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class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-99922 apercu surlignable"><p>Excessive pricing is an antitrust violation that exists in most OECD countries and particularly in EU competition law where a dominant firm charges a price that is excessive relative to an appropriate competitive benchmark in a way that deems it unfair. The violation does not hinge on potential harm to the competitive process, but rather is fulfilled also by mere exploitation of buyers by the dominant firm. The competitive benchmark to which the dominant firm’s price is compared includes either an appropriate measure of costs, or a comparison with a lower price charged in a situation comparable to the dominant firm’s circumstances.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-99922 texte surlignable"><p>Article 102 TFEU prohibits any abuse by undertakings of a dominant position, and states in sub-section (a) that such abuse may consist in “directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions.” This prohibition has been applied, <i>inter alia</i>, to prices that are too high. In particular, the European Court of Justice in <i>General Motors Continental NV v. Comm’n</i> (1975) held that a dominant firm’s price is unfair if it is “excessive in relation to the economic value of the service provided.” The Court of Justice in <i>United Brands Co. BV v. Comm’n</i> (1978) clarified the unfairness concept further and held that “[i]t is advisable therefore to ascertain whether the dominant undertaking has made use of the opportunities arising out of its dominant position in such a way as to reap trading benefits which it would not have reaped if there had been normal and sufficiently effective competition. […] This excess could, inter alia, be determined objectively if it were possible for it to be calculated by making a comparison between the selling price of the product in question and its cost of production [...].” (<i>United Brands</i>, paragraphs 249, 251). Hence, the <i>United Brands</i> decision discusses a price-cost comparison as a leading competitive benchmark. It holds that when price is excessive relative to cost, the price may be deemed unfair in itself. The economic rationale behind a price-cost comparison used as a competitive benchmark is that the competitive process, which antitrust laws strive for, drives prices toward the cost of production. Of course, costs, in this respect, should include not only variable costs of supplying the product, but also any costs, investments or risks the dominant firm requires in order to supply the product. The UK Court of Appeals in <i>CMA v. Flynn Pharma Ltd.</i> (2020, paragraph 97) held that a violation can be based solely on a price-cost comparison.</p> <p>Instead of using a price-cost comparison, a violation can be shown by using a comparative benchmark. A comparative benchmark sheds light on the excessiveness of the dominant firm’s price by comparing it to a lower price taken from a comparable situation. This includes a comparison between the allegedly excessive price and a lower price that the dominant firm charged in a market, segment, or period in which it was subject to stronger competitive pressures, or pressure from price-sensitive consumers, or a regulated price that mimics a competitive price. Another kind of comparative benchmark involves comparison to the lower price charged by other comparable firms that are subject to more intense competition or have less power to raise prices.</p> <p>The rationale for using comparative benchmarks is that if the benchmark price is indeed comparable, it is reasonable to assume, subject to contrary evidence, that it is an upper bound on the competitive price, which is the price that antitrust laws strive for. In <i>Bodson v. Pompes Funèbres </i> (1988), for example, the EU Court of Justice held that the unfairness of an excessive price can be shown by comparing what the dominant firm has charged with lower prices it has charged in markets in which it is subject to more intense competition. In <i>Latvijas Autoru apvienība v. Konkurences padome</i> (2016) the Court of Justice held that if the difference between the price charged by the dominant firm and the comparator price is appreciable, then this is “indicative of abuse of a dominant position and it is for the copyright management organisation holding a dominant position to show that its prices are fair by reference to objective factors that have an impact on management expenses or the remuneration of rightholders.” In this case, the comparator used was the price charged by similar firms in two neighboring countries, or by similar firms in a group of other countries.</p> <p>After establishing the competitive benchmark (cost-based or comparison based) that the dominant firm’s price is to be compared to, it needs to be determined whether the difference between the price charged by the dominant firm and this competitive benchmark is so excessive that it is deemed unfair. The degree of excessiveness that amounts to a violation is not made clear in the case law. Some cases held that prices exceeding the competitive benchmark by 25% to 40% were excessive, while other violation decisions concerned much larger gaps. Such ambiguity of legal rules is inherent also to other antitrust violations, and in particular those requiring “substantial harm to competition”. “Substantial”, like “excessive” or “unfair” is an ambiguous criterion. Some of the academic literature suggests using rebuttable presumptions that a certain gap above the competitive benchmark is excessive, so as to improve the predictability of the prohibition.</p> <p>Excessive pricing is not recognized as an antitrust violation in all jurisdictions. Under U.S. case law, for example, an excessive price is not considered a violation. Such holdings were based mainly on three grounds. The first is the notion that excessive prices are self-correcting, since they allegedly attract entry of new competitors. The second ground for non-intervention is that excessive prices are necessary to promote pro-consumer investment, and the third is that it is too difficult to assess whether a price was excessive. There is controversy in the academic literature regarding the justifiability of these three grounds for non-intervention. One strand of the literature agrees with these three considerations, and advocates for a general non-interventionist approach, even in jurisdictions in which antitrust law includes the prohibition.</p> <p>Another strand of the literature questions these grounds for non-intervention and calls for ordinary application of the prohibition on a case-by-case basis. For example, some academic papers show that excessive prices cannot correct themselves. This is because it is the post-entry price that matters for new entrants. If the post-entry price is competitive, this is the price the new entrant will consider before it invests in entry and not the excessive price that prevailed before entry. If the post-entry price is expected to remain excessive, then by definition, entry did not correct it. Similarly, it is claimed that investment considerations can be assessed on a case-by-case basis, rather than constituting an overwhelming justification for non-intervention.</p> <p>Finally, the literature in favor of intervention shows the resemblance between excessive pricing cases and other complex antitrust litigation based on a rule of reason analysis. The latter too is based on complex economic analysis, coupled with a legal policy determination on a vague standard, such as the requirement that the probable harm be “substantial”. Also, many of these other complex antitrust violations also concern pricing, such as predatory pricing, price squeeze, and loyalty discounts, and require assessment of parties’ claim that their practice is necessary to stimulate investment.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-99922 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/special-issues/judicial-review/the-uk-competition-authority-welcomes-the-england-wales-court-of-appeal-s"><i>CMA v. Flynn Pharma Ltd</i>. [2020] EWCA Civ. 617, 97</a></p> <p><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2017/chroniques/excessive-prices-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-rules-in-a" class="spip_in">Case C-177/16, <i>Autortiesību un komunicēšanās konsultāciju aģentūra – Latvijas Autoru apvienība v. Konkurences padome</i>, 2017 EUR-Lex CELEX LEXIS 689, ¶ 12</i></a>.</p> <p>Case 30/87, <i>Bodson v. Pompes Funèbres</i>, 1988 E.C.R. 2479</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/february-1978/the-eu-court-of-justice-confirms-the-commission-s-decision-finding-that-a">Case 27/76, <i>United Brands Co. BV v. Comm’n</i>, 1978 E.C.R 207, 301 ¶ 249–251</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/november-1975/the-eu-court-of-justice-annuls-the-commission-s-decision-as-there-is">Case 26/75, <i>General Motors Continental NV v. Comm’n</i>, 1975 E.C.R. 1367, 1379 ¶ 12</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-99922 jurisprudence"><p>Ariel Ezrachi & David Gilo, Are excessive prices really self-correcting?, 5(2) J. Competition L. & Econ. 249 (2009).</p> <p>Behrang Kianzad & Timo Minssen, How Much is Too Much? Defining the Metes and Bounds of Excessive Pricing in the Pharmaceutical Sector, 2 Eur. Pharm.L. Rev. 15 (2018).</p> <p>David Gilo, A Coherent Approach to the Antitrust Prohibition of Excessive Pricing by Dominant Firms, in Excessive Pricing and Competition Law Enforcement 99, 107-112 (Yannis Katsoulacos & Frédéric Jenny eds. Springer, 2018).</p> <p>Frederic Jenny, Abuse of Dominance by Firms Charging Excessive or Unfair Prices: An Assessment, in Excessive Pricing and Competition Law Enforcement (Frédéric Jenny and Yannis Katsoulacos, eds. Springer, 2018).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/david-gilo" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/1517850102009_1_-76374.jpg?1718631273) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">David Gilo</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Tel Aviv University</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Israel</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>18826</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">David Gilo, </span> <span class="entry-title">Excess prices</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85402</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">16051</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85402 texte surlignable"><p>Refers to prices set significantly above competitive levels as a result of monopoly or market power. However, in practice, in absence of a conspiracy or price fixing agreement or evidence of market power stemming from high concentration, it is very difficult to establish a threshold beyond which a price may be considered excessive or unreasonable. Because the basic method of organizing production in a market economy is through the price system, price flexibility is critical. Prices fluctuate in order to bring supply and demand into equilibrium. Temporary shortages in supply or increases in demand will cause prices to rise and provide incentives for increased production and entry of new suppliers. Moreover, it should be noted that price and/or profit comparisons between different firms, markets, or countries are fraught with legal and economic problems. Attempts by government to control or force a roll back of prices that are not a result of restrictions on competition are inconsistent with the philosophy underlying competition policy. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_glossary_of_industrial_organisation_economics_and_competition_law.pdf?39924/61543ab059ef02f25a5b58d7b8b4636a8fe2232efa57c3b86700b24cdb1da9ca" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>OECD</a></strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/special-issues/excessive-prices/">On this topic see the e-Competitions special issue "Excessive prices: An overview of EU and national case law"</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yV/QlK9uygO93MnBoqTnc18urTdDavob5dcmMJCXq4zIGvGu2Gur3hknXTnZUsuOjjA4qYh6ENOI9DiBsmnh/oM1NEyObKzf8tziGsD6tH4F8KHP67Doo/nYeYk7TZ37mk+rJJ9IGzLUzTgNNzHWZ56UjPkb2HYrUHXxCKKVGquNBxTuVHbIh7bxsnD2kspNQEfJ+L0UzULqCNWHJZbscfncfUTftMjfekpKXD1uG8cnXU6U6QswOTe0wleaAbq7Xeo2Lgw2r9OW+TG0YLp/4fzi26H/8nnnTk524sifNCdih+m99kwZzy2mN7ykLkCqM0Lt8nGyHEGb08R1WSwWNTB+/Elbz0Tp2U=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Estonian-Competition-Authority">Estonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-estonian-competition-authority-issues-a-precept-to-a-waste-management" rel="bookmark">The Estonian Competition Authority issues a precept to a waste management company regarding the prices set for the additional service of waste transport <em>(Eesti Keskkonnateenused)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-06T22:00:00Z">7 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121633 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Competition Authority issued a precept to Eesti Keskkonnateenused AS regarding the prices set for the additional service of waste transport* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Authority issued a precept to Eesti Keskkonnateenused AS, requiring a reduction in the price set for manual transport of containers (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marion-provost-75425">Marion Provost</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/pharma-dominance/pharma-dominance-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law" rel="bookmark">Pharma & Dominance: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-19T22:00:00Z">20 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120218 introduction entry-content"><p>In this update, we analyze the most recent trends across the EU under Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (“<strong>TFEU</strong>”). This year is marked by the much-expected ruling of the European Court of Justice (“<strong>ECJ</strong>”) in <i>Commission v. Servier</i>, which contains interesting developments on market definition for pharmaceuticals (<strong>I.</strong>). Also noteworthy is the adoption, on 22 July 2024, of the first Commission decision on disparagement practices, which will pave the way for potential future intervention against claimed abusive communications by pharmaceutical companies (<strong>II.</strong>). Aside from these two landmark EU cases, there have also been developments at the national level, focusing mostly on excessive pricing (<strong>III.</strong>).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-us-ftc-files-an-administrative-complaint-against-3-prescription-drug" rel="bookmark">The US FTC files an administrative complaint against 3 prescription drug benefit managers for artificially inflating insulin drug prices <em>(CVS / ESI / Optum)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-19T22:00:00Z">20 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120730 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC Sues Prescription Drug Middlemen for Artificially Inflating Insulin Drug Prices* <br class='autobr' /> Caremark, Express Scripts, Optum, and their affiliates created a broken rebate system that inflated insulin drug prices, boosting PBM profits at the expense of vulnerable patients, the FTC alleges <br class='autobr' /> Today, the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-gilman-42097">Daniel Gilman</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-us-ftc-files-a-complaint-against-the-three-largest-prescription-drug" rel="bookmark">The US FTC files a complaint against the three largest prescription drug benefit managers for anticompetitive conduct and unfair rebate practices <em>(CVS / ESI / Optum)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-19T22:00:00Z">20 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121088 introduction entry-content"> <p>Antitrust at the Agencies: PBM Madness at the FTC, Part 1* <br class='autobr' /> “Curiouser and curiouser!” Cried Alice (she was so much surprised, that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English). — Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland <br class='autobr' /> Let’s start more modestly, if less cleverly, with (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/chilean-competition-authority-132330">Chilean Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-chilean-competition-court-fines-a-company-for-abuse-of-its-dominant" rel="bookmark">The Chilean Competition Court fines a company for abuse of its dominant position in the distribution of electrical energy <em>(Independencia / CGE)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-12T22:00:00Z">13 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120953 introduction entry-content"> <p>Judgment No. 195-2024: Court for the Defense of Free Competition partially accepts the lawsuit filed by Constructora Independencia SA and others against Compañía General de Electricidad SA* <br class='autobr' /> By judgment of September 12, 2024, in case Rol CN° 417-21, the Tribunal de Defensa de la Libre (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/uk-competition-authority">UK Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-uk-court-of-appeal-rules-in-favour-of-the-competition-authority-s-procedure" rel="bookmark">The UK Court of Appeal rules in favour of the Competition Authority’s procedure of finding an illegal market sharing agreement in the supply of the essential medicine hydrocortisone <em>(Auden Mckenzie / Actavis)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-05T22:00:00Z">6 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120527 introduction entry-content"> <p>CMA wins drug market sharing appeal* <br class='autobr' /> The Court of Appeal has upheld the CMA’s finding of cartel infringement relating to an illegal market sharing agreement in the supply of an essential medicine. <br class='autobr' /> The Court of Appeal (CoA) has today ruled in favour of the Competition and Markets Authority (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/norwegian-competition-authority">Norwegian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-norwegian-competition-authority-fines-3-companies-for-price-coordination-in" rel="bookmark">The Norwegian Competition Authority fines 3 companies for price coordination in the grocery sector <em>(Coop / Norgesgruppen / Rema)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-20T22:00:00Z">21 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120562 introduction entry-content"> <p>Coop, Norgesgruppen and Rema fined 4.9 billion NOK* <br class='autobr' /> The Norwegian Competition Authority imposes fines totaling 4.9 billion NOK (420 million euros) on Coop, Norgesgruppen and Rema for violations of the Norwegian Competition Act. The grocery chains’ cooperation in providing access to extensive (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romanian-competition-authority">Romanian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-romanian-competition-authority-conducts-inspections-at-8-car-repair-shops" rel="bookmark">The Romanian Competition Authority conducts inspections at 8 car repair shops as part of an excessive prices investigation <em>(Adely Trans / Ali Car Reparatii Auto / Prof’s Solution Service / Top Lac Service Cotroceni...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-04T22:00:00Z">5 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120200 introduction entry-content"> <p>COMPETITION COUNCIL HAS CONDUCTED INSPECTIONS AT SEVERAL CAR REPAIR SHOPS* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Council carried out unannounced inspections at eight units performing car repairs covered under the compulsory civil liability insurance (CLI). <br class='autobr' /> The inspections took place as part of an in-depth (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Italian-Competition-Authority">Italian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-italian-competition-authority-closes-an-abuse-of-dominance-investigation" rel="bookmark">The Italian Competition Authority closes an abuse of dominance investigation against a pharmaceutical company following compliance with remedial measures <em>(Leadiant)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-25T22:00:00Z">26 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119367 introduction entry-content"> <p>A524B - Italian Competition Authority: closed proceedings for compliance with the decision on abuse of a dominant position against Leadiant; thanks to the Authority’s action, two group’s companies reduced the price of medicine* <br class='autobr' /> Italian Competition Authority: closed proceedings for compliance (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/fay-zhou">Fay Zhou</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/arthur-peng">Arthur Peng</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-chinese-supreme-court-publishes-its-amended-judicial-interpretation-on" rel="bookmark">The Chinese Supreme Court publishes its amended judicial interpretation on several issues concerning the application of law in the trial of monopoly civil dispute cases</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-23T22:00:00Z">24 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121006 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 24 June 2024, the Supreme People’s Court (the “SPC”) published the amended Judicial Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Monopoly Civil Dispute Cases (the “New Judicial Interpretation”). The New Judicial Interpretation has come into force on 1 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/trajan-shipley">Trajan Shipley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/giovanni-pregno">Giovanni Pregno</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-clancy">Michael Clancy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-spanish-competition-authority-fines-a-collective-management-organisation" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority fines a collective management organisation €6.4M over a complex exploitative and exclusionary strategy to discourage effective-use royalty rates <em>(SGAE)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-18T22:00:00Z">19 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121060 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 19 June 2024, the Spanish Competition Authority (“SCA”) imposed fines of € 6.4 million on Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (“SGAE”), the leading Spanish collective management organisation (“CMO”), for abusing its dominant position by implementing exploitative and exclusionary royalty (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-gilo">David Gilo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/excessive-prices/excessive-prices-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law-118949" rel="bookmark">Excessive Prices: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-13T22:00:00Z">14 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118949 introduction entry-content"><p>The prohibition of excessive pricing by dominant firms is one of the most interesting antitrust violations, and probably the one that most highlights differences in the ideology of scholars, competition authorities, and decision makers. In this short foreword, I discuss a few key issues related to this prohibition, in light of some of the leading cases, and in light of the insights I have learned on this prohibition via various research projects.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/slovak-competition-authority-17056">Slovak Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-slovak-competition-authority-fines-2-bus-station-operators-more-than" rel="bookmark">The Slovak Competition Authority fines 2 bus station operators more than €252K for charging excessive prices</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-10T22:00:00Z">11 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120055 introduction entry-content"> <p>Abuse of Dominant Position: AMO imposed fines of more than EUR 252 thousand on entrepreneurs in bus transport* <br class='autobr' /> The Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic (AMO) based on a complaint from Žilina self-governing region (ŽSK) initiated an investigation into the provision of services related to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/enzo-marasa">Enzo Marasà</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/denise-moretti">Denise Moretti</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2024/the-italian-council-of-state-upholds-the-competition-authority-s-eur3-2m-fine" rel="bookmark">The Italian Council of State upholds the Competition Authority’s €3.2M fine for abuse of dominance by negotiating an unjustifiably high reimbursement price for an “orphan” drug <em>(Leadiant)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-28T23:00:00Z">29 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119776 introduction entry-content"> <p>With judgement No. 2967 of March 29, 2024, The Council of State (Italy’s top administrative court) upheld a fine against the pharmaceutical group Leadiant (“Leadiant”) by the Italian Competition Authority (the AGCM or the “ICA”) for abuse of a dominant position pursuant to Article 102 of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/silvia-pietrini">Silvia Pietrini</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/chroniques/italy-the-italian-council-of-state-upholds-condemnation-of-pharmaceutical" rel="bookmark"><strong>Italy</strong>: The Italian Council of State upholds condemnation of pharmaceutical company for excessive pricing <em>(Leadiant)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-28T23:00:00Z">29 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120149 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a judgment published on March 29, 2024, the Italian Council of State handed down a final sentence against the pharmaceutical laboratory Leadiant Biosciences [hereinafter "Leadiant"] for having implemented an excessive pricing practice in violation of Article 102 TFEU (on the practice of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjQxWtuyhvcafcKmDMIdFmfoHRG82rRcNT5NaAYMQr3ZhlrYxU74rc+9tzV2ICLVk4YShCdwXgWqZyqLxkDMfotpC59te5zbrJ7oFC4EjhKYkHsh5FNo7HPQig7TVx7pk7LFxteKVfALDXMAf6RM6KGehzcGEIhZ4lZaARJdyFSLTQq25RktPoERknpOGc/YS+kdA14u9Lv6QwvDkxxrxfGnNiPlBd8lvD3sgYn/5T4gVDiR1bA7KkXy8eDucc2coyOiFuzWnpS6y9Zu94mxKM36SgvMrFNtZ9U6knYWSJIkB2Xd4fx8ql+5fWvhaHKuHJ9j7AuLcb2eU0EqSFF42CmrPp' data-origin="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/leen-de-vreese">Leen De Vreese</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/legal-practice/ecn-pharma-report-update-on-competition-enforcement-in-the-pharmaceutical" rel="bookmark">ECN Pharma Report: Update on competition enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119240 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Commission has published a report providing an overview of the enforcement of EU antitrust and merger rules by the Commission and the national competition authorities in the pharmaceutical sector between 2018 and 2022. This report shows that active enforcement of antitrust and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michelle-meagher">Michelle Meagher</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/foreword/the-tool-is-the-message-time-to-improve-the-antitrust-toolbox-118015" rel="bookmark">The tool is the message: Time to improve the antitrust toolbox</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118015 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the 1960s, communications theorist Marshall McLuhan coined the phrase “the medium is the message.” McLuhan’s point was that the medium through which a message is communicated itself forms part of the message conveyed. I was reminded of this concept during a conversation on the role of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fiona-m-scott-morton">Fiona M. Scott-Morton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/foreword/amazon-s-pricing-algorithms-and-the-enforcement-response-in-the-us-and-europe" rel="bookmark">Amazon’s pricing algorithms and the enforcement response in the US and Europe</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116147 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the US there are several antitrust cases against Amazon currently in litigation, including those brought by the state of California (California v. Amazon, case No. CGC-22-601826 (Sept. 14, 2022), (“California complaint”)) and the Federal Trade Commission and seventeen states (FTC et al. v. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/violetta-meli">Violetta Meli</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/legal-practice/competition-law-biosimilars-time-for-a-new-approach-or-not-yet" rel="bookmark">Competition law & biosimilars: Time for a new approach or not yet?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114692 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition law enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector has been vigorous in recent years with regulators focusing on a variety of issues including denigration strategies, lifecycle management patent strategies, pricing rebates, and excessive pricing. This article aims to examine the case law (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-k-cheng-20736">Thomas K. Cheng</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/livres/the-patent-competition-interface-in-developing-countries-thomas-k-cheng" rel="bookmark">The Patent-Competition Interface in Developing Countries, Thomas K. CHENG</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114892 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/behrang-kianzad">Behrang Kianzad</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/legal-practice/are-excessive-pricing-cases-few-and-far-between-a-quantitative-analysis-of" rel="bookmark">Are excessive pricing cases few and far between? A quantitative analysis of fifty years of European jurisprudence 1971–2021</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113222 introduction entry-content"> <p>The prohibition against excessive pricing dates back to the years of Babylonian King Hammurabi. Nevertheless, the prohibition is described by many as being “controversial” and against “mainstream economics”, which is why it should be applied rather sparsely. It has also rather routinely been (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-dezobry">Guillaume Dezobry</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexandra-bonhomme">Alexandra Bonhomme</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dominique-jamme">Dominique Jamme</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-jeremie">Pierre Jérémie</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laurent-joudon">Laurent Joudon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leigh-hancher">Leigh Hancher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/michel-derdevet">Michel Derdevet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marjolaine-germain-letaleur">Marjolaine Germain Letaleur</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/on-topic/energy-and-competition" rel="bookmark">Energy and competition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111311 introduction entry-content"> <p>For almost eighteen months, Europe has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis. The massive increase in electricity and gas prices is threatening the competitiveness of industries and undermining the entire European economy. While the Member States have adopted temporary measures to limit the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-bridoux">Vincent Bridoux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/books/the-interaction-of-competition-law-and-sector-regulation-emerging-trends-at-the-111233" rel="bookmark">The Interaction of Competition Law and Sector Regulation: Emerging Trends at the National and EU Level</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111233 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Wolf-Sauter">Wolf Sauter</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcel-canoy">Marcel Canoy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Jotte-Mulder">Jotte Mulder</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/books/eu-competition-law-and-pharmaceuticals-sauter-wolf-canoy-marcel-and-mulder" rel="bookmark">EU Competition Law and Pharmaceuticals, SAUTER Wolf, CANOY Marcel and MULDER Jotte (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115015 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christian-wey">Christian Wey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/benjamin-schroder">Benjamin Schröder</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/daniel-fritz">Daniel Fritz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/law-economics/creating-the-single-market-the-ab-inbev-case-in-perspective" rel="bookmark">Creating the single market: The <em>AB InBev</em> case in perspective</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108966 introduction entry-content"> <p>The main objective of the European Union is to establish the single market. Yet, research by the European institutions shows that there are large price and persistent differences in the retail sector between the different member states for the same goods. There are indications that trade (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eva-chamizo">Eva Chamizo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/edurne-navarro-varona">Edurne Navarro-Varona</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/interview/eva-chamizo-the-impact-of-competition-law-in-the-reviewed-eu-energy-market" rel="bookmark">Eva Chamizo (Iberdrola) : The impact of competition law in the reviewed EU energy market</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108962 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Edurne Navarro-Varona, Partner at Uría Menéndez in Brussels. <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> In the context of the military conflict with Russia, the current high dependence of the EU on Russian gas is certainly an issue. The European Commission is expected to draft a plan to reduce the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/walid-chaiehloudj">Walid Chaiehloudj</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/articles/will-digital-regulation-law-marginalize-competition-law-reflections-in-the" rel="bookmark">Will digital regulation law marginalize competition law? Reflections in the light of <em>Epic Games v. Apple</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101310 introduction entry-content"> <p>Is competition law the appropriate instrument for disciplining big digital companies? Shouldn’t we admit its limitations in apprehending certain deviant behaviors recently detected on many digital markets? The development of digital regulation law suggests that competition law cannot do (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/behrang-kianzad">Behrang Kianzad</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2021/pratiques/excessive-pricing-during-the-covid-19-crisis-in-the-eu-an-empirical-inquiry" rel="bookmark">Excessive pricing during the COVID-19 crisis in the EU: An empirical inquiry</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98670 introduction entry-content"> <p>The COVID-19 crisis noted many reports of dramatic price increases of essential items such as face masks, hand sanitizers and disinfectants. In order to provide a bird-eye view of such practices around the EU and subsequent competition law responses, an inquiry was sent to all European (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau">Pierre Régibeau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-caffarra">Cristina Caffarra</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2020/interview/97294" rel="bookmark">Pierre Régibeau (DG COMP) : Chief Economist – Priorities and cases in times of upheaval</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97294 introduction entry-content"> <p>A conversation with Cristina Caffarra, Head of European Competition, Charles River Associates, London/Brussels. <br class='autobr' /> The big “Zeitgeist” discussion when you started off as chief economist was—and continues to be—about antitrust enforcement falling short in its ability to deal with digital (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Michelle-K-Fischer">Michelle Fischer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tiffany-d-lipscomb-jackson">Tiffany D. Lipscomb-Jackson</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2020/international/usa-does-a-federal-price-gouging-law-even-make-sense-and-if-so-what-should-it-97106-en" rel="bookmark">USA: Does a federal price gouging law even make sense—and, if so, what should it look like?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97106 introduction entry-content"> <p>As COVID-19 continues to impact communities across the United States—causing many state and local authorities to extend (or reinstate) emergency orders and other state-specific pricing restrictions—the idea of federal price gouging legislation has become a hot topic of conversation in the U.S. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1RhK9uyjRgDOlF+LAvWkGFahxGpljkKJi6MOh0FLV0CpWzeTxzsngRMsEAtH1MzeclzBQQntEt7oHc8PnO4k0s2pbMARX93DUf1Zq61nKLC+tUoe0Ui8AKytKNlf0g4M+bvYGSU7KS42Cy3b+1eLeORTKyLGtox0wTI7+S/JdSRwHibpdujIM1Ey+yn82cLydwCMTqU1sz9GYp/+r5fJuG7NkJhC0y8f4xsyKpz5TbkU/ic+Ll6k0oJgsZiPEcYg0dAU2ymmpW961Jw95KXdZLbTDunwO9mWD0pGQxCK2usEtZsbb2iOTlU/PFSCdCpC3tGEjuKfZMLIGgS0IkRtuk5hD0TCqRA==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tom-viebig">Tom Viebig</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/harald-mische">Harald Mische</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/miranda-cole">Miranda Cole</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-de-coninck">Raphaël De Coninck</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lluis-sauri-romero-53553">Lluís Sauri Romero</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/horst-henschen">Horst Henschen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/excessive-prices-in-the-pharmaceutical-sector-in-the-eu-the-aspen-decision-100756" rel="bookmark">Excessive prices in the pharmaceutical sector in the EU: The Aspen Decision</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-05-21T13:30:00Z">21 May 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-100756 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Covington & Burling and CRA, with <a href="en/authors/miranda-cole" class="spip_in">Miranda Cole</a> (Partner, Covington & Burling), <a href="en/authors/raphael-de-coninck" class="spip_in">Raphaël de Coninck</a> (Vice President, CRA), <a href="en/authors/horst-henschen" class="spip_in">Horst Henschen</a> (Of Counsel, Covington & Burling), <a href="en/authors/harald-mische" class="spip_in">Harald Mische</a> (Case Handler - Antitrust: Pharma and Health services, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/lluis-sauri-romero-53553" class="spip_in">Lluís Sauri Romero</a> (Head of Unit - CET, DG COMP) and <a href="en/auteurs/tom-viebig" class="spip_in">Tom Viebig</a> (Case Handler - Antitrust: Pharma and Health services, DG COMP).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/max-miller">Max Miller</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patricia-danzon">Patricia Danzon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/george-a-rozanski">George A. Rozanski</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/scott-hemphill">Scott Hemphill</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-in-life-sciences-webinar-3-do-pharmaceutical-mergers-harm-consumers" rel="bookmark">Antitrust In Life Sciences - Webinar #3: Do Pharmaceutical Mergers Harm Consumers?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-07-02T10:00:00Z">2 July 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95492 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar part of the "Antitrust in Life Sciences" conference organized by Concurrences and Fordham University, with <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/authors/max-miller?var_mode=calcul">Max Miller</a> (Iowa Attorney General’s Office), <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/authors/danzon-wharton-upenn-edu">Patricia Danzon</a> (The Wharton School), <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/authors/george-a-rozanski">George Rozanski</a> (Bates White), and <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/authors/scott-hemphill">Scott Hemphill</a> (NYU Law).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/john-davies">John Davies</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luc-gyselen">Luc Gyselen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jerome-philippe">Jérôme Philippe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/webinar-4-antitrust-price-fixing-excessive-prices-crisis-cartel" rel="bookmark">WEBINAR #4 Antitrust: Price fixing, excessive prices, crisis cartel...</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-21T13:30:00Z">21 April 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94013 introduction entry-content"><p>Fifth Webinar of the "Quarantine Webinar Series" organised by Concurrences chaired by <a href="en/authors/frederic-jenny" class="spip_in">Frédéric Jenny</a> (President, OECD Competition Committee), with <a href="en/auteurs/john-davies" class="spip_in">John Davies</a> (Executive Vice President, Compass Lexecon), <a href="en/authors/luc-gyselen" class="spip_in">Luc Gyselen</a> (Partner, Arnold & Porter) and <a href="en/authors/jerome-philippe" class="spip_in">Jérôme Philippe</a> (Partner, Freshfields).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/ann-pope">Ann Pope</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/dominance-in-the-pharmaceutical-sector-an-eu-uk-perspective" rel="bookmark">Dominance in the pharmaceutical sector - An EU/UK perspective</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-10-03T10:30:00Z">3 October 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91286 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences with Ann Pope (CMA), Paul Csiszar (DG COMP) and James Killick (White & Case) in partnership with White & Case.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luis-cabral">Luis Cabral</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lawrence-j-white">Lawrence J. White</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/noah-joshua-phillips">Noah Joshua Phillips</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/roger-noll">Roger Noll</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrew-zimbalist">Andrew Zimbalist</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/brad-humphreys">Brad Humphreys</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rodfort-umich-edu">Rodney Fort</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-d-hausfeld">Michael D. Hausfeld</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-a-keyte">James A. Keyte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gail-levine">Gail Levine</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/timothy-j-brennan">Timothy Brennan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/grosston-stanford-edu">Gregory Rosston</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dennis-w-carlton">Dennis W. Carlton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-d-harkrider">John D. 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href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack 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