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Marginalization: Mapping and Assessing Connections and Consequences in/through Education</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This special issue brings together scholars who are working on new aspects of the intersection and implications of globalization, privatization, and marginalization. While globalization's relationship to education has been of great... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40746077" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This special issue brings together scholars who are working on new aspects of the intersection and implications of globalization, privatization, and marginalization. While globalization's relationship to education has been of great interest to scholars (e.g., Dale, 1999; Green, 1997; Rizvi & Lingard, 2009; Steiner-Khamsi, 2004; Verger, Novelli, & Kosar-Altinyelken, 2018). While the relationship between globalization and various forms of privatization has received significant attention (e.g., Adamson, Astrand, & Darling-Hammond, 2016; Ball, 2009, 2012; Carnoy, 1999; Mohamed & Morris, 2019; Robertson, Mundy, Verger, & Menashy, 2012; Verger, Lubienski, & Steiner-Khamsi, 2016), we seek to extend scholarship in these areas by examining the current connections and continuing consequences of both globalization and privatization for marginalization in/through education, as well as the ways in which the latter (marginalization) creates opportunities for the former (globalization and privatization). Exploring the relationships among globalization, privatization, and marginalization is vitally important for scholars not only because they are related in multiple yet, we argue, insufficiently understood ways, but also because their relations have real consequences for education policy and practice and for the exacerbation of marginalization itself in and through education. As the introductory essay for the special issue, this article (a) presents a framework for understanding the connections among globalization, privatization, and marginalization in relation to education; (b) distills, visually presents, and expands upon the dialectical connections evident “in” and “through” the cases that make up the special issue; and (c) emphasizes a number of lessons for the globalization-privatization-marginalization nexus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40746077" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="44f5ad2ace38296b118f404c0f10ee3d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61027449,"asset_id":40746077,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61027449/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5732334" href="https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/DBrentEdwardsJr">D. Brent Edwards Jr.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5732334" type="text/json">{"id":5732334,"first_name":"D. Brent","last_name":"Edwards Jr.","domain_name":"manoa-hawaii","page_name":"DBrentEdwardsJr","display_name":"D. Brent Edwards Jr.","profile_url":"https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/DBrentEdwardsJr?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5732334/2484502/2886235/s65_brent.edwards.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-40746077">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-40746077"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/AlexanderMeans">Alexander Means</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-40746077'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-40746077').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40746077 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40746077"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40746077, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40746077", }); 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While globalization's relationship to education has been of great interest to scholars (e.g., Dale, 1999; Green, 1997; Rizvi \u0026 Lingard, 2009; Steiner-Khamsi, 2004; Verger, Novelli, \u0026 Kosar-Altinyelken, 2018). While the relationship between globalization and various forms of privatization has received significant attention (e.g., Adamson, Astrand, \u0026 Darling-Hammond, 2016; Ball, 2009, 2012; Carnoy, 1999; Mohamed \u0026 Morris, 2019; Robertson, Mundy, Verger, \u0026 Menashy, 2012; Verger, Lubienski, \u0026 Steiner-Khamsi, 2016), we seek to extend scholarship in these areas by examining the current connections and continuing consequences of both globalization and privatization for marginalization in/through education, as well as the ways in which the latter (marginalization) creates opportunities for the former (globalization and privatization). Exploring the relationships among globalization, privatization, and marginalization is vitally important for scholars not only because they are related in multiple yet, we argue, insufficiently understood ways, but also because their relations have real consequences for education policy and practice and for the exacerbation of marginalization itself in and through education. As the introductory essay for the special issue, this article (a) presents a framework for understanding the connections among globalization, privatization, and marginalization in relation to education; (b) distills, visually presents, and expands upon the dialectical connections evident “in” and “through” the cases that make up the special issue; and (c) emphasizes a number of lessons for the globalization-privatization-marginalization nexus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61027449,"asset_id":40746077,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5732334,"first_name":"D. 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Kolb (dir.), Commentaire du Pacte de la SDN, avt-propos de M. Schmidt, Bruxelles, Bruylant, coll. Organisations internationales et relations internationales, 2015, pp. 7-78 (première partie)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">L’étude des travaux préparatoires du Pacte de la Société des Nations invite à revenir aux origines d’une controverse qui est toujours au centre de problèmes actuels, comme celui de la réforme du Conseil de Sécurité ou celui de la... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29179695" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">L’étude des travaux préparatoires du Pacte de la Société des Nations invite à revenir aux origines d’une controverse qui est toujours au centre de problèmes actuels, comme celui de la réforme du Conseil de Sécurité ou celui de la focalisation de la justice pénale internationale sur les ressortissants d’Etats faibles et anciennement colonisés. Cette controverse tourne autour de la question de savoir comment assurer l’efficacité d’une organisation internationale universelle sans institutionnaliser par là un impérialisme arbitraire, ou sans faire perdre toute indépendance à des Etats représentant des peuples soucieux de s’autodéterminer. En 1919, lors de l’élaboration de l’instrument fondateur de la première organisation de maintien de la paix à vocation universelle, quelle réponse fut apportée à cette question et pourquoi ?<br /> Le Pacte et la Société qu’il établit sont connus pour leur inefficacité à prévenir la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et il n’est pas spécialement méconnu qu’ils véhiculaient un certain impérialisme de la part des vainqueurs du premier conflit mondial. Dans un très grand nombre de travaux toutefois, le Pacte est présenté de manière plus précise comme le projet idéaliste et désintéressé du Président américain Woodrow Wilson, qui n’est malheureusement pas parvenu à imposer une organisation efficace à des partenaires plus réticents. D’origine principalement états-unienne, cette présentation consiste à dénoncer dans le conservatisme européen la source de l’inefficacité du projet porté par le Président des Etats-Unis. Une telle vision des choses est radicalement infirmée par l’examen des projets de Pacte, et par celui du contexte et du déroulement de sa négociation. En effet, plutôt qu’en une véritable concertation multilatérale, la négociation du Pacte consista grosso modo en l’imposition d’un compromis entre Britanniques et Etats-uniens aux Français, puis aux autres Etats membres de la Commission où le Pacte se négociait officiellement, et enfin aux autres Etats présents à la Conférence de Paris. En outre, les négociations montrent que la position de Woodrow Wilson était tournée vers les intérêts de son pays et même vers les siens propres, et qu’il est l’un des principaux responsables de la faiblesse des institutions de la Société. Ainsi, les défauts du Pacte et de la Société étaient déjà connus pour la plupart d’entre eux, et leurs principaux remèdes, présentés par plusieurs délégations et fermement défendus par la délégation française, ne furent pas adoptés en raison de l’opposition opiniâtre des délégations britanniques et états-uniennes. Au nom d’une certaine idée de la souveraineté étatique, celles-ci firent le choix de s’opposer aux transferts de compétences qui auraient permis à la Société de réagir efficacement en cas d’usage de la force.<br /> Si l’inefficacité du Pacte découle des choix faits en ce sens par les Etats en position de force en 1919, l’intégration dans la Charte des Nations Unies des propositions innovantes avancées durant les négociations du Pacte (concernant l’efficacité de l’organisation, les droits de l’homme ou la justice pénale internationale) découle quant à elle du choix inverse faits par les mêmes Etats en 1945.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29179695" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="45c040a68dd0df775b6abe187939a33e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49625196,"asset_id":29179695,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49625196/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8593426" href="https://ens.academia.edu/FlorianCouveinhes">Florian Couveinhes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8593426" type="text/json">{"id":8593426,"first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Couveinhes","domain_name":"ens","page_name":"FlorianCouveinhes","display_name":"Florian Couveinhes","profile_url":"https://ens.academia.edu/FlorianCouveinhes?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8593426/19102488/19052407/s65_florian.couveinhes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29179695 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29179695"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29179695, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29179695", }); 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Cette controverse tourne autour de la question de savoir comment assurer l’efficacité d’une organisation internationale universelle sans institutionnaliser par là un impérialisme arbitraire, ou sans faire perdre toute indépendance à des Etats représentant des peuples soucieux de s’autodéterminer. En 1919, lors de l’élaboration de l’instrument fondateur de la première organisation de maintien de la paix à vocation universelle, quelle réponse fut apportée à cette question et pourquoi ?\n\tLe Pacte et la Société qu’il établit sont connus pour leur inefficacité à prévenir la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et il n’est pas spécialement méconnu qu’ils véhiculaient un certain impérialisme de la part des vainqueurs du premier conflit mondial. Dans un très grand nombre de travaux toutefois, le Pacte est présenté de manière plus précise comme le projet idéaliste et désintéressé du Président américain Woodrow Wilson, qui n’est malheureusement pas parvenu à imposer une organisation efficace à des partenaires plus réticents. D’origine principalement états-unienne, cette présentation consiste à dénoncer dans le conservatisme européen la source de l’inefficacité du projet porté par le Président des Etats-Unis. Une telle vision des choses est radicalement infirmée par l’examen des projets de Pacte, et par celui du contexte et du déroulement de sa négociation. En effet, plutôt qu’en une véritable concertation multilatérale, la négociation du Pacte consista grosso modo en l’imposition d’un compromis entre Britanniques et Etats-uniens aux Français, puis aux autres Etats membres de la Commission où le Pacte se négociait officiellement, et enfin aux autres Etats présents à la Conférence de Paris. 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Whether in nonprofit, for-profit, or governmental agencies, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1906525" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Since its very inception, social work has been considered an organizationally based profession, with the majority of its workforce employed within formal organizations. Whether in nonprofit, for-profit, or governmental agencies, the practical realities of human service organizations are a central element of professional social work. This book explores the climate and culture of these agencies and provides essential information for surviving and thriving in this setting. It prepares students for their future careers so that they will feel empowered in their work and be able to fulfill their responsibilities toward organizational, community, and social change. Using real-life examples, the authors examine the internal structures of management, financing, and supervision and discuss common conflicts between agencies and professionals. The book’s straightforward tone and practical advice make it an asset to anyone entering human service organizations. <br /> <br />This new edition contains updated examples, case studies, and references. It also contains valuable information on the effects of the recent financial crisis on human service organizations. Agencies now face increased caseloads and more complex social problems with fewer resources and less money. Understanding how these events have changed the nature of human service organizations will allow students to be better prepared for the work ahead of them. <br /> <br />Features <br /> <br />• <br />Expanded content on the practical aspects of organizational theory and suggestions for developing leadership skills <br />• <br />Updated examples, case studies, and references throughout the book <br />• <br />Key points and discussion questions following each chapter <br />• <br />Updated instructor’s manual available online as a PDF or Word document"</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1906525" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="67b48ad63bf63d40cb0d62a0a335ba99" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32624927,"asset_id":1906525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32624927/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1808674" href="https://tacoma-washington.academia.edu/RichFurman">Rich Furman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1808674" type="text/json">{"id":1808674,"first_name":"Rich","last_name":"Furman","domain_name":"tacoma-washington","page_name":"RichFurman","display_name":"Rich Furman","profile_url":"https://tacoma-washington.academia.edu/RichFurman?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1808674/760335/7279738/s65_rich.furman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1906525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1906525"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1906525, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1906525", }); 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Whether in nonprofit, for-profit, or governmental agencies, the practical realities of human service organizations are a central element of professional social work. This book explores the climate and culture of these agencies and provides essential information for surviving and thriving in this setting. It prepares students for their future careers so that they will feel empowered in their work and be able to fulfill their responsibilities toward organizational, community, and social change. Using real-life examples, the authors examine the internal structures of management, financing, and supervision and discuss common conflicts between agencies and professionals. The book’s straightforward tone and practical advice make it an asset to anyone entering human service organizations.\r\n\r\nThis new edition contains updated examples, case studies, and references. It also contains valuable information on the effects of the recent financial crisis on human service organizations. 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38404876/The_Future_of_the_Organizations_Draft_Chapter_1_Man_Society_and_Organization_by_Noah_Chancellor_pdf">The Future of the Organizations. Draft Chapter 1 Man, Society, and Organization by Noah Chancellor.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The ineffective governance, irresponsible management, and poor company performance will ‎continue ‎to ‎ravage the businesses, shareholders, employees, and the society, where the ‎perpetrators go free, careers come to a halt, ‎shareholders... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38404876" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The ineffective governance, irresponsible management, and poor company performance will ‎continue ‎to ‎ravage the businesses, shareholders, employees, and the society, where the ‎perpetrators go free, careers come to a halt, ‎shareholders ‎lose money, suppliers are out of ‎business, and employees struggle to make ends meet. However, running an organization in today’s world is becoming quite a complicated endeavor. When ‎managers reach out to gain theoretical or practical advice they quickly realize that the sum total of available ‎knowledge is fragmented, narrowly relevant or mostly impractical. ‎Thereore, there is a need for a profoundly simple, coherent, and all-encompassing advice</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38404876" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="434be97bd4baeefe5548844479a60f8d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58462540,"asset_id":38404876,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58462540/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2520815" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NoahChancellor">Noah Chancellor</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2520815" type="text/json">{"id":2520815,"first_name":"Noah","last_name":"Chancellor","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NoahChancellor","display_name":"Noah Chancellor","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NoahChancellor?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38404876 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38404876"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38404876, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38404876", }); 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It sets out recommendations for UNESCO, the World Heritage... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67839988" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This whitepaper provides a legal analysis to align the 1972 World Heritage Convention and the UNESCO Constitution and its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms. It sets out recommendations for UNESCO, the World Heritage governing bodies, and States Parties to ensure properties on the World Heritage List and Tentative Lists are not sites of serious, systematic violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67839988" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="24635c7012cafb7522b23d4c840199c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78528933,"asset_id":67839988,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78528933/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20084632" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/LynnMeskell">Lynn Meskell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20084632" type="text/json">{"id":20084632,"first_name":"Lynn","last_name":"Meskell","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"LynnMeskell","display_name":"Lynn Meskell","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/LynnMeskell?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20084632/5702528/17127377/s65_lynn.meskell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67839988 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67839988"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67839988, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67839988", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67839988]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67839988").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67839988").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67839988"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies">Indigenous Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="926" type="text/json">{"id":926,"name":"Indigenous Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2132" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage">Cultural Heritage</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2132" type="text/json">{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2169" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law">Human Rights Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2169" type="text/json">{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67839988]'), work: {"id":67839988,"title":"UNESCO, World Heritage, and Human Rights Compliance","created_at":"2022-01-11T16:32:00.445-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67839988/UNESCO_World_Heritage_and_Human_Rights_Compliance?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_67839988","summary":"This whitepaper provides a legal analysis to align the 1972 World Heritage Convention and the UNESCO Constitution and its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms. It sets out recommendations for UNESCO, the World Heritage governing bodies, and States Parties to ensure properties on the World Heritage List and Tentative Lists are not sites of serious, systematic violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78528933,"asset_id":67839988,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20084632,"first_name":"Lynn","last_name":"Meskell","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"LynnMeskell","display_name":"Lynn Meskell","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/LynnMeskell?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20084632/5702528/17127377/s65_lynn.meskell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":926,"name":"Indigenous Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3345"},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5459,"name":"Cultural Heritage Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_Conservation?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6656,"name":"Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Governmental_Organizations_NGOs_?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6735,"name":"Heritage Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Conservation?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6915,"name":"Unesco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unesco?f_ri=3345"},{"id":19405,"name":"Cultural Heritage Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_Management?f_ri=3345"},{"id":19495,"name":"Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples?f_ri=3345"},{"id":19755,"name":"World Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=3345"},{"id":31227,"name":"Cultural Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Diplomacy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":675052,"name":"UNESCO world heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UNESCO_world_heritage?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24476369" data-work_id="24476369" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24476369/The_EDUCO_Program_Impact_Evaluations_and_the_Political_Economy_of_Global_Education_Reform">The EDUCO Program, Impact Evaluations, and the Political Economy of Global Education Reform</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">During the 1990s and 2000s, a policy known as Education with Community Participation (EDUCO) not only became the cornerstone of education reform in El Salvador but also became a global education policy, one which is known for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24476369" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">During the 1990s and 2000s, a policy known as Education with Community Participation (EDUCO) not only became the cornerstone of education reform in El Salvador but also became a global education policy, one which is known for decentralizing to rural families the responsibility for hiring and firing teachers. As is shown in this paper, its rise to fame was not only a product of the particular political-economic context in which it was borne, but was also a product of the impact evaluations produced by the World Bank, which served as the evidence base through which this and other international institutions could legitimately promote the neoliberal model of community involvement represented by EDUCO. Problematically, however, a reappraisal of these impact evaluations reveals, first, that their findings and conclusions around significant effects were not warranted and, second, that the entire impact evaluation enterprise is fundamentally flawed due to the financial-political-intellectual complex out of which these studies emerged and back into which they fed as they were used to advocate for market-oriented policy solutions around the world. Thus, in addition to explaining the reform dynamics that gave rise to EDUCO, this paper (a) systematically reviews the findings and limitations of each of the six impact studies that constitute the international knowledge base around this policy, (b) reconsiders what we can reasonably claim to know about EDUCO, (c) reflects on the national and international implications of the critical review presented here, and (d) remarks on the shortcomings of—and the alternatives to—impact evaluations as a<br />means to produce policy-relevant findings.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24476369" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="938abb2be14ef83728c2a20707749a92" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48575829,"asset_id":24476369,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48575829/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5732334" href="https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/DBrentEdwardsJr">D. Brent Edwards Jr.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5732334" type="text/json">{"id":5732334,"first_name":"D. Brent","last_name":"Edwards Jr.","domain_name":"manoa-hawaii","page_name":"DBrentEdwardsJr","display_name":"D. Brent Edwards Jr.","profile_url":"https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/DBrentEdwardsJr?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5732334/2484502/2886235/s65_brent.edwards.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24476369 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24476369"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24476369, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24476369", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24476369 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24476369; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24476369"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24476369 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24476369"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24476369; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24476369]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24476369").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24476369").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24476369"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="388" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies">Latin American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="388" type="text/json">{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="922" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education">Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="922" type="text/json">{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1241" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management">Knowledge Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1241" type="text/json">{"id":1241,"name":"Knowledge Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24476369]'), work: {"id":24476369,"title":"The EDUCO Program, Impact Evaluations, and the Political Economy of Global Education Reform","created_at":"2016-04-16T21:47:12.793-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24476369/The_EDUCO_Program_Impact_Evaluations_and_the_Political_Economy_of_Global_Education_Reform?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_24476369","summary":"During the 1990s and 2000s, a policy known as Education with Community Participation (EDUCO) not only became the cornerstone of education reform in El Salvador but also became a global education policy, one which is known for decentralizing to rural families the responsibility for hiring and firing teachers. 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Thus, in addition to explaining the reform dynamics that gave rise to EDUCO, this paper (a) systematically reviews the findings and limitations of each of the six impact studies that constitute the international knowledge base around this policy, (b) reconsiders what we can reasonably claim to know about EDUCO, (c) reflects on the national and international implications of the critical review presented here, and (d) remarks on the shortcomings of—and the alternatives to—impact evaluations as a\nmeans to produce policy-relevant findings.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48575829,"asset_id":24476369,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5732334,"first_name":"D. Brent","last_name":"Edwards Jr.","domain_name":"manoa-hawaii","page_name":"DBrentEdwardsJr","display_name":"D. Brent Edwards Jr.","profile_url":"https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/DBrentEdwardsJr?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5732334/2484502/2886235/s65_brent.edwards.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1241,"name":"Knowledge Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=3345"},{"id":2993,"name":"Sociology of Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Knowledge?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3347,"name":"Latin American politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_politics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4614,"name":"Central America and Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_America_and_Mexico?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4617,"name":"Central American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_American_Studies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4976,"name":"International Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Education?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5035,"name":"Comparative \u0026 International Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_and_International_Education?f_ri=3345"},{"id":7465,"name":"Impact 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href="https://www.academia.edu/1336772/Why_states_act_through_formal_international_organizations">Why states act through formal international organizations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1336772" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4ac9a1d34484b1e0e0d31cc444f50c47" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":8292669,"asset_id":1336772,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26805716/Theory_of_the_Border_Oxford_University_Press_2016_">Theory of the Border (Oxford University Press, 2016)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26805716" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life. <br /><br />Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26805716" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="40382202f82df184ce6baecfea8640a0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47350024,"asset_id":26805716,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47350024/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="982124" href="https://udenver.academia.edu/ThomasNail">Thomas Nail</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="982124" type="text/json">{"id":982124,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Nail","domain_name":"udenver","page_name":"ThomasNail","display_name":"Thomas Nail","profile_url":"https://udenver.academia.edu/ThomasNail?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/982124/1055609/37232722/s65_thomas.nail.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26805716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26805716"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26805716, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26805716", }); 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International organizations between constitutionalism and authoritarianism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The most recent transformation of world order is often depicted as a shift from a Westphalian to a post-Westphalian era in which international organizations are becoming increasingly independent sites of authority. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64192637" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The most recent transformation of world order is often depicted as a shift from a Westphalian to a post-Westphalian era in which international organizations are becoming increasingly independent sites of authority. This internationalization of authority is often considered as an indication of the constitutionalization of the global legal order. However, this article highlights that international organizations can also exercise authority in an authoritarian fashion that violates the same constitutionalist principles of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law that international organizations are usually expected to promote. It is thus an open question which post-Westphalia we are in fact heading to: a constitutionalized order, an authoritarian order, or a combination of both? Based on a conceptualization of post-Westphalian orders as a two-dimensional continuum linking the ideal-typical end points of constitutionalism and authoritarianism, we analyze the United Nations security s...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64192637" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="74789caef2c5d66086e5bcf09043357c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76341673,"asset_id":64192637,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76341673/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49891823" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BernhardZangl">Bernhard Zangl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49891823" type="text/json">{"id":49891823,"first_name":"Bernhard","last_name":"Zangl","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BernhardZangl","display_name":"Bernhard Zangl","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BernhardZangl?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64192637 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64192637"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64192637, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64192637", }); 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International organizations between constitutionalism and authoritarianism","created_at":"2021-12-14T23:00:37.003-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64192637/Which_post_Westphalia_International_organizations_between_constitutionalism_and_authoritarianism?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_64192637","summary":"The most recent transformation of world order is often depicted as a shift from a Westphalian to a post-Westphalian era in which international organizations are becoming increasingly independent sites of authority. This internationalization of authority is often considered as an indication of the constitutionalization of the global legal order. However, this article highlights that international organizations can also exercise authority in an authoritarian fashion that violates the same constitutionalist principles of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law that international organizations are usually expected to promote. It is thus an open question which post-Westphalia we are in fact heading to: a constitutionalized order, an authoritarian order, or a combination of both? Based on a conceptualization of post-Westphalian orders as a two-dimensional continuum linking the ideal-typical end points of constitutionalism and authoritarianism, we analyze the United Nations security s...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76341673,"asset_id":64192637,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49891823,"first_name":"Bernhard","last_name":"Zangl","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BernhardZangl","display_name":"Bernhard Zangl","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BernhardZangl?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and 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Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supranational_Governance?f_ri=3345"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=3345"},{"id":2922098,"name":"European relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_relations?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69376958" data-work_id="69376958" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69376958/What_is_Driving_Russias_Security_Concerns_by_Alexey_Gromyko_Modern_Diplomacy_via_RIAC_January_23_2022">What is Driving Russia's Security Concerns? by Alexey Gromyko, Modern Diplomacy (via RIAC), January 23, 2022</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><a href="https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/01/23/what-is-driving-russias-security-concerns/" rel="nofollow">https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/01/23/what-is-driving-russias-security-concerns/</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69376958" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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data-has-card-for-user="6901110" href="https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston">Dr. Matthew Crosston</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6901110" type="text/json">{"id":6901110,"first_name":"Dr. Matthew","last_name":"Crosston","domain_name":"brown","page_name":"DrMatthewCrosston","display_name":"Dr. Matthew Crosston","profile_url":"https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6901110/2645906/36883013/s65_dr._matthew.crosston.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69376958 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69376958"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69376958, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69376958", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69376958 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics">Comparative Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="796" type="text/json">{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69376958]'), work: {"id":69376958,"title":"What is Driving Russia's Security Concerns? by Alexey Gromyko, Modern Diplomacy (via RIAC), January 23, 2022","created_at":"2022-01-24T12:02:39.898-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69376958/What_is_Driving_Russias_Security_Concerns_by_Alexey_Gromyko_Modern_Diplomacy_via_RIAC_January_23_2022?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_69376958","summary":"https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/01/23/what-is-driving-russias-security-concerns/","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79497984,"asset_id":69376958,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6901110,"first_name":"Dr. Matthew","last_name":"Crosston","domain_name":"brown","page_name":"DrMatthewCrosston","display_name":"Dr. Matthew Crosston","profile_url":"https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6901110/2645906/36883013/s65_dr._matthew.crosston.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=3345"},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5821,"name":"Ukrainian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_Studies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5895,"name":"Russian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Politics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=3345"},{"id":27728,"name":"Politics of Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Ukraine?f_ri=3345"},{"id":62260,"name":"EU-Russia relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU-Russia_relations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74312520" data-work_id="74312520" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74312520/The_Republic_of_Cyprus_and_Its_Foreign_Policy_a_Historical_Overview_1960_2004">The Republic of Cyprus and Its Foreign Policy: a Historical Overview, 1960-2004</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter provides a historical background to the present book and contributes to the international literature about the RoC by exploring the important drivers behind the country’s foreign policy, from 1960 to 2004. These drivers... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74312520" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter provides a historical background to the present book and contributes to the international literature about the RoC by exploring the important drivers behind the country’s foreign policy, from 1960 to 2004. These drivers encompass not only the unfolding of the Cyprus Problem and important international developments but also the concepts of national survival and prosperity. The present overview is done through the prism of the RoC’s relations with international organisations and adopts a<br />thematic structure to tie together the drivers behind the RoC’s alignment (or not) with key international organisations. This approach accommodates the better understanding of the country’s international orientation at various periods of its Modern History.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74312520" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c44d814bafbc3e9952f79439ecc51a5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82508260,"asset_id":74312520,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82508260/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="279468" href="https://ouc.academia.edu/AndreasKaryos">Andreas Karyos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="279468" type="text/json">{"id":279468,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Karyos","domain_name":"ouc","page_name":"AndreasKaryos","display_name":"Andreas Karyos","profile_url":"https://ouc.academia.edu/AndreasKaryos?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/279468/26883/37113535/s65_andreas.karyos.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74312520 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74312520"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74312520, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74312520", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74312520]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74312520").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74312520").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74312520"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="138" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History">Diplomatic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="138" type="text/json">{"id":138,"name":"Diplomatic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1911" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies">International Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1911" type="text/json">{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74312520]'), work: {"id":74312520,"title":"The Republic of Cyprus and Its Foreign Policy: a Historical Overview, 1960-2004","created_at":"2022-03-22T08:49:39.894-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74312520/The_Republic_of_Cyprus_and_Its_Foreign_Policy_a_Historical_Overview_1960_2004?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_74312520","summary":"This chapter provides a historical background to the present book and contributes to the international literature about the RoC by exploring the important drivers behind the country’s foreign policy, from 1960 to 2004. These drivers encompass not only the unfolding of the Cyprus Problem and important international developments but also the concepts of national survival and prosperity. The present overview is done through the prism of the RoC’s relations with international organisations and adopts a\nthematic structure to tie together the drivers behind the RoC’s alignment (or not) with key international organisations. This approach accommodates the better understanding of the country’s international orientation at various periods of its Modern History.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82508260,"asset_id":74312520,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":279468,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Karyos","domain_name":"ouc","page_name":"AndreasKaryos","display_name":"Andreas Karyos","profile_url":"https://ouc.academia.edu/AndreasKaryos?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/279468/26883/37113535/s65_andreas.karyos.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":138,"name":"Diplomatic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":4054,"name":"Cyprus Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyprus_Studies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":12785,"name":"History of International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_International_Relations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":14363,"name":"Cyprus conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyprus_conflict?f_ri=3345"},{"id":16978,"name":"History of Cyprus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Cyprus?f_ri=3345"},{"id":16979,"name":"Modern History of Cyprus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_History_of_Cyprus?f_ri=3345"},{"id":17406,"name":"Cyprus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyprus?f_ri=3345"},{"id":56279,"name":"The Cyprus Problem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Cyprus_Problem?f_ri=3345"},{"id":79323,"name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Affairs?f_ri=3345"},{"id":86109,"name":"Cyprus and the East Mediterranean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyprus_and_the_East_Mediterranean?f_ri=3345"},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":816440,"name":"Postcolonial Cyprus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Cyprus?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4303461" data-work_id="4303461" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4303461/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol_4_Globalizing_Labour_2007_"> Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour (2007)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Investigations into the political economy of globalization usually concentrate upon three related developments—the expansion of international trade and the growth in transnational production, including the rise of transnational... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4303461" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Investigations into the political economy of globalization usually concentrate upon three related developments—the expansion of international trade and the growth in transnational production, including the rise of transnational corporations;  the creation of a world-wide market for finance and credit;  and finally, the development of regimes and institutions of global economic governance.  By comparison, the role and significance of labour and labourers tends to be neglected in most studies. Yet, from its very inception, the process of globalization has been marked by the different methods of organizing work and organizing the activity of workers themselves. <br /> <br />This volume goes some way in restoring labour to a proper place in the globalization literature. The title 'Globalizing Labour' has a dual meaning. On the one hand it refers to increasing connectedness of workers and work as the globalization of integrated trade, financial and production systems merges economic activity from around the world. Labour is globalizing in the sense that it is connected to world-wide production and exchange structures. On the other hand, the title refers to the activities of workers themselves as their political and economic activities influence broader globalization structures. Labour is globalizing in the sense that workers are themselves building organizational links between different communities and are engaging global power structures whether they be globalizing corporations or international organizations. This volume introduces the subject of labour and globalization by examining four elements of the relationship. Firstly, the historical relationship between labour and globalization is briefly reviewed. Secondly, the condition of various forms of labour since the end of the Cold War is surveyed. Thirdly, the issue of labour, the state and regulation of globalizing corporations is highlighted. The volume concludes with some thoughts on key issues facing global labour in the twenty-first century.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4303461" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d070c21d35ce11d1cfbf18decb2e68e7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31764591,"asset_id":4303461,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31764591/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="133302" href="https://westernsydney.academia.edu/PaulJames">Paul James</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="133302" type="text/json">{"id":133302,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"James","domain_name":"westernsydney","page_name":"PaulJames","display_name":"Paul James","profile_url":"https://westernsydney.academia.edu/PaulJames?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/133302/250770/296382/s65_paul.james.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4303461 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4303461"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4303461, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4303461", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4303461]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4303461").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4303461").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4303461"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="193" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology">Economic Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="193" type="text/json">{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4303461]'), work: {"id":4303461,"title":" Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour (2007)","created_at":"2013-08-22T15:33:25.344-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4303461/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol_4_Globalizing_Labour_2007_?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_4303461","summary":"Investigations into the political economy of globalization usually concentrate upon three related developments—the expansion of international trade and the growth in transnational production, including the rise of transnational corporations; the creation of a world-wide market for finance and credit; and finally, the development of regimes and institutions of global economic governance. By comparison, the role and significance of labour and labourers tends to be neglected in most studies. Yet, from its very inception, the process of globalization has been marked by the different methods of organizing work and organizing the activity of workers themselves. \r\n\r\nThis volume goes some way in restoring labour to a proper place in the globalization literature. The title 'Globalizing Labour' has a dual meaning. On the one hand it refers to increasing connectedness of workers and work as the globalization of integrated trade, financial and production systems merges economic activity from around the world. Labour is globalizing in the sense that it is connected to world-wide production and exchange structures. On the other hand, the title refers to the activities of workers themselves as their political and economic activities influence broader globalization structures. Labour is globalizing in the sense that workers are themselves building organizational links between different communities and are engaging global power structures whether they be globalizing corporations or international organizations. This volume introduces the subject of labour and globalization by examining four elements of the relationship. Firstly, the historical relationship between labour and globalization is briefly reviewed. Secondly, the condition of various forms of labour since the end of the Cold War is surveyed. Thirdly, the issue of labour, the state and regulation of globalizing corporations is highlighted. The volume concludes with some thoughts on key issues facing global labour in the twenty-first century.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31764591,"asset_id":4303461,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":133302,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"James","domain_name":"westernsydney","page_name":"PaulJames","display_name":"Paul James","profile_url":"https://westernsydney.academia.edu/PaulJames?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/133302/250770/296382/s65_paul.james.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":209,"name":"Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Theory?f_ri=3345"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5045,"name":"Critical Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Theory?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=3345"},{"id":13430,"name":"Social Exclusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Exclusion?f_ri=3345"},{"id":15264,"name":"Work and Labour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Work_and_Labour?f_ri=3345"},{"id":16153,"name":"International Mangement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Mangement?f_ri=3345"},{"id":31848,"name":"Labor unions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_unions?f_ri=3345"},{"id":48047,"name":"Trade unions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_unions?f_ri=3345"},{"id":53166,"name":"Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power?f_ri=3345"},{"id":89871,"name":"Labour markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labour_markets?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_309277" data-work_id="309277" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/309277/Spirituality_and_Performance_In_Organizations_A_Literature_Review">Spirituality and Performance In Organizations: A Literature Review</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this article is to review spirituality at work literature and to explore how spirituality improves employees’ performances and organizational effectiveness. The article reviews about 140 articles on workplace spirituality... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_309277" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this article is to review spirituality at work literature and to explore how spirituality improves employees’ performances and organizational effectiveness. The article reviews about 140 articles on workplace spirituality to review their findings on how spirituality supports organizational performance. Three different perspectives are introduced on how spirituality benefits employees and supports organizational performance based on the extant literature: (a) Spirituality enhances employee well-being and quality of life; (b) Spirituality provides employees a sense of purpose and meaning at work; (c) Spirituality provides employees a sense of interconnectedness and community. The article introduces potential benefits and caveats of bringing spirituality into the workplace; providing recommendations and suggestions for practitioners to incorporate spirituality positively in organizations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/309277" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="411f4d0c5e65308f671c6f72e6e50a5f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51460033,"asset_id":309277,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51460033/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="238814" href="https://eastanglia.academia.edu/FahriKarakas">Fahri Karakas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="238814" type="text/json">{"id":238814,"first_name":"Fahri","last_name":"Karakas","domain_name":"eastanglia","page_name":"FahriKarakas","display_name":"Fahri Karakas","profile_url":"https://eastanglia.academia.edu/FahriKarakas?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/238814/176046/6946835/s65_fahri.karakas.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_309277 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="309277"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 309277, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_309277", }); 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The ‘power of attraction’ of EU membership would presumably induce the Bosnian authorities to accept... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1608637" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The European Union (EU) has closely correlated different aspects of the peace process in Bosnia with progress towards European accession. The ‘power of attraction’ of EU membership would presumably induce the Bosnian authorities to accept the adaptation costs of political and economic transformation. However, the Europeanisation approach has not produced the expected results. The track record of the EU’s policies towards Bosnia represents a paradigmatic case of what would happen if almost nothing works as efficiently as in the case of the countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007. The article investigates the causes of EU policy failure in Bosnia and claims that the EU has not effectively responded to three challenges: 1) adjust the process to the needs of an ethnically divided post-war state; 2) preserve the credibility of accession conditionality, and 3) convey the proper messages on how to comply with EU rules. Therefore, the article argues for a more cohesive and consistent EU approach towards Bosnia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1608637" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="234081" href="https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis">Nikolaos Tzifakis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="234081" type="text/json">{"id":234081,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Tzifakis","domain_name":"uop-gr","page_name":"NikolaosTzifakis","display_name":"Nikolaos Tzifakis","profile_url":"https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/234081/158425/45729300/s65_nikolaos.tzifakis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1608637 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1608637"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1608637, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1608637", }); 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u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Among the deficiencies demonstrated by the world financial crisis of 2008–9, one was the limited capacity of G-8 to provide for global economic governance. The developed economies quickly realised that they should seek joint solutions and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1093977" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Among the deficiencies demonstrated by the world financial crisis of 2008–9, one was the limited capacity of G-8 to provide for global economic governance. The developed economies quickly realised that they should seek joint solutions and coordinated policies in cooperation with the leading emerging-market economies. As a result, the G-20 turned into the main forum for managing the crisis. This in fact pointed to an early institutional acknowledgement that important changes were underway in the global distribution of power. These changes derive from the substantially higher growth rates of the emerging-market economies in comparison with those of the developed economies, a trend named ‘the rise of the rest’ (Zakaria, 2008, pp. 2–3).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1093977" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e7a9cb50c686982efd66a9a4f84b432" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31170856,"asset_id":1093977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31170856/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="234081" href="https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis">Nikolaos Tzifakis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="234081" type="text/json">{"id":234081,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Tzifakis","domain_name":"uop-gr","page_name":"NikolaosTzifakis","display_name":"Nikolaos Tzifakis","profile_url":"https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/234081/158425/45729300/s65_nikolaos.tzifakis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1093977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1093977"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1093977, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1093977", }); 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_298855" data-work_id="298855" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/298855/The_Bosnian_Peace_Process_The_Power_Sharing_Approach_Revisited">The Bosnian Peace Process: The Power-Sharing Approach Revisited</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article argues that the post-Dayton political organisation of Bosnia represents an exemplary illustration of the difficulties associated with the empirical application of the pluralist model of “consociational democracy”. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_298855" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article argues that the post-Dayton political organisation of Bosnia represents an exemplary illustration of the difficulties associated with the empirical application of the pluralist model of “consociational democracy”. The country’s political system has been predicated on the existence of consensus and the spirit of cooperation among the three ethnic groups without, however, offering any electoral or political incentives to their leaderships to cooperate. Also, the inclusion of several elements to the Dayton accords of a partition approach to conflict resolution has even encouraged the ethnic leaderships to maintain their nationalistic programs and their endeavours to exploit the aforementioned power-sharing arrangements. Indeed, the structural deficiencies of the Dayton agreement have permitted nationalists to continue implementing their ethnic <br />agendas and have accounted for the slow progress towards the implementation of the Bosnian peace process. Therefore, this article elaborates on the international policies in Bosnia, aimed at transforming the country into a viable multiethnic state, and highlights the significance of motivations for implementing the peace process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/298855" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ea62233de85ce8c5cfec3f1b0b8f3f4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30499889,"asset_id":298855,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30499889/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="234081" href="https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis">Nikolaos Tzifakis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="234081" type="text/json">{"id":234081,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Tzifakis","domain_name":"uop-gr","page_name":"NikolaosTzifakis","display_name":"Nikolaos Tzifakis","profile_url":"https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/234081/158425/45729300/s65_nikolaos.tzifakis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_298855 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="298855"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 298855, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_298855", }); 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Actorness: EU External Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_Actorness_EU_External_Relations?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9070251" data-work_id="9070251" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9070251/THE_EFFECTS_OF_OIL_JOINT_VENTURE_PARTNERSHIPS_ON_ENFORCEMENT_OF_ZERO_GAS_FLARING_POLICY_IN_NIGERIA_2003_2011">THE EFFECTS OF OIL JOINT VENTURE PARTNERSHIPS ON ENFORCEMENT OF ZERO-GAS FLARING POLICY IN NIGERIA, 2003-2011</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The act of gas flaring in Nigeria began with production of crude oil in 1958, and has since engendered serious trans-boundary environmental, energy, economic and health implications. This has led to the adoption of zero-gas flaring policy... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9070251" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The act of gas flaring in Nigeria began with production of crude oil in 1958, and has since engendered serious trans-boundary environmental, energy, economic and health implications. This has led to the adoption of zero-gas flaring policy in 2003 in line with the domestication of related international initiatives and treaties in Nigeria. However, oil joint venture partnerships between Nigeria’s NNPC and international oil corporations (IOCs) from the United States of America, Britain, France and the Netherlands in oil production flared 514,779,616 standard cubic feet (scf) of associated gas out of 619,032,858 scf of total associated gas flared in 2011. Available records indicate that Nigeria’s oil joint venture partners prioritized profits through increase in oil production without relating oil production to the capacity of gas utilization facilities required to meet policy deadline. This study focused on the effects of oil joint venture partnerships on the enforcement of zero-gas flaring policy in Nigeria, 2003-2011. The specific objectives were to: (i) determine whether equity arrangements of the oil joint operation agreements hindered the implementation of zero-gas flaring policy in Nigeria, (ii) ascertain whether the budgeting process of the oil joint venture operations impeded the adoption of effective gas flare elimination strategies in Nigeria, and (iii) establish whether funding of NNPC’s participation in oil joint venture partnerships constrained financing of associated gas utilization facilities in Nigeria. The study adopted the rentier state theory as the theoretical framework and ex-post-facto research design. The study also made use of secondary data sourced from books, journals, conference papers and official documents from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the World Bank, Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFRP), the Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI), the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The study used logical induction to analyze the data. The major findings were that: (i) the equity arrangements of the oil joint operation agreements hindered the implementation of zero-gas flaring policy in Nigeria, (ii) the budgeting process of the oil joint venture operators impeded the adoption of effective gas flare elimination strategies in Nigeria, and (iii) the inadequate funding of NNPC’s participation in oil joint venture partnerships constrained financing of associated gas flaring utilization facilities in Nigeria. The recommendations were: (i) restructuring the equity arrangements of the oil joint venture partners in order to effectively implement zero-gas flaring policy, (ii) reforming the budgeting process of the joint venture operators for adopting effective gas flaring elimination strategies, and (iii) sufficient funding of NNPC participation in the joint venture partnerships necessary for adequately financing associated gas utilization projects.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9070251" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e1d6e98e2a4a1e9f69deeea544d5c11" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35370822,"asset_id":9070251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35370822/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4376436" href="https://fuo.academia.edu/ErnestAniche">Ernest Aniche</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4376436" type="text/json">{"id":4376436,"first_name":"Ernest","last_name":"Aniche","domain_name":"fuo","page_name":"ErnestAniche","display_name":"Ernest Aniche","profile_url":"https://fuo.academia.edu/ErnestAniche?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4376436/1769005/2113359/s65_ernest.aniche.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9070251 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9070251"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9070251, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9070251", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9070251]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9070251").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9070251").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9070251"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory">International Relations Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166" type="text/json">{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy">International Political Economy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6276" type="text/json">{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9070251]'), work: {"id":9070251,"title":"THE EFFECTS OF OIL JOINT VENTURE PARTNERSHIPS ON ENFORCEMENT OF ZERO-GAS FLARING POLICY IN NIGERIA, 2003-2011","created_at":"2014-11-01T20:49:06.239-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9070251/THE_EFFECTS_OF_OIL_JOINT_VENTURE_PARTNERSHIPS_ON_ENFORCEMENT_OF_ZERO_GAS_FLARING_POLICY_IN_NIGERIA_2003_2011?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_9070251","summary":"The act of gas flaring in Nigeria began with production of crude oil in 1958, and has since engendered serious trans-boundary environmental, energy, economic and health implications. This has led to the adoption of zero-gas flaring policy in 2003 in line with the domestication of related international initiatives and treaties in Nigeria. However, oil joint venture partnerships between Nigeria’s NNPC and international oil corporations (IOCs) from the United States of America, Britain, France and the Netherlands in oil production flared 514,779,616 standard cubic feet (scf) of associated gas out of 619,032,858 scf of total associated gas flared in 2011. Available records indicate that Nigeria’s oil joint venture partners prioritized profits through increase in oil production without relating oil production to the capacity of gas utilization facilities required to meet policy deadline. This study focused on the effects of oil joint venture partnerships on the enforcement of zero-gas flaring policy in Nigeria, 2003-2011. The specific objectives were to: (i) determine whether equity arrangements of the oil joint operation agreements hindered the implementation of zero-gas flaring policy in Nigeria, (ii) ascertain whether the budgeting process of the oil joint venture operations impeded the adoption of effective gas flare elimination strategies in Nigeria, and (iii) establish whether funding of NNPC’s participation in oil joint venture partnerships constrained financing of associated gas utilization facilities in Nigeria. The study adopted the rentier state theory as the theoretical framework and ex-post-facto research design. The study also made use of secondary data sourced from books, journals, conference papers and official documents from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the World Bank, Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFRP), the Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI), the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The study used logical induction to analyze the data. The major findings were that: (i) the equity arrangements of the oil joint operation agreements hindered the implementation of zero-gas flaring policy in Nigeria, (ii) the budgeting process of the oil joint venture operators impeded the adoption of effective gas flare elimination strategies in Nigeria, and (iii) the inadequate funding of NNPC’s participation in oil joint venture partnerships constrained financing of associated gas flaring utilization facilities in Nigeria. The recommendations were: (i) restructuring the equity arrangements of the oil joint venture partners in order to effectively implement zero-gas flaring policy, (ii) reforming the budgeting process of the joint venture operators for adopting effective gas flaring elimination strategies, and (iii) sufficient funding of NNPC participation in the joint venture partnerships necessary for adequately financing associated gas utilization projects.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35370822,"asset_id":9070251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4376436,"first_name":"Ernest","last_name":"Aniche","domain_name":"fuo","page_name":"ErnestAniche","display_name":"Ernest Aniche","profile_url":"https://fuo.academia.edu/ErnestAniche?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4376436/1769005/2113359/s65_ernest.aniche.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":28046,"name":"Regional Integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Integration?f_ri=3345"},{"id":28074,"name":"International Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":91141,"name":"Oil politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_politics?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31811052" data-work_id="31811052" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31811052/GLOBALIZATION_AND_STATE_SOVEREIGNTY">GLOBALIZATION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">GLOBALIZATION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY By Essien Ukpe Ukoyo Ukpe, Department of Political Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State E-Mail: <a href="mailto:essienukpe@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow">essienukpe@yahoo.com</a>, GSM: 08167960417; 08023515344 ABSTRACT... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31811052" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">GLOBALIZATION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY<br />By Essien Ukpe Ukoyo Ukpe, <br />Department of Political Science, Akwa Ibom State University, <br />Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State<br />E-Mail: <a href="mailto:essienukpe@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow">essienukpe@yahoo.com</a>, GSM: 08167960417; 08023515344<br /><br /><br />ABSTRACT<br /><br />Globalization unarguably has many advantages, but the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. The hopes in the early 1990s that growing international economic interdependence would provide the basis for a peaceful world order have not come to fruition. Worst of all, globalization leads to the diminution of states’ sovereignty thereby exposing weaker nations to the vagaries of economic manipulations of international financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization. These organizations which are agents of globalization, founded and controlled by the highly industrialized nations have not the survival of the weaker nations at heart. Consequently, weak economic nations are put to the worst in the world system due to the high cost of economic globalization. This paper recommends that weak economies should first build strong economic base for their countries before opening up their economies to the international market economy if they are going to survive the global holocaust.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31811052" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d08a32ef350fb8215defae2b41fd4791" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52108478,"asset_id":31811052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52108478/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60822240" href="https://aksu.academia.edu/EUkpe">Essien U K P E U K O Y O Ukpe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60822240" type="text/json">{"id":60822240,"first_name":"Essien","last_name":"Ukpe","domain_name":"aksu","page_name":"EUkpe","display_name":"Essien U K P E U K O Y O Ukpe","profile_url":"https://aksu.academia.edu/EUkpe?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60822240/15943850/16445546/s65_essien.ukpe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31811052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31811052"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31811052, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31811052", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31811052]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31811052").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31811052").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31811052"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31811052]'), work: {"id":31811052,"title":"GLOBALIZATION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY","created_at":"2017-03-10T18:26:52.352-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31811052/GLOBALIZATION_AND_STATE_SOVEREIGNTY?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_31811052","summary":"GLOBALIZATION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY\nBy Essien Ukpe Ukoyo Ukpe, \nDepartment of Political Science, Akwa Ibom State University, \nObio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State\nE-Mail: essienukpe@yahoo.com, GSM: 08167960417; 08023515344\n\n\nABSTRACT\n\nGlobalization unarguably has many advantages, but the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. The hopes in the early 1990s that growing international economic interdependence would provide the basis for a peaceful world order have not come to fruition. Worst of all, globalization leads to the diminution of states’ sovereignty thereby exposing weaker nations to the vagaries of economic manipulations of international financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization. These organizations which are agents of globalization, founded and controlled by the highly industrialized nations have not the survival of the weaker nations at heart. Consequently, weak economic nations are put to the worst in the world system due to the high cost of economic globalization. This paper recommends that weak economies should first build strong economic base for their countries before opening up their economies to the international market economy if they are going to survive the global holocaust.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52108478,"asset_id":31811052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60822240,"first_name":"Essien","last_name":"Ukpe","domain_name":"aksu","page_name":"EUkpe","display_name":"Essien U K P E U K O Y O Ukpe","profile_url":"https://aksu.academia.edu/EUkpe?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60822240/15943850/16445546/s65_essien.ukpe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78323327" 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u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This is a critique of UNEP's report prepared for the World Conference on Environment and Development held in Nairobi in 1982.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66093448" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a1f088c6f3a28ee50713c7b7f10ae0d2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77420755,"asset_id":66093448,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button 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Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=3345"},{"id":21637,"name":"Globalisation and Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalisation_and_Sustainable_Development?f_ri=3345"},{"id":69716,"name":"UNEP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UNEP?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37727855" data-work_id="37727855" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37727855/When_the_World_Tried_to_Outlaw_War">When the World Tried to Outlaw War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The internationalists of the last century are, it turns out, quite relevant to our current crisis: they helped us get here, and they offer us no way out. A review of Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro, The Internationalists: How A Radical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37727855" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The internationalists of the last century are, it turns out, quite relevant to our current crisis: they helped us get here, and they offer us no way out.<br /><br />A review of Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro, The Internationalists: How A Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World (Simon & Schuster, 2017).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37727855" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text 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window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37727855]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37727855").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37727855").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37727855"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="129" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History">American History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="129" type="text/json">{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1911" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies">International Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1911" type="text/json">{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37727855]'), work: {"id":37727855,"title":"When the World Tried to Outlaw War","created_at":"2018-11-08T08:21:53.758-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37727855/When_the_World_Tried_to_Outlaw_War?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_37727855","summary":"The internationalists of the last century are, it turns out, quite relevant to our current crisis: they helped us get here, and they offer us no way out.\n\nA review of Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro, The Internationalists: How A Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World (Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2017).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57721511,"asset_id":37727855,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":172843,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Wertheim","domain_name":"carnegieendowment","page_name":"StephenWertheim","display_name":"Stephen Wertheim","profile_url":"https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/StephenWertheim?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/172843/98293/78919612/s65_stephen.wertheim.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4568,"name":"Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6541,"name":"World History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_History?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=3345"},{"id":13952,"name":"Global Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Leadership?f_ri=3345"},{"id":26872,"name":"Internationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internationalism?f_ri=3345"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":61132,"name":"The League of Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_League_of_Nations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":64446,"name":"Military Orders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Orders?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37083446" data-work_id="37083446" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37083446/Anmeldelse_UNESCOs_pyrrhussejr">Anmeldelse: UNESCO's pyrrhussejr</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Anmeldelse af Poul Duedahls "Fra overmenneske til UNESCO-menneske: Racebegrebet i Danmark 1890-1965"</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37083446" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f34bbcdca67d45dffca23ce7aba71e0a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57035528,"asset_id":37083446,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57035528/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42680945" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/Frederik%C3%98rskov">Frederik F Ørskov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42680945" type="text/json">{"id":42680945,"first_name":"Frederik","last_name":"Ørskov","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"FrederikØrskov","display_name":"Frederik F Ørskov","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/Frederik%C3%98rskov?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42680945/11476213/12800191/s65_frederik._rskov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37083446 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37083446"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new 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data-card-contents-for-ri="2036" type="text/json">{"id":2036,"name":"History Of Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3277" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism">Race and Racism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3277" type="text/json">{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3723" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science">History of Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3723" type="text/json">{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37083446]'), work: {"id":37083446,"title":"Anmeldelse: UNESCO's pyrrhussejr","created_at":"2018-07-19T23:43:41.771-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37083446/Anmeldelse_UNESCOs_pyrrhussejr?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_37083446","summary":"Anmeldelse af Poul Duedahls \"Fra overmenneske til UNESCO-menneske: Racebegrebet i Danmark 1890-1965\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57035528,"asset_id":37083446,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42680945,"first_name":"Frederik","last_name":"Ørskov","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"FrederikØrskov","display_name":"Frederik F Ørskov","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/Frederik%C3%98rskov?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42680945/11476213/12800191/s65_frederik._rskov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2036,"name":"History Of Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":4996,"name":"History of Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Anthropology?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6915,"name":"Unesco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unesco?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44984718" data-work_id="44984718" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44984718/The_Proliferation_of_Institutional_Acts_of_Intemational_Organizations_A_Proposalfor_Their_Classification">The Proliferation of Institutional Acts of Intemational Organizations A Proposalfor Their Classification</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This publication has been typeset in the multilingua! "Brill" typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suita bi e for use in the humanities. For more information, please... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44984718" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This publication has been typeset in the multilingua! "Brill" typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suita bi e for use in the humanities. For more information, please see <a href="http://www.brill.com/brill-typeface" rel="nofollow">www.brill.com/brill-typeface</a>.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44984718" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ccf532b587a3b88fcb039df2c17da6d3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65525335,"asset_id":44984718,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65525335/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="65694" href="https://unime.academia.edu/RobertoVirzo">Roberto Virzo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="65694" type="text/json">{"id":65694,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Virzo","domain_name":"unime","page_name":"RobertoVirzo","display_name":"Roberto Virzo","profile_url":"https://unime.academia.edu/RobertoVirzo?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/65694/18494/17195/s65_roberto.virzo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44984718 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44984718"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44984718, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44984718", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44984718 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44984718; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44984718"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44984718 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44984718"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44984718; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44984718]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44984718").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44984718").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44984718"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44984718]'), work: {"id":44984718,"title":"The Proliferation of Institutional Acts of Intemational Organizations A Proposalfor Their Classification","created_at":"2021-01-26T14:59:20.964-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44984718/The_Proliferation_of_Institutional_Acts_of_Intemational_Organizations_A_Proposalfor_Their_Classification?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_44984718","summary":"This publication has been typeset in the multilingua! \"Brill\" typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suita bi e for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65525335,"asset_id":44984718,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":65694,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Virzo","domain_name":"unime","page_name":"RobertoVirzo","display_name":"Roberto Virzo","profile_url":"https://unime.academia.edu/RobertoVirzo?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/65694/18494/17195/s65_roberto.virzo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28065224" data-work_id="28065224" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28065224/A_randomization_method_for_the_calculation_of_covariation_in_multiple_nonlinear_relations_illustrated_with_the_example_of_goal_directed_movements">A randomization method for the calculation of covariation in multiple nonlinear relations: illustrated with the example of goal-directed movements</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A randomization method is developed for the calculation of covariation between multiple variables that are linked nonlinearly to a dependent variable. Covariation is a phenomenon often invoked in the study of movement coordination to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28065224" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A randomization method is developed for the calculation of covariation between multiple variables that are linked nonlinearly to a dependent variable. Covariation is a phenomenon often invoked in the study of movement coordination to capture the fact that in coordinated movement the outcome shows greater than expected consistency from the variability in the component processes. However, in most cases, the problem is that more than two variables covary in a nonlinear fashion, which makes quantification with the bivariate linear covariation and correlation coefficient inapplicable. This paper presents a generalization of the calculation of linear bivariate covariance using a variant of a randomization method that is based on the comparison between the empirically measured variability in the outcome and a covariation-free variability. The latter can be estimated by permuting data sets. A generalized correlation coefficient is derived, and it is shown how errors of estimation can be qua...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28065224" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bfde68b14a40db9dbe6d094ae8b038af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48378925,"asset_id":28065224,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48378925/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32606921" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DagmarSternad">Dagmar Sternad</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32606921" type="text/json">{"id":32606921,"first_name":"Dagmar","last_name":"Sternad","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DagmarSternad","display_name":"Dagmar Sternad","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DagmarSternad?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28065224 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28065224"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28065224, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28065224", }); 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Covariation is a phenomenon often invoked in the study of movement coordination to capture the fact that in coordinated movement the outcome shows greater than expected consistency from the variability in the component processes. However, in most cases, the problem is that more than two variables covary in a nonlinear fashion, which makes quantification with the bivariate linear covariation and correlation coefficient inapplicable. This paper presents a generalization of the calculation of linear bivariate covariance using a variant of a randomization method that is based on the comparison between the empirically measured variability in the outcome and a covariation-free variability. The latter can be estimated by permuting data sets. A generalized correlation coefficient is derived, and it is shown how errors of estimation can be qua...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48378925,"asset_id":28065224,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32606921,"first_name":"Dagmar","last_name":"Sternad","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DagmarSternad","display_name":"Dagmar Sternad","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DagmarSternad?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":5493,"name":"Nonlinear dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_dynamics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement?f_ri=3345"},{"id":128538,"name":"Arm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arm?f_ri=3345"},{"id":144259,"name":"Goals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goals?f_ri=3345"},{"id":506858,"name":"Nonlinear system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_system?f_ri=3345"},{"id":567727,"name":"Biological cybernetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_cybernetics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":611814,"name":"Correlation coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Correlation_coefficient?f_ri=3345"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=3345"},{"id":2463495,"name":"Random Allocation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Random_Allocation?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12973381" data-work_id="12973381" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12973381/A_comparison_of_six_primer_sets_for_detection_of_Trypanosoma_evansi_by_polymerase_chain_reaction_in_rodents_and_Thai_livestock">A comparison of six primer sets for detection of Trypanosoma evansi by polymerase chain reaction in rodents and Thai livestock</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To face the worldwide threat of Surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi, international organizations have stressed the need to evaluate and standardize diagnostic tools. PCR detection of T. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12973381" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To face the worldwide threat of Surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi, international organizations have stressed the need to evaluate and standardize diagnostic tools. PCR detection of T. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20 years, but primer sets are often insufficiently assessed and compared. In this work, we compared the performances of six primer pairs-TBR1/2 (Masiga et al., 1992), ESAG6/7 (Holland et al., 2001a, b), TEPAN1/2 (Panyim et al., 1993), pMUTEC F/R (Wuyts et al., 1994), TRYP1 R/S (Desquesnes et al., 2001) and TRYP4 R/S (Desquesnes et al., unpublished)-tested with purified T. evansi DNA serial dilutions, T. evansi-infected rat blood serial dilutions and Thai dairy cattle samples.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12973381" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="20824c7ef6ffed0da85e480d77281f71" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45813403,"asset_id":12973381,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45813403/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32175599" href="https://kasetsart.academia.edu/MarcDesquesnes">Marc Desquesnes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32175599" type="text/json">{"id":32175599,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Desquesnes","domain_name":"kasetsart","page_name":"MarcDesquesnes","display_name":"Marc Desquesnes","profile_url":"https://kasetsart.academia.edu/MarcDesquesnes?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12973381 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12973381"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12973381, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12973381", }); 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PCR detection of T. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20 years, but primer sets are often insufficiently assessed and compared. In this work, we compared the performances of six primer pairs-TBR1/2 (Masiga et al., 1992), ESAG6/7 (Holland et al., 2001a, b), TEPAN1/2 (Panyim et al., 1993), pMUTEC F/R (Wuyts et al., 1994), TRYP1 R/S (Desquesnes et al., 2001) and TRYP4 R/S (Desquesnes et al., unpublished)-tested with purified T. evansi DNA serial dilutions, T. evansi-infected rat blood serial dilutions and Thai dairy cattle samples.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45813403,"asset_id":12973381,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32175599,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Desquesnes","domain_name":"kasetsart","page_name":"MarcDesquesnes","display_name":"Marc Desquesnes","profile_url":"https://kasetsart.academia.edu/MarcDesquesnes?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":50634,"name":"Veterinary Parasitology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Parasitology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=3345"},{"id":170652,"name":"Fisheries Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences?f_ri=3345"},{"id":260829,"name":"Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cattle?f_ri=3345"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=3345"},{"id":375896,"name":"Trypanosoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypanosoma?f_ri=3345"},{"id":538285,"name":"Dairy Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairy_Cattle?f_ri=3345"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=3345"},{"id":565892,"name":"Trypanosomiasis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypanosomiasis?f_ri=3345"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=3345"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences?f_ri=3345"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=3345"},{"id":1142031,"name":"Dairying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairying?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9748394" data-work_id="9748394" itemscope="itemscope" 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type="text/json">{"id":90389,"name":"OSCE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/OSCE?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="965931" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="965931" type="text/json">{"id":965931,"name":"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9748394]'), work: {"id":9748394,"title":"071100 The Shanghai Cooperation and the OSCE: Two of a 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Organisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5283328" data-work_id="5283328" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5283328/_Prior_Exhaustion_of_Internal_Remedies_in_Cases_Involving_the_International_Responsibility_of_the_European_Union_in_Italian_Yearbook_of_International_Law_vol_XXII_2012_pp_61_89">‹‹Prior Exhaustion of Internal Remedies in Cases Involving the International Responsibility of the European Union››, in Italian Yearbook of International Law, vol. XXII, 2012, pp. 61-89</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5283328" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="250055027dd175543132c612c5740e6a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33480155,"asset_id":5283328,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33480155/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3337933" href="https://unnipg.academia.edu/SimoneVezzani">Simone Vezzani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3337933" type="text/json">{"id":3337933,"first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Vezzani","domain_name":"unnipg","page_name":"SimoneVezzani","display_name":"Simone Vezzani","profile_url":"https://unnipg.academia.edu/SimoneVezzani?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3337933/6554752/7411148/s65_simone.vezzani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5283328 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5283328"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5283328, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5283328", }); 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He will argue that the security needs of the most vulnerable do not resonate with the people who determine what security those people can have; and that international law does not apply to the public institutions which most undermine human security. Dr Roberts will propose a fast-working solution to this dilemma that will reduce the scale of deaths substantially almost overnight, and will identify the means by which this change can be effected.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/635980" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="47597ddf8da6ae2a78ea53adbeaf80c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5784190,"asset_id":635980,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5784190/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="238613" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/DRoberts">David Roberts</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="238613" type="text/json">{"id":238613,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Roberts","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"DRoberts","display_name":"David Roberts","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/DRoberts?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/238613/97075/18816170/s65_david.roberts.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_635980 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="635980"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 635980, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_635980", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=635980]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_635980").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_635980").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="635980"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="898" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="898" type="text/json">{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=635980]'), work: {"id":635980,"title":"Social Harm and Crime at a Global Level","created_at":"2011-06-01T09:03:26.529-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/635980/Social_Harm_and_Crime_at_a_Global_Level?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_635980","summary":"Dr David Roberts argues that matters normally prioritized as security issues in international politics, such as terrorism and nuclear weapons, cause very limited harm, and that preventable global infant and maternal mortality, counted in the millions, is dismissed from security agendas by policy makers, who are mostly white, mostly male, and mostly secure. He will argue that the security needs of the most vulnerable do not resonate with the people who determine what security those people can have; and that international law does not apply to the public institutions which most undermine human security. Dr Roberts will propose a fast-working solution to this dilemma that will reduce the scale of deaths substantially almost overnight, and will identify the means by which this change can be effected.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5784190,"asset_id":635980,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":238613,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Roberts","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"DRoberts","display_name":"David Roberts","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/DRoberts?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/238613/97075/18816170/s65_david.roberts.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=3345"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":10678,"name":"Human Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security?f_ri=3345"},{"id":17424,"name":"International Economic Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economic_Relations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=3345"},{"id":30160,"name":"Minority Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Rights?f_ri=3345"},{"id":44570,"name":"Broad Human Security and Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Broad_Human_Security_and_Global_Governance?f_ri=3345"},{"id":45559,"name":"Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace?f_ri=3345"},{"id":92257,"name":"Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom?f_ri=3345"},{"id":939198,"name":"Governance and State Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance_and_State_Capacity?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64903194" data-work_id="64903194" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64903194/Targeted_Killing_as_a_Means_of_Asymmetric_Warfare_A_Provocative_View_and_Invitation_to_Debate">Targeted Killing as a Means of Asymmetric Warfare: A Provocative View and Invitation to Debate</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The killing of Mahmoud al-Mabhou reportedly by agents of Israel‟s Mossad service in Dubai a year ago1 serves as a quick reminder that extrajudicial executions, assassinations and other targeted killing operations are taking place and are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64903194" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The killing of Mahmoud al-Mabhou reportedly by agents of Israel‟s Mossad service in Dubai a year ago1 serves as a quick reminder that extrajudicial executions, assassinations and other targeted killing operations are taking place and are part of a modern democracy‟s arsenal of antiterrorism and counter-terrorism means. Targeted Killing Operations reportedly form part of NATO‟s operational practice: depending on the circumstances they represent just another option of the lawful use of force in an armed conflict or assimilated situations. Consequently, it is argued that International Law does not impose an explicit ban on the lethal neutralization of certain persons in an armed conflict scenario. This opinion provides a provocative view on possible justifications using targeted killing as an actual means of present day security operations – which must not be confused with traditional methods of domestic „policing‟ in a democratic state.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64903194" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e012033c57f5a54252047975e498a4b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76721063,"asset_id":64903194,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76721063/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26842849" href="https://independent.academia.edu/UlfHaeussler">Ulf Haeussler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26842849" type="text/json">{"id":26842849,"first_name":"Ulf","last_name":"Haeussler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"UlfHaeussler","display_name":"Ulf Haeussler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/UlfHaeussler?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26842849/7497755/8422573/s65_ulf.haeussler.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64903194 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64903194"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64903194, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64903194", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_64903194 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64903194; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_64903194"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_64903194 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64903194"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64903194; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64903194]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64903194").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64903194").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64903194"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64903194]'), work: {"id":64903194,"title":"Targeted Killing as a Means of Asymmetric Warfare: A Provocative View and Invitation to Debate","created_at":"2021-12-17T14:02:00.957-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64903194/Targeted_Killing_as_a_Means_of_Asymmetric_Warfare_A_Provocative_View_and_Invitation_to_Debate?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_64903194","summary":"The killing of Mahmoud al-Mabhou reportedly by agents of Israel‟s Mossad service in Dubai a year ago1 serves as a quick reminder that extrajudicial executions, assassinations and other targeted killing operations are taking place and are part of a modern democracy‟s arsenal of antiterrorism and counter-terrorism means. Targeted Killing Operations reportedly form part of NATO‟s operational practice: depending on the circumstances they represent just another option of the lawful use of force in an armed conflict or assimilated situations. Consequently, it is argued that International Law does not impose an explicit ban on the lethal neutralization of certain persons in an armed conflict scenario. This opinion provides a provocative view on possible justifications using targeted killing as an actual means of present day security operations – which must not be confused with traditional methods of domestic „policing‟ in a democratic state.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76721063,"asset_id":64903194,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26842849,"first_name":"Ulf","last_name":"Haeussler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"UlfHaeussler","display_name":"Ulf Haeussler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/UlfHaeussler?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26842849/7497755/8422573/s65_ulf.haeussler.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3692,"name":"International Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Criminal_Law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=3345"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=3345"},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=3345"},{"id":26965,"name":"Crime Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Prevention?f_ri=3345"},{"id":31758,"name":"Economic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":41234,"name":"Administrative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Administrative_Law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":62945,"name":"Drugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs?f_ri=3345"},{"id":67525,"name":"Existentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Existentialism?f_ri=3345"},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=3345"},{"id":92257,"name":"Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom?f_ri=3345"},{"id":477427,"name":"International Crimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Crimes?f_ri=3345"},{"id":753722,"name":"Global Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Crime?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64608157" data-work_id="64608157" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64608157/The_Rise_of_Human_Rights_Issue_in_the_Post_Cold_War_World_The_Vienna_Conference_1993_">The Rise of Human Rights Issue in the Post-Cold War World: The Vienna Conference (1993)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article aims to analyze the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993) as a landmark in the human rights field. The goal is to discuss two hypotheses. First, that the Conference played an important role in the dissemination of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64608157" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article aims to analyze the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993) as a landmark in the human rights field. The goal is to discuss two hypotheses. First, that the Conference played an important role in the dissemination of human rights as an issue-area in international relations. Second, that the Conference contributed to the process of “relaxation of sovereignty”. The article is divided into three parts: the background to the Conference; the relationship between human rights and state sovereignty in the international system; the third section aims to connect the two hypotheses based on the debates of the Conference. The goal is not to analyze the Conference itself, but rather to demonstrate the trends that were empowered and unleashed by it in relation to the two hypotheses.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64608157" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9fa0af77992d0ae4ac0c54a4332988cd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76565928,"asset_id":64608157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76565928/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="478265" href="https://ufgd.academia.edu/MatheusDeCarvalhoHernandez">Matheus De Carvalho Hernandez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="478265" type="text/json">{"id":478265,"first_name":"Matheus","last_name":"De Carvalho Hernandez","domain_name":"ufgd","page_name":"MatheusDeCarvalhoHernandez","display_name":"Matheus De Carvalho Hernandez","profile_url":"https://ufgd.academia.edu/MatheusDeCarvalhoHernandez?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/478265/161060/36351812/s65_matheus.de_carvalho_hernandez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64608157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64608157"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64608157, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64608157", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64608157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64608157").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64608157").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64608157"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2169" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law">Human Rights Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2169" type="text/json">{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64608157]'), work: {"id":64608157,"title":"The Rise of Human Rights Issue in the Post-Cold War World: The Vienna Conference (1993)","created_at":"2021-12-16T11:24:21.982-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64608157/The_Rise_of_Human_Rights_Issue_in_the_Post_Cold_War_World_The_Vienna_Conference_1993_?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_64608157","summary":"This article aims to analyze the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993) as a landmark in the human rights field. The goal is to discuss two hypotheses. First, that the Conference played an important role in the dissemination of human rights as an issue-area in international relations. Second, that the Conference contributed to the process of “relaxation of sovereignty”. The article is divided into three parts: the background to the Conference; the relationship between human rights and state sovereignty in the international system; the third section aims to connect the two hypotheses based on the debates of the Conference. The goal is not to analyze the Conference itself, but rather to demonstrate the trends that were empowered and unleashed by it in relation to the two hypotheses.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76565928,"asset_id":64608157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":478265,"first_name":"Matheus","last_name":"De Carvalho Hernandez","domain_name":"ufgd","page_name":"MatheusDeCarvalhoHernandez","display_name":"Matheus De Carvalho Hernandez","profile_url":"https://ufgd.academia.edu/MatheusDeCarvalhoHernandez?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/478265/161060/36351812/s65_matheus.de_carvalho_hernandez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_55334052" data-work_id="55334052" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55334052/WikiRep_Installation_Guide_and_Developers_Manual">WikiRep: Installation Guide and Developer's Manual</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This report covers installation, internal organization and algorithms of WikiRep, an environment for virtual communities with support for digital reputation. The first part is technical, it describes WikiRep installation procedure,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_55334052" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This report covers installation, internal organization and algorithms of WikiRep, an environment for virtual communities with support for digital reputation. The first part is technical, it describes WikiRep installation procedure, briefly outlines source code structure, listing the most important functions, and provides details on how virtual reputations are stored in the database. Later part of the report covers WikiRep algorithms. Two approaches to defining quality of a digital reputation are analytically compared. The method employed for calculating adoption coefficients is described, with the proof that the coefficients are symmetric. Finally, the approach used to visualize value and quality of digital reputations is explained in detail. 1 Installation of WikiRep WikiRep is a Wiki with support for digital reputations and ratings. The implementation we develop is based on the Wiki application in eGroupWare. eGroupWare (eGW) is a web application to support group activities and interactions. In this Section, we describe the process of WikiRep installation, the major modifications WikiRep makes to eGW, and necessary information about WikiRep and eGW architecture. For more information about eGroupWare, and its development, refer to eGroupWare website [2], as a starting point we suggest Coding Standards [5] and Style Guide [6]. WikiRep version 1.0 has been developed and tested with eGroupWare versions 1.0.0.006, 1.0.0.009-2, and 1.0.0.009-3, which is the last release available as this document is prepared. Our platform is Linux, MySQL-4.1.10, Apache-2.0.53, PHP-4.3.10, mod ssl-2.0.53, OpenSSL-0.9.6i. Documentation for the source code is maintained with use of an automated tool, phpDocumentor [8]. This is a widely used auto-documentation tool for PHP language. It generates the documentation from source files using PHP language structure and specially-formatted comments. An example of generated documentation is found at phpdoc for eGW and WikiRep [14], see the descriptions of file rocq functions.php and also of the class soWikiPage. To install WikiRep, you need to install eGroupWare first. After you setup eGroupWare, you apply WikiRep installation, which patches PHP files and modifies the database. You can significantly improve security of the system by configuring SSL connections. Finally, you can customize the system for your particular usage scenario. This Section gives a brief tutorial about these steps. To install eGW, you should already have installed and setup a compatible web-server with support for PHP, and a database. The steps below were tested on a Linux-operated PC with MySQL database (version 4.1.10) and Apache webserver (Apache/2.0.53 (Unix) mod ssl/2.0.53 OpenSSL/0.9.6i PHP/4.3.10). Compatibility with other back-end software is not confirmed. 1.1 Installation of eGroupWare Below is a brief description of installation and initial setup of eGroupWare. For more details, refer to eGW documentation, for example How To Install and Secure eGroupWare [11]. We have tested versions 1.0.0.006 and 1.0.0.009-3 of eGW to be compatible with WikiRep.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/55334052" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ee6719e9a6c6a5ce2259546b84f3bf70" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71252613,"asset_id":55334052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71252613/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39276619" href="https://unitn.academia.edu/RBattiti">Roberto Battiti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39276619" type="text/json">{"id":39276619,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Battiti","domain_name":"unitn","page_name":"RBattiti","display_name":"Roberto Battiti","profile_url":"https://unitn.academia.edu/RBattiti?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_55334052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="55334052"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 55334052, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_55334052", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=55334052]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_55334052").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_55334052").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="55334052"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Community">Virtual Community</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5948" type="text/json">{"id":5948,"name":"Virtual Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Community?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="516232" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Source_Code">Source Code</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="516232" type="text/json">{"id":516232,"name":"Source Code","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Source_Code?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="635793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1">International Organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="635793" type="text/json">{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=55334052]'), work: {"id":55334052,"title":"WikiRep: Installation Guide and Developer's Manual","created_at":"2021-10-03T23:53:41.156-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/55334052/WikiRep_Installation_Guide_and_Developers_Manual?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_55334052","summary":"This report covers installation, internal organization and algorithms of WikiRep, an environment for virtual communities with support for digital reputation. The first part is technical, it describes WikiRep installation procedure, briefly outlines source code structure, listing the most important functions, and provides details on how virtual reputations are stored in the database. Later part of the report covers WikiRep algorithms. Two approaches to defining quality of a digital reputation are analytically compared. The method employed for calculating adoption coefficients is described, with the proof that the coefficients are symmetric. Finally, the approach used to visualize value and quality of digital reputations is explained in detail. 1 Installation of WikiRep WikiRep is a Wiki with support for digital reputations and ratings. The implementation we develop is based on the Wiki application in eGroupWare. eGroupWare (eGW) is a web application to support group activities and interactions. In this Section, we describe the process of WikiRep installation, the major modifications WikiRep makes to eGW, and necessary information about WikiRep and eGW architecture. For more information about eGroupWare, and its development, refer to eGroupWare website [2], as a starting point we suggest Coding Standards [5] and Style Guide [6]. WikiRep version 1.0 has been developed and tested with eGroupWare versions 1.0.0.006, 1.0.0.009-2, and 1.0.0.009-3, which is the last release available as this document is prepared. Our platform is Linux, MySQL-4.1.10, Apache-2.0.53, PHP-4.3.10, mod ssl-2.0.53, OpenSSL-0.9.6i. Documentation for the source code is maintained with use of an automated tool, phpDocumentor [8]. This is a widely used auto-documentation tool for PHP language. It generates the documentation from source files using PHP language structure and specially-formatted comments. An example of generated documentation is found at phpdoc for eGW and WikiRep [14], see the descriptions of file rocq functions.php and also of the class soWikiPage. To install WikiRep, you need to install eGroupWare first. After you setup eGroupWare, you apply WikiRep installation, which patches PHP files and modifies the database. You can significantly improve security of the system by configuring SSL connections. Finally, you can customize the system for your particular usage scenario. This Section gives a brief tutorial about these steps. To install eGW, you should already have installed and setup a compatible web-server with support for PHP, and a database. The steps below were tested on a Linux-operated PC with MySQL database (version 4.1.10) and Apache webserver (Apache/2.0.53 (Unix) mod ssl/2.0.53 OpenSSL/0.9.6i PHP/4.3.10). Compatibility with other back-end software is not confirmed. 1.1 Installation of eGroupWare Below is a brief description of installation and initial setup of eGroupWare. For more details, refer to eGW documentation, for example How To Install and Secure eGroupWare [11]. 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Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37804810" data-work_id="37804810" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37804810/Sullattuazione_delle_decisioni_del_Consiglio_di_Sicurezza_nellordinamento_italiano">Sull'attuazione delle decisioni del Consiglio di Sicurezza nell'ordinamento italiano</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37804810" 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class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1186040" href="https://unirc.academia.edu/MarinaMancini">Marina Mancini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1186040" type="text/json">{"id":1186040,"first_name":"Marina","last_name":"Mancini","domain_name":"unirc","page_name":"MarinaMancini","display_name":"Marina Mancini","profile_url":"https://unirc.academia.edu/MarinaMancini?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1186040/609311/108968720/s65_marina.mancini.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37804810 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37804810"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37804810, container: 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31059186/The_International_Organization_for_Migration_A_short_paper_on_the_leading_global_agency_on_migration">The International Organization for Migration: A short paper on the leading global agency on migration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31059186" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="48347cd22df759975cecc280b86a8719" rel="nofollow" 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Migration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11203" type="text/json">{"id":11203,"name":"International Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Migration?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies">Migration Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14730" type="text/json">{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31059186]'), work: {"id":31059186,"title":"The International Organization for Migration: A short paper on the leading global agency on 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tech groups that have a desire to collaborate with Formal Humanitarian Organizations. We hope that it best fits the needs of V&TCs and tech groups that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19454828" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This guidance is intended for Volunteer and Technical Communities (V&TCs) and tech groups that have a desire to collaborate with Formal Humanitarian Organizations. We hope that it best fits the needs of V&TCs and tech groups that currently seek practical advice on how  to develop projects with formal humanitarian organizations or how to further strengthen pre-existing collaborative relationships. We hope that this Guidance helps V&TCs better understand the modus operandi of humanitarian organizations so that they may better formulate requests for partnerships and maximize the benefits of collaborative relationships.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19454828" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4efe5107b6b6434059ee002fc2482bfc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40630204,"asset_id":19454828,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40630204/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39406791" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrejVerity">Andrej Verity</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39406791" type="text/json">{"id":39406791,"first_name":"Andrej","last_name":"Verity","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndrejVerity","display_name":"Andrej Verity","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrejVerity?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39406791/10857955/12117868/s65_andrej.verity.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19454828 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19454828"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19454828, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19454828", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19454828]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19454828").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19454828").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19454828"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="491" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology">Information Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="491" type="text/json">{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1197" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Humanities">Digital Humanities</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1197" type="text/json">{"id":1197,"name":"Digital Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Humanities?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2593" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2593" type="text/json">{"id":2593,"name":"Humanitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarianism?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19454828]'), work: {"id":19454828,"title":"Guidance for Collaborating with Formal Humanitarian Organizations","created_at":"2015-12-04T03:23:30.106-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19454828/Guidance_for_Collaborating_with_Formal_Humanitarian_Organizations?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_19454828","summary":"This guidance is intended for Volunteer and Technical Communities (V\u0026TCs) and tech groups that have a desire to collaborate with Formal Humanitarian Organizations. We hope that it best fits the needs of V\u0026TCs and tech groups that currently seek practical advice on how to develop projects with formal humanitarian organizations or how to further strengthen pre-existing collaborative relationships. We hope that this Guidance helps V\u0026TCs better understand the modus operandi of humanitarian organizations so that they may better formulate requests for partnerships and maximize the benefits of collaborative relationships.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40630204,"asset_id":19454828,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39406791,"first_name":"Andrej","last_name":"Verity","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndrejVerity","display_name":"Andrej Verity","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrejVerity?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39406791/10857955/12117868/s65_andrej.verity.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1197,"name":"Digital Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Humanities?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2593,"name":"Humanitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarianism?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":20180,"name":"Volunteerism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volunteerism?f_ri=3345"},{"id":1492666,"name":"Social Good","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Good?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2290540" data-work_id="2290540" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2290540/Seguridad_humana_Un_marco_de_an%C3%A1lisis">Seguridad humana. Un marco de análisis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">El concepte de Seguretat Humana és present avui dia en la majoria d'anàlisis de les ciències socials, i es caracteritza per ser un terme amb significats molt variats i amplis. Tot i això, el concepte presenta una força que radicaria,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2290540" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">El concepte de Seguretat Humana és present avui dia en la majoria d'anàlisis de les ciències socials, i es caracteritza per ser un terme amb significats molt variats i amplis. Tot i això, el concepte presenta una força que radicaria, d'una banda, en la seva capacitat per definir una nova realitat en la qual l'Estat no pot continuar el seu monopoli en les qüestions relatives a la seguretat (es passa de la Seguretat Nacional a la Humana), i de l'altra, en el seu potencial per construir sinèrgies i sumar esforços amb l'objectiu d'aconseguir el canvi social. <br /> <br />D'aquesta manera, la idea de Seguretat Humana ha estat capaç d'aglutinar moviments socials, intel·lectuals i diplomàtics a l'hora de situar les persones en el centre dels debats i també de les polítiques, i en ella conflueixen diferents perspectives com el desarmament, el desenvolupament o els drets humans. En aquesta monografia, de manera rigorosa però també molt propera a la realitat dels col·lectius afectats, s'analitza el concepte de Seguretat Humana i Construcció de Pau a Colòmbia a través d'una sèrie d'articles que tracten de forma àmplia totes les propostes i alternatives que s'estan donant avui dia al país. Així, s'analitzen, entre altres temes, la política de Seguretat Democràtica, la seguretat ciutadana i les estratègies d'intervenció policial, la militarització de la societat amb la irrupció d'actors poc visualitzats com els mercenaris, la seguretat alimentària i mediambiental, amb especial incidència en els recursos hídrics, la participació de la societat civil en els processos de pau, i les propostes dels pobles indígenes del Cauca i afrodescendents del Pacífic en Construcció de Pau i Drets Humans.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2290540" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d41fa6bdcea9b2711f9f64e3644718b4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30338686,"asset_id":2290540,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30338686/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="113170" href="https://uab.academia.edu/JavierAlcalde">Javier Alcalde</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="113170" type="text/json">{"id":113170,"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Alcalde","domain_name":"uab","page_name":"JavierAlcalde","display_name":"Javier Alcalde","profile_url":"https://uab.academia.edu/JavierAlcalde?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113170/30544/28084/s65_javier.alcalde.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2290540 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2290540"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2290540, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2290540", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2290540]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2290540").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2290540").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2290540"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="898" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="898" type="text/json">{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2290540]'), work: {"id":2290540,"title":"Seguridad humana. 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Tot i això, el concepte presenta una força que radicaria, d'una banda, en la seva capacitat per definir una nova realitat en la qual l'Estat no pot continuar el seu monopoli en les qüestions relatives a la seguretat (es passa de la Seguretat Nacional a la Humana), i de l'altra, en el seu potencial per construir sinèrgies i sumar esforços amb l'objectiu d'aconseguir el canvi social.\r\n\r\nD'aquesta manera, la idea de Seguretat Humana ha estat capaç d'aglutinar moviments socials, intel·lectuals i diplomàtics a l'hora de situar les persones en el centre dels debats i també de les polítiques, i en ella conflueixen diferents perspectives com el desarmament, el desenvolupament o els drets humans. En aquesta monografia, de manera rigorosa però també molt propera a la realitat dels col·lectius afectats, s'analitza el concepte de Seguretat Humana i Construcció de Pau a Colòmbia a través d'una sèrie d'articles que tracten de forma àmplia totes les propostes i alternatives que s'estan donant avui dia al país. Així, s'analitzen, entre altres temes, la política de Seguretat Democràtica, la seguretat ciutadana i les estratègies d'intervenció policial, la militarització de la societat amb la irrupció d'actors poc visualitzats com els mercenaris, la seguretat alimentària i mediambiental, amb especial incidència en els recursos hídrics, la participació de la societat civil en els processos de pau, i les propostes dels pobles indígenes del Cauca i afrodescendents del Pacífic en Construcció de Pau i Drets Humans.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30338686,"asset_id":2290540,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":113170,"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Alcalde","domain_name":"uab","page_name":"JavierAlcalde","display_name":"Javier Alcalde","profile_url":"https://uab.academia.edu/JavierAlcalde?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113170/30544/28084/s65_javier.alcalde.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=3345"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":10678,"name":"Human Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security?f_ri=3345"},{"id":17424,"name":"International Economic 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js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37609431/Patricia_Clavin_Securing_the_World_Economy_The_Reinvention_of_the_League_of_Nations_1920_1946_Oxford_University_Press_2013">Patricia Clavin, Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations: 1920-1946, Oxford University Press, 2013.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A fundamental contribution on the role of international organizations in the governance of the global economy</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37609431" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li 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href="https://manchester.academia.edu/PaulCammack">Paul Cammack</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="524636" type="text/json">{"id":524636,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Cammack","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"PaulCammack","display_name":"Paul Cammack","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/PaulCammack?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/524636/208357/88568254/s65_paul.cammack.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37609431 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37609431"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37609431, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37609431", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37609431 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy">International Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6276" type="text/json">{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18794" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_international_political_economy">Critical international political economy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18794" type="text/json">{"id":18794,"name":"Critical international political economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_international_political_economy?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37609431]'), work: {"id":37609431,"title":"Patricia Clavin, Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations: 1920-1946, Oxford University Press, 2013.","created_at":"2018-10-18T21:31:08.885-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37609431/Patricia_Clavin_Securing_the_World_Economy_The_Reinvention_of_the_League_of_Nations_1920_1946_Oxford_University_Press_2013?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_37609431","summary":"A fundamental contribution on the role of international organizations in the governance of the global 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economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_international_political_economy?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":81702,"name":"League of Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/League_of_Nations?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78261156" data-work_id="78261156" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78261156/The_Legitimacy_and_Legitimation_of_International_Organizations_Introduction_and_Framework">The Legitimacy and Legitimation of International Organizations: Introduction and Framework</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div 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InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78261156"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78261156; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78261156]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78261156").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78261156").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78261156"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="899" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority">Legitimacy and Authority</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="899" type="text/json">{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1116" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion">Public Opinion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1116" type="text/json">{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance">Global Governance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3660" type="text/json">{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78261156]'), work: {"id":78261156,"title":"The Legitimacy and Legitimation of International Organizations: Introduction and Framework","created_at":"2022-05-02T14:11:18.793-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78261156/The_Legitimacy_and_Legitimation_of_International_Organizations_Introduction_and_Framework?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_78261156","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85369732,"asset_id":78261156,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42181615,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Zürn","domain_name":"wzb","page_name":"MichaelZürn","display_name":"Michael Zürn","profile_url":"https://wzb.academia.edu/MichaelZ%C3%BCrn?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42181615/19206039/19149572/s65_michael.z_rn.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":50183,"name":"International institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_institutions?f_ri=3345"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73174859" data-work_id="73174859" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73174859/Methodologies_for_conservation_assessments_of_the_genetic_biodiversity_of_aquatic_macro_organisms">Methodologies for conservation assessments of the genetic biodiversity of aquatic macro-organisms</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">International organizations and biodiversity scientists recognize three levels of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem. However, most studies with the goal of assessing biodiversity collect data at only a single level-that of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73174859" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">International organizations and biodiversity scientists recognize three levels of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem. However, most studies with the goal of assessing biodiversity collect data at only a single level-that of the species. Even when multiple levels of biodiversity are considered, usually only ecosystem diversity is also evaluated. Genetic diversity is virtually never considered. Yet, genetic diversity is essential for the maintenance of populations and species over ecological and evolutionary time periods. Moreover, because components of genetic diversity are independent of either species or ecosystem diversity, genetic diversity can provide a unique measure by which to assess the value of regions for conservation. Regions can be valuable for conservation of their genetic resources regardless of their levels of species or ecosystem uniqueness or diversity. In general, the same methods and statistical programs that are used to answer questions about population genetics and phylogenetics are applicable to conservation genetics. Thus, numerous genetic techniques, laboratory methods, and statistical programs are available for assessing regional levels of genetic diversity for conservation considerations. Here, we provide the rationale, techniques available, field and laboratory protocols, and statistical programs that can be used to estimate the magnitude and type of genetic diversity in regions. We also provide information on how to obtain commonly utilized statistical programs and the type of analyses that they include. The guide that we present here can be used to conduct investigations of the genetic diversity of regions under consideration for conservation of their natural resources.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73174859" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87add5ecd3ae5cead59ca7e2a6fcaddb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81797417,"asset_id":73174859,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81797417/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25635202" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SeifuSeyoum">Seifu Seyoum</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25635202" type="text/json">{"id":25635202,"first_name":"Seifu","last_name":"Seyoum","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SeifuSeyoum","display_name":"Seifu Seyoum","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SeifuSeyoum?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25635202/44561635/35038721/s65_seifu.seyoum.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73174859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73174859"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73174859, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73174859", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73174859]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73174859").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73174859").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73174859"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation">Conservation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2809" type="text/json">{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4207" type="text/json">{"id":4207,"name":"Phylogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73174859]'), work: {"id":73174859,"title":"Methodologies for conservation assessments of the genetic biodiversity of aquatic macro-organisms","created_at":"2022-03-06T04:28:42.354-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73174859/Methodologies_for_conservation_assessments_of_the_genetic_biodiversity_of_aquatic_macro_organisms?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_73174859","summary":"International organizations and biodiversity scientists recognize three levels of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem. However, most studies with the goal of assessing biodiversity collect data at only a single level-that of the species. Even when multiple levels of biodiversity are considered, usually only ecosystem diversity is also evaluated. Genetic diversity is virtually never considered. Yet, genetic diversity is essential for the maintenance of populations and species over ecological and evolutionary time periods. Moreover, because components of genetic diversity are independent of either species or ecosystem diversity, genetic diversity can provide a unique measure by which to assess the value of regions for conservation. Regions can be valuable for conservation of their genetic resources regardless of their levels of species or ecosystem uniqueness or diversity. In general, the same methods and statistical programs that are used to answer questions about population genetics and phylogenetics are applicable to conservation genetics. Thus, numerous genetic techniques, laboratory methods, and statistical programs are available for assessing regional levels of genetic diversity for conservation considerations. Here, we provide the rationale, techniques available, field and laboratory protocols, and statistical programs that can be used to estimate the magnitude and type of genetic diversity in regions. We also provide information on how to obtain commonly utilized statistical programs and the type of analyses that they include. The guide that we present here can be used to conduct investigations of the genetic diversity of regions under consideration for conservation of their natural resources.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81797417,"asset_id":73174859,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25635202,"first_name":"Seifu","last_name":"Seyoum","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SeifuSeyoum","display_name":"Seifu Seyoum","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SeifuSeyoum?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25635202/44561635/35038721/s65_seifu.seyoum.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":4207,"name":"Phylogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":4209,"name":"Conservation Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Genetics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":7051,"name":"Invertebrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrates?f_ri=3345"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=3345"},{"id":43028,"name":"Genetic Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Diversity?f_ri=3345"},{"id":48494,"name":"Biodiversity Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity_Conservation?f_ri=3345"},{"id":65881,"name":"FISH","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FISH?f_ri=3345"},{"id":117270,"name":"Fishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishes?f_ri=3345"},{"id":129770,"name":"Key words","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Key_words?f_ri=3345"},{"id":132619,"name":"Aquatic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic?f_ri=3345"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=3345"},{"id":483419,"name":"Brazilian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazilian?f_ri=3345"},{"id":555492,"name":"Natural Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource?f_ri=3345"},{"id":577933,"name":"Genetic variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_variation?f_ri=3345"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=3345"},{"id":719974,"name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_of_Natural_Resources?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69458421" data-work_id="69458421" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69458421/Damage_in_International_Law_Precondition_For_State_and_International_Organization_Responsibility">Damage in International Law: Precondition For State and International Organization Responsibility?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The first chapter of the paper elaborates the question of whether one of the constitutive elements of the internationally wrongful act and a precondition for responsibility could be embodied in an existence of damage that has to be... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69458421" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The first chapter of the paper elaborates the question of whether one of the constitutive elements of the internationally wrongful act and a precondition for responsibility could be embodied in an existence of damage that has to be inflicted upon participants with international legal personality. In this regards legal doctrine, the arbitral awards, international judgments as well as the works of the UN International Law Commission will be examined, particularly the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts and the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations from 2001 and 2011, respectively. An interesting question could be raised concerning the terms used in Law on Responsibility and that is whether there is a difference between damage, injury, and unlawful consequence. Punitive or penal damage and its application in Law on Responsibility will be further assessed. The author will begin its research with the definition of pun...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69458421" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14392720" href="https://unze.academia.edu/EnisOmerovi%C4%87">Enis Omerović</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14392720" type="text/json">{"id":14392720,"first_name":"Enis","last_name":"Omerović","domain_name":"unze","page_name":"EnisOmerović","display_name":"Enis Omerović","profile_url":"https://unze.academia.edu/EnisOmerovi%C4%87?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14392720/53295976/113229753/s65_enis.omerovi_.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69458421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69458421"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69458421, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69458421", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69458421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69458421; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69458421"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69458421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69458421"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69458421; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69458421]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69458421").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69458421").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69458421"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6617" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations">United Nations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6617" type="text/json">{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69458421]'), work: {"id":69458421,"title":"Damage in International Law: Precondition For State and International Organization Responsibility?","created_at":"2022-01-25T21:49:41.503-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69458421/Damage_in_International_Law_Precondition_For_State_and_International_Organization_Responsibility?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_69458421","summary":"The first chapter of the paper elaborates the question of whether one of the constitutive elements of the internationally wrongful act and a precondition for responsibility could be embodied in an existence of damage that has to be inflicted upon participants with international legal personality. In this regards legal doctrine, the arbitral awards, international judgments as well as the works of the UN International Law Commission will be examined, particularly the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts and the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations from 2001 and 2011, respectively. An interesting question could be raised concerning the terms used in Law on Responsibility and that is whether there is a difference between damage, injury, and unlawful consequence. Punitive or penal damage and its application in Law on Responsibility will be further assessed. The author will begin its research with the definition of pun...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14392720,"first_name":"Enis","last_name":"Omerović","domain_name":"unze","page_name":"EnisOmerović","display_name":"Enis Omerović","profile_url":"https://unze.academia.edu/EnisOmerovi%C4%87?f_ri=3345","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14392720/53295976/113229753/s65_enis.omerovi_.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":48099,"name":"International Organisations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organisations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":57230,"name":"Damages law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Damages_law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":131669,"name":"Punitive Damages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punitive_Damages?f_ri=3345"},{"id":228414,"name":"International Organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organization?f_ri=3345"},{"id":418400,"name":"State Responsibility in International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Responsibility_in_International_Law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=3345"},{"id":1436322,"name":"Responsibility of International Organisations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsibility_of_International_Organisations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":1853330,"name":"State Responsability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Responsability?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45687016" data-work_id="45687016" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45687016/The_Mytho_Logics_of_Othering_and_Containment_Culture_Politics_and_Theory_in_International_Relations">The Mytho-Logics of Othering and Containment: Culture, Politics and Theory in International Relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this article, we adopt a socio-anthropological approach to understand how hegemonic international representations are constructed in the politics and theory of international relations, specifically how Southeast Europe is perceived in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45687016" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this article, we adopt a socio-anthropological approach to understand how hegemonic international representations are constructed in the politics and theory of international relations, specifically how Southeast Europe is perceived in West European imagination. We focus on various forms of travel writing, media reporting, diplomatic record, policy making, truth claims and expert accounts related to different narrative perspectives on the Balkan wars, both old (1912-1913) and new (1991-1999). We show how these perspectives are rooted in different temporalities and historicizations, and how they contribute to international representations that affect international politics, particularly in relation to perpetuating othering and containment of Southeast Europe. We demonstrate through a detailed analysis and problematization how these international representations are culturally and politically constructed. They do not neutrally refer to a reality in the world; they create a reality of their own. As such, how international representations are constructed is itself a form of power and hegemony in both the practice and the theory of international relations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45687016" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="35b270835b25d9343e076213f9525356" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66192459,"asset_id":45687016,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66192459/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3159809" href="https://univ-lille.academia.edu/AlbertDoja">Albert Doja</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3159809" type="text/json">{"id":3159809,"first_name":"Albert","last_name":"Doja","domain_name":"univ-lille","page_name":"AlbertDoja","display_name":"Albert Doja","profile_url":"https://univ-lille.academia.edu/AlbertDoja?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45687016 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45687016"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45687016, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45687016", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45687016]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45687016").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45687016").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45687016"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="383" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies">European Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="383" type="text/json">{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="954" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Anthropology">Social Anthropology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="954" type="text/json">{"id":954,"name":"Social Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Anthropology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45687016]'), work: {"id":45687016,"title":"The Mytho-Logics of Othering and Containment: Culture, Politics and Theory in International Relations","created_at":"2021-04-06T08:14:31.896-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45687016/The_Mytho_Logics_of_Othering_and_Containment_Culture_Politics_and_Theory_in_International_Relations?f_ri=3345","dom_id":"work_45687016","summary":"In this article, we adopt a socio-anthropological approach to understand how hegemonic international representations are constructed in the politics and theory of international relations, specifically how Southeast Europe is perceived in West European imagination. We focus on various forms of travel writing, media reporting, diplomatic record, policy making, truth claims and expert accounts related to different narrative perspectives on the Balkan wars, both old (1912-1913) and new (1991-1999). We show how these perspectives are rooted in different temporalities and historicizations, and how they contribute to international representations that affect international politics, particularly in relation to perpetuating othering and containment of Southeast Europe. We demonstrate through a detailed analysis and problematization how these international representations are culturally and politically constructed. They do not neutrally refer to a reality in the world; they create a reality of their own. As such, how international representations are constructed is itself a form of power and hegemony in both the practice and the theory of international relations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66192459,"asset_id":45687016,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3159809,"first_name":"Albert","last_name":"Doja","domain_name":"univ-lille","page_name":"AlbertDoja","display_name":"Albert Doja","profile_url":"https://univ-lille.academia.edu/AlbertDoja?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":954,"name":"Social Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Anthropology?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=3345"},{"id":1441,"name":"Philosophical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Anthropology?f_ri=3345"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=3345"},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3067,"name":"South East European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_East_European_Studies?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=3345"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=3345"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=3345"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=3345"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":8697,"name":"European Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=3345"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=3345"},{"id":24103,"name":"Anthropology of the State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_the_State?f_ri=3345"},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=3345"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5258569" data-work_id="5258569" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5258569/Fast_free_form_deformable_registration_via_calculus_of_variations">Fast free-form deformable registration via calculus of variations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, we present a fully automatic, fast and accurate deformable registration technique. This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5258569" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, we present a fully automatic, fast and accurate deformable registration technique. This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By using calculus of variations, the minimization problem was represented as a set of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs). A Gauss-Seidel finite difference scheme is used to iteratively solve the PDE. The registration is refined by a multi-resolution approach. The whole process is fully automatic. It takes less than 3 min to register two three-dimensional (3D) image sets of size 256 × 256 × 61 using a single 933 MHz personal computer. Extensive experiments are presented. These experiments include simulations, phantom studies and clinical image studies. Experimental results show that our model and algorithm are suited for registration of temporal images of a deformable body. The registration of inspiration and expiration phases of the lung images shows that the method is able to deal with large deformations. When applied to the daily CT images of a prostate patient, the results show that registration based on iterative refinement of displacement field is appropriate to describe the local deformations in the prostate and the rectum. Similarity measures improved significantly after the registration. The target application of this paper is for radiotherapy treatment planning and evaluation that incorporates internal organ deformation throughout the course of radiation therapy. The registration method could also be equally applied in diagnostic radiology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5258569" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a5beab6804a0a2c91eabdd25ceb11a00" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49378097,"asset_id":5258569,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49378097/download_file?st=MTczMzk2NTYwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7205973" href="https://unsam66.academia.edu/gustavoolivera">gustavo olivera</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7205973" type="text/json">{"id":7205973,"first_name":"gustavo","last_name":"olivera","domain_name":"unsam66","page_name":"gustavoolivera","display_name":"gustavo olivera","profile_url":"https://unsam66.academia.edu/gustavoolivera?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5258569 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5258569"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5258569, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5258569", }); 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This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By using calculus of variations, the minimization problem was represented as a set of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs). A Gauss-Seidel finite difference scheme is used to iteratively solve the PDE. The registration is refined by a multi-resolution approach. The whole process is fully automatic. It takes less than 3 min to register two three-dimensional (3D) image sets of size 256 × 256 × 61 using a single 933 MHz personal computer. Extensive experiments are presented. These experiments include simulations, phantom studies and clinical image studies. Experimental results show that our model and algorithm are suited for registration of temporal images of a deformable body. The registration of inspiration and expiration phases of the lung images shows that the method is able to deal with large deformations. When applied to the daily CT images of a prostate patient, the results show that registration based on iterative refinement of displacement field is appropriate to describe the local deformations in the prostate and the rectum. Similarity measures improved significantly after the registration. The target application of this paper is for radiotherapy treatment planning and evaluation that incorporates internal organ deformation throughout the course of radiation therapy. The registration method could also be equally applied in diagnostic radiology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49378097,"asset_id":5258569,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7205973,"first_name":"gustavo","last_name":"olivera","domain_name":"unsam66","page_name":"gustavoolivera","display_name":"gustavo olivera","profile_url":"https://unsam66.academia.edu/gustavoolivera?f_ri=3345","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=3345","nofollow":false},{"id":10030,"name":"Radiation 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