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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_glossaire composition_glossaire ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Margin squeeze - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="A “margin squeeze” is an exclusionary abuse of dominance that arises when a vertically-integrated monopolist sells an upstream bottleneck input to rival firms that also compete in a downstream market…" /> <style type='text/css'>img.adapt-img{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper {display:inline-block;max-width:100%;position:relative;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;line-height:1px;overflow:hidden}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper.loading:not(.loaded){background-size: cover;}@media (min-width:320.5px){.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}}.adapt-img-background{width:100%;height:0}@media print{html .adapt-img-wrapper{background:none}}</style> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/var adaptImgDocLength=148488;adaptImgAsyncStyles="picture.adapt-img-wrapper{background-size:0;}";adaptImgLazy=false;(function(){function d(a){var b=document.documentElement;b.className=b.className+" "+a}function f(a){var b=window.onload;window.onload="function"!=typeof window.onload?a:function(){b&&b();a()}}document.createElement("picture");adaptImgLazy&&d("lazy");var a=!1;if("undefined"!==typeof window.performance)a=window.performance.timing,a=(a=~~(adaptImgDocLength/(a.responseEnd-a.connectStart)))&&50>a;else{var c=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;"undefined"!==typeof c&& (a=3==c.type||4==c.type||/^[23]g$/.test(c.type))}a&&d("aislow");var e=function(){var a=document.createElement("style");a.type="text/css";a.innerHTML=adaptImgAsyncStyles;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("style")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b);window.matchMedia||window.onbeforeprint||beforePrint()};"undefined"!==typeof jQuery?jQuery(function(){jQuery(window).on('load',e)}):f(e)})();/*]]>*/</script>  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/margin-squeeze" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/dictionnaire/compression-des-marges" />   <link rel="schema.DC" href="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="rfc1766" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" lang="en" content="Margin squeeze" /> <meta name="DC.Description.Abstract" lang="en" content="A “margin squeeze” is an exclusionary abuse of dominance that arises when a vertically-integrated monopolist sells an upstream bottleneck input to rival firms that also compete in a downstream market…" /> <meta name="DC.Date" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2018-10-17" /> <meta name="DC.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2018-10-17T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.date.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2018-10-17T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.Date.Modified" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2019-05-08" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/margin-squeeze" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Concurrences" /> <meta name="DC.Source" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="OECD, " /> <meta name="citation_author" content="OECD, " /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="OECD - 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<span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-117858 apercu surlignable"><p>A margin squeeze refers to circumstances where a vertically-integrated enterprise, which is dominant in an upstream market (“Dominant Market”), prices its products or services in the Dominant Market into the vertically-related downstream market in which it is not dominant at a level such that equally efficient competitors in that market are unable to earn sufficient margins to compete effectively.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-117858 texte surlignable"><p>U.S. - Section 2 of the Sherman Act makes it unlawful for any person to "monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations . . . ." The treatment of margin squeezes under Section 2 of the Serman Act was explicitly addressed by the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Pacific Bell Tel. Co. v. LinkLine, 555 U.S. 438 (2009) (“Linkline”). Effectively relying on Verizon v. Trinko, 540 U.S. 398, the court in Linkline found that without a duty to deal, there is no obligation to deal under terms and conditions favorable to competitors. On this basis, at writing, there is no independent antitrust prohibition on margin squeezes under the Sherman Act absent any duty to deal or predatory pricing claim.</p> <p>E.U. – Article 102 TFEU prohibits the abuse of a dominant position. The Court of Justice’s judgments in and Telefónica SA and Telefónica de España SAU v European Commission (Case C-295/12 P, 10 July 2014) (“Telefonica”), Deutsche Telekom AG v Commission (Case C-152/19 P, 25 March 2021) (“Deutsche”) and Slovak Telekom, a.s. v European Commission (Case C‑165/19 P, March 25, 2021) (“Slovak”) are recent leading authorities on margin squeezes. In Telefonica, the ECJ rejected an appeal against the judgment of the General Court (Case T-336/07, 29 March 2012) which had affirmed the original Commission decision finding a violation of Article 102. In its judgment, the ECJ confirmed that a margin squeeze is an independent form of abuse distinct from refusal to supply and that the essential nature of the input is not a pre-requisite in margin squeeze cases (para 96). Further details on margin squeezes were set out by the judgment of the General Court which, among other things, held that: <br class='autobr' /> • a margin squeeze is “the result of the spread between the prices for wholesale services and those for retail services and not of the level of those prices as such.” (para 187); and<br class='autobr' /> • that the test to assess the margin squeeze is the potential impact on an equally efficient competitor as the dominant enterprise (para 194).</p> <p>In Deutsche and Slovak the ECJ rejected appeals against the judgments of the General Court, largely affirming the underlying Commission finding that Slovak had committed a margin squeeze in relation to the provision of broadband internet access services. In particular, the ECJ:<br class='autobr' /> • reaffirmed the distinction between refusal to supply cases which are guided by Bronner and abuses such as margin squeezes where the Bronner criteria such as indispensability are not a requirement; (see Slovak, paras 59 and 60);<br class='autobr' /> • reaffirmed the Commission’s application of the equally efficient competitor test for margin squeeze cases (see Slovak, paras 114-120).</p> <p>In 2023, the European Commission amended its priorities in applying Article [102] of the TFEU to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings to add a new paragraph 90 specifically addressing margin squeezes as follows:</p> <p>A dominant undertaking may charge a price for the product on the upstream market which, compared to the price it charges on the downstream market(3), does not allow even an equally efficient competitor to trade profitably in the downstream market on a lasting basis (a so-called ‘margin squeeze’)(4). In margin squeeze cases the benchmark which the Commission will generally rely on to determine the costs of an equally efficient competitor are the LRAIC of the downstream division of the integrated dominant undertaking(5). <br class='autobr' /> (3) This includes a situation in which an integrated undertaking that sells a ‘system’ of complementary products sells one of the complementary products on an unbundled basis to a competitor that produces the other complementary product. <br class='autobr' /> (4) This conduct constitutes an independent form of abuse distinct from that of refusal to supply, judgment of 17 February 2011, TeliaSonera Sverige, C‑52/09, EU:C:2011:83, paragraph 56.<br class='autobr' /> (5) In some cases, however, the LRAIC of a non-integrated competitor downstream might be used as the benchmark, for example when it is not possible to clearly allocate the dominant undertaking’s costs to downstream and upstream operations.’</p> <p>ASEAN - a Proposed Decision of the Malaysia Competition Commission (“MyCC”) dated 30 October 2013 was issued in relation to the alleged Infringement of Section 10(1) of the Competition Act 2010 by Megasteel Sdn. Bhd. (“Megasteel”) in which the MyCC concluded that Megasteel was dominant in the Hot Rolled Coil (“HRC”) market and also competed in the downstream Cold Rolled Coil (“CRC”) market. In the Proposed Decision, the MyCC determined that Megasteel had engaged in a margin squeeze by pricing HRC at a level that constrained, or potentially could constrain, reasonably efficient competitors in the CRC market from realizing sufficient margins. Of interest, the MyCC noted that HRC was an essential input into CRC and that the squeeze was based on the price of CRC which Megasteel was pricing at a level which did not allow it to recover the full costs of transforming HRC into CRC. In its Final Decision dated 15 April 2016, the MyCC determined, after additional information was provided, that no such margin squeeze had occurred as Megasteel had not been inappropriately pricing its CRC.</p> <p>The Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore’s Guidelines on the Section 47 Prohibition address margin squeezes as follows:</p> <p>11.18 A vertically integrated undertaking may be dominant in the supply of an important input for a downstream market in which it also operates. In such a case, the vertically integrated undertaking could potentially harm competition by setting such a low margin between its input price (e.g. wholesale price) and the price it sets in the downstream market (e.g. retail price) such that an equally efficient downstream competitor is forced to exit the market or is unable to compete effectively. This is known as a “margin squeeze”, and is likely to constitute an abuse of a dominant position where it harms (or is likely to harm) competition.</p> <p>11.19 In testing for a margin squeeze, CCCS will generally determine whether an efficient downstream competitor would earn (at least) a normal profit when paying input prices set by the vertically integrated undertaking. The test is typically applied to the downstream arm of the vertically integrated undertaking. The test asks whether the integrated undertaking’s downstream business would make (at least) a normal profit if it paid the same input price that it charged its competitors, given its revenues at the time of the alleged margin squeeze.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-117858 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/US_Supreme_Court_Pacific_Bell_v_Linkline_25_02_2009.pdf?13325/6a5723ba759e35b59df7363cd09416727b3c40fd9df8e3ffa2dbc16a632ef9c9">Pacific Bell Tel. Co. v. LinkLine, 555 U.S. 438 (2009)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/_c_152_19_p_en.pdf?66957/99788003532223a6eb8dd7ba6ba2e30025d494f7bd033bca3a3bc3f8a518fd74">Deutsche Telekom AG v Commission (Case inC-152/19 P, 25 March 2021)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/c_165_19_p_en.pdf?66955/7febee677d72d4b4063c0ae5481feebd5c0701b75b0c2e7d370c3c91bdd4a4c0">Slovak Telekom, a.s. v European Commission (Case C‑165/19 P, 25 March 2021)</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=154824&pageIndex=0&doclang=fr&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=353536" class="spip_out" rel="external">Telefónica SA and Telefónica de España SAU v European Commission (Case C-295/12 P, 10 July 2014)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/EU_Court_of_Justice_Konkurrensverket_v.TeliaSonera_C-52_09_17_02_2011-2.pdf?11212/f873447594bb86ea4961ecc3256d708f0c18c5d848217782dfb9fe4de57b8ec3">Konkurrensverket v TeliaSonera Sverige AB, (Case C-52/09, 17 February 2011)</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-117858 jurisprudence"><p>Margin Squeeze in the U.S. and the E.U., Professor Demetrius Yanelis, European Scientific Journal November 2015 /SPECIAL/ edition, 495</p> <p>OECD Policy Roundtables: Margin Squeeze, 2009</p> <p>Abusive margin squeeze: The Franken-stein monster of Article 102 TFEU?, Christian Bergqvist and John Townsend, 2021, <a href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3841465" class="spip_url spip_out auto" rel="nofollow external">https://ssrn.com/abstract=3841465</a></p> <p>Margin Squeeze: An Overview of EU and National Case Law, Cento Veljanovski, 2012</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/david-fruitman" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/1613-a25dd.jpg?1711359744) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">David Fruitman</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">DFDL (Phnom Penh)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Cambodia</span> <span class="articles"><em>7</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>27116</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">David Fruitman, </span> <span class="entry-title">Margin squeeze</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86487</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">24187</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86487 texte surlignable"><p>A “margin squeeze” is an exclusionary abuse of dominance that arises when a vertically-integrated monopolist sells an upstream bottleneck input to rival firms that also compete in a downstream market with the monopolist in the provision of a downstream product. A margin squeeze is said to arise when the margin between the price at which the monopolist sells the downstream product and the price at which the monopolist sells the upstream bottleneck product to its rivals is “too small” to allow an efficient downstream rival to effectively compete or survive. In order for a margin squeeze case to arise, three elements must be present. First, an upstream firm must produce an essential or bottleneck input with no substitutes and no scope for other firms to provide the essential input themselves. Second, that firm must sell that essential input to one or more downstream firms which seek to use that input in the provision of some downstream product or service. Third, the upstream firm must itself use its own input to compete against those downstream firms in the market for that downstream product or service. A margin squeeze is said to arise when the margin between the price at which the integrated firm sells the downstream product and the price at which it sells the essential input to rivals is too small to allow downstream rivals to survive or effectively compete, to the detriment of downstream consumers. The primary antitrust concern is that a firm engaging in a margin squeeze may limit, restrict or prevent the development of competition in the downstream market. Depending on the circumstances this may raise the price or reduce the quality or variety of products available to downstream customers. It may also undermine the success of reforms aimed at promoting competition in the downstream market. Margin squeeze cases often arise in newly liberalised industries where incumbent firms have a regulatory obligation to provide certain essential inputs to downstream rivals – particular telecommunications, but also in the water sector, railways, postal services, pharmaceuticals, pay television, gasoline, and funeral services (amongst others). In almost all cases, margin squeeze cases fall under the general prohibition of abuse of dominance provisions in national competition laws. <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/ocde_-_margin_squeeze.pdf?39904/f0a5bc87749f10039bfa130723e022e2fb0a65f4c6c922bfb829c4a27b5a6139" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>OECD</strong></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/special-issues/margin-squeeze/">On this topic see the e-Competitions special issue "Margin squeeze: An overview of EU and national case law"</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lCGDXt80AnBn8cMoKa4SlmEPg3vwGOK3asHZ5o3ppzQvdnYCXK7gdnh913pb+YifDeqWcHhkdojdLaSQi1yAFXnOawvmNJZPHtGQGOn1ohCh//XbpxNYuLo59IGzLUzTjPOSJMOyhkXd8O0v5hp4dzcmlioP6WI7QY9wENfEATtVD20spYp+PAF/g07VbBpqSePDd5sQidhK/mvjHqhEuzkCKp/5dYoVYCXt6E7KkX18ebrTRlSo/Z6w6aWJx51TbrSSmzXm+q0EM5Snj/D4eLEUkQmUtP/aas84fwnu/68vWvhYHNZihAuKwekQA4dSA2bGgGb5EmgE4E6GDGHyX' data-origin="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-clancy">Michael Clancy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/catherine-longeval">Catherine Longeval</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/koen">Koen T’Syen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-romanian-high-court-of-cassation-finds-that-a-pharmaceutical-firm-abused" rel="bookmark">The Romanian High Court of Cassation finds that a pharmaceutical firm abused its dominant position by overcharging competitors in a public tender for the supply of 2 drugs <em>(Roche)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-30T22:00:00Z">1 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121049 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Romanian Competition Council ( Consiliul Concurenţei or CC ) published last week the attached press release indicating that it had prevailed in litigation with Roche over a decision which it took at the end of 2019 to fine Roche for abusive behaviour to protect part of its oncology (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-b-schwartz">David B. Schwartz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rebecca-a-d-nelson-221963">Rebecca A. D. Nelson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/philip-d-bartz">Philip D. Bartz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stephen-scannell">Stephen Scannell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emilee-hargis">Emilee L. Hargis</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-dc-court-of-appeals-revives-the-attorney-general-s-suit-against-a-big-tech" rel="bookmark">The DC Court of Appeals revives the Attorney General’s suit against a Big Tech company for illegal pricing policies that are forcing sellers to maintain higher prices across all platforms <em>(Amazon)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-21T22:00:00Z">22 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120399 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Amazon Regrows: DC High Court Revives Suit Against Amazon’s Pricing Practices* <br class='autobr' /> On August 22, 2024, the DC Court of Appeals revived a suit brought by the District of Columbia Attorney General’s Office (DC AG) against Amazon. The suit, which the superior court previously dismissed, alleges (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-buy">Frédéric Buy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/chroniques/damages-the-french-supreme-court-rules-that-article-l-442-6-i-5o-c-com-applies" rel="bookmark"><strong>Damages</strong> : The French Supreme Court rules that Article L. 442-6, I, 5° C. com. applies to a syndicate of co-owners and defines the method for assessing the loss that can be made good <em>(Sudeco / Securitas France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-27T22:00:00Z">28 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115734 introduction entry-content"> <p>The law governing the brutal termination of established commercial relationships, which in the space of 30 years has become the true common law governing the termination of business contracts (F. Buy, Droit des contrats d’affaires, LGDJ, précis Domat, 1st ed. 2023, n° 491 et seq.), still has (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/spanish-competition-authority">Spanish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2023/the-spanish-competition-authority-investigates-a-power-generation-company-and" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority investigates a power generation company and its parent for possibly abusing its dominance by benefitting its own downstream operations <em>(Luminora / Soltec)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-03-13T23:00:00Z">14 March 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111508 introduction entry-content"> <p>The CNMC investigates the power generation company Luminora and its parent company Soltec for a possible abuse of a dominant position* Luminora is the company designated as the so-called “single node interlocutor” (IUN in Spanish) in the market for access to the electricity transmission network. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bulgarian-competition-authority-sofia">Bulgarian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2023/the-bulgarian-competition-authority-issues-a-fine-on-a-leading-petrochemical" rel="bookmark">The Bulgarian Competition Authority issues a fine on a leading petrochemical distributor for abuse of dominance in the market for the wholesale trade of motor fuels <em>(Lukoil-Bulgaria)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-02-22T23:00:00Z">23 February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111493 introduction entry-content"> <p>CPC sanctions "Lukoil-Bulgaria" EOOD 67 771 454 BGN for abuse of a dominant position* <br class='autobr' /> By Decision № 184/16.02.2023, ruled on case № KZK-864/274/2021, CPC imposed a pecuniary sanction in the amount of BGN 67,771,454 on "Lukoil-Bulgaria" EOOD for infringement of Art. 21 of the Law on the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bulgarian-competition-authority-sofia">Bulgarian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2022/the-bulgarian-competition-authority-publishes-a-statement-of-objections" rel="bookmark">The Bulgarian Competition Authority publishes a Statement of Objections regarding an abusive margin squeeze by a vertically-integrated national company active in the fossil fuels industry <em>(Lukoil-Bulgaria)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-09-28T22:00:00Z">29 September 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108896 introduction entry-content"> <p>CPC has addressed allegations for committed abuse of dominant position under art. 21 of the LPC and art. 102 of the TFEU by "Lukoil Bulgaria" EOOD* <br class='autobr' /> Given the socio-economic importance of fuels, due to their direct impact on the entire Bulgarian economy and on the prices of goods and services (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-reindl">Andreas Reindl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/edoardo-canali">Edoardo Canali</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/giovanni-pregno">Giovanni Pregno</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rory-clarke">Rory Clarke</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2022/the-spanish-competition-authority-imposes-a-eur4-9m-fine-on-an-energy-grid-and" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority imposes a €4.9M fine on an energy grid and utility company for providing access to the grid on more favourable terms to its own downstream business than it does to rivals <em>(Enel)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-06-09T22:00:00Z">10 June 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-107664 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 10 June 2022, the Spanish Competition Authority (“SCA”) found that Enel Green Power SL (“Enel”), and its parent company Endesa Generación SA (“Endesa”) infringed the Spanish national provision prohibiting abuses of dominant position by taking advantage of its dominant position in the market (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-forwood">Nicholas Forwood</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jeremie-jourdan">Jérémie Jourdan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cornelius-borner">Cornelius Börner</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/judicial-review-unilateral-practices/judicial-review-burden-of-proof-in-unilateral-practice-cases-an-overview-of-eu" rel="bookmark">Judicial review & burden of proof in unilateral practice cases: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-17T23:00:00Z">18 November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102701 introduction entry-content"><p>The timing of this latest work in the impressive series of Concurrences projects could hardly have been more apt. 2020 was a bumper year, in both EU and national courts, for judgments involving judicial review of enforcement decisions in unilateral cases. At the same time, however, of the most significant unilateral cases pending before the General Court, three – <i>Intel</i> (on <i>renvoi</i>), <i>Google (shopping)</i> and <i>Google (Android)</i> are, at the time of writing, still in délibéré, with judgments expected later this year or next. Lawyers, economists and, above all, businesses at risk of being regarded as dominant, especially in the digital sector, will be looking to the judgments in these cases, each of which has its distinctive facts, to clarify the analytical framework for determining whether, and specifically why, unilateral conduct of a dominant undertaking crosses the – sometimes all too obscure – line into transgression. It, therefore, seemed to the Editors that, while waiting for these three judgments (and then, in all probability, the results of any appeals), many practitioners might find it useful to look back over recent years to see how the judicial review of decisions of competition authorities, both Commission and national (NCAs), has evolved.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Christian-Bergqvist">Christian Bergqvist</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2021/the-norwegian-competition-authority-issues-a-draft-paper-on-its-approach-to" rel="bookmark">The Norwegian Competition Authority issues a draft paper on its approach to abusive price discrimination</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-26T22:00:00Z">27 October 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103552 introduction entry-content"> <p>Discriminatory Abuse – Time to clear up the ambiguities!* <br class='autobr' /> The Norwegian Competition Authority has issued a draft paper on abusive (price) discrimination, outlining how the agency plans to approach the matter, which should be most welcome. Essentially, the legal position is at best unclear, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-louvet">Marie Louvet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/agathe-esch">Agathe Esch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2021/the-paris-court-of-appeal-rules-that-a-telecoms-operator-is-not-entitled-to" rel="bookmark">The Paris Court of Appeal rules that a telecoms operator is not entitled to claim damages after rejecting a solution proposed by the industry regulator <em>(Orange / SFR)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-09-23T22:00:00Z">24 September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116342 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article accompanies the "Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2nd Edition - Developed by the International Chamber of Commerce" and published by Concurrences. Click here to access the book. Brief summary of facts <br class='autobr' /> Orange had marketed an offer whereby consumers could suspend their (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/denis-fosselard">Denis Fosselard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gabriele-accardo">Gabriele Accardo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/giulia-carnazza">Giulia Carnazza</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2021/the-italian-administrative-court-of-first-instance-annuls-a-national" rel="bookmark">The Italian Administrative Court of First Instance annuls a national telecommunications company’s margin squeeze fine due to the Competition Authority incorrectly applying the "as efficient competitor" test <em>(Vodafone)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-09-14T22:00:00Z">15 September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103658 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 15 September 2021, the Italian administrative court of first instance ("TAR Lazio") upheld the appeal brought by Vodafone Italia S.p.A. ("Vodafone") against the decision of the Italian Competition Authority ("ICA") of 13 December 2017 in case A500(A). <br class='autobr' /> The TAR Lazio found that the ICA had (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/giovanni-pregno">Giovanni Pregno</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2021/the-milan-court-of-appeal-rules-on-the-probatory-value-of-the-competition" rel="bookmark">The Milan Court of Appeal rules on the probatory value of the Italian Competition Authority’s findings in follow-on actions for damages <em>(Vodafone)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-17T22:00:00Z">18 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103620 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 18 June 2021, the Court of Appeal of Milan issued a judgment in a damages action initiated against telecommunications provider Vodafone. This case stemmed from an investigation carried out by the Italian competition authority (“ICA”) into an abusive margin squeeze by Vodafone on the market (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hendrik-viaene">Hendrik Viaene</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/karolien-van-der-putten">Karolien Van der Putten</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2021/the-eu-court-of-justice-dismisses-a-telecommunications-company-s-appeal-against" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice dismisses two telecommunication companies’ appeals on abuse of dominance charges on the grounds that it was not essential for the Commission to show indispensability because the case was not a refusal to supply case, it concerned the imposition of unfair conditions <em>(Slovak Telekom) (Deutsche Telekom)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-03-24T23:00:00Z">25 March 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106706 introduction entry-content"> <p>As the incumbent telecommunications operator in Slovakia, Slovak Telekom a.s. (ST) offers broadband services on its fixed copper and fibre optic networks. ST’s networks also include the local loop, i.e., the physical lines which connect the subscriber’s telephone termination point with the main (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-marty">Frédéric Marty</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2021/chroniques/jurisdiction-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-confirms-the-rules" rel="bookmark"><strong>Jurisdiction:</strong> The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the rules governing the relinquishment of jurisdiction by national courts in favour of the European Commission as regards the application of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and the application of the <em>ne bis in idem</em> rule (<em>Slovak Telekom / Protimonopolnỳ úrad Slovenskej republiky</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-02-24T23:00:00Z">25 February 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-100520 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic referred to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling a case brought by the competition authority against the incumbent telecommunications operator. Those proceedings were initiated on the basis of a margin squeeze strategy on the internet access (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/valerie-lefever">Valérie Lefever</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2020/the-brussels-court-of-appeal-partially-annuls-a-decision-imposing-a-record-fine" rel="bookmark">The Brussels Court of Appeal partially annuls a decision imposing a record fine on a telecommunications company for a margin squeeze abuse of dominance <em>(Proximus)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-06T22:00:00Z">7 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98028 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 7 October 2020, the Markets Court of the Brussels Court of Appeal (Marktenhof / Cour des marchés) (the Markets Court) partially annulled the decision of 26 May 2009 (the 2009 Decision), for lack of admissible evidence, by which the Belgian Competition Authority (Belgische (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789gx7PF1eyOUE8aCNxLLB1HMYQDLlcvybAHz9ZoJb/KVuOJ0Vr4frUOCM0YLleukU8+qVWIgDGzJ+9diagD38Qn6zc0neTC7qtynyzEF3ROS90Vy+VKGE+BFSycqnIgyvq682C0CsgUY8kleZiYV1UPepHkc0pYcfHHEAiGlGJGLF4o+EfF7zLHTxzVDh/wUnMf5curljcOcEy9BGpjQBQHNbzuG8cjXK6Z67NxgAhbgUAmqGGffb70WLQGY9OWyTmm72qifyIi26H78ln/SmxaIqkP5zCJWSn91mi6/sZ/TAnw3xJOZkNFUTmuFsCxhLo4Ba0nisRQ9PQ' data-origin="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pier-luigi-parcu">Pier Luigi Parcu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/georgio-monti">Giorgio Monti</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marco-botta">Marco Botta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/livres/economic-analysis-in-eu-competition-policy-recent-trends-at-the-national-and-eu" rel="bookmark">Economic Analysis in EU Competition Policy Recent Trends at the National and EU Level, Pier Luigi PARCU, Giorgio MONTI and Marco BOTTA (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114810 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/derek-ridyard">Derek Ridyard</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/editorial/what-s-in-a-name-labels-bright-lines-and-the-form-v-effect-debate-in-slovak" rel="bookmark">What’s in a name? Labels, bright lines and the form v. effect debate in <em>Slovak Telecom</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102816 introduction entry-content"> <p>This foreword assesses some economic issues raised by the CJEU’s Slovak Telecom judgment. It analyses the distinction between essential facilities and other exclusionary practices, and explores the implications for the debate between form and effect. <br class='autobr' /> In March 2021 the CJEU issued its (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pietro-crocioni">Pietro Crocioni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/international/uk-why-not-call-a-margin-squeeze-a-margin-squeeze-91603-en" rel="bookmark">UK: Why not call a margin squeeze a margin squeeze?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91603 introduction entry-content"> <p>At the end of October 2018, Ofcom issued its first abuse of dominance infringement decision and fine under the Competition Act 1998 against Royal Mail. Perhaps surprisingly, Ofcom did not examine the behaviour as either a margin squeeze or a refusal to supply, the types of cases one would expect (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kane-abry-diaw-de-baye">Kane (R.Phillip ) Abry-Diaw de Baye</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2019/international/usa-eu-the-convergence-and-specifics-of-eu-competition-law-and-american-en" rel="bookmark">USA/EU: The convergence and specifics of EU competition law and American antitrust law regarding the prohibition of price scissors as constitutive of abuse of dominance</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89963 introduction entry-content"> <p>In this paper, the author reports on how the European and American Competition Authorities apprehend margin squeeze, viz. the fact for dominant undertakings operating simultaneously as vertically-integrated entities and as downstream market participants to increase wholesale prices by reducing (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-perrot-1009">Anne Perrot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-wilhelm">Pascal Wilhelm</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-rey">Patrick Rey</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2008/conferences/competition-authorities-and-sector-regulation-authorities-nasse-seminar-paris" rel="bookmark">Competition authorities and sector regulation authorities (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 7th May 2008) </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2008-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2008</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89535 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the Seminar organized the 7th of May of 2008, Patrick Rey and Pascal Wilhelm talked about the competition authorities and sector regulation authorities <br class='autobr' /> The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice-president of the Competition Authority. <br class='autobr' /> Created at the end of the 1980s within the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anna-pisarkiewicz-1160">Anna Pisarkiewicz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2018/livres/margin-squeeze-in-the-electronic-communications-sector-critical-analysis-of-the" rel="bookmark">Margin Squeeze in the Electronic Communications Sector: Critical Analysis of the Decisional Practice and Case Law, Anna PISARKIEWICZ</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103016 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-leys">David Leys</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2014/books/eu-competition-law-between-public-and-private-enforcement-bernardo-cortese-dir-65190" rel="bookmark">EU Competition Law: Between Public and Private Enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-65190 introduction entry-content"> <p>Despite several decades’ worth of explicit directives, green papers, white papers, proposals, and communications from the European Commission, the actual enforcement of competition law across the Member States today is rife with shifting patterns that escape a clearly bounded framework. The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-beatrix">Olivier Beatrix</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2013/articles/Le-ciseau-tarifaire-et-le-secteur-51452" rel="bookmark">Price squeeze in the energy sector: Sectoral regulation vs. competitive regulation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-51452 introduction entry-content"> <p>Due to an historical monopoly system, the French energy sector remains largely dominated by vertically integrated undertakings. Giving the presence of such historical operators in a competitive market, strict vigilance is required in order to detect and prevent any exclusionary practice that (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/liyang-hou">Liyang Hou</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2013/livres/competition-law-and-regulation-in-the-eu-electronic-communications-sector-a" rel="bookmark">Competition Law and Regulation in the EU Electronic Communications Sector: A Comparative Legal Approach, Liyang HOU</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104859 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bastien-thomas">Bastien Thomas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christelle-adjemian">Christelle Adjémian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-frot">Emmanuel Frot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2012/revues/journal-review-european-competition-law-review-world-competition-european" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: Oct. - Dec. 2011</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-41891 introduction entry-content"> <p>1. General - Scope of application <br class='autobr' /> 1991 – 2011. Twenty Years of European Union Law (Compendium of Benchmarks), L. Idot and D. Simon (Europe, supplement to the November 2011 issue) <br class='autobr' /> To mark the 20th anniversary of the magazine Europe, its initiators had the happy idea of offering readers a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bastien-thomas">Bastien Thomas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christelle-adjemian">Christelle Adjémian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-frot">Emmanuel Frot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2011/journals/review-of-competition-journals-european-competition-law-review-world" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: July - Sept. 2011</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-39645 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section of the review Concurrences selects articles and working papers on themes related to competition laws and economics, mainly, but not only, in the English and French languages. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey on themes important in the area. The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francois-leveque">François Lévêque</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-cousin">Michaël Cousin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Philippe-de-Ladoucette">Philippe de Ladoucette</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-genevaz">Simon Genevaz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2011/on-topic/nome-act-i-a-legislative-framework-for-the-opening-of-the-french-electricity" rel="bookmark">NOME act I : A legislative framework for the opening of the French electricity market</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-33976 introduction entry-content"> <p>The law establishing a New Organisation for the Electricty Market provides for a temporary regulation which aims at removing the obstacles to the development of competition on the French electricity market. Its purpose is in particular to solve the margin squeeze resulting from the difference (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-freget">Olivier Fréget</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2010/law-economics/predatory-strategies" rel="bookmark">Predatory strategies</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-32769 introduction entry-content"> <p>This set of three papers is derived from the training session on the predatory strategies organised by Concurrences Review that has held on 5th July 2010 in Paris. The first paper is a short introduction of the Economist Etienne Pfister presenting the preemptive strategies and how these (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-flochel">Laurent Flochel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2009/droit-et-economie/foreclosures-test-a-unified-conceptual-framework" rel="bookmark">Foreclosures test: A unified conceptual framework</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-26584 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article presents in a unified conceptual framework the anticompetitive foreclosure tests. Such practices include predatory prices, margin squeezes, loyalty rebates or bundling and tying rebates. <br class='autobr' /> I. Introduction <br class='autobr' /> 1. Prediction testing is the subject of much academic and practical debate (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2009/droit-et-economie/termination-charges-and-margin-squeeze-in-the-mobile-telephony-sector-beware-of" rel="bookmark">Termination charges and margin squeeze in the mobile telephony sector: Beware of misleading intuitions</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-26614 introduction entry-content"> <p>In recent publications and decisions, regulators and competition authorities repeatedly expressed their fear that the combination of mobile termination charges and on-net/off-net price discrimination in retail markets might allow a dominant mobile operator to hinder the development of smaller (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lKCDRvml+i8nyzaEl28Gl+EPg2vwGOK3asHZ5o3pZcRQ6uJxwbyw+MXj69FxvjMYs2Jlj8b/2DApu3LSMNr4gH5QT07GpnrOFmUCSio4lxXZZ+xvRbH8fvJPy+W8PkyuqjyDxQy1Cu+rWFKJ2AEiMKUavBRmGc2fVat/AYTehDmlnpLm2w0M+LTq5JwJqsWYiflyXNKBz/7+ge6M4+nY+f2BmNGbhznZx6dH5HbSuow5YZXWIuyL+tqhXmQNppVq6vSDmf/XkrSMApVeOZNAj/smSiO2uXD9+ZN7bwnu/H4ZV3gZnNRDF51it+YRu/H/bRliQjRReY0T7NJmpRw==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-freget">Olivier Fréget</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/predatory-strategies-how-to-assess-a-price-squeeze-effect" rel="bookmark">Predatory strategies: How to assess a price squeeze effect?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-07-05T10:00:00Z">5 July 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-31670 introduction entry-content"><p>Etienne Pfister<br/>Olivier Fréget<br/>David Spector</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-buhart">Jacques Buhart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-ayache">Laurent Ayache</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lionel-lesur">Lionel Lesur</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/philippe-coen">Philippe Coen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/abusive-exclusionary-conduct-an-update" rel="bookmark">Abusive exclusionary conduct: An update </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-05-27T10:00:00Z">27 May 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82862 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with McDermott Will & Emery, Compass Lexecon and ECLA.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-buhart">Jacques Buhart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-ayache">Laurent Ayache</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lionel-lesur">Lionel Lesur</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/philippe-coen">Philippe Coen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/abusive-exclusionary-conduct-an-update" rel="bookmark">Abusive exclusionary conduct: An update</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-04-15T13:30:24Z">15 April 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-65484 introduction entry-content"><p>Emmanuel Combe <br/> Lionel Lesur <br/> Laurent Ayache...</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-flochel">Laurent Flochel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leo-flynn">Leo Flynn</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-de-montalembert">Pierre de Montalembert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-and-essential-facilities-what-s-new" rel="bookmark">Competition and essential facilities: 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</article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/assimakis-komninos">Assimakis Komninos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/benno-buehler">Benno Buehler</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hans-zenger">Hans Zenger</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-powell">Mark Powell</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/rebates-margin-squeezes-the-equally-efficient-competitor-test" rel="bookmark">Rebates, margin squeezes...: The equally-efficient competitor test</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-02-06T11:03:53Z">6 February 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-50834 introduction entry-content"><p>Benno Buehler<br/>Mark Powell<br/>Makis 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data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/margin-squeeze#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: 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