before the cheese or dessert. French cuisine is also regarded as a key element of the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> and the attractiveness of France. A French publication, the <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a>, awards Michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishments.<a href="#cite_note-387">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[376]</a> The acquisition or loss of a star can have dramatic effects on the success of a restaurant. By 2006, the Michelin Guide had awarded 620 stars to French restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-389">[377]</a> In addition to its wine tradition, France is also a major producer of beer and rum. The three main French brewing regions are Alsace (60% of national production), Nord-Pas-de-Calais, and Lorraine. <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_rums" title="List of French rums">French rum</a> is made in distilleries located on islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.<a href="#cite_note-390">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Tour_de_France,_2nd_stage,_before_km_zero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The peloton in the streets of Nice during the 2nd stage of the Tour de France on 30 August 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2020_Tour_de_France%2C_2nd_stage%2C_before_km_zero.jpg/220px-2020_Tour_de_France%2C_2nd_stage%2C_before_km_zero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2020_Tour_de_France%2C_2nd_stage%2C_before_km_zero.jpg/330px-2020_Tour_de_France%2C_2nd_stage%2C_before_km_zero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2020_Tour_de_France%2C_2nd_stage%2C_before_km_zero.jpg/440px-2020_Tour_de_France%2C_2nd_stage%2C_before_km_zero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5481" data-file-height="3654" /></a><figcaption>Starting in 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> is the most prestigious of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)" title="Grand Tour (cycling)">Grands Tours</a>, and the world's most famous cycling race.<a href="#cite_note-392">[380]</a></figcaption></figure> France hosts "the world's biggest annual sporting event", the annual cycling race <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[381]</a> Other popular sports played in France include: <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-394">[382]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[383]</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque" title="Pétanque">pétanque</a>. France has hosted events such as the <a href="/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1938 FIFA World Cup">1938</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998 FIFA World Cups</a>,<a href="#cite_note-396">[384]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007 Rugby World Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-397">[385]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2023 Rugby World Cup">2023 Rugby World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-398">[386]</a> The country also hosted the <a href="/wiki/1960_European_Nations%27_Cup" title="1960 European Nations' Cup">1960 European Nations' Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1984" title="UEFA Euro 1984">UEFA Euro 1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2019 FIFA Women's World Cup">2019 FIFA Women's World Cup</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a> is France's largest stadium and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. Since 1923, France is famous for its <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">sports car</a> <a href="/wiki/Endurance_racing_(motorsport)" title="Endurance racing (motorsport)">endurance race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[387]</a> Several major tennis tournaments take place in France, including the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Masters" title="Paris Masters">Paris Masters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments. French <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> include <a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinedine_Zidane_2015_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Zinedine_Zidane_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Zinedine_Zidane_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Zinedine_Zidane_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Zinedine_Zidane_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Zinedine_Zidane_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Zinedine_Zidane_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane" title="Zinedine Zidane">Zidane</a> is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time</figcaption></figure> France has a close association with the Modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>; it was a French aristocrat, Baron <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a>, who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-400">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olympic-401">[389]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> was awarded the first Games, in reference to the Olympics' Greek origins, Paris hosted the second Games <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">in 1900</a>.<a href="#cite_note-402">[390]</a> Paris was the first home of the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, before it moved to <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[391]</a> Since 1900, France has hosted the Olympics on 5 further occasions: the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a> both in Paris<a href="#cite_note-Olympic-401">[389]</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Games</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, <a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">1968</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Olympic-401">[389]</a> Similar to the Olympics, France introduced Olympics for deaf people (Deaflympics) in <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Deaflympics" title="1924 Summer Deaflympics">1924</a> with the idea of a French deaf car mechanic, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rubens-Alcais" title="Eugène Rubens-Alcais">Eugène Rubens-Alcais</a> who paved the way to organise the inaugural edition of the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Deaflympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Deaflympics">Summer Deaflympics</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-404">[392]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">national football team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team" title="France national rugby union team">national rugby union team</a> are nicknamed "Les Bleus" in reference to the team's shirt colour as well as the national <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">French tricolour flag</a>. Football is the most popular sport in France, with over 1,800,000 registered players and over 18,000 registered clubs.<a href="#cite_note-405">[393]</a> The French Open, also called Roland-Garros, is a major <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the <a href="/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros" title="Stade Roland Garros">Stade Roland-Garros</a> in Paris. It is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-406">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France.<a href="#cite_note-407">[395]</a> The national rugby union team has competed at every <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>; it takes part in the annual <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁɑ̃s]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6e\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fhala.K-France.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fhala.K-France.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-France.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fhala.K-France.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fhala.K-France.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Fhala.K-France.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-France.wav">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> French: République française <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-one-3"><a href="#cite_ref-one_3-0">^</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of France</a> does not specify a national emblem.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">lictor's fasces</a> is very often used to represent the French Republic, although it holds no official status.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In addition to the coat of arms, France also uses a <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_emblem_of_France" title="Diplomatic emblem of France">different emblem</a> for diplomatic and consular purposes. </li> <li id="cite_note-two-4"><a href="#cite_ref-two_4-0">^</a> For information about regional languages, see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-four-9"><a href="#cite_ref-four_9-0">^</a> French <a href="/wiki/Institut_g%C3%A9ographique_national" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut géographique national">National Geographic Institute</a> data, which includes bodies of water </li> <li id="cite_note-five-10"><a href="#cite_ref-five_10-0">^</a> French <a href="/wiki/Land_registration" title="Land registration">Land Register</a> data, which exclude lakes, ponds and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> larger than 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers </li> <li id="cite_note-six-17"><a href="#cite_ref-six_17-0">^</a> Whole of the except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean </li> <li id="cite_note-seven-18"><a href="#cite_ref-seven_18-0">^</a> French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only </li> <li id="cite_note-eight-19"><a href="#cite_ref-eight_19-0">^</a> Various other time zones are used in overseas France, from UTC−10 (<a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>) to UTC+12 (<a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futana" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallis and Futana">Wallis and Futana</a>). For further information, view <a href="/wiki/Time_in_France" title="Time in France">Time in France</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-nine-20"><a href="#cite_ref-nine_20-0">^</a> The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_France" title="Telephone numbers in France">French telephone numbering plan</a>, but have their own country calling codes: <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> +590; <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> +596; <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> +594; <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> +262; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> +687; <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> +689; <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> +681. </li> <li id="cite_note-ten-21"><a href="#cite_ref-ten_21-0">^</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/.fr" title=".fr">.fr</a>, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and territories: <a href="/wiki/.re" title=".re">.re</a>, <a href="/wiki/.mq" title=".mq">.mq</a>, <a href="/wiki/.gp" title=".gp">.gp</a>, <a href="/wiki/.tf" title=".tf">.tf</a>, <a href="/wiki/.nc" title=".nc">.nc</a>, <a href="/wiki/.pf" title=".pf">.pf</a>, <a href="/wiki/.wf" title=".wf">.wf</a>, <a href="/wiki/.pm" title=".pm">.pm</a>, <a href="/wiki/.gf" title=".gf">.gf</a> and <a href="/wiki/.yt" title=".yt">.yt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/.cat" title=".cat">.cat</a> domain is used in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan-speaking territories</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> The last sacre was that of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, 29 May 1825. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Article II of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of France</a> (1958) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elysee.fr/en/french-presidency/the-lictor-s-fasces">"THE LICTOR'S FASCES"</a>. 15 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407081203/https://www.elysee.fr/en/french-presidency/the-lictor-s-fasces">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+LICTOR%27S+FASCES&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elysee.fr%2Fen%2Ffrench-presidency%2Fthe-lictor-s-fasces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3633212">"L'essentiel sur... les immigrés et les étrangers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Insee" class="mw-redirect" title="Insee">Insee</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626142004/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3633212">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=L%27essentiel+sur...+les+immigr%C3%A9s+et+les+%C3%A9trangers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F3633212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov_data-6"><a href="#cite_ref-gov_data_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118103656/https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/contenu/piece-jointe/2021/02/etat_des_lieux_de_la_laicite_en_france._viavoice_-_observatoire_de_la_laicite._2021.pdf">"Etat des lieux de la laïcité en France - 2021"</a> (PDF) (official statistics) (in French). Observatoire de la laïcité, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a>. p. 37. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/contenu/piece-jointe/2021/02/etat_des_lieux_de_la_laicite_en_france._viavoice_-_observatoire_de_la_laicite._2021.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etat+des+lieux+de+la+la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9+en+France+-+2021&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Observatoire+de+la+la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9%2C+Government+of+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouvernement.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcontenu%2Fpiece-jointe%2F2021%2F02%2Fetat_des_lieux_de_la_laicite_en_france._viavoice_-_observatoire_de_la_laicite._2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comparateur_de_territoire_-_IGN-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Comparateur_de_territoire_-_IGN_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=FE-1">"Field Listing :: Area"</a>. Comparateur de territoire. IGN. 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Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=Bilan+d%C3%A9mographique+2023+%E2%80%93+Composantes+de+la+croissance+d%C3%A9mographique%2C+France&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F7746154%3Fsommaire%3D7746197%23titre-bloc-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7746154?sommaire=7746197#titre-bloc-3">"Bilan démographique 2023 – Composantes de la croissance démographique, France métropolitaine"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=Bilan+d%C3%A9mographique+2023+%E2%80%93+Composantes+de+la+croissance+d%C3%A9mographique%2C+France+m%C3%A9tropolitaine&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F7746154%3Fsommaire%3D7746197%23titre-bloc-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.FR-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.FR_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.FR_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.FR_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.FR_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=132,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. 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Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-16"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 288. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field_Listing_::_Area-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Field_Listing_::_Area_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html">"Field Listing :: Area"</a>. The World Factbook. CIA. 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Retrieved 1 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%3A%3A+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2147.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves,_Alan_G.2005" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves, Alan G., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1">Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism</a>. Lexington Books. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0821-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0821-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-0821-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory%2C+Empire%2C+and+Postcolonialism%3A+Legacies+of+French+Colonialism&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUX8aeX_Lbi4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.R._PalmerJoel_Colton1978" class="citation book cs1">R.R. 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EU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022022133/http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/france/index_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europa+Official+Site+%E2%80%93+France&rft.pub=EU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Fabout-eu%2Fcountries%2Fmember-countries%2Ffrance%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824051936/http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml">"History of France"</a>. Discoverfrance.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml">the original</a> on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+France&rft.pub=Discoverfrance.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverfrance.net%2FFrance%2FHistory%2FDF_history.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"frank". American Heritage Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=frank&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"frank". Webster's Third New International Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=frank&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Third+New+International+Dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> And so on. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/frank">"Origin and meaning of Frank"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515001926/https://www.etymonline.com/word/frank">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Origin+and+meaning+of+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Ffrank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouche1987" class="citation book cs1">Rouche, Michel (1987). "The Early Middle Ages in the West". In Veyne, Paul (ed.). A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium. Belknap Press. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39974-7"><bdi>978-0-674-39974-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59830199">59830199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Middle+Ages+in+the+West&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Private+Life%3A+From+Pagan+Rome+to+Byzantium&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59830199&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39974-7&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarassukBlair1982" class="citation book cs1">Tarassuk, Leonid; Blair, Claude (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ">The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-42257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-42257-8"><bdi>978-0-671-42257-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+Arms+and+Weapons%3A+the+most+comprehensive+reference+work+ever+published+on+arms+and+armor+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+present+with+over+1%2C250+illustrations&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-671-42257-8&rft.aulast=Tarassuk&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft.au=Blair%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJbyPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees1990" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990). "The Phonetics of Cardiff English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C">English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</a>. Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-032-0"><bdi>978-1-85359-032-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phonetics+of+Cardiff+English&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-032-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Carpentier_1987_p.17_36-2">c</a> Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-010879-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-010879-9">978-2-02-010879-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2011" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, C. (2011). "Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ">A Brief History of France</a>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_Book_Group" title="Little, Brown Book Group">Little, Brown Book Group</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849018128" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849018128"><bdi>978-1849018128</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204039/https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cro-Magnon+Man%2C+Roman+Gaul+and+the+Feudal+Kingdom&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+France&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1849018128&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DurOeBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 20–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754">The Cambridge ancient history</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 754. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2"><bdi>978-0-521-08691-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history&rft.pages=754&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08691-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1TmVvMwmo4C%26pg%3DRA1-PA754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_Orrieux1999" class="citation book cs1">Claude Orrieux (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62">A history of ancient Greece</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20309-4"><bdi>978-0-631-20309-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+Greece&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20309-4&rft.au=Claude+Orrieux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8cA8hymTw8C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91">"Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91"</a>. perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Cornelius+Tacitus%2C+The+History%2C+BOOK+II%2C+chapter+91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77">"Provence in Stone"</a>. Life. 13 July 1953. p. 77. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Provence+in+Stone&rft.pages=77&rft.date=1953-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZEIEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-c53-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c53_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c53_46-1">b</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 53–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-c77-47"><a href="#cite_ref-c77_47-0">^</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 79–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 84–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html">"Faith of the Eldest Daughter – Can France retain her Catholic heritage?"</a>. Wf-f.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faith+of+the+Eldest+Daughter+%E2%80%93+Can+France+retain+her+Catholic+heritage%3F&rft.pub=Wf-f.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wf-f.org%2F03-1-France.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown1-53"><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france">"France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france">the original</a> on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Ffrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution" </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm">"Treaty of Verdun"</a>. History.howstuffworks.com. 27 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Verdun&rft.pub=History.howstuffworks.com&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.howstuffworks.com%2Feuropean-history%2Ftreaty-of-verdun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc">"History of France – The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328"</a>. Historyworld.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc">the original</a> on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+France+%E2%80%93+The+Capetian+kings+of+France%3A+AD+987%E2%80%931328&rft.pub=Historyworld.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fgroupid%3D1008%26HistoryID%3Dab03%26gtrack%3Dpthc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabbitt1985" class="citation book cs1">Babbitt, Susan M. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39">Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-871-69751-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-871-69751-6"><bdi>978-0-871-69751-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2874232M">2874232M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oresme%27s+Livre+de+Politiques+and+the+France+of+Charles+V&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2874232M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-871-69751-6&rft.aulast=Babbitt&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyALAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.fr-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google.fr_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.fr_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeauBarlow2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Beno%C3%AEt_Nadeau" title="Jean-Benoît Nadeau">Nadeau, Jean-Benoit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Julie_Barlow" title="Julie Barlow">Barlow, Julie</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34">The Story of French</a>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 34ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3240-0"><bdi>978-1-4299-3240-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. 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London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Napoleon+and+German+identity&rft.volume=48&rft.date=1998-04&rft.aulast=Blanning&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan2007-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan2007_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2007" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326">Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur</a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374">374</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10098-3"><bdi>978-0-300-10098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+A+World+History+of+Genocide+and+Extermination+from+Sparta+to+Darfur&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10098-3&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodan_kie_2007_00_0326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm">"France's oldest WWI veteran dies"</a>. London: BBC News. 20 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=France%27s+oldest+WWI+veteran+dies&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7199127.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25">Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25">Archived</a> 18 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2">978-1-85109-420-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrémieux-Brilhac1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis (1996). La France libre (in French). Paris: Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-073032-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-073032-8"><bdi>2-07-073032-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+France+libre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2-07-073032-8&rft.aulast=Cr%C3%A9mieux-Brilhac&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp">"The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp">the original</a> on 16 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Danish+Center+for+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-education.dk%2Fholocaust%2Fdeportationer.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml">"BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+World+Wars%3A+The+Vichy+Policy+on+Jewish+Deportation&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fgenocide%2Fjewish_deportation_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988">; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429">"France"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429">the original</a> on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ain.fr%2Fupload%2Fdocs%2Fapplication%2Fpdf%2F2011-05%2Fdp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) (French) </li> <li id="cite_note-Macqueen2014-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Macqueen2014_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacqueen2014" class="citation book cs1">Macqueen, Norrie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">Colonialism</a>. Routledge. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86480-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86480-6"><bdi>978-1-317-86480-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86480-6&rft.aulast=Macqueen&rft.aufirst=Norrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1YSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmelman2009" class="citation news cs1">Kimmelman, Michael (4 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html">"In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+France%2C+a+War+of+Memories+Over+Memories+of+War&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.aulast=Kimmelman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F05%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F05abroad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrozierMansell,_Gerard1960" class="citation journal cs1">Crozier, Brian; Mansell, Gerard (July 1960). "France and Algeria". <a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a>. 36 (3): 310–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2610008">10.2307/2610008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2610008">2610008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153591784">153591784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=France+and+Algeria&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310-321&rft.date=1960-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153591784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2610008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2610008&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Mansell%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm">"From Fourth to Fifth Republic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Fourth+to+Fifth+Republic&rft.pub=University+of+Sunderland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseacoast.sunderland.ac.uk%2F~os0tmc%2Fcontem%2Ffifth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Springer_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika. Springer. 2009. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Paradigm+of+the+African+State%3A+Fundi+wa+Afrika&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_P_Forsythe2009" class="citation book cs1">David P Forsythe (2009). Encyclopedia of Human Rights. OUP US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533402-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Human+Rights&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=OUP+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533402-9&rft.au=David+P+Forsythe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Schmidt2013" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Schmidt (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-31065-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-31065-0"><bdi>978-1-107-31065-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Intervention+in+Africa%3A+From+the+Cold+War+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-31065-0&rft.au=Elizabeth+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVCMgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google4-84"><a href="#cite_ref-google4_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutts,_M.Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2000" class="citation book cs1">Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38">The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199241040" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199241040"><bdi>978-0199241040</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+World%27s+Refugees%2C+2000%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Humanitarian+Action&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0199241040&rft.au=Cutts%2C+M.&rft.au=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54Oe1WTfBfAC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116210433/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12396-2005Apr23.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021. 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Retrieved 6 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+Assesses+the+World%27s+Health+Systems&rft.pub=Who.int&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwhr%2F2000%2Fmedia_centre%2Fpress_release%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html">The ranking, see spreadsheet details for a whole analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105190014/http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html">Archived</a> 5 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> photius.com </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805022057/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper30.pdf">"Measuring Overall Health System Performance for 191 Countries"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 25 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esp%C3%A9rance+de+vie%2C+taux+de+mortalit%C3%A9+et+taux+de+mortalit%C3%A9+infantile+dans+le+monde&rft.pub=Insee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau.asp%3Freg_id%3D98%26ref_id%3DCMPTEF02216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATnon02229">"Evolution de l'espérance de vie à divers âges"</a> (in French). 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Statistiques mondiales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/medecins.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nombre+de+m%C3%A9decins+pour+1000+habitants&rft.pub=Statistiques+mondiales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistiques-mondiales.com%2Fmedecins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212061623/http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/sante.htm">"Dépenses de santé par habitants"</a> (in French). Statistiques mondiales. 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L'évolution du contenu de l'obligation scolaire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429205049/http://www.senat.fr/rap/l97-504/l97-5041.html">Archived</a> 29 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sénat.fr </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605080546/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/site-jeunes/laicite/fiche-dates/fiche-1881-1882/fiche.pdf">1881–1882 : Lois Ferry École publique gratuite, laïque et obligatoire</a>. 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Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oecd&rft.atitle=Programme+for+International+Student+Assessment+%28PISA%29+France+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fpisa%2Fpublications%2FPISA2018_CN_FRA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gécoles-311"><a href="#cite_ref-gécoles_311-0">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/formation/2010/01/08/01015-20100108ARTFIG00525-les-grandes-ecoles-dans-la-tourmente-.php">Les grandes écoles dans la tourmente</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415162843/http://www.lefigaro.fr/formation/2010/01/08/01015-20100108ARTFIG00525-les-grandes-ecoles-dans-la-tourmente-.php">Archived</a> 15 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/learn-about-art/guide-to-impressionism/guide-to-impressionism">"Guide to Impressionism"</a>. National Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090716162545/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/learn-about-art/guide-to-impressionism/guide-to-impressionism">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Impressionism&rft.pub=National+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fpaintings%2Flearn-about-art%2Fguide-to-impressionism%2Fguide-to-impressionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> (in French) RFI, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/063/article_34792.asp">Le néo-impressionnisme de Seurat à Paul Klee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010120343/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/063/article_34792.asp">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 15 March 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> National Gallery of Art (United States), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/feature/artnation/fauve/index.shtm">The Fauves (dossier)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101105195501/http://www.nga.gov/feature/artnation/fauve/index.shtm">Archived</a> 5 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> (in French) RFI, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/culturefr/articles/098/article_63189.asp">Vlaminck, version fauve</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010120345/http://www.rfi.fr/culturefr/articles/098/article_63189.asp">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 25 February 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Musée d'Orsay (official website), History of the museum – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/history-of-the-museum/home.html">From station to museum</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/history-of-the-collections/painting.html">"History of the painting collection"</a>. Musee-orsay.fr. 31 July 2007. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unifrance.org/actualites/11596/enquete-sur-l-image-du-cinema-francais-dans-le-monde">the original</a> on 13 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unifrance.org&rft.atitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+sur+l%27image+du+cin%C3%A9ma+fran%C3%A7ais+dans+le+monde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unifrance.org%2Factualites%2F11596%2Fenquete-sur-l-image-du-cinema-francais-dans-le-monde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> Joëlle Farchy (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceshumaines.com/la-fin-de-l-exception-culturelle_fr_10912.html">La Fin de l'exception culturelle ?</a> <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-271-05633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-271-05633-7">978-2-271-05633-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/actualites/politique/diversite/wto-en2.htm">The cultural exception is not negotiable by Catherine Trautmann</a> – Ministry of Culture </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427020210/http://www.fnsac-cgt.com/administration/upload/ARTICLE%20UNESCO%20CONF%201602_06%20%283%29.pdf">"La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ?"</a> (PDF) (in French). 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DeJean, chapters 2–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about-france.com/tourism/french-perfume.htm">"French perfume"</a>. About-France.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+perfume&rft.pub=About-France.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout-france.com%2Ftourism%2Ffrench-perfume.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mode-373">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mode_373-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mode_373-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ar/Documents/Consumer_and_Industrial_Products/Global-Powers-of-Luxury-Goods-abril-2019.pdf">Global Powers of Luxury Goods 2019: Bridging the gap between the old and the new</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro">"Le Figaro"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.regionguadeloupe.fr&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9gion+Guadeloupe-Guadeloupe%2C+a+land+of+cultures+and+flavours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionguadeloupe.fr%2Fguadeloupe-regional-council%2Fguadeloupe-a-land-of-cultures-and-flavours%2F%23_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sagadurhum.fr/en/rum-and-reunion-island/">"Rum and Reunion Island – La Saga du Rhum"</a>. Retrieved 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rum+and+Reunion+Island+%E2%80%93+La+Saga+du+Rhum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagadurhum.fr%2Fen%2Frum-and-reunion-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114060844/http://www.uciprotour.com/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=MTcxNw&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=34028&LangId=1">"Union Cycliste Internationale"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uciprotour.com/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=MTcxNw&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=34028&LangId=1">the original</a> on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+Cycliste+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uciprotour.com%2FModules%2FBUILTIN%2FgetObject.asp%3FMenuId%3DMTcxNw%26ObjTypeCode%3DFILE%26type%3DFILE%26id%3D34028%26LangId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/18769169">"Tour De France 2019: Everything you need to know"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 6 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tour+De+France+2019%3A+Everything+you+need+to+know&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2019-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsround%2F18769169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATTEF05401&reg_id=0">Les licences sportives en France</a> – Insee </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170610041323/http://www.france-pub.com/esport.htm">"All you need to know about sport in France"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france-pub.com/esport.htm">the original</a> on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+you+need+to+know+about+sport+in+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-pub.com%2Fesport.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226235749/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-201_10e_fwcdraw-history_8842.pdf">"History of the World Cup Final Draw"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-201_10e_fwcdraw-history_8842.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+Cup+Final+Draw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fmm%2Fdocument%2Ffifafacts%2Fmcwc%2Fip-201_10e_fwcdraw-history_8842.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606170717/http://www.rugby.com.au/news/2003_april/france_wins_right_to_host_the_2007_rugby_wor_15381%2C3851.html">France wins right to host the 2007 rugby world cup</a>. Associated Press. 11 April 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlinSymonsAmani2023" class="citation news cs1">McLaughlin, Luke; Symons, Harvey; Amani, Julian (6 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/sep/06/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2023-rugby-world-cup">"Everything you need to know about the 2023 Rugby World Cup"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+the+2023+Rugby+World+Cup&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Symons%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Amani%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2023%2Fsep%2F06%2Feverything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2023-rugby-world-cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116131353/http://www.lemans.org/fr/courses/24h/histoire.html">"Une course légendaire"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemans.org/fr/courses/24h/histoire.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Une+course+l%C3%A9gendaire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemans.org%2Ffr%2Fcourses%2F24h%2Fhistoire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemans.org">Site officiel du 24 heures du Mans</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1996" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0o-9AAAAIAAJ">Olympic Politics</a>. Manchester University Press ND. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4451-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-4451-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olympic+Politics&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press+ND&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4451-9&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0o-9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olympic-401">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olympic_401-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olympic_401-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olympic_401-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/olympic.htm">Olympic History</a> – World Atlas of Travel </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/paris-1900-summer-olympics">"Paris 1900 Summer Olympics. Official Site of the Olympic Movement"</a>. International Olympic Committee. 27 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+1900+Summer+Olympics.+Official+Site+of+the+Olympic+Movement&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fparis-1900-summer-olympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lausanne-tourisme.ch/view.asp?DomID=63416&Language=E">Lausanne, olympic capital</a> – Tourism in Lausanne <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006220349/http://www.lausanne-tourisme.ch/view.asp?DomID=63416&Language=E">Archived</a> 6 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/disability_sport/4113957.stm">"Deaflympics lowdown"</a>. 29 December 2004. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deaflympics+lowdown&rft.date=2004-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport2%2Fhi%2Fother_sports%2Fdisability_sport%2F4113957.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fff.fr/">"Fédération Française de Football"</a>. fff.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fff.fr&rft.atitle=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+Fran%C3%A7aise+de+Football&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fff.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarey2001" class="citation web cs1">Clarey, Christopher (30 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016123550/http://iht.com/articles/2001/06/30/a20_16.php">"Change Seems Essential to Escape Extinction: Wimbledon: World's Most Loved Dinosaur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/06/30/a20_16.php">the original</a> on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Change+Seems+Essential+to+Escape+Extinction%3A+Wimbledon%3A+World%27s+Most+Loved+Dinosaur&rft.date=2001-06-30&rft.aulast=Clarey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2001%2F06%2F30%2Fa20_16.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615002946/http://www.123voyage.com/realsw/tosee/rugby.htm">Rugby</a>. 123 Voyage </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_France" title="Bibliography of France">Bibliography of France</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Countries_A-Z" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikijunior:Countries A-Z">Wikijunior:Countries A-Z</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Countries_A-Z/France" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikijunior:Countries A-Z/France">France</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> France at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/France">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/France" class="extiw" title="c:France">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:France" class="extiw" title="n:Category:France">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/France" class="extiw" title="q:France">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:France-2023-SpokenWikipedia.ogg" title="File:France-2023-SpokenWikipedia.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 8 April 2023 (2023-04-08), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/france">France</a> at Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004853/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/france.htm">France</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/france/index_en.htm">France</a> at the EU</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of France">Wikimedia Atlas of France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1403916">France</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=FR">Key Development Forecasts for France</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_2">Economy</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/en/accueil">INSEE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=14594">OECD France statistics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_2">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france.fr/en">France.fr</a> – official French tourism site (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouvernement.fr">Gouvernement.fr</a> – official site of the government (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103101721/http://service-public.fr/langue/english">Official site of the French public service</a> – links to various administrations and institutions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/index.asp">Official site of the National Assembly</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_2">Culture</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.french.uiuc.edu/cfc">Contemporary French Civilization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070827194815/http://www.french.uiuc.edu/CFC/">Archived</a> 27 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Journal, University of Illinois.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.franceguide.com">FranceGuide</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101158/http://www.us.franceguide.com/">Archived</a> 17 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Official site of the French Government Tourist Office.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=France&params=47_N_2_E_type:country_region:FR">47°N 2°E / 47°N 2°E / 47; 2</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to France</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Belgium<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> Luxembourg</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%">Atlantic Ocean</td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> France<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Germany<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  Switzerland<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italy</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> Spain<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Andorra</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Algeria</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">Countries and dependencies of South America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8_nations" title="Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G8_nations" title="Template talk:G8 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G8_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Eight (G8)</a> and <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">Group of Eight + Five (G8+5)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G8 members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (suspended)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G7+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)" title="Big Four (Western Europe)">G4 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="G20_major_economies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G20" title="Template:G20"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G20" title="Template talk:G20"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G20" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G20"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="G20_major_economies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20 major economies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Security_Council_of_the_United_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UN_Security_Council" title="Template:UN Security Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UN_Security_Council" title="Template talk:UN Security Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UN_Security_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UN Security Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Security_Council_of_the_United_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_V_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter V of the United Nations Charter">Chapter V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Veto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="Lists of United Nations Security Council resolutions">lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">vetoed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Nations_Security_Council_subsidiary_organs" title="Category:United Nations Security Council subsidiary organs">Organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer" title="United Nations Military Observer">Military Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_Commission" title="Peacebuilding Commission">Peacebuilding Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Counter-Terrorism_Committee" title="United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee">Counter-Terrorism Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee" title="Military Staff Committee">Military Staff Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Mandate" title="UN Mandate">UN Mandate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Permanent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2022 United Nations Security Council election">2023–2024</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2023 United Nations Security Council election">2024–2025</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">Presidency of the Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VI_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VI of the UN Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform of the Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">Security Council mural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arria_formula_meeting" title="Arria formula meeting">Arria formula meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Five_Group" title="Small Five Group">Small Five Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Category:United Nations Security Council">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/264091107">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204289/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8gD4vdtqQMdQHvYqbBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4018145-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006404">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152383070">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152383070">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563689">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35098056">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/08310658-51eb-3801-80de-5a0739207115">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00567886?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/19862/">Victoria</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/12367/">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td 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