CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_glossaire composition_glossaire ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Restriction on exportation - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="Restrictions placed on the ability of firms to export. Such restrictions may come from governments, normally to protect or conserve non-renewable resources or cultural treasures. They may also come…" /> <style type='text/css'>img.adapt-img{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper {display:inline-block;max-width:100%;position:relative;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;line-height:1px;overflow:hidden}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper.loading:not(.loaded){background-size: cover;}@media (min-width:320.5px){.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}}.adapt-img-background{width:100%;height:0}@media print{html .adapt-img-wrapper{background:none}}</style> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/var adaptImgDocLength=93122;adaptImgAsyncStyles="picture.adapt-img-wrapper{background-size:0;}";adaptImgLazy=false;(function(){function d(a){var b=document.documentElement;b.className=b.className+" "+a}function f(a){var b=window.onload;window.onload="function"!=typeof window.onload?a:function(){b&&b();a()}}document.createElement("picture");adaptImgLazy&&d("lazy");var a=!1;if("undefined"!==typeof window.performance)a=window.performance.timing,a=(a=~~(adaptImgDocLength/(a.responseEnd-a.connectStart)))&&50>a;else{var c=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;"undefined"!==typeof c&& (a=3==c.type||4==c.type||/^[23]g$/.test(c.type))}a&&d("aislow");var e=function(){var a=document.createElement("style");a.type="text/css";a.innerHTML=adaptImgAsyncStyles;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("style")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b);window.matchMedia||window.onbeforeprint||beforePrint()};"undefined"!==typeof jQuery?jQuery(function(){jQuery(window).on('load',e)}):f(e)})();/*]]>*/</script>  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://www.concurrences.com/squelettes/img/logo/favicon/favicon.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/38/eb53752304d66f157aaf81b9ef6dd6.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="48x48" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/2b/0d54d963c60e773622ff95e0b4c182.ico" /> <link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/b8/42ed8c8a24f31e702c68b2aa6f69ba.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/05/6ca8b6d4c932f8e13bf741535dd98e.png" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.concurrences.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="generator" content="SPIP 4.3.6" /> <meta name="bingbot" content="nocache" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Subscribe to the whole site" href="en/page/backend/" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='local/cache-css/711518be0950de3f132f173c7288d383.css?1739528760' type='text/css' /> <script>window.MathJaxLib='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-chtml.js';window.MathJax={ startup: { elements: ['.spip-math'] }, tex: { inlineMath: [['$', '$']] }, svg: { fontCache: 'global' } };</script><script type='text/javascript'>var var_zajax_content='content';</script><script> var mediabox_settings={"auto_detect":true,"ns":"box","tt_img":true,"sel_g":"#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/jpeg'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/png'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/gif']","sel_c":".mediabox","str_ssStart":"Slideshow","str_ssStop":"Stop","str_cur":"{current}\/{total}","str_prev":"Previous","str_next":"Next","str_close":"Close","str_loading":"Loading\u2026","str_petc":"Press \u2019Esc\u2019 to close","str_dialTitDef":"Dialogue box","str_dialTitMed":"Media display","splash_url":"","lity":{"skin":"_simple-dark","maxWidth":"90%","maxHeight":"90%","minWidth":"400px","minHeight":"","slideshow_speed":"2500","opacite":"0.8","defaultCaptionState":"expanded"}}; </script>  <style>p.spip-math {margin:1em 0;text-align: center}</style> <script type='text/javascript' src='local/cache-js/9b1ba158db77f2905b22acf5bd21a29e.js?1738764942'></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> window.spipConfig ??= {}; spipConfig.select2 ??= {}; spipConfig.select2.selector ??= ''; </script><script src="https://cdn.nuclia.cloud/nuclia-chat-widget.umd.js"></script><link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.concurrences.com/oembed.api/?format=json&url=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2Frestriction-on-exportation" /> <script>var error_on_ajaxform='Ooops. An unexpected error prevented to submit the form. You can try again.';</script>   <link rel="schema.DC" href="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Date" content="2025-02-18" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/page/404/" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Concurrences" /> <meta name="DC.Source" content="https://www.concurrences.com" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Concurrences" />  <meta property="og:rich_attachment" content="true" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Concurrences" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_EN" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/page/404/" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-vignettes/L1200xH630/32d5536871f72e482cc0559b3f9d5b-33c3f.svg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/svg" />  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:dnt" content="on" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/page/404/" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-vignettes/L506xH253/178bf079271dc733d5ba66887c3978-7eaa8.svg?1737454771" /> </head> <body> <div class="page" id="page"> <header id="header" class="page-header" data-idc-header-sticky role="banner"> <section id="header-main" class="page-header__main"> <div id="header-logo" class="page-header__logo"> <a rel="start home" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/" title="Home"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/concurrences.svg?1734617112' alt='Concurrences' width='2000' height='800' /> </a> </div> <nav id="header-aside1" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_1"> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_bluesky" href="https://bsky.app/profile/concurrences.bsky.social" title="Visit our Bluesky page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_bluesky-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Bluesky (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> <span class="lang"> <a href='//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#' title='Passer à la version française' onclick='window.location.href='https://www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=switch_lang&var_lang=fr&redirect=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2Frestriction-on-exportation';'>Fr</a> | <strong class="on active">En</strong> </span> <span class="about"> <a href="en/institute" title="About Concurrences"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_info" aria-hidden></em> <span class="about__label">About</span></a> </span> </nav> <nav id="header-aside2" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_2"> <button class="btn btn_primary btn_nuclia btn_nuclia_trigger btn_sm" onclick="if(jQuery.modalbox){ jQuery.modalbox( 'en/page/ai/?var_zajax=content&sidebar=1', { sideBar: 'end', type: 'ajax', onOpen: (el) => { el.target.setAttribute('id', 'ask__sidebar') } } ) return false }" > <span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-ask idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> <span class="btn__label visually-hidden">Concurrences Ai</span><span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-suffixe idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> </button> <a href="en/page/subscribe/" class="tem newsletter"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_mail" aria-hidden></em> <span>Newsletter</span></a> <a href="en/page/login/" class="item popin link-popin-login"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_log-in" aria-hidden></em> <span>Sign in</span></a> <a href="en/page/cart/" class="item"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_shopping-cart" aria-hidden></em> <span>Cart</span> </a> <button class="item search hide" onclick="jQuery('#header-search').toggleClass('visible');return false;"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_search" aria-hidden></em> </button> </nav> </section> <section id="header-nav" class="page-header__nav"> <nav class="navbar navbar-responsive"> <div class="menu-conteneur navbar-inner container-fluid"> <a class="btn btn-navbar navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse-main"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></a> <div class="nav-collapse navbar-collapse nav-collapse-main collapse"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items navbar-nav nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul></div></div> </nav> </section> <section id="header-search" class="page-header__search searchbar"> <hr> <div class="searchbar-item searchbar-item_ai"> <button class="btn btn_primary btn_nuclia btn_nuclia_trigger" onclick="if(jQuery.modalbox){ jQuery.modalbox( 'en/page/ai/?var_zajax=content&sidebar=1', { sideBar: 'end', type: 'ajax', onOpen: (el) => { el.target.setAttribute('id', 'ask__sidebar') } } ) return false }" > <span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-ask idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> <span class="btn__label visually-hidden">Concurrences Ai</span><span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-suffixe idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> </button> </div> <div class="searchbar-item searchbar-item_search"> <div class="searchbar-inner"> <div class="formulaire_spip formulaire_recherche form-search"> <form action="en/page/recherche/#" method="get"><div> <label for="recherche" class="over offscreen">Search:</label> <div class="input-append input-group input-group-text-search"> <input type="text" class="search text search-query form-control" name="recherche" id="recherche" accesskey="4" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" placeholder="Type your search…"/> <span class="btn-group input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" > <i class="picto picto-search"></i> <span>Search</span> </button> </span> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </section> </header> <nav class="breadcrumb-wrapper" id="breadcrumb-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <ul class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/">Home</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li><a href="en/dictionary/">Dictionary</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li class="active"><span class="on active">Restriction on exportation</span></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="central" id="central"> <div class="banner-top" id="banner-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="banners clearfix format-full position-haut" data-interval="5000"> <div class="banners-inner" role="listbox" style="padding-bottom: 5.33%"> <div class="item active"> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMzAwMCAxNjAiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgeG1sbnM6eGxpbms9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkveGxpbmsiPgo8ZmlsdGVyIGlkPSJibHVyIj48ZmVHYXVzc2lhbkJsdXIgc3RkRGV2aWF0aW9uPSIzMCAzMCIgLz48L2ZpbHRlcj4KPGltYWdlIGZpbHRlcj0idXJsKCNibHVyKSIgd2lkdGg9IjMwMDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTYwIiB4bGluazpocmVmPSJkYXRhOmltYWdlL3dlYnA7YmFzZTY0LFVrbEdSczRBQUFCWFJVSlFWbEE0SU1JQUFBQVFCZ0NkQVNwd0FBWUFQcFUrblVvbG95S2hxVGdKbUxBU2lXVUF5Wm44QXRpSWYvUFlYdURRS0hRc3hPcC82aEpvSCtGbU05ci9Oc0FBL3ZLcDd6OUtOM0V6cVBIdDliQkxVYXhEN2RCRUZiS3BIRUVZNitxeGxXQm0yWDJHOGx5NU9EamgxZGxqck9mTXZFZ2h4THUrVEhlN0krcUhxUXpEbWsrNk85VUZja3F0UDBZYjlZQTY2M3BaaEVWbnVuOXNRRWdnS0xMVVllSml4UU9KREdOYThuek93WWpmeEtxT3FLT1Bzd2JpMjh5dVJPSDQ2STFMcXdpLzhOdnZYZ0FBQUE9PSIgcHJlc2VydmVBc3BlY3RSYXRpbz0ibm9uZSIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-3"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-85419 ">Restriction on exportation </span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-101539 apercu surlignable"><p>Through a variety of means, a state may ban, restrict, or condition the exportation of goods by commercial enterprises. Those means include outright prohibitions of exports, export quotas, export authorization schemes, behind-the-scenes or public exhortation of potential exporters, and state requisition of all goods produced in or shipped through their customs territory. The transparency of state-imposed export restrictions varies considerably. Under certain conditions, some governments grant exemptions from relevant antitrust law so as to allow private sector competitors to collaborate in their sales efforts in foreign markets. In extremis, none of these matters are constrained by existing international agreements.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-101539 texte surlignable"><p>Governments restrain exports for at least four reasons: to depress the domestic price of the good in question to benefit domestic buyers, including downstream corporate customers; to reserve domestically-produced supplies for use within its borders; to raise prices charged to foreign customers; and to prevent goods deemed sensitive from falling into the hands of foreign governments or foreign parties in general.</p> <p>Examples of export restrictions include the following. The Indian government frequently resorts to export controls on onions so as to lower the price of this staple food to its population. A decade ago, the Chinese government imposed export limits on Rare Earth minerals so as to ensure sufficient supply for downstream industries. During the first half of 2020, according to the Global Trade Alert, no less than 72 governments imposed 159 different types of export controls to ban or limit the cross-border shipment of medical goods (including personal protective equipment, medical equipment, and medicines) to foreign buyers at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p> <p>Furthermore, governments have also taken steps, individually or in groups, to raise the price of commodities, such as oil and rice. In other cases, governments have regimes to review applications to export dual-use technologies or cutting-edge technologies. As geopolitical rivalry intensifies, the exports of more and more products fall under such export control regimes. As these examples demonstrate, government-imposed export restraints serve multiple public purposes and are frequently deployed.</p> <p>The last sentence should not be taken to imply that export restraints are the best way to address the public policy goals in question. Indeed, governments often resort to export curbs as an emergency measure when faced with domestic shortages. Too often little thought is given as to why shortages arose in the first place, to why demand surges from time to time, to whether incentives can be supplied to the private sector to scale up production and deliveries when demand expands, and to whether stockpiling and other responses can limit the duration and extent of any shortage.</p> <p>In the prominent area of public health, the imposition of export curbs is in the power of, or heavily influenced, by public health officials, many of whom lack an understanding of the incentives faced by the private sector and how the latter organize their production, often along extensive cross-border supply chains.</p> <p>When export transactions touch upon foreign policy and national security concerns, economic and commercial logic is less likely to guide official decision-making. Together these influences can result in abrupt swings in public policy towards export restraints (as evidenced by the swift imposition and removal of many export bans on personal protective equipment in 2020 during the pandemic crisis), less than transparent decision-making, and little or no respect for due process of affected private parties. Any informed assessment of the political risks faced by the private sector ought to take account of these considerations.</p> <p>Economic analysis of the impact of export restraints on competitive market outcomes highlights the redistributive nature of this form of trade policy. Imposing an export ban or other limit tends to redirect supply to domestic markets, depressing observed prices and increasing the volumes purchased by domestic buyers. Therefore, export curbs raise the welfare of domestic buyers at the expense of affected domestic producers.</p> <p>Foreign buyers must secure supplies elsewhere, potentially at higher prices if the goods in question are available on world markets, and so are worse off too. To the extent that a government limits but does not ban exports, the higher prices charged to foreign customers represents a terms of trade gain and potentially higher revenues for the exporting nation.</p> <p>In light of the uncertainty created by export restraints and their largely redistributive effects, one might have thought these policies would be and should be subject to binding international trade obligations. While it would be wrong to argue that there are no multilateral trade rules on the resort to export restraints (see, in particular, Articles XIII and XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), in effect those rules have done little to “discipline” government resort to these measures.</p> <p>To the extent that a government is found to have broken the World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) rules, as China was in the Raw Materials case in 2012, then recall that, under the Dispute Settlement Understanding of the WTO, the offending government need only remove the measure in question to come back into compliance. Such a government is under no obligation to offer compensation to harmed third parties.</p> <p>Given the time-limited or otherwise temporary nature of many state-imposed export restraints, often such curbs lapse before a ruling by a WTO panel or the Appellate Body. Moreover, the reality that, in regional and global emergencies, multiple governments simultaneously impose export restraints tends to diminish the incentive for any one of them to bring a WTO case against another. For all of these reasons, in practice binding WTO rules on export restraints have little bite.</p> <p>Likewise regional trade agreements, few of which contain obligations on export restraints by governments. Even the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union includes Article 36 that permits Member State governments to impose export controls “when these are justified by general, non-economic considerations (e.g. public morality, public policy or public security).” Furthermore, while the Group of 20 nations committed at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to adopt crisis-era trade measures that were “targeted, proportionate, transparent, and temporary, and that they do not create unnecessary barriers to trade or disruption to global supply chains, and are consistent with WTO rules,” available suggests this injunction was honored in the breach.</p> <p>There is one other, distinct, aspect of state-related export restraints. Some governments permit private sector firms that might otherwise compete for the same foreign customers to form marketing and sales organizations. In the United States the Export Trade Act of 1918 (commonly referred to as the Webb-Pomerene Act) allows for an exemption from the cartel provisions of various U.S. antitrust laws under certain conditions for firms that form an “export trade association.” Applications to form such associations must be approved by U.S. officials and decisions to approve such associations are made public. Unsurprisingly, to the extent that such associations result in higher prices paid by foreign customers, the trading partners of the United States are unenthusiastic about this legal provision.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-101539 reference"><p>World Trade Organization. China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-101539 jurisprudence"><p>European Union. <i>Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Document</i> 12012E/TXT.</p> <p>Evenett, S J, M Fiorini, J Fritz, B M Hoekman, P Lukaszuk, N Rocha, M Ruta, F Santi and A Shingal. “Trade Policy Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: Evidence from a New Dataset.” <i>World Economy</i>. 2021.</p> <p>G20. “G20 Trade and Investment Ministerial Statement.” 30 March 2021.</p> <p>United States. Export Trade Act of 1918.</p> <p>World Trade Organization. <i>The WTO Agreements: The Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization and its Annexes. Cambridge University Press. 2018.</i></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteur/simon-j-evenett" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton20057-0e2e6.jpg?1711361958) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Simon J. Evenett</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of St. Gallen</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Switzerland</span> <span class="articles"><em>7</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>8700</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Simon J. Evenett, </span> <span class="entry-title"> Restriction on exportation</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85419</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">1821</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85419 texte surlignable"><p>Restrictions placed on the ability of firms to export. Such restrictions may<br class='autobr' /> come from governments, normally to protect or conserve non-renewable resources or cultural treasures. They may also come from agreements among firms to limit exports as part of a cartel arrangement. These restrictions may also arise from agreements negotiated by the importing country such as the case of "voluntary" export restrictions (VER’s) of Japanese automobiles to the United States. Finally export restrictions may be part of licensing arrangements whereby the firm granted the license is not allowed to export the good in competition with other licensees, or the firm selling the license. <strong>©</strong> <abbr class="spip_out" rel="external" title='Dead link'><strong>OECD</strong></abbr></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = me.find('.picto-round'); if (!picto.length) { picto = me; } var h = jQuery(window).height() - ($container.offset().top + y - jQuery(window).scrollTop()) - 25; y = Math.round(y); h = Math.round(h); $index.css({top:y+'px',maxHeight:h+'px'}); var x = picto.offset().left - $container.offset().left + picto.outerWidth() / 2 + 20; $index.find('.arrow-top').css({left:x+'px'}); me.removeClass('collapsed'); $index.collapse('show'); jQuery('body').addClass('index-visible'); } else { $index.collapse('hide'); } return false; }) $index.on('shown.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('shown.bs.collapse'); }); $index.on('hidden.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('hidden.bs.collapse'); $btn_index.addClass('collapsed'); jQuery('body').removeClass('index-visible') }); $index.find('.close').on('click', function() { $index.collapse('hide'); }); $index.on('click', 'a.lettre', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var anchor = jQuery(this).data('anchor'); jQuery('.glossaire-index', $index).scrollTo(anchor, {duration: 500,axis: 'y'}); return false; }).find('a.lettre').off('click'); // Menu général sticky // var topHeight = 50; // jQuery('.menu-glossaire-wrapper').each(function() { // var me = jQuery(this); // var offset = me.offset(); // me.affix({offset: {top:offset.top - topHeight}}); // topHeight += 50; // }); // Scroll auto vers ancre if (window.location.hash) { // console.log('ScrollTo '+window.location.hash); // setTimeout(function(){jQuery('[data-target="'+window.location.hash+'"]').click()},200); } }); </script> </main> <aside class="aside secondary" id="aside"> </aside> <aside class="extra secondary" id="extra"> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="banner-bottom" id="banner-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="banners clearfix format-full position-bas" data-interval="5000"> <div class="banners-inner" role="listbox" style="padding-bottom: 5.33%"> <div class="item active"> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <div class="adresse small"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/concurrences-crop.svg?1734617112' alt='Concurrences' class='logo-concurrences' width='1680' height='408' /> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-8"> <div class="adresse small"> <p>19 avenue Jean Aicard<br class='autobr' /> 75011 Paris, France </p> <p>106 West 32nd Street, Suite 149<br class='autobr' /> New York, NY, 10001, USA </p> <p>Camden Gateway, 349 Royal College St,<br class='autobr' /> London NW1 9QS, UK </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-3 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="menu small"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="col-sm-6"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-6 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="links small"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_page-speciale plan"> <a href="en/page/sitemap/" class="menu-items__lien">Site map</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/institute" class="menu-items__lien">Concurrences</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-use-63" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-sale" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Sale</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="tools small"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="en/page/subscriptions/"><i class="picto picto-footer-abonnements"></i> Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="en/page/contact/" class="popin"><i class="picto picto-footer-contact"></i> Contact</a></li> <li> <a href="en/page/subscribe/"><i class="picto picto-footer-newsletter"></i> Newsletter</a> </li> <li><a href="https://calendly.com/concurrences/30min" rel="external" target="blank">Request a demo</a></li> </ul> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_bluesky" href="https://bsky.app/profile/concurrences.bsky.social" title="Visit our Bluesky page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_bluesky-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Bluesky (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="btn btn_primary btn_nuclia btn_nuclia_trigger btn_nuclia_trigger_float btn_lg" onclick="if(jQuery.modalbox){ jQuery.modalbox( 'en/page/ai/?var_zajax=content&sidebar=1', { sideBar: 'end', type: 'ajax', onOpen: (el) => { el.target.setAttribute('id', 'ask__sidebar') } } ) return false }" > <span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-ask idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> <span class="btn__label visually-hidden">Concurrences Ai</span><span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-suffixe idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> </button> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var w=window,d=document,r="",g=d.createElement('script'),s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; try{r=w.top.document.referrer}catch(Y){if(w.parent){try{r=w.parent.document.referrer}catch(X){r=""}}}if(r===""){r=d.referrer} g.type='text/javascript';g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src="//www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=statsjs&c=YToyOntzOjExOiJpZF9ydWJyaXF1ZSI7czozOiIxNjEiO3M6MTA6ImlkX2FydGljbGUiO3M6NToiODU0MTkiO30="+"&r="+btoa(r);s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script></body></html>