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International organizations between constitutionalism and authoritarianism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The most recent transformation of world order is often depicted as a shift from a Westphalian to a post-Westphalian era in which international organizations are becoming increasingly independent sites of authority. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64192637" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The most recent transformation of world order is often depicted as a shift from a Westphalian to a post-Westphalian era in which international organizations are becoming increasingly independent sites of authority. This internationalization of authority is often considered as an indication of the constitutionalization of the global legal order. However, this article highlights that international organizations can also exercise authority in an authoritarian fashion that violates the same constitutionalist principles of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law that international organizations are usually expected to promote. It is thus an open question which post-Westphalia we are in fact heading to: a constitutionalized order, an authoritarian order, or a combination of both? Based on a conceptualization of post-Westphalian orders as a two-dimensional continuum linking the ideal-typical end points of constitutionalism and authoritarianism, we analyze the United Nations security s...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64192637" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4d6c1de98befef8688c49d34811ef89c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76341673,"asset_id":64192637,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76341673/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49891823" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BernhardZangl">Bernhard Zangl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49891823" type="text/json">{"id":49891823,"first_name":"Bernhard","last_name":"Zangl","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BernhardZangl","display_name":"Bernhard Zangl","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BernhardZangl?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64192637 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64192637"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64192637, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64192637", }); 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International organizations between constitutionalism and authoritarianism","created_at":"2021-12-14T23:00:37.003-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64192637/Which_post_Westphalia_International_organizations_between_constitutionalism_and_authoritarianism?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_64192637","summary":"The most recent transformation of world order is often depicted as a shift from a Westphalian to a post-Westphalian era in which international organizations are becoming increasingly independent sites of authority. This internationalization of authority is often considered as an indication of the constitutionalization of the global legal order. However, this article highlights that international organizations can also exercise authority in an authoritarian fashion that violates the same constitutionalist principles of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law that international organizations are usually expected to promote. It is thus an open question which post-Westphalia we are in fact heading to: a constitutionalized order, an authoritarian order, or a combination of both? 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work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78323327; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_78323327"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_78323327 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78323327"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78323327; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78323327]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78323327").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78323327").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78323327"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2799" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Quality">Power Quality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2799" type="text/json">{"id":2799,"name":"Power Quality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Quality?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111436" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IEEE">IEEE</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="111436" type="text/json">{"id":111436,"name":"IEEE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IEEE?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="431072" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Next_Generation">Next Generation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="431072" type="text/json">{"id":431072,"name":"Next Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Next_Generation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78323327]'), work: {"id":78323327,"title":"Flicker Effect Analysis in Human Subjects: New Noninvasive Method for Next-Generation Flickermeter","created_at":"2022-05-03T05:51:59.470-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78323327/Flicker_Effect_Analysis_in_Human_Subjects_New_Noninvasive_Method_for_Next_Generation_Flickermeter?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_78323327","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85411132,"asset_id":78323327,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":222526087,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Tinarelli","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RTinarelli","display_name":"Roberto Tinarelli","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RTinarelli?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/222526087/80121275/68696202/s65_roberto.tinarelli.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2799,"name":"Power Quality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Quality?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":111436,"name":"IEEE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IEEE?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":431072,"name":"Next Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Next_Generation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":979686,"name":"Human Subjects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Subjects?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1647408,"name":"Measurement Uncertainty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measurement_Uncertainty?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1800837,"name":"Image Color Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Color_Analysis?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2177422,"name":"Light Emitting Diode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light_Emitting_Diode?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2690023,"name":"Pupil diameter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pupil_diameter?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28065224" data-work_id="28065224" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28065224/A_randomization_method_for_the_calculation_of_covariation_in_multiple_nonlinear_relations_illustrated_with_the_example_of_goal_directed_movements">A randomization method for the calculation of covariation in multiple nonlinear relations: illustrated with the example of goal-directed movements</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A randomization method is developed for the calculation of covariation between multiple variables that are linked nonlinearly to a dependent variable. Covariation is a phenomenon often invoked in the study of movement coordination to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28065224" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A randomization method is developed for the calculation of covariation between multiple variables that are linked nonlinearly to a dependent variable. Covariation is a phenomenon often invoked in the study of movement coordination to capture the fact that in coordinated movement the outcome shows greater than expected consistency from the variability in the component processes. However, in most cases, the problem is that more than two variables covary in a nonlinear fashion, which makes quantification with the bivariate linear covariation and correlation coefficient inapplicable. This paper presents a generalization of the calculation of linear bivariate covariance using a variant of a randomization method that is based on the comparison between the empirically measured variability in the outcome and a covariation-free variability. The latter can be estimated by permuting data sets. A generalized correlation coefficient is derived, and it is shown how errors of estimation can be qua...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28065224" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3a163ce2218f00e176ed7dc70022614a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48378925,"asset_id":28065224,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48378925/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32606921" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DagmarSternad">Dagmar Sternad</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32606921" type="text/json">{"id":32606921,"first_name":"Dagmar","last_name":"Sternad","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DagmarSternad","display_name":"Dagmar Sternad","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DagmarSternad?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28065224 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28065224"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28065224, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28065224", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28065224]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28065224").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28065224").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28065224"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5069" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis">Principal Component Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5069" type="text/json">{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5493" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_dynamics">Nonlinear dynamics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5493" type="text/json">{"id":5493,"name":"Nonlinear dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_dynamics?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28065224]'), work: {"id":28065224,"title":"A randomization method for the calculation of covariation in multiple nonlinear relations: illustrated with the example of goal-directed movements","created_at":"2016-08-28T05:30:29.344-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28065224/A_randomization_method_for_the_calculation_of_covariation_in_multiple_nonlinear_relations_illustrated_with_the_example_of_goal_directed_movements?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_28065224","summary":"A randomization method is developed for the calculation of covariation between multiple variables that are linked nonlinearly to a dependent variable. Covariation is a phenomenon often invoked in the study of movement coordination to capture the fact that in coordinated movement the outcome shows greater than expected consistency from the variability in the component processes. However, in most cases, the problem is that more than two variables covary in a nonlinear fashion, which makes quantification with the bivariate linear covariation and correlation coefficient inapplicable. This paper presents a generalization of the calculation of linear bivariate covariance using a variant of a randomization method that is based on the comparison between the empirically measured variability in the outcome and a covariation-free variability. The latter can be estimated by permuting data sets. A generalized correlation coefficient is derived, and it is shown how errors of estimation can be qua...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48378925,"asset_id":28065224,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32606921,"first_name":"Dagmar","last_name":"Sternad","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DagmarSternad","display_name":"Dagmar Sternad","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DagmarSternad?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":5493,"name":"Nonlinear dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_dynamics?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement?f_ri=635793"},{"id":128538,"name":"Arm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arm?f_ri=635793"},{"id":144259,"name":"Goals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goals?f_ri=635793"},{"id":506858,"name":"Nonlinear system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_system?f_ri=635793"},{"id":567727,"name":"Biological cybernetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_cybernetics?f_ri=635793"},{"id":611814,"name":"Correlation coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Correlation_coefficient?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2463495,"name":"Random Allocation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Random_Allocation?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12973381" data-work_id="12973381" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12973381/A_comparison_of_six_primer_sets_for_detection_of_Trypanosoma_evansi_by_polymerase_chain_reaction_in_rodents_and_Thai_livestock">A comparison of six primer sets for detection of Trypanosoma evansi by polymerase chain reaction in rodents and Thai livestock</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To face the worldwide threat of Surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi, international organizations have stressed the need to evaluate and standardize diagnostic tools. PCR detection of T. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12973381" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To face the worldwide threat of Surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi, international organizations have stressed the need to evaluate and standardize diagnostic tools. PCR detection of T. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20 years, but primer sets are often insufficiently assessed and compared. In this work, we compared the performances of six primer pairs-TBR1/2 (Masiga et al., 1992), ESAG6/7 (Holland et al., 2001a, b), TEPAN1/2 (Panyim et al., 1993), pMUTEC F/R (Wuyts et al., 1994), TRYP1 R/S (Desquesnes et al., 2001) and TRYP4 R/S (Desquesnes et al., unpublished)-tested with purified T. evansi DNA serial dilutions, T. evansi-infected rat blood serial dilutions and Thai dairy cattle samples.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12973381" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="704414b1c147f61a385382697690f547" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45813403,"asset_id":12973381,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45813403/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32175599" href="https://kasetsart.academia.edu/MarcDesquesnes">Marc Desquesnes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32175599" type="text/json">{"id":32175599,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Desquesnes","domain_name":"kasetsart","page_name":"MarcDesquesnes","display_name":"Marc Desquesnes","profile_url":"https://kasetsart.academia.edu/MarcDesquesnes?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12973381 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12973381"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12973381, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12973381", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12973381 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12973381; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12973381"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12973381 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12973381"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12973381; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12973381]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12973381").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12973381").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12973381"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10096" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand">Thailand</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10096" type="text/json">{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50634" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Parasitology">Veterinary Parasitology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="50634" type="text/json">{"id":50634,"name":"Veterinary Parasitology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Parasitology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12973381]'), work: {"id":12973381,"title":"A comparison of six primer sets for detection of Trypanosoma evansi by polymerase chain reaction in rodents and Thai livestock","created_at":"2015-06-14T04:14:45.474-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12973381/A_comparison_of_six_primer_sets_for_detection_of_Trypanosoma_evansi_by_polymerase_chain_reaction_in_rodents_and_Thai_livestock?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_12973381","summary":"To face the worldwide threat of Surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi, international organizations have stressed the need to evaluate and standardize diagnostic tools. PCR detection of T. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20 years, but primer sets are often insufficiently assessed and compared. In this work, we compared the performances of six primer pairs-TBR1/2 (Masiga et al., 1992), ESAG6/7 (Holland et al., 2001a, b), TEPAN1/2 (Panyim et al., 1993), pMUTEC F/R (Wuyts et al., 1994), TRYP1 R/S (Desquesnes et al., 2001) and TRYP4 R/S (Desquesnes et al., unpublished)-tested with purified T. evansi DNA serial dilutions, T. evansi-infected rat blood serial dilutions and Thai dairy cattle samples.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45813403,"asset_id":12973381,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32175599,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Desquesnes","domain_name":"kasetsart","page_name":"MarcDesquesnes","display_name":"Marc Desquesnes","profile_url":"https://kasetsart.academia.edu/MarcDesquesnes?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":50634,"name":"Veterinary Parasitology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Parasitology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=635793"},{"id":170652,"name":"Fisheries Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences?f_ri=635793"},{"id":260829,"name":"Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cattle?f_ri=635793"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=635793"},{"id":375896,"name":"Trypanosoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypanosoma?f_ri=635793"},{"id":538285,"name":"Dairy Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairy_Cattle?f_ri=635793"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=635793"},{"id":565892,"name":"Trypanosomiasis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypanosomiasis?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences?f_ri=635793"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1142031,"name":"Dairying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairying?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64608157" data-work_id="64608157" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64608157/The_Rise_of_Human_Rights_Issue_in_the_Post_Cold_War_World_The_Vienna_Conference_1993_">The Rise of Human Rights Issue in the Post-Cold War World: The Vienna Conference (1993)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article aims to analyze the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993) as a landmark in the human rights field. The goal is to discuss two hypotheses. First, that the Conference played an important role in the dissemination of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64608157" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article aims to analyze the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993) as a landmark in the human rights field. The goal is to discuss two hypotheses. First, that the Conference played an important role in the dissemination of human rights as an issue-area in international relations. Second, that the Conference contributed to the process of “relaxation of sovereignty”. The article is divided into three parts: the background to the Conference; the relationship between human rights and state sovereignty in the international system; the third section aims to connect the two hypotheses based on the debates of the Conference. The goal is not to analyze the Conference itself, but rather to demonstrate the trends that were empowered and unleashed by it in relation to the two hypotheses.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64608157" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="81c7ab81e3168fe94b58fe5c3b7eb7b3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76565928,"asset_id":64608157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76565928/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="478265" href="https://ufgd.academia.edu/MatheusDeCarvalhoHernandez">Matheus De Carvalho Hernandez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="478265" type="text/json">{"id":478265,"first_name":"Matheus","last_name":"De Carvalho Hernandez","domain_name":"ufgd","page_name":"MatheusDeCarvalhoHernandez","display_name":"Matheus De Carvalho Hernandez","profile_url":"https://ufgd.academia.edu/MatheusDeCarvalhoHernandez?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/478265/161060/36351812/s65_matheus.de_carvalho_hernandez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64608157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64608157"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64608157, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64608157", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64608157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64608157").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64608157").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64608157"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2169" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law">Human Rights Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2169" type="text/json">{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64608157]'), work: {"id":64608157,"title":"The Rise of Human Rights Issue in the Post-Cold War World: The Vienna Conference (1993)","created_at":"2021-12-16T11:24:21.982-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64608157/The_Rise_of_Human_Rights_Issue_in_the_Post_Cold_War_World_The_Vienna_Conference_1993_?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_64608157","summary":"This article aims to analyze the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993) as a landmark in the human rights field. The goal is to discuss two hypotheses. First, that the Conference played an important role in the dissemination of human rights as an issue-area in international relations. Second, that the Conference contributed to the process of “relaxation of sovereignty”. The article is divided into three parts: the background to the Conference; the relationship between human rights and state sovereignty in the international system; the third section aims to connect the two hypotheses based on the debates of the Conference. 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The first part is technical, it describes WikiRep installation procedure,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_55334052" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This report covers installation, internal organization and algorithms of WikiRep, an environment for virtual communities with support for digital reputation. The first part is technical, it describes WikiRep installation procedure, briefly outlines source code structure, listing the most important functions, and provides details on how virtual reputations are stored in the database. Later part of the report covers WikiRep algorithms. Two approaches to defining quality of a digital reputation are analytically compared. The method employed for calculating adoption coefficients is described, with the proof that the coefficients are symmetric. Finally, the approach used to visualize value and quality of digital reputations is explained in detail. 1 Installation of WikiRep WikiRep is a Wiki with support for digital reputations and ratings. The implementation we develop is based on the Wiki application in eGroupWare. eGroupWare (eGW) is a web application to support group activities and interactions. In this Section, we describe the process of WikiRep installation, the major modifications WikiRep makes to eGW, and necessary information about WikiRep and eGW architecture. For more information about eGroupWare, and its development, refer to eGroupWare website [2], as a starting point we suggest Coding Standards [5] and Style Guide [6]. WikiRep version 1.0 has been developed and tested with eGroupWare versions 1.0.0.006, 1.0.0.009-2, and 1.0.0.009-3, which is the last release available as this document is prepared. Our platform is Linux, MySQL-4.1.10, Apache-2.0.53, PHP-4.3.10, mod ssl-2.0.53, OpenSSL-0.9.6i. Documentation for the source code is maintained with use of an automated tool, phpDocumentor [8]. This is a widely used auto-documentation tool for PHP language. It generates the documentation from source files using PHP language structure and specially-formatted comments. An example of generated documentation is found at phpdoc for eGW and WikiRep [14], see the descriptions of file rocq functions.php and also of the class soWikiPage. To install WikiRep, you need to install eGroupWare first. After you setup eGroupWare, you apply WikiRep installation, which patches PHP files and modifies the database. You can significantly improve security of the system by configuring SSL connections. Finally, you can customize the system for your particular usage scenario. This Section gives a brief tutorial about these steps. To install eGW, you should already have installed and setup a compatible web-server with support for PHP, and a database. The steps below were tested on a Linux-operated PC with MySQL database (version 4.1.10) and Apache webserver (Apache/2.0.53 (Unix) mod ssl/2.0.53 OpenSSL/0.9.6i PHP/4.3.10). Compatibility with other back-end software is not confirmed. 1.1 Installation of eGroupWare Below is a brief description of installation and initial setup of eGroupWare. For more details, refer to eGW documentation, for example How To Install and Secure eGroupWare [11]. We have tested versions 1.0.0.006 and 1.0.0.009-3 of eGW to be compatible with WikiRep.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/55334052" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3562c437ab3b6632b374e92f6b4aa662" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71252613,"asset_id":55334052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71252613/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39276619" href="https://unitn.academia.edu/RBattiti">Roberto Battiti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39276619" type="text/json">{"id":39276619,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Battiti","domain_name":"unitn","page_name":"RBattiti","display_name":"Roberto Battiti","profile_url":"https://unitn.academia.edu/RBattiti?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_55334052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="55334052"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 55334052, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_55334052", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_55334052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55334052; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_55334052"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_55334052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="55334052"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55334052; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=55334052]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_55334052").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_55334052").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="55334052"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Community">Virtual Community</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5948" type="text/json">{"id":5948,"name":"Virtual Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Community?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="516232" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Source_Code">Source Code</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="516232" type="text/json">{"id":516232,"name":"Source Code","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Source_Code?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="635793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1">International Organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="635793" type="text/json">{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=55334052]'), work: {"id":55334052,"title":"WikiRep: Installation Guide and Developer's Manual","created_at":"2021-10-03T23:53:41.156-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/55334052/WikiRep_Installation_Guide_and_Developers_Manual?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_55334052","summary":"This report covers installation, internal organization and algorithms of WikiRep, an environment for virtual communities with support for digital reputation. The first part is technical, it describes WikiRep installation procedure, briefly outlines source code structure, listing the most important functions, and provides details on how virtual reputations are stored in the database. Later part of the report covers WikiRep algorithms. Two approaches to defining quality of a digital reputation are analytically compared. The method employed for calculating adoption coefficients is described, with the proof that the coefficients are symmetric. Finally, the approach used to visualize value and quality of digital reputations is explained in detail. 1 Installation of WikiRep WikiRep is a Wiki with support for digital reputations and ratings. The implementation we develop is based on the Wiki application in eGroupWare. eGroupWare (eGW) is a web application to support group activities and interactions. In this Section, we describe the process of WikiRep installation, the major modifications WikiRep makes to eGW, and necessary information about WikiRep and eGW architecture. For more information about eGroupWare, and its development, refer to eGroupWare website [2], as a starting point we suggest Coding Standards [5] and Style Guide [6]. WikiRep version 1.0 has been developed and tested with eGroupWare versions 1.0.0.006, 1.0.0.009-2, and 1.0.0.009-3, which is the last release available as this document is prepared. Our platform is Linux, MySQL-4.1.10, Apache-2.0.53, PHP-4.3.10, mod ssl-2.0.53, OpenSSL-0.9.6i. Documentation for the source code is maintained with use of an automated tool, phpDocumentor [8]. This is a widely used auto-documentation tool for PHP language. It generates the documentation from source files using PHP language structure and specially-formatted comments. An example of generated documentation is found at phpdoc for eGW and WikiRep [14], see the descriptions of file rocq functions.php and also of the class soWikiPage. To install WikiRep, you need to install eGroupWare first. After you setup eGroupWare, you apply WikiRep installation, which patches PHP files and modifies the database. You can significantly improve security of the system by configuring SSL connections. Finally, you can customize the system for your particular usage scenario. This Section gives a brief tutorial about these steps. To install eGW, you should already have installed and setup a compatible web-server with support for PHP, and a database. The steps below were tested on a Linux-operated PC with MySQL database (version 4.1.10) and Apache webserver (Apache/2.0.53 (Unix) mod ssl/2.0.53 OpenSSL/0.9.6i PHP/4.3.10). Compatibility with other back-end software is not confirmed. 1.1 Installation of eGroupWare Below is a brief description of installation and initial setup of eGroupWare. For more details, refer to eGW documentation, for example How To Install and Secure eGroupWare [11]. We have tested versions 1.0.0.006 and 1.0.0.009-3 of eGW to be compatible with WikiRep.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71252613,"asset_id":55334052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39276619,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Battiti","domain_name":"unitn","page_name":"RBattiti","display_name":"Roberto Battiti","profile_url":"https://unitn.academia.edu/RBattiti?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":5948,"name":"Virtual Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Community?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":516232,"name":"Source Code","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Source_Code?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78261156" data-work_id="78261156" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78261156/The_Legitimacy_and_Legitimation_of_International_Organizations_Introduction_and_Framework">The Legitimacy and Legitimation of International Organizations: Introduction and Framework</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78261156" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="856a55b26e143b56c41817d0036da3b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85369732,"asset_id":78261156,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85369732/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42181615" href="https://wzb.academia.edu/MichaelZ%C3%BCrn">Michael Zürn</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42181615" type="text/json">{"id":42181615,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Zürn","domain_name":"wzb","page_name":"MichaelZürn","display_name":"Michael Zürn","profile_url":"https://wzb.academia.edu/MichaelZ%C3%BCrn?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42181615/19206039/19149572/s65_michael.z_rn.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78261156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78261156"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78261156, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78261156", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_78261156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78261156; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_78261156"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_78261156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78261156"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78261156; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78261156]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78261156").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78261156").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78261156"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="899" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority">Legitimacy and Authority</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="899" type="text/json">{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1116" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion">Public Opinion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1116" type="text/json">{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance">Global Governance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3660" type="text/json">{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78261156]'), work: {"id":78261156,"title":"The Legitimacy and Legitimation of International Organizations: Introduction and Framework","created_at":"2022-05-02T14:11:18.793-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78261156/The_Legitimacy_and_Legitimation_of_International_Organizations_Introduction_and_Framework?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_78261156","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85369732,"asset_id":78261156,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42181615,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Zürn","domain_name":"wzb","page_name":"MichaelZürn","display_name":"Michael Zürn","profile_url":"https://wzb.academia.edu/MichaelZ%C3%BCrn?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42181615/19206039/19149572/s65_michael.z_rn.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":50183,"name":"International institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_institutions?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73174859" data-work_id="73174859" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73174859/Methodologies_for_conservation_assessments_of_the_genetic_biodiversity_of_aquatic_macro_organisms">Methodologies for conservation assessments of the genetic biodiversity of aquatic macro-organisms</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">International organizations and biodiversity scientists recognize three levels of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem. However, most studies with the goal of assessing biodiversity collect data at only a single level-that of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73174859" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">International organizations and biodiversity scientists recognize three levels of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem. However, most studies with the goal of assessing biodiversity collect data at only a single level-that of the species. Even when multiple levels of biodiversity are considered, usually only ecosystem diversity is also evaluated. Genetic diversity is virtually never considered. Yet, genetic diversity is essential for the maintenance of populations and species over ecological and evolutionary time periods. Moreover, because components of genetic diversity are independent of either species or ecosystem diversity, genetic diversity can provide a unique measure by which to assess the value of regions for conservation. Regions can be valuable for conservation of their genetic resources regardless of their levels of species or ecosystem uniqueness or diversity. In general, the same methods and statistical programs that are used to answer questions about population genetics and phylogenetics are applicable to conservation genetics. Thus, numerous genetic techniques, laboratory methods, and statistical programs are available for assessing regional levels of genetic diversity for conservation considerations. Here, we provide the rationale, techniques available, field and laboratory protocols, and statistical programs that can be used to estimate the magnitude and type of genetic diversity in regions. We also provide information on how to obtain commonly utilized statistical programs and the type of analyses that they include. The guide that we present here can be used to conduct investigations of the genetic diversity of regions under consideration for conservation of their natural resources.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73174859" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="606dc97efe36ba883e84252d0eca5df8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81797417,"asset_id":73174859,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81797417/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25635202" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SeifuSeyoum">Seifu Seyoum</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25635202" type="text/json">{"id":25635202,"first_name":"Seifu","last_name":"Seyoum","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SeifuSeyoum","display_name":"Seifu Seyoum","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SeifuSeyoum?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25635202/44561635/35038721/s65_seifu.seyoum.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73174859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73174859"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73174859, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73174859", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73174859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73174859; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73174859"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73174859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73174859"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73174859; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73174859]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73174859").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73174859").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73174859"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation">Conservation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2809" type="text/json">{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4207" type="text/json">{"id":4207,"name":"Phylogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73174859]'), work: {"id":73174859,"title":"Methodologies for conservation assessments of the genetic biodiversity of aquatic macro-organisms","created_at":"2022-03-06T04:28:42.354-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73174859/Methodologies_for_conservation_assessments_of_the_genetic_biodiversity_of_aquatic_macro_organisms?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_73174859","summary":"International organizations and biodiversity scientists recognize three levels of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem. However, most studies with the goal of assessing biodiversity collect data at only a single level-that of the species. Even when multiple levels of biodiversity are considered, usually only ecosystem diversity is also evaluated. Genetic diversity is virtually never considered. Yet, genetic diversity is essential for the maintenance of populations and species over ecological and evolutionary time periods. Moreover, because components of genetic diversity are independent of either species or ecosystem diversity, genetic diversity can provide a unique measure by which to assess the value of regions for conservation. Regions can be valuable for conservation of their genetic resources regardless of their levels of species or ecosystem uniqueness or diversity. In general, the same methods and statistical programs that are used to answer questions about population genetics and phylogenetics are applicable to conservation genetics. Thus, numerous genetic techniques, laboratory methods, and statistical programs are available for assessing regional levels of genetic diversity for conservation considerations. Here, we provide the rationale, techniques available, field and laboratory protocols, and statistical programs that can be used to estimate the magnitude and type of genetic diversity in regions. We also provide information on how to obtain commonly utilized statistical programs and the type of analyses that they include. The guide that we present here can be used to conduct investigations of the genetic diversity of regions under consideration for conservation of their natural resources.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81797417,"asset_id":73174859,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25635202,"first_name":"Seifu","last_name":"Seyoum","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SeifuSeyoum","display_name":"Seifu Seyoum","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SeifuSeyoum?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25635202/44561635/35038721/s65_seifu.seyoum.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4207,"name":"Phylogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetics?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4209,"name":"Conservation Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Genetics?f_ri=635793"},{"id":7051,"name":"Invertebrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrates?f_ri=635793"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":43028,"name":"Genetic Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Diversity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":48494,"name":"Biodiversity Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity_Conservation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":65881,"name":"FISH","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FISH?f_ri=635793"},{"id":117270,"name":"Fishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishes?f_ri=635793"},{"id":129770,"name":"Key words","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Key_words?f_ri=635793"},{"id":132619,"name":"Aquatic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic?f_ri=635793"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=635793"},{"id":483419,"name":"Brazilian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazilian?f_ri=635793"},{"id":555492,"name":"Natural Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource?f_ri=635793"},{"id":577933,"name":"Genetic variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_variation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":719974,"name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_of_Natural_Resources?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69458421" data-work_id="69458421" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69458421/Damage_in_International_Law_Precondition_For_State_and_International_Organization_Responsibility">Damage in International Law: Precondition For State and International Organization Responsibility?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The first chapter of the paper elaborates the question of whether one of the constitutive elements of the internationally wrongful act and a precondition for responsibility could be embodied in an existence of damage that has to be... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69458421" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The first chapter of the paper elaborates the question of whether one of the constitutive elements of the internationally wrongful act and a precondition for responsibility could be embodied in an existence of damage that has to be inflicted upon participants with international legal personality. In this regards legal doctrine, the arbitral awards, international judgments as well as the works of the UN International Law Commission will be examined, particularly the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts and the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations from 2001 and 2011, respectively. An interesting question could be raised concerning the terms used in Law on Responsibility and that is whether there is a difference between damage, injury, and unlawful consequence. Punitive or penal damage and its application in Law on Responsibility will be further assessed. The author will begin its research with the definition of pun...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69458421" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14392720" href="https://unze.academia.edu/EnisOmerovi%C4%87">Enis Omerović</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14392720" type="text/json">{"id":14392720,"first_name":"Enis","last_name":"Omerović","domain_name":"unze","page_name":"EnisOmerović","display_name":"Enis Omerović","profile_url":"https://unze.academia.edu/EnisOmerovi%C4%87?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14392720/53295976/113229753/s65_enis.omerovi_.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69458421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69458421"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69458421, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69458421", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69458421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69458421; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69458421"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69458421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69458421"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69458421; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69458421]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69458421").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69458421").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69458421"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6617" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations">United Nations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6617" type="text/json">{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69458421]'), work: {"id":69458421,"title":"Damage in International Law: Precondition For State and International Organization Responsibility?","created_at":"2022-01-25T21:49:41.503-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69458421/Damage_in_International_Law_Precondition_For_State_and_International_Organization_Responsibility?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_69458421","summary":"The first chapter of the paper elaborates the question of whether one of the constitutive elements of the internationally wrongful act and a precondition for responsibility could be embodied in an existence of damage that has to be inflicted upon participants with international legal personality. In this regards legal doctrine, the arbitral awards, international judgments as well as the works of the UN International Law Commission will be examined, particularly the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts and the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations from 2001 and 2011, respectively. An interesting question could be raised concerning the terms used in Law on Responsibility and that is whether there is a difference between damage, injury, and unlawful consequence. Punitive or penal damage and its application in Law on Responsibility will be further assessed. The author will begin its research with the definition of pun...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14392720,"first_name":"Enis","last_name":"Omerović","domain_name":"unze","page_name":"EnisOmerović","display_name":"Enis Omerović","profile_url":"https://unze.academia.edu/EnisOmerovi%C4%87?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14392720/53295976/113229753/s65_enis.omerovi_.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":48099,"name":"International Organisations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organisations?f_ri=635793"},{"id":57230,"name":"Damages law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Damages_law?f_ri=635793"},{"id":131669,"name":"Punitive Damages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punitive_Damages?f_ri=635793"},{"id":228414,"name":"International Organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organization?f_ri=635793"},{"id":418400,"name":"State Responsibility in International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Responsibility_in_International_Law?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1436322,"name":"Responsibility of International Organisations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsibility_of_International_Organisations?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1853330,"name":"State Responsability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Responsability?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5258569" data-work_id="5258569" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5258569/Fast_free_form_deformable_registration_via_calculus_of_variations">Fast free-form deformable registration via calculus of variations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, we present a fully automatic, fast and accurate deformable registration technique. This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5258569" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, we present a fully automatic, fast and accurate deformable registration technique. This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By using calculus of variations, the minimization problem was represented as a set of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs). A Gauss-Seidel finite difference scheme is used to iteratively solve the PDE. The registration is refined by a multi-resolution approach. The whole process is fully automatic. It takes less than 3 min to register two three-dimensional (3D) image sets of size 256 × 256 × 61 using a single 933 MHz personal computer. Extensive experiments are presented. These experiments include simulations, phantom studies and clinical image studies. Experimental results show that our model and algorithm are suited for registration of temporal images of a deformable body. The registration of inspiration and expiration phases of the lung images shows that the method is able to deal with large deformations. When applied to the daily CT images of a prostate patient, the results show that registration based on iterative refinement of displacement field is appropriate to describe the local deformations in the prostate and the rectum. Similarity measures improved significantly after the registration. The target application of this paper is for radiotherapy treatment planning and evaluation that incorporates internal organ deformation throughout the course of radiation therapy. The registration method could also be equally applied in diagnostic radiology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5258569" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb3aff3914126d6430eeaf56e66f8d95" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49378097,"asset_id":5258569,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49378097/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7205973" href="https://unsam66.academia.edu/gustavoolivera">gustavo olivera</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7205973" type="text/json">{"id":7205973,"first_name":"gustavo","last_name":"olivera","domain_name":"unsam66","page_name":"gustavoolivera","display_name":"gustavo olivera","profile_url":"https://unsam66.academia.edu/gustavoolivera?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5258569 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5258569"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5258569, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5258569", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5258569]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5258569").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5258569").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5258569"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">24</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1131" type="text/json">{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10030" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation_Therapy">Radiation Therapy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10030" type="text/json">{"id":10030,"name":"Radiation Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation_Therapy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5258569]'), work: {"id":5258569,"title":"Fast free-form deformable registration via calculus of variations","created_at":"2013-11-28T22:57:49.506-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5258569/Fast_free_form_deformable_registration_via_calculus_of_variations?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_5258569","summary":"In this paper, we present a fully automatic, fast and accurate deformable registration technique. This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By using calculus of variations, the minimization problem was represented as a set of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs). A Gauss-Seidel finite difference scheme is used to iteratively solve the PDE. The registration is refined by a multi-resolution approach. The whole process is fully automatic. It takes less than 3 min to register two three-dimensional (3D) image sets of size 256 × 256 × 61 using a single 933 MHz personal computer. Extensive experiments are presented. These experiments include simulations, phantom studies and clinical image studies. Experimental results show that our model and algorithm are suited for registration of temporal images of a deformable body. The registration of inspiration and expiration phases of the lung images shows that the method is able to deal with large deformations. When applied to the daily CT images of a prostate patient, the results show that registration based on iterative refinement of displacement field is appropriate to describe the local deformations in the prostate and the rectum. Similarity measures improved significantly after the registration. The target application of this paper is for radiotherapy treatment planning and evaluation that incorporates internal organ deformation throughout the course of radiation therapy. The registration method could also be equally applied in diagnostic radiology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49378097,"asset_id":5258569,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7205973,"first_name":"gustavo","last_name":"olivera","domain_name":"unsam66","page_name":"gustavoolivera","display_name":"gustavo olivera","profile_url":"https://unsam66.academia.edu/gustavoolivera?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":10030,"name":"Radiation Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation_Therapy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":11200,"name":"Nuclear Medicine Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_Medicine_Physics?f_ri=635793"},{"id":53293,"name":"Software","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software?f_ri=635793"},{"id":74754,"name":"3-D Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/3-D_Imaging?f_ri=635793"},{"id":123287,"name":"Three Dimensional Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Three_Dimensional_Imaging?f_ri=635793"},{"id":174932,"name":"Large Deformation Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Large_Deformation_Mechanics?f_ri=635793"},{"id":197297,"name":"Lung","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung?f_ri=635793"},{"id":202428,"name":"Respiration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiration?f_ri=635793"},{"id":372581,"name":"Image Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Enhancement?f_ri=635793"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=635793"},{"id":469018,"name":"Neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoplasms?f_ri=635793"},{"id":504035,"name":"Three Dimensional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Three_Dimensional?f_ri=635793"},{"id":521115,"name":"Calculus of Variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calculus_of_Variation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":737256,"name":"Treatment planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_planning?f_ri=635793"},{"id":845735,"name":"Diagnostic Radiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diagnostic_Radiology?f_ri=635793"},{"id":959921,"name":"X ray Computed Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_ray_Computed_Tomography?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1142720,"name":"Normal Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normal_Distribution?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2216064,"name":"Energy function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_function?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2354906,"name":"Finite Difference Scheme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Difference_Scheme?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2485317,"name":"Free Form Deformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Form_Deformation?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6561270" data-work_id="6561270" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6561270/Energy_for_a_Sustainable_World">Energy for a Sustainable World</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6561270" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ad5ce954e1afabebdd557083cdb1d0d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48807796,"asset_id":6561270,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48807796/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10536975" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AMULYAREDDY1">AMULYA REDDY</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10536975" type="text/json">{"id":10536975,"first_name":"AMULYA","last_name":"REDDY","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AMULYAREDDY1","display_name":"AMULYA REDDY","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AMULYAREDDY1?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6561270 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6561270"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6561270, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6561270", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6561270 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6561270; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6561270"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6561270 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6561270"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6561270; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6561270]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6561270").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6561270").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6561270"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth">Economic Growth</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4484" type="text/json">{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5609" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Policy">Energy Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5609" type="text/json">{"id":5609,"name":"Energy Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Policy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6561270]'), work: {"id":6561270,"title":"Energy for a Sustainable 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Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":5609,"name":"Energy Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Policy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":6962,"name":"Energy Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Conservation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":11397,"name":"Energy Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Consumption?f_ri=635793"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=635793"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=635793"},{"id":44391,"name":"Policy Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Change?f_ri=635793"},{"id":70854,"name":"Developing Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Country?f_ri=635793"},{"id":84820,"name":"Nuclear power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_power?f_ri=635793"},{"id":93298,"name":"Fossil Fuels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fossil_Fuels?f_ri=635793"},{"id":148227,"name":"Environmental Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Effect?f_ri=635793"},{"id":239277,"name":"Government Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_Policy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":295924,"name":"Energy Use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Use?f_ri=635793"},{"id":459384,"name":"Energy efficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_efficient?f_ri=635793"},{"id":578100,"name":"Developing nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_nations?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1003892,"name":"Energy Source","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Source?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1010785,"name":"Living Standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Living_Standards?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1018065,"name":"Standard of Living","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard_of_Living?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1283245,"name":"Market Frictions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Frictions?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72745201" data-work_id="72745201" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72745201/Biofuels_environment_technology_and_food_security">Biofuels: environment, technology and food security</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The imminent decline of the world&#x27;s oil production, its high market prices and environmental impacts have made the production of biofuels to reach unprecedent volumes over the last 10 years. This is why there have been intense... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72745201" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The imminent decline of the world&#x27;s oil production, its high market prices and environmental impacts have made the production of biofuels to reach unprecedent volumes over the last 10 years. This is why there have been intense debates among international organizations and political leaders in order to discuss the impacts of the biofuel use intensification.Besides assessing the causes of the rise in the demand and production of biofuels, this paper also shows the state of the art of their world&#x27;s current production. It is also discussed different vegetable raw materials sources and technological paths to produce biofuels, as well as issues regarding production cost and the relation of their economic feasibility with oil international prices. The environmental impacts of programs that encourage biofuel production, farmland land requirements and the impacts on food production are also discussed, considering the life cycle analysis (LCA) as a tool.It is concluded that the rise...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72745201" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a00c4af1a5a06666e93de6f696c0b47d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81551658,"asset_id":72745201,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81551658/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58958705" href="https://independent.academia.edu/joseescobar94">jose escobar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58958705" type="text/json">{"id":58958705,"first_name":"jose","last_name":"escobar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"joseescobar94","display_name":"jose escobar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/joseescobar94?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72745201 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72745201"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72745201, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72745201", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_72745201 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72745201; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_72745201"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_72745201 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72745201"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72745201; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72745201]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72745201").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72745201").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72745201"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12054" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation">International Cooperation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12054" type="text/json">{"id":12054,"name":"International Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15284" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Energy">Sustainable Energy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15284" type="text/json">{"id":15284,"name":"Sustainable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Energy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72745201]'), work: {"id":72745201,"title":"Biofuels: environment, technology and food security","created_at":"2022-03-01T22:19:09.967-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72745201/Biofuels_environment_technology_and_food_security?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_72745201","summary":"The imminent decline of the world\u0026#x27;s oil production, its high market prices and environmental impacts have made the production of biofuels to reach unprecedent volumes over the last 10 years. This is why there have been intense debates among international organizations and political leaders in order to discuss the impacts of the biofuel use intensification.Besides assessing the causes of the rise in the demand and production of biofuels, this paper also shows the state of the art of their world\u0026#x27;s current production. It is also discussed different vegetable raw materials sources and technological paths to produce biofuels, as well as issues regarding production cost and the relation of their economic feasibility with oil international prices. The environmental impacts of programs that encourage biofuel production, farmland land requirements and the impacts on food production are also discussed, considering the life cycle analysis (LCA) as a tool.It is concluded that the rise...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81551658,"asset_id":72745201,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58958705,"first_name":"jose","last_name":"escobar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"joseescobar94","display_name":"jose escobar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/joseescobar94?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":12054,"name":"International Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":15284,"name":"Sustainable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Energy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":38310,"name":"Social impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_impact?f_ri=635793"},{"id":38360,"name":"Food Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security?f_ri=635793"},{"id":51531,"name":"Pergamon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pergamon?f_ri=635793"},{"id":80691,"name":"Raw materials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Raw_materials?f_ri=635793"},{"id":84206,"name":"Working Conditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Conditions?f_ri=635793"},{"id":251651,"name":"Environmental Impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":646205,"name":"Life Cycle Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Cycle_Analysis?f_ri=635793"},{"id":829156,"name":"Food Products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Products?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1358026,"name":"Production Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Production_Cost?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48467826" data-work_id="48467826" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48467826/Fast_free_form_deformable_registration_via_calculus_of_variations">Fast free-form deformable registration via calculus of variations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, we present a fully automatic, fast and accurate deformable registration technique. This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48467826" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, we present a fully automatic, fast and accurate deformable registration technique. This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By using calculus of variations, the minimization problem was represented as a set of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs). A Gauss-Seidel finite difference scheme is used to iteratively solve the PDE. The registration is refined by a multi-resolution approach. The whole process is fully automatic. It takes less than 3 min to register two three-dimensional (3D) image sets of size 256 × 256 × 61 using a single 933 MHz personal computer. Extensive experiments are presented. These experiments include simulations, phantom studies and clinical image studies. Experimental results show that our model and algorithm are suited for registration of temporal images of a deformable body. The registration of inspiration and expiration phases of the lung images shows that the method is able to deal with large deformations. When applied to the daily CT images of a prostate patient, the results show that registration based on iterative refinement of displacement field is appropriate to describe the local deformations in the prostate and the rectum. Similarity measures improved significantly after the registration. The target application of this paper is for radiotherapy treatment planning and evaluation that incorporates internal organ deformation throughout the course of radiation therapy. The registration method could also be equally applied in diagnostic radiology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48467826" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7b22a95380cbf78d23a6ed6e52551357" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67086441,"asset_id":48467826,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67086441/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41190041" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuWeiguo">Weiguo Lu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41190041" type="text/json">{"id":41190041,"first_name":"Weiguo","last_name":"Lu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LuWeiguo","display_name":"Weiguo Lu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LuWeiguo?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48467826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48467826"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48467826, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48467826", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_48467826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48467826; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_48467826"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_48467826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48467826"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48467826; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48467826]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48467826").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48467826").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48467826"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1131" type="text/json">{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10030" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation_Therapy">Radiation Therapy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10030" type="text/json">{"id":10030,"name":"Radiation Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation_Therapy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48467826]'), work: {"id":48467826,"title":"Fast free-form deformable registration via calculus of variations","created_at":"2021-05-04T19:43:36.173-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48467826/Fast_free_form_deformable_registration_via_calculus_of_variations?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_48467826","summary":"In this paper, we present a fully automatic, fast and accurate deformable registration technique. This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By using calculus of variations, the minimization problem was represented as a set of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs). A Gauss-Seidel finite difference scheme is used to iteratively solve the PDE. The registration is refined by a multi-resolution approach. The whole process is fully automatic. It takes less than 3 min to register two three-dimensional (3D) image sets of size 256 × 256 × 61 using a single 933 MHz personal computer. Extensive experiments are presented. These experiments include simulations, phantom studies and clinical image studies. Experimental results show that our model and algorithm are suited for registration of temporal images of a deformable body. The registration of inspiration and expiration phases of the lung images shows that the method is able to deal with large deformations. When applied to the daily CT images of a prostate patient, the results show that registration based on iterative refinement of displacement field is appropriate to describe the local deformations in the prostate and the rectum. Similarity measures improved significantly after the registration. The target application of this paper is for radiotherapy treatment planning and evaluation that incorporates internal organ deformation throughout the course of radiation therapy. The registration method could also be equally applied in diagnostic radiology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67086441,"asset_id":48467826,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41190041,"first_name":"Weiguo","last_name":"Lu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LuWeiguo","display_name":"Weiguo Lu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LuWeiguo?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":10030,"name":"Radiation Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation_Therapy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":53293,"name":"Software","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software?f_ri=635793"},{"id":197297,"name":"Lung","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung?f_ri=635793"},{"id":202428,"name":"Respiration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiration?f_ri=635793"},{"id":372581,"name":"Image Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Enhancement?f_ri=635793"},{"id":469018,"name":"Neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoplasms?f_ri=635793"},{"id":504035,"name":"Three Dimensional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Three_Dimensional?f_ri=635793"},{"id":521115,"name":"Calculus of Variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calculus_of_Variation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":845735,"name":"Diagnostic Radiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diagnostic_Radiology?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1142720,"name":"Normal Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normal_Distribution?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2216064,"name":"Energy function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_function?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2354906,"name":"Finite Difference Scheme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Difference_Scheme?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2485317,"name":"Free Form Deformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Form_Deformation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":3205111,"name":"Prostatic neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prostatic_neoplasms?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24097807" data-work_id="24097807" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24097807/Integrating_development_and_climate_policies">Integrating development and climate policies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What lessons for policy makers at national and international level can be drawn from the growing experiences of reconciling development and climate change? The key to achieving this is to approach the problem from the development... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24097807" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What lessons for policy makers at national and international level can be drawn from the growing experiences of reconciling development and climate change? The key to achieving this is to approach the problem from the development perspective, since that is where in most countries the priority lies. Current knowledge on how to realize the benefits of such an integrated approach is assessed. The focus is on the main national development priorities, such as poverty reduction, disaster reduction, rural development, energy supply and transportation. Barriers and promising approaches are identified, based on the experience gained in several countries. The potential is explored for enhancing the global impact of such integrated approaches through replication of national experiences, supported by international organizations. Opportunities for large-scale initiatives are considered at national or regional level. The role of international agreements in fostering integrated development and climate policies is analysed, showing opportunities for achieving large co-benefits for addressing climate change by making use of existing policy frameworks for development and going beyond the UNFCCC framework.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24097807" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dace20fbeb868ec4e9dd567ad37dc669" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44463118,"asset_id":24097807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44463118/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15786129" href="https://independent.academia.edu/verhagenjan">jan verhagen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15786129" type="text/json">{"id":15786129,"first_name":"jan","last_name":"verhagen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"verhagenjan","display_name":"jan verhagen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/verhagenjan?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24097807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24097807"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24097807, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24097807", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24097807]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24097807").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24097807").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24097807"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy">Climate change policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3707" type="text/json">{"id":3707,"name":"Climate change policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24097807]'), work: {"id":24097807,"title":"Integrating development and climate policies","created_at":"2016-04-05T23:46:01.007-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24097807/Integrating_development_and_climate_policies?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_24097807","summary":"What lessons for policy makers at national and international level can be drawn from the growing experiences of reconciling development and climate change? The key to achieving this is to approach the problem from the development perspective, since that is where in most countries the priority lies. Current knowledge on how to realize the benefits of such an integrated approach is assessed. The focus is on the main national development priorities, such as poverty reduction, disaster reduction, rural development, energy supply and transportation. Barriers and promising approaches are identified, based on the experience gained in several countries. The potential is explored for enhancing the global impact of such integrated approaches through replication of national experiences, supported by international organizations. Opportunities for large-scale initiatives are considered at national or regional level. The role of international agreements in fostering integrated development and climate policies is analysed, showing opportunities for achieving large co-benefits for addressing climate change by making use of existing policy frameworks for development and going beyond the UNFCCC framework.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44463118,"asset_id":24097807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15786129,"first_name":"jan","last_name":"verhagen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"verhagenjan","display_name":"jan verhagen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/verhagenjan?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3707,"name":"Climate change policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=635793"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=635793"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=635793"},{"id":59128,"name":"Natural Gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Gas?f_ri=635793"},{"id":70646,"name":"Development policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_policy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=635793"},{"id":93298,"name":"Fossil Fuels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fossil_Fuels?f_ri=635793"},{"id":184265,"name":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions?f_ri=635793"},{"id":231615,"name":"Climate policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_policy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":251654,"name":"Greenhouse Gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greenhouse_Gas?f_ri=635793"},{"id":285086,"name":"Integrated Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Approach?f_ri=635793"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":383248,"name":"Heat stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_stress?f_ri=635793"},{"id":525680,"name":"Development Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Strategy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":555492,"name":"Natural Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":758278,"name":"Large Scale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Large_Scale?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1196652,"name":"International Agreements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Agreements?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2163839,"name":"Growing Season","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growing_Season?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79135812" data-work_id="79135812" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79135812/The_United_Nations_Security_Councils_agenda_on_Women_Peace_and_Security_bureaucratic_pathologies_and_unrealised_potential">The United Nations Security Council's agenda on 'Women, Peace and Security': bureaucratic pathologies and unrealised potential</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79135812" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f6e48f3e03ae29030626bd2277a04cbf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85958027,"asset_id":79135812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85958027/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3782697" href="https://lse.academia.edu/JenniferKlot">Jennifer F Klot, PhD, MRP</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3782697" type="text/json">{"id":3782697,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"Klot, PhD, MRP","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"JenniferKlot","display_name":"Jennifer F Klot, PhD, MRP","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/JenniferKlot?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3782697/3067223/16709885/s65_jennifer.klot.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79135812 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79135812"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79135812, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79135812", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79135812 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79135812").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79135812"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79135812]'), work: {"id":79135812,"title":"The United Nations Security Council's agenda on 'Women, Peace and Security': bureaucratic pathologies and unrealised potential","created_at":"2022-05-15T13:04:49.674-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79135812/The_United_Nations_Security_Councils_agenda_on_Women_Peace_and_Security_bureaucratic_pathologies_and_unrealised_potential?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_79135812","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85958027,"asset_id":79135812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3782697,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"Klot, PhD, MRP","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"JenniferKlot","display_name":"Jennifer F Klot, PhD, MRP","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/JenniferKlot?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3782697/3067223/16709885/s65_jennifer.klot.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":696,"name":"Gender 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54221056" data-work_id="54221056" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54221056/Abordagem_Sist%C3%AAmica_Para_An%C3%A1lise_De_Cadeias_Produtivas_Conceitua%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Proposta_De_Arqu%C3%A9tipos_No_Setor_L%C3%A1cteo_Brasileiro">Abordagem Sistêmica Para Análise De Cadeias Produtivas: Conceituação e Proposta De Arquétipos No Setor Lácteo Brasileiro</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The studies are aimed at the system approach of the problems affecting the agribusiness. In this approach, the management competition demands internal and inter-organizational efficiency. Thus, it is necessary to associate competitiveness... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54221056" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The studies are aimed at the system approach of the problems affecting the agribusiness. In this approach, the management competition demands internal and inter-organizational efficiency. Thus, it is necessary to associate competitiveness with the efficient internal organization and with the communication systems and coordination of activities between companies in an agrichain. In this sense, we present the method of feedback loops to represent the systems structure that was developed by Peter Senge in his seminal works-The Fifth Discipline and Fifth Discipline Fieldbook. An application in the Brazilian milk agrichain is made to represent the complex technological and commercial relationship between rural producers and dairy companies. Fall of profit for both agents (companies and farmers) are drawn as a result of cut of services and lack of cooperation to the rural producers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54221056" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ea4e22bf6c69e742eb5e7ad575d32de6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70689485,"asset_id":54221056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70689485/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="324464" href="https://ufscar.academia.edu/M%C3%A1rioBatalha">Mário Batalha</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="324464" type="text/json">{"id":324464,"first_name":"Mário","last_name":"Batalha","domain_name":"ufscar","page_name":"MárioBatalha","display_name":"Mário Batalha","profile_url":"https://ufscar.academia.edu/M%C3%A1rioBatalha?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54221056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54221056"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54221056, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54221056", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_54221056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54221056; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_54221056"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_54221056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54221056"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54221056; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54221056]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54221056").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54221056").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54221056"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42555" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_System">Communication System</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42555" type="text/json">{"id":42555,"name":"Communication System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_System?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68851" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Approach">System Approach</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="68851" type="text/json">{"id":68851,"name":"System Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Approach?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="121035" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Profitability">Profitability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="121035" type="text/json">{"id":121035,"name":"Profitability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Profitability?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54221056]'), work: {"id":54221056,"title":"Abordagem Sistêmica Para Análise De Cadeias Produtivas: Conceituação e Proposta De Arquétipos No Setor Lácteo Brasileiro","created_at":"2021-09-30T02:27:27.401-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54221056/Abordagem_Sist%C3%AAmica_Para_An%C3%A1lise_De_Cadeias_Produtivas_Conceitua%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Proposta_De_Arqu%C3%A9tipos_No_Setor_L%C3%A1cteo_Brasileiro?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_54221056","summary":"The studies are aimed at the system approach of the problems affecting the agribusiness. In this approach, the management competition demands internal and inter-organizational efficiency. Thus, it is necessary to associate competitiveness with the efficient internal organization and with the communication systems and coordination of activities between companies in an agrichain. In this sense, we present the method of feedback loops to represent the systems structure that was developed by Peter Senge in his seminal works-The Fifth Discipline and Fifth Discipline Fieldbook. An application in the Brazilian milk agrichain is made to represent the complex technological and commercial relationship between rural producers and dairy companies. Fall of profit for both agents (companies and farmers) are drawn as a result of cut of services and lack of cooperation to the rural producers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70689485,"asset_id":54221056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":324464,"first_name":"Mário","last_name":"Batalha","domain_name":"ufscar","page_name":"MárioBatalha","display_name":"Mário Batalha","profile_url":"https://ufscar.academia.edu/M%C3%A1rioBatalha?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":42555,"name":"Communication System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_System?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":68851,"name":"System Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Approach?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":121035,"name":"Profitability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Profitability?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":614190,"name":"Feedback loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feedback_loop?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3127223 coauthored" data-work_id="3127223" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3127223/Democracy_Dictatorship_and_Infant_Mortality_Revisited">Democracy, Dictatorship, and Infant Mortality Revisited</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Back in April 2000, we wrote in these pages about the link between political regimes and rates of infant mortality. Our analysis showed that a country's type of regime-democratic or dictatorial-had an independent effect on people's... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3127223" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Back in April 2000, we wrote in these pages about the link between political regimes and rates of infant mortality. Our analysis showed that a country's type of regime-democratic or dictatorial-had an independent effect on people's well-being as reflected broadly in the infant mortality rate (IMR) in that country. Virtually without exception-and at every level of Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc)-democracies made their inhabitants better off than did dictatorships.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3127223" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e3bdab060f6880dc97e084dbdc0d9b15" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45508053,"asset_id":3127223,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45508053/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36546920" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/ThomasZweifel">Thomas Zweifel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36546920" type="text/json">{"id":36546920,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Zweifel","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"ThomasZweifel","display_name":"Thomas Zweifel","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/ThomasZweifel?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36546920/10497267/11712969/s65_thomas.zweifel.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-3127223">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-3127223"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://nyu.academia.edu/patricionavia">Patricio Navia</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-3127223'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-3127223').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3127223 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3127223"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3127223, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3127223", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3127223 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3127223; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3127223"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3127223 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3127223"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3127223; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3127223]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3127223").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3127223").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3127223"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1287" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties">Political Parties</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1287" type="text/json">{"id":1287,"name":"Political Parties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth">Economic Growth</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4484" type="text/json">{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3127223]'), work: {"id":3127223,"title":"Democracy, Dictatorship, and Infant Mortality Revisited","created_at":"2013-03-27T04:25:04.201-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3127223/Democracy_Dictatorship_and_Infant_Mortality_Revisited?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_3127223","summary":"Back in April 2000, we wrote in these pages about the link between political regimes and rates of infant mortality. Our analysis showed that a country's type of regime-democratic or dictatorial-had an independent effect on people's well-being as reflected broadly in the infant mortality rate (IMR) in that country. Virtually without exception-and at every level of Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc)-democracies made their inhabitants better off than did dictatorships.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45508053,"asset_id":3127223,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36546920,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Zweifel","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"ThomasZweifel","display_name":"Thomas Zweifel","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/ThomasZweifel?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36546920/10497267/11712969/s65_thomas.zweifel.jpg"},{"id":2636180,"first_name":"Patricio","last_name":"Navia","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"patricionavia","display_name":"Patricio Navia","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/patricionavia?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2636180/3786482/4432291/s65_patricio.navia.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1287,"name":"Political Parties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":6989,"name":"Political Regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Regimes?f_ri=635793"},{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=635793"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":31525,"name":"CONTINUING EDUCATION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CONTINUING_EDUCATION?f_ri=635793"},{"id":56989,"name":"Latin America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_America?f_ri=635793"},{"id":156572,"name":"Latin American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American?f_ri=635793"},{"id":305313,"name":"Weed Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weed_Control?f_ri=635793"},{"id":405300,"name":"Infant Mortality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant_Mortality?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":688105,"name":"Infant Mortality Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant_Mortality_Rate?f_ri=635793"},{"id":843705,"name":"Gross Domestic Product (GDP)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gross_Domestic_Product_GDP_?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1733266,"name":"Per Capita Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Per_Capita_Income?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80633524" data-work_id="80633524" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80633524/The_politics_of_the_internationalisation_of_Brazil_s_Zero_Hunger_instruments">The politics of the internationalisation of Brazil’s ‘Zero Hunger’ instruments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Brazil became a prominent player for policy dialogue on food security and social protection in the 2000s and started to share its policy instruments with developing countries. However, the consequences as well as the mechanisms of such... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80633524" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Brazil became a prominent player for policy dialogue on food security and social protection in the 2000s and started to share its policy instruments with developing countries. However, the consequences as well as the mechanisms of such political effort have been little analysed. This paper draws on the case of Mozambique to examine the adoption process of Brazil's instruments of public food procurement from family farmers and home-grown school feeding. It shows that despite political and institutional constraints at the national level to adopting the initiatives in Mozambique, local actors managed to adapt them to their contexts. It aims to contribute to recent policy transfer literature, which is particularly interested in the role of 'translation' mechanisms in the circulation of policy ideas and practices across nations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80633524" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b3cd8f66443cc144dbe111ee0a509a9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86950823,"asset_id":80633524,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86950823/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20821356" href="https://brasilia.academia.edu/MarcelBursztyn">Marcel Bursztyn</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20821356" type="text/json">{"id":20821356,"first_name":"Marcel","last_name":"Bursztyn","domain_name":"brasilia","page_name":"MarcelBursztyn","display_name":"Marcel Bursztyn","profile_url":"https://brasilia.academia.edu/MarcelBursztyn?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20821356/5765539/13212043/s65_marcel.bursztyn.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80633524 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80633524"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80633524, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80633524", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_80633524 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80633524; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_80633524"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_80633524 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80633524"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80633524; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80633524]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80633524").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80633524").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80633524"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80633524]'), work: {"id":80633524,"title":"The politics of the internationalisation of Brazil’s ‘Zero Hunger’ instruments","created_at":"2022-06-03T12:34:22.828-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80633524/The_politics_of_the_internationalisation_of_Brazil_s_Zero_Hunger_instruments?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_80633524","summary":"Brazil became a prominent player for policy dialogue on food security and social protection in the 2000s and started to share its policy instruments with developing countries. However, the consequences as well as the mechanisms of such political effort have been little analysed. This paper draws on the case of Mozambique to examine the adoption process of Brazil's instruments of public food procurement from family farmers and home-grown school feeding. It shows that despite political and institutional constraints at the national level to adopting the initiatives in Mozambique, local actors managed to adapt them to their contexts. It aims to contribute to recent policy transfer literature, which is particularly interested in the role of 'translation' mechanisms in the circulation of policy ideas and practices across nations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86950823,"asset_id":80633524,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20821356,"first_name":"Marcel","last_name":"Bursztyn","domain_name":"brasilia","page_name":"MarcelBursztyn","display_name":"Marcel Bursztyn","profile_url":"https://brasilia.academia.edu/MarcelBursztyn?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20821356/5765539/13212043/s65_marcel.bursztyn.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=635793"},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=635793"},{"id":10007,"name":"Mozambique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mozambique?f_ri=635793"},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition?f_ri=635793"},{"id":38360,"name":"Food Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security?f_ri=635793"},{"id":54028,"name":"Développement régional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/D%C3%A9veloppement_r%C3%A9gional?f_ri=635793"},{"id":57195,"name":"Policy Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Transfer?f_ri=635793"},{"id":470772,"name":"Tete province","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tete_province?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":702989,"name":"Sécurité Alimentaire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Alimentaire?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1258929,"name":"Zero Hunger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zero_Hunger?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1724132,"name":"South South Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_South_Cooperation?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31619988" data-work_id="31619988" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31619988/Traditional_Postpartum_Practices_and_Food_Consuming_Among_Women_in_Rural_Thailand">Traditional Postpartum Practices and Food Consuming Among Women in Rural Thailand</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although the development in advanced medical and public health services has provided both proactive and passive postpartum care in the rural areas, the traditional practices are still influential. The objective of this study was to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31619988" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although the development in advanced medical and public health services has provided both proactive and passive postpartum care in the rural areas, the traditional practices are still influential. The objective of this study was to investigate the traditional practices and food consuming for Thai postpartum women in the rural areas. The descriptive study used both the quantitative and qualitative methods.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31619988" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fdf31034704a45875d1f7b3c6aff8fe4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64501380,"asset_id":31619988,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64501380/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60627681" href="https://mahidol.academia.edu/SupunneeThrakul">Supunnee Thrakul</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60627681" type="text/json">{"id":60627681,"first_name":"Supunnee","last_name":"Thrakul","domain_name":"mahidol","page_name":"SupunneeThrakul","display_name":"Supunnee Thrakul","profile_url":"https://mahidol.academia.edu/SupunneeThrakul?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60627681/42823761/34234979/s65_supunnee.thrakul.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31619988 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31619988"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31619988, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31619988", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31619988 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31619988; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31619988"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31619988 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31619988"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31619988; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31619988]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31619988").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31619988").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31619988"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis">Content Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6426" type="text/json">{"id":6426,"name":"Content Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9112" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity">Physical Activity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9112" type="text/json">{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11435" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Health">Community Health</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11435" type="text/json">{"id":11435,"name":"Community Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Health?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31619988]'), work: {"id":31619988,"title":"Traditional Postpartum Practices and Food Consuming Among Women in Rural Thailand","created_at":"2017-02-26T18:14:30.181-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31619988/Traditional_Postpartum_Practices_and_Food_Consuming_Among_Women_in_Rural_Thailand?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_31619988","summary":"Although the development in advanced medical and public health services has provided both proactive and passive postpartum care in the rural areas, the traditional practices are still influential. The objective of this study was to investigate the traditional practices and food consuming for Thai postpartum women in the rural areas. The descriptive study used both the quantitative and qualitative methods.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64501380,"asset_id":31619988,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60627681,"first_name":"Supunnee","last_name":"Thrakul","domain_name":"mahidol","page_name":"SupunneeThrakul","display_name":"Supunnee Thrakul","profile_url":"https://mahidol.academia.edu/SupunneeThrakul?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60627681/42823761/34234979/s65_supunnee.thrakul.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":6426,"name":"Content Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":11435,"name":"Community Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Health?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":75952,"name":"Public","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public?f_ri=635793"},{"id":614499,"name":"Head Public Health Service","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Head_Public_Health_Service?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":647003,"name":"Rural Area","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Area?f_ri=635793"},{"id":675549,"name":"Qualitative Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Method?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1714028,"name":"Long Distance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Distance?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17013359 coauthored" data-work_id="17013359" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17013359/The_incoming_global_technological_and_industrial_revolution_towards_competitive_sustainable_manufacturing">The incoming global technological and industrial revolution towards competitive sustainable manufacturing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17013359" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bc2f413927b95adbd3403a656bb6f44d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39984891,"asset_id":17013359,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39984891/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36749816" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EWestkamper">E. Westkamper</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36749816" type="text/json">{"id":36749816,"first_name":"E.","last_name":"Westkamper","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EWestkamper","display_name":"E. Westkamper","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EWestkamper?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-17013359">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-17013359"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/FJovane">F. Jovane</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/YoshikawaH">H. Yoshikawa</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/GSeliger">G. 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work: {"id":67739630,"title":"Resilience through interlinkage: the green climate fund and climate finance governance","created_at":"2022-01-10T03:41:54.399-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67739630/Resilience_through_interlinkage_the_green_climate_fund_and_climate_finance_governance?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_67739630","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78455791,"asset_id":67739630,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":84920900,"first_name":"Megan","last_name":"Bowman","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"MeganBowman","display_name":"Megan Bowman","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/MeganBowman?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International 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policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_policy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":297829,"name":"UNFCCC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UNFCCC?f_ri=635793"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":808540,"name":"Climate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Governance?f_ri=635793"},{"id":827705,"name":"Green Climate Fund","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Green_Climate_Fund?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2502637,"name":"Paris Agreement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paris_Agreement?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1336826" data-work_id="1336826" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1336826/The_Choice_of_International_Institutions_Cooperation">The Choice of International Institutions: Cooperation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We develop a framework that explains the choice of institutions to address international cooperation problems. We begin with boundedly rational actors who make institutional choices based on the properties of the cooperation problem they... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1336826" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We develop a framework that explains the choice of institutions to address international cooperation problems. We begin with boundedly rational actors who make institutional choices based on the properties of the cooperation problem they face and the menu of international institutions available to them. If the institutional status quo offers an appropriate venue for the prevailing cooperation problem, then actors will either use a focal institution or select a readily available alternative; if no suitable venue is available in the institutional status quo then costlier and riskier strategies of institutional change and creation will be pursued. The framework further allows us to incorporate the impact of international organizations and governance arrangements on the menu for institutional choice, to combine elements of rationalist and constructivist institutional accounts, and to address distributional and power considerations inherent to the choice of international institutions. The paper contains many empirical illustrations and is followed by a companion paper that applies the framework to the ongoing development of international institutions for financial reporting.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1336826" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ee28728e65700ef6e9081c70b3e4cdf2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51023039,"asset_id":1336826,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51023039/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="461382" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/DuncanSnidal">Duncan Snidal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="461382" type="text/json">{"id":461382,"first_name":"Duncan","last_name":"Snidal","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"DuncanSnidal","display_name":"Duncan Snidal","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/DuncanSnidal?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1336826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1336826"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1336826, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1336826", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1336826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1336826; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1336826"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1336826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1336826"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1336826; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1336826]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1336826").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1336826").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1336826"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5976" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change">Institutional Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5976" type="text/json">{"id":5976,"name":"Institutional Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12054" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation">International Cooperation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12054" type="text/json">{"id":12054,"name":"International Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="635793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1">International Organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="635793" type="text/json">{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1336826]'), work: {"id":1336826,"title":"The Choice of International Institutions: Cooperation","created_at":"2012-02-03T20:25:05.135-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1336826/The_Choice_of_International_Institutions_Cooperation?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_1336826","summary":"We develop a framework that explains the choice of institutions to address international cooperation problems. We begin with boundedly rational actors who make institutional choices based on the properties of the cooperation problem they face and the menu of international institutions available to them. If the institutional status quo offers an appropriate venue for the prevailing cooperation problem, then actors will either use a focal institution or select a readily available alternative; if no suitable venue is available in the institutional status quo then costlier and riskier strategies of institutional change and creation will be pursued. The framework further allows us to incorporate the impact of international organizations and governance arrangements on the menu for institutional choice, to combine elements of rationalist and constructivist institutional accounts, and to address distributional and power considerations inherent to the choice of international institutions. The paper contains many empirical illustrations and is followed by a companion paper that applies the framework to the ongoing development of international institutions for financial reporting.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51023039,"asset_id":1336826,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":461382,"first_name":"Duncan","last_name":"Snidal","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"DuncanSnidal","display_name":"Duncan Snidal","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/DuncanSnidal?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":5976,"name":"Institutional Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":12054,"name":"International Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9156968" data-work_id="9156968" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9156968/Chronic_low_level_arsenic_exposure_causes_gender_specific_alterations_in_locomotor_activity_dopaminergic_systems_and_thioredoxin_expression_in_mice">Chronic low-level arsenic exposure causes gender-specific alterations in locomotor activity, dopaminergic systems, and thioredoxin expression in mice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid widely present in the environment. Human exposure to As has been associated with the development of skin and internal organ cancers and cardiovascular disorders, among other diseases. A few studies report... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9156968" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid widely present in the environment. Human exposure to As has been associated with the development of skin and internal organ cancers and cardiovascular disorders, among other diseases. A few studies report decreases in intelligence quotient (IQ), and sensory and motor alterations after chronic As exposure in humans. On the other hand, studies of rodents exposed to high doses of As have found alterations in locomotor activity, brain neurochemistry, behavioral tasks, and oxidative stress. In the present study both male and female C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of As such as 0.05, 0.5, 5.0, or 50 mg As/L of drinking water for 4 months, and locomotor activity was assessed every month. Male mice presented hyperactivity in the group exposed to 0.5 mg As/L and hypoactivity in the group exposed to 50 mg As/L after 4 months of As exposure, whereas female mice exposed to 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 mg As/L exhibited hyperactivity in every monthly test during As exposure. Furthermore, striatal and hypothalamic dopamine content was decreased only in female mice. Also decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx-1) mRNA expression in striatum and nucleus accumbens were observed in male and female mice, respectively. These results indicate that chronic As exposure leads to gender-dependent alterations in dopaminergic markers and spontaneous locomotor activity, and down-regulation of the antioxidant capacity of the brain.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9156968" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="abf334207de88b204c41f5ba4f5edc15" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47867385,"asset_id":9156968,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47867385/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20891740" href="https://eahnm.academia.edu/Mireyapacheco">Mireya pacheco</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20891740" type="text/json">{"id":20891740,"first_name":"Mireya","last_name":"pacheco","domain_name":"eahnm","page_name":"Mireyapacheco","display_name":"Mireya pacheco","profile_url":"https://eahnm.academia.edu/Mireyapacheco?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9156968 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9156968"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9156968, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9156968", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9156968 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9156968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9156968"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9156968 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9156968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9156968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9156968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9156968").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9156968").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9156968"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6227" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arsenic">Arsenic</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6227" type="text/json">{"id":6227,"name":"Arsenic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arsenic?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41697" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleus_Accumbens">Nucleus Accumbens</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41697" type="text/json">{"id":41697,"name":"Nucleus Accumbens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleus_Accumbens?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51566" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine">Dopamine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51566" type="text/json">{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9156968]'), work: {"id":9156968,"title":"Chronic low-level arsenic exposure causes gender-specific alterations in locomotor activity, dopaminergic systems, and thioredoxin expression in mice","created_at":"2014-11-06T01:19:05.941-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9156968/Chronic_low_level_arsenic_exposure_causes_gender_specific_alterations_in_locomotor_activity_dopaminergic_systems_and_thioredoxin_expression_in_mice?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_9156968","summary":"Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid widely present in the environment. Human exposure to As has been associated with the development of skin and internal organ cancers and cardiovascular disorders, among other diseases. A few studies report decreases in intelligence quotient (IQ), and sensory and motor alterations after chronic As exposure in humans. On the other hand, studies of rodents exposed to high doses of As have found alterations in locomotor activity, brain neurochemistry, behavioral tasks, and oxidative stress. In the present study both male and female C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of As such as 0.05, 0.5, 5.0, or 50 mg As/L of drinking water for 4 months, and locomotor activity was assessed every month. Male mice presented hyperactivity in the group exposed to 0.5 mg As/L and hypoactivity in the group exposed to 50 mg As/L after 4 months of As exposure, whereas female mice exposed to 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 mg As/L exhibited hyperactivity in every monthly test during As exposure. Furthermore, striatal and hypothalamic dopamine content was decreased only in female mice. Also decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx-1) mRNA expression in striatum and nucleus accumbens were observed in male and female mice, respectively. These results indicate that chronic As exposure leads to gender-dependent alterations in dopaminergic markers and spontaneous locomotor activity, and down-regulation of the antioxidant capacity of the brain.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47867385,"asset_id":9156968,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20891740,"first_name":"Mireya","last_name":"pacheco","domain_name":"eahnm","page_name":"Mireyapacheco","display_name":"Mireya pacheco","profile_url":"https://eahnm.academia.edu/Mireyapacheco?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":6227,"name":"Arsenic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arsenic?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":41697,"name":"Nucleus Accumbens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleus_Accumbens?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=635793"},{"id":67405,"name":"Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=635793"},{"id":95704,"name":"Hypothalamus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hypothalamus?f_ri=635793"},{"id":120641,"name":"Drinking Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drinking_Water?f_ri=635793"},{"id":222437,"name":"Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exposure?f_ri=635793"},{"id":224775,"name":"Tyrosine Hydroxylase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tyrosine_Hydroxylase?f_ri=635793"},{"id":310960,"name":"mRna expression levels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mRna_expression_levels?f_ri=635793"},{"id":364039,"name":"Thioredoxin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thioredoxin?f_ri=635793"},{"id":413192,"name":"Sex Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Factors?f_ri=635793"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=635793"},{"id":564895,"name":"Locomotor Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Locomotor_Activity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":736321,"name":"Environmental Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollutants?f_ri=635793"},{"id":862679,"name":"Intelligence quotient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_quotient?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1247899,"name":"Sodium Compounds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Compounds?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1264054,"name":"Carcinogen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carcinogen?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1322481,"name":"Antioxidant Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_Capacity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2039739,"name":"Down-Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Down-Regulation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2246318,"name":"Motor activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_activity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2486335,"name":"Corpus striatum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_striatum?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17355097" data-work_id="17355097" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17355097/Acute_Toxicity_Tests_with_the_Tropical_Cladoceran_Pseudosida_ramosa_The_Importance_of_Using_Native_Species_as_Test_Organisms">Acute Toxicity Tests with the Tropical Cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa: The Importance of Using Native Species as Test Organisms</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cladocerans have long been used for toxicological assessments of a diverse range of substances. The use of cladocerans in toxicity tests has many advantages, such as their short life cycle, parthenogenetic reproduction (clones), and high... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17355097" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cladocerans have long been used for toxicological assessments of a diverse range of substances. The use of cladocerans in toxicity tests has many advantages, such as their short life cycle, parthenogenetic reproduction (clones), and high sensitivity to toxicants, as well as the easy laboratory maintenance of cultures. The most commonly used cladoceran in ecotoxicological studies of aquatic environments is undoubtedly Daphnia magna. Standard methods using cladocerans as test organisms have been documented and adopted by major international organizations and regulatory agencies of many countries. However, today there is a growing need for improving test organisms and protocols to better reflect local species sensitivity or site-specific conditions. The present study aimed to assess the tropical species Pseudosida ramosa as a potential test organism for ecotoxicological purposes, by carrying out standard acute tests with six reference compounds. Based on the results obtained in the present study and in comparison with other cladocerans, it was found that P. ramosa was more sensitive than Daphnia magna, had a sensitivity similar to that of Daphnia similis, and was less sensitive compared to Ceriodaphnia dubia and C. silvestrii (Neotropical species), except for the salts, sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Also, when P. ramosa was compared with test organisms of other taxonomic groups, we observed that it was more sensitive than most of the others, from simple coelenterates to complex fish. Considering these results and the wide distribution of the cladoceran P. ramosa in tropical and subtropical regions, we suggest that this species can be adopted as a test organism, being a good substitute for the exotic daphnid D. magna, for monitoring of toxicants in freshwaters.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17355097" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eaa127fccdeb60065239eeefbe646d2b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42266074,"asset_id":17355097,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42266074/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37079741" href="https://ufscar-br.academia.edu/OdeteRocha">Odete Rocha</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37079741" type="text/json">{"id":37079741,"first_name":"Odete","last_name":"Rocha","domain_name":"ufscar-br","page_name":"OdeteRocha","display_name":"Odete Rocha","profile_url":"https://ufscar-br.academia.edu/OdeteRocha?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17355097 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17355097"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17355097, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17355097", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17355097]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17355097").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17355097").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17355097"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17590" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daphnia">Daphnia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17590" type="text/json">{"id":17590,"name":"Daphnia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daphnia?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="182962" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Cycle">Life Cycle</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="182962" type="text/json">{"id":182962,"name":"Life Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Cycle?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17355097]'), work: {"id":17355097,"title":"Acute Toxicity Tests with the Tropical Cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa: The Importance of Using Native Species as Test Organisms","created_at":"2015-10-27T10:21:01.588-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17355097/Acute_Toxicity_Tests_with_the_Tropical_Cladoceran_Pseudosida_ramosa_The_Importance_of_Using_Native_Species_as_Test_Organisms?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_17355097","summary":"Cladocerans have long been used for toxicological assessments of a diverse range of substances. The use of cladocerans in toxicity tests has many advantages, such as their short life cycle, parthenogenetic reproduction (clones), and high sensitivity to toxicants, as well as the easy laboratory maintenance of cultures. The most commonly used cladoceran in ecotoxicological studies of aquatic environments is undoubtedly Daphnia magna. Standard methods using cladocerans as test organisms have been documented and adopted by major international organizations and regulatory agencies of many countries. However, today there is a growing need for improving test organisms and protocols to better reflect local species sensitivity or site-specific conditions. The present study aimed to assess the tropical species Pseudosida ramosa as a potential test organism for ecotoxicological purposes, by carrying out standard acute tests with six reference compounds. Based on the results obtained in the present study and in comparison with other cladocerans, it was found that P. ramosa was more sensitive than Daphnia magna, had a sensitivity similar to that of Daphnia similis, and was less sensitive compared to Ceriodaphnia dubia and C. silvestrii (Neotropical species), except for the salts, sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Also, when P. ramosa was compared with test organisms of other taxonomic groups, we observed that it was more sensitive than most of the others, from simple coelenterates to complex fish. Considering these results and the wide distribution of the cladoceran P. ramosa in tropical and subtropical regions, we suggest that this species can be adopted as a test organism, being a good substitute for the exotic daphnid D. magna, for monitoring of toxicants in freshwaters.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42266074,"asset_id":17355097,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37079741,"first_name":"Odete","last_name":"Rocha","domain_name":"ufscar-br","page_name":"OdeteRocha","display_name":"Odete Rocha","profile_url":"https://ufscar-br.academia.edu/OdeteRocha?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":17590,"name":"Daphnia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daphnia?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":182962,"name":"Life Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Cycle?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":444159,"name":"Cladocera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cladocera?f_ri=635793"},{"id":616230,"name":"Daphnia Magna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daphnia_Magna?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":784076,"name":"Species Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Specificity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":802213,"name":"Lethal Dose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lethal_Dose?f_ri=635793"},{"id":962638,"name":"High Sensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Sensitivity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":980394,"name":"Acute Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Toxicity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1006670,"name":"Atrazine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atrazine?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1007250,"name":"Native Species","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_Species?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1223913,"name":"Sodium Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Chloride?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1295914,"name":"Potassium Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potassium_Chloride?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1496710,"name":"Potassium Dichromate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potassium_Dichromate?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1630999,"name":"Toxicity Testing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity_Testing?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1506228" data-work_id="1506228" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1506228/LAS_NUEVAS_TECNOLOG%C3%8DAS_EN_LAS_ADMINISTRACIONES_TRIBUTARIAS_The_New_Technologies_in_the_Tributary_Administrations">LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS EN LAS ADMINISTRACIONES TRIBUTARIAS The New Technologies in the Tributary Administrations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Esta investigación tiene como finalidad estudiar las tecnologías de información y comunicación aplicadas por las administraciones Tributarias. Para ello se revisó, en primer término, el desempeño de las Administraciones Tributarias de... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1506228" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Esta investigación tiene como finalidad estudiar las tecnologías de información y comunicación aplicadas por las administraciones Tributarias. Para ello se revisó, en primer término, el desempeño de las Administraciones Tributarias de Chile (SII), Colombia (DIAN) y España (Agencia Estatal Tributaria), en cuanto a las estrategias utilizadas para mejorar la recaudación de tributos y evitar la evasión fiscal., resaltándose el avance tecnológico de Chile, reconocido por organismos internacionales como Centro Interamericano de Administraciones Tributarias (CIAT) y Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Así mismo, se analizó en forma más detallada la administración tributaria venezolana, donde se describieron las estrategias empleadas, para lograr sus fines, incrementar la recaudación y evitar el fraude fiscal, tanto en tributos internos, como en aduana, señalando los adelantos tecnológicos implementados y la normativa desarrollada orientada a la captación de los contribuyentes por el portal. También se efectuó una revisión a las leyes promulgadas con miras a dar seguridad a las comunicaciones por la red, mencionándose las más importantes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1506228" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e8ce6fc757795f2768f6c2197dd0e171" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":12003997,"asset_id":1506228,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/12003997/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1496150" href="https://independent.academia.edu/fido735fido736">fido735 fido736</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1496150" type="text/json">{"id":1496150,"first_name":"fido735","last_name":"fido736","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"fido735fido736","display_name":"fido735 fido736","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/fido735fido736?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1506228 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1506228"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1506228, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1506228", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1506228 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1506228; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1506228"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1506228 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1506228"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1506228; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1506228]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1506228").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1506228").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1506228"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11395" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development">Economic Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11395" type="text/json">{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_and_Communication_technology-1">Information and Communication technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18814" type="text/json">{"id":18814,"name":"Information and Communication technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_and_Communication_technology-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42483" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Evasion">Tax Evasion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="42483" type="text/json">{"id":42483,"name":"Tax Evasion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Evasion?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1506228]'), work: {"id":1506228,"title":"LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS EN LAS ADMINISTRACIONES TRIBUTARIAS The New Technologies in the Tributary Administrations","created_at":"2012-04-11T18:44:26.413-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1506228/LAS_NUEVAS_TECNOLOG%C3%8DAS_EN_LAS_ADMINISTRACIONES_TRIBUTARIAS_The_New_Technologies_in_the_Tributary_Administrations?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_1506228","summary":"Esta investigación tiene como finalidad estudiar las tecnologías de información y comunicación aplicadas por las administraciones Tributarias. Para ello se revisó, en primer término, el desempeño de las Administraciones Tributarias de Chile (SII), Colombia (DIAN) y España (Agencia Estatal Tributaria), en cuanto a las estrategias utilizadas para mejorar la recaudación de tributos y evitar la evasión fiscal., resaltándose el avance tecnológico de Chile, reconocido por organismos internacionales como Centro Interamericano de Administraciones Tributarias (CIAT) y Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Así mismo, se analizó en forma más detallada la administración tributaria venezolana, donde se describieron las estrategias empleadas, para lograr sus fines, incrementar la recaudación y evitar el fraude fiscal, tanto en tributos internos, como en aduana, señalando los adelantos tecnológicos implementados y la normativa desarrollada orientada a la captación de los contribuyentes por el portal. También se efectuó una revisión a las leyes promulgadas con miras a dar seguridad a las comunicaciones por la red, mencionándose las más importantes.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":12003997,"asset_id":1506228,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1496150,"first_name":"fido735","last_name":"fido736","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"fido735fido736","display_name":"fido735 fido736","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/fido735fido736?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":18814,"name":"Information and Communication technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_and_Communication_technology-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":42483,"name":"Tax Evasion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Evasion?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":59546,"name":"New Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Technology?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1529398,"name":"Palabras Clave: BIM","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palabras_Clave_BIM?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50676448" data-work_id="50676448" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50676448/International_political_economy_a_tale_of_two_heterodoxies">International political economy: a tale of two heterodoxies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">International political economy (IPE) originated in the early 1970s. For almost 20 years it has been dominated by separate, largely non-communicating schools, one centred on scholarly institutions in Britain, the other associated with the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50676448" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">International political economy (IPE) originated in the early 1970s. For almost 20 years it has been dominated by separate, largely non-communicating schools, one centred on scholarly institutions in Britain, the other associated with the US journal, International Organization (IO). In terms of the evolving norms of both economics and political science, both schools are surprisingly heterodox. Rather than developing strong systematic data collections and systematic theory, the IO school has been characterised by a shifting set of conceptual and metatheoretical debates. The British school, which has tended to take a deliberately critical position, has been characterised by an ever-widening set of concerns topical concerns fuelled by a desire to include more and more voices in the study of IPE. These outcomes are explicable only by tracing the specific historical developments of the two schools.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50676448" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9f770fb49b1db095487a1d01206df68" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68566397,"asset_id":50676448,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68566397/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="64091866" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DouglasNelson7">Douglas Nelson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="64091866" type="text/json">{"id":64091866,"first_name":"Douglas","last_name":"Nelson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DouglasNelson7","display_name":"Douglas Nelson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DouglasNelson7?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/64091866/144448001/133971756/s65_douglas.nelson.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50676448 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50676448"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50676448, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50676448", }); 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For almost 20 years it has been dominated by separate, largely non-communicating schools, one centred on scholarly institutions in Britain, the other associated with the US journal, International Organization (IO). In terms of the evolving norms of both economics and political science, both schools are surprisingly heterodox. Rather than developing strong systematic data collections and systematic theory, the IO school has been characterised by a shifting set of conceptual and metatheoretical debates. The British school, which has tended to take a deliberately critical position, has been characterised by an ever-widening set of concerns topical concerns fuelled by a desire to include more and more voices in the study of IPE. 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Maximum body size and size at median maturity... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14865088" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Size at maturity, fecundity, and reproductive periodicity were estimated for the spotted ratWsh, Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett, 1839), oV the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington. Maximum body size and size at median maturity were greater for females than males. Skeletal muscle concentrations of the steroid hormones testosterone (T) and estradiol (E 2 ) predicted similar, but slightly smaller sizes at maturity than the morphological criterion. Stage of maturity for males was estimated identically using internal organs or external secondary sexual characters, thus allowing non-lethal maturity assessments. Size at median maturity was greater north of Point Conception for females, and north of Cape Mendocino for males. Peak parturition occurred from May to October, with increased concentrations of E 2 in skeletal muscle of females correlating with ovarian recrudescence during November to February. No signiWcant seasonal trends in female T were apparent, but mean female 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) was 300% greater in April than any other month during the parturition season. There was a marginal evidence for increased number and size of ova with maternal size. Extrapolation of the hypothesized 6 to 8-month egg-laying season to observed mean parturition rates of captive specimens yielded an estimated annual fecundity of 19.5-28.9 egg cases. DiVerences in fecundity among higher taxonomic classiWcations of chondrichthyans were detected with chimaeriform Wshes more fecund than lamniform, myliobatiform, squaliform, and rhinobatiform Wshes, and less fecund than rajiform Wshes. Communicated by J.P. Grassle.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14865088" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="10f381469679145f263fef1f0348e53f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43830848,"asset_id":14865088,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43830848/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27602618" href="https://calstate.academia.edu/GregorCailliet">Gregor Cailliet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27602618" type="text/json">{"id":27602618,"first_name":"Gregor","last_name":"Cailliet","domain_name":"calstate","page_name":"GregorCailliet","display_name":"Gregor Cailliet","profile_url":"https://calstate.academia.edu/GregorCailliet?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27602618/7853499/8799435/s65_gregor.cailliet.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-14865088">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-14865088"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://alabama.academia.edu/RyanEarley">Ryan Earley</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/EbertD">David Ebert</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14865088'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14865088').html(); 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Maximum body size and size at median maturity were greater for females than males. Skeletal muscle concentrations of the steroid hormones testosterone (T) and estradiol (E 2 ) predicted similar, but slightly smaller sizes at maturity than the morphological criterion. Stage of maturity for males was estimated identically using internal organs or external secondary sexual characters, thus allowing non-lethal maturity assessments. Size at median maturity was greater north of Point Conception for females, and north of Cape Mendocino for males. Peak parturition occurred from May to October, with increased concentrations of E 2 in skeletal muscle of females correlating with ovarian recrudescence during November to February. No signiWcant seasonal trends in female T were apparent, but mean female 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) was 300% greater in April than any other month during the parturition season. There was a marginal evidence for increased number and size of ova with maternal size. Extrapolation of the hypothesized 6 to 8-month egg-laying season to observed mean parturition rates of captive specimens yielded an estimated annual fecundity of 19.5-28.9 egg cases. DiVerences in fecundity among higher taxonomic classiWcations of chondrichthyans were detected with chimaeriform Wshes more fecund than lamniform, myliobatiform, squaliform, and rhinobatiform Wshes, and less fecund than rajiform Wshes. Communicated by J.P. 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reconciliation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Health Bridges for Peace 1998</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4958310" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0cdee8ebd53eaaf4db775c317b92c68d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40974095,"asset_id":4958310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4441,"name":"Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":14370,"name":"Conflict Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Management?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":791585,"name":"Health Care Provider","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care_Provider?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11750680" data-work_id="11750680" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11750680/A_comparison_of_six_primer_sets_for_detection_of_Trypanosoma_evansi_by_polymerase_chain_reaction_in_rodents_and_Thai_livestock">A comparison of six primer sets for detection of Trypanosoma evansi by polymerase chain reaction in rodents and Thai livestock</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To face the worldwide threat of Surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi, international organizations have stressed the need to evaluate and standardize diagnostic tools. PCR detection of T. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11750680" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To face the worldwide threat of Surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi, international organizations have stressed the need to evaluate and standardize diagnostic tools. PCR detection of T. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20 years, but primer sets are often insufficiently assessed and compared. In this work, we compared the performances of six primer pairs–TBR1/2 ( Masiga et al., 1992), ESAG6/7 ( 12 and 13), TEPAN1/2 ( Panyim et al., 1993), pMUTEC F/R ( Wuyts et al., 1994), TRYP1 R/S ( Desquesnes et al., 2001) and TRYP4 R/S (Desquesnes et al., unpublished)–tested with purified T. evansi DNA serial dilutions, T. evansi-infected rat blood serial dilutions and Thai dairy cattle samples.TBR1/2 primer set was able to detect 0.01 pg of purified DNA, and a parasitaemia below one parasite per ml in rat blood. They presented the highest sensitivity in cattle samples as well as a high specificity, without non-specific products nor false positive reactions out of 84 negative cattle samples tested. ESAG6/7 showed equivalent results with purified DNA and rat samples but presented non-specific products with Thai dairy cattle samples, leading to non interpretable results. TEPAN1/2 was not able to detect less than 0.1 pg of purified DNA or 50 trypanosomes/ml in rat blood. In cattle, TEPAN1/2 primers detected only 36% of the positives detected by TBR1/2. Given the parasitemic level detected, pMUTEC F/R, TRYP1 R/S and TRYP4 R/S were not more sensitive than classical microscopic examination of the buffy coat. TBR1/2, TEPAN1/2, pMUTEC F/R and TRYP4 R/S did not cross-reacted with Babesia sp., Trypanosoma theileri and Anaplasma marginale. TBR1/2 was the most sensitive primer set to detect T. evansi in purified DNA, rodent blood and cattle blood, and did not show cross reaction with the other pathogens tested: it should be therefore preferred for epidemiological surveys. These results confirmed that TBR1/2 primers remain the reference for the detection of Trypanozoon DNA and should therefore be included in subsequent evaluations of new diagnosis tools based on DNA detection.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11750680" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="09f25d340ed59830101f19b7027b50c4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46545963,"asset_id":11750680,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46545963/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28855180" href="https://hokkyodai.academia.edu/NachaiSarataphan">Nachai Sarataphan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28855180" type="text/json">{"id":28855180,"first_name":"Nachai","last_name":"Sarataphan","domain_name":"hokkyodai","page_name":"NachaiSarataphan","display_name":"Nachai Sarataphan","profile_url":"https://hokkyodai.academia.edu/NachaiSarataphan?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28855180/8199526/9174647/s65_nachai.sarataphan.jpg_oh_d55aab666f934671c27f7e37f49e3842_oe_55a9598b___gda___1436364073_b9a4acab2975c7369186b710678a4112"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11750680 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11750680"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11750680, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11750680", }); 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PCR detection of T. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20 years, but primer sets are often insufficiently assessed and compared. In this work, we compared the performances of six primer pairs–TBR1/2 ( Masiga et al., 1992), ESAG6/7 ( 12 and 13), TEPAN1/2 ( Panyim et al., 1993), pMUTEC F/R ( Wuyts et al., 1994), TRYP1 R/S ( Desquesnes et al., 2001) and TRYP4 R/S (Desquesnes et al., unpublished)–tested with purified T. evansi DNA serial dilutions, T. evansi-infected rat blood serial dilutions and Thai dairy cattle samples.TBR1/2 primer set was able to detect 0.01 pg of purified DNA, and a parasitaemia below one parasite per ml in rat blood. They presented the highest sensitivity in cattle samples as well as a high specificity, without non-specific products nor false positive reactions out of 84 negative cattle samples tested. ESAG6/7 showed equivalent results with purified DNA and rat samples but presented non-specific products with Thai dairy cattle samples, leading to non interpretable results. TEPAN1/2 was not able to detect less than 0.1 pg of purified DNA or 50 trypanosomes/ml in rat blood. In cattle, TEPAN1/2 primers detected only 36% of the positives detected by TBR1/2. Given the parasitemic level detected, pMUTEC F/R, TRYP1 R/S and TRYP4 R/S were not more sensitive than classical microscopic examination of the buffy coat. TBR1/2, TEPAN1/2, pMUTEC F/R and TRYP4 R/S did not cross-reacted with Babesia sp., Trypanosoma theileri and Anaplasma marginale. TBR1/2 was the most sensitive primer set to detect T. evansi in purified DNA, rodent blood and cattle blood, and did not show cross reaction with the other pathogens tested: it should be therefore preferred for epidemiological surveys. These results confirmed that TBR1/2 primers remain the reference for the detection of Trypanozoon DNA and should therefore be included in subsequent evaluations of new diagnosis tools based on DNA detection.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46545963,"asset_id":11750680,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28855180,"first_name":"Nachai","last_name":"Sarataphan","domain_name":"hokkyodai","page_name":"NachaiSarataphan","display_name":"Nachai Sarataphan","profile_url":"https://hokkyodai.academia.edu/NachaiSarataphan?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28855180/8199526/9174647/s65_nachai.sarataphan.jpg_oh_d55aab666f934671c27f7e37f49e3842_oe_55a9598b___gda___1436364073_b9a4acab2975c7369186b710678a4112"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":50634,"name":"Veterinary Parasitology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Parasitology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=635793"},{"id":170652,"name":"Fisheries Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences?f_ri=635793"},{"id":260829,"name":"Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cattle?f_ri=635793"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=635793"},{"id":375896,"name":"Trypanosoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypanosoma?f_ri=635793"},{"id":538285,"name":"Dairy Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairy_Cattle?f_ri=635793"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=635793"},{"id":565892,"name":"Trypanosomiasis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypanosomiasis?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences?f_ri=635793"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1142031,"name":"Dairying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairying?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2468494,"name":"False Positive","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/False_Positive?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69732441" data-work_id="69732441" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69732441/Kyrgyz_Republic_Debt_Sustainability_and_External_Shocks">Kyrgyz Republic Debt Sustainability and External Shocks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">EFSD Working Papers reflect the Fund's research on global, regional, and country economic trends, economic modelling, macroeconomic analysis, sectoral analysis, global financial architecture, and other issues. This Working Paper was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69732441" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">EFSD Working Papers reflect the Fund's research on global, regional, and country economic trends, economic modelling, macroeconomic analysis, sectoral analysis, global financial architecture, and other issues. This Working Paper was prepared by the staff of the Project Unit of the Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development in the Eurasian Development Bank. The conclusions and interpretation of the facts in the Working Paper do not necessarily reflect the official position of the EDB, the EFSD Council of Experts, the EFSD Council, or the EFSD member states. Reprinting of the text for non-commercial purposes, in whole or in part, including large fragments, and placing the text on external electronic resources are permitted with a link to the original text.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69732441" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a673108d5a4f3ab6421b643f1ae755ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79715065,"asset_id":69732441,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79715065/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60329055" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LavrovaNatalia">Natalia Lavrova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60329055" type="text/json">{"id":60329055,"first_name":"Natalia","last_name":"Lavrova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LavrovaNatalia","display_name":"Natalia Lavrova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LavrovaNatalia?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60329055/22732417/21901737/s65_natalia.lavrova.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69732441 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69732441"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69732441, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69732441", }); 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This Working Paper was prepared by the staff of the Project Unit of the Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development in the Eurasian Development Bank. The conclusions and interpretation of the facts in the Working Paper do not necessarily reflect the official position of the EDB, the EFSD Council of Experts, the EFSD Council, or the EFSD member states. Reprinting of the text for non-commercial purposes, in whole or in part, including large fragments, and placing the text on external electronic resources are permitted with a link to the original text.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79715065,"asset_id":69732441,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60329055,"first_name":"Natalia","last_name":"Lavrova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LavrovaNatalia","display_name":"Natalia Lavrova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LavrovaNatalia?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60329055/22732417/21901737/s65_natalia.lavrova.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":8539,"name":"Eurasia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasia?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":37021,"name":"International Financial Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Financial_Institutions?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":62196,"name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kyrgyzstan?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":966982,"name":"Kyrgyz Republic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kyrgyz_Republic?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1274583,"name":"Debt Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Debt_Sustainability?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1948890" data-work_id="1948890" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1948890/Multicultural_community_organizing_A_strategy_for_change">Multicultural community organizing: A strategy for change</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1948890" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9150d182aa23f4515b5b492a4eb9430" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40043406,"asset_id":1948890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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Chhetri","profile_url":"https://visva-bharati.academia.edu/SankalpChhetri?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2531408/788691/980257/s65_sankalp.chhetri.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1948890 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1948890"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1948890, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1948890", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1948890 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1948890; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1948890"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="898" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="898" type="text/json">{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="940" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work">Social Work</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="940" type="text/json">{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1948890]'), work: {"id":1948890,"title":"Multicultural community organizing: A strategy for 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Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=635793"},{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=635793"},{"id":3874,"name":"Community Organizing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Organizing?f_ri=635793"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=635793"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=635793"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":30160,"name":"Minority Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Rights?f_ri=635793"},{"id":45559,"name":"Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace?f_ri=635793"},{"id":92257,"name":"Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1031146" data-work_id="1031146" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1031146/Approaches_to_measuring_calcium_in_zebrafish_focus_on_neuronal_development">Approaches to measuring calcium in zebrafish: focus on neuronal development</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Calcium ions are known to act as important cellular signals during nervous system development. In vitro studies have provided significant information on the role of calcium signals during neuronal development; however, the function of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1031146" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Calcium ions are known to act as important cellular signals during nervous system development. In vitro studies have provided significant information on the role of calcium signals during neuronal development; however, the function of this messenger in nervous system maturation in vivo remains to be established. The zebrafish has emerged as a valuable model for the study of vertebrate embryogenesis. Fertilisation is external and the rapid growth of the transparent embryo, including development of internal organs, can be observed easily making it well suited for imaging studies. The developing nervous system is relatively simple and has been well characterised, allowing individual neurons to be identified. Using the zebrafish model, both intracellular and intercellular calcium signals throughout embryonic development have been characterised. This review summarises technical approaches to measure calcium signals in developing embryonic and larval zebrafish, and includes recent developments that will facilitate the study of calcium signalling in vivo. The application of calcium imaging techniques to investigate the action of this messenger during embryogenesis in intact zebrafish is illustrated by discussion of their contribution to our understanding of neuronal development in vivo.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1031146" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e328b073c6fe4e9ab3ec1824517ebaa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51128266,"asset_id":1031146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51128266/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="863619" href="https://qmul.academia.edu/RachelAshworth">Rachel Ashworth</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="863619" type="text/json">{"id":863619,"first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Ashworth","domain_name":"qmul","page_name":"RachelAshworth","display_name":"Rachel Ashworth","profile_url":"https://qmul.academia.edu/RachelAshworth?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1031146 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1031146"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1031146, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1031146", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1031146]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1031146").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1031146").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1031146"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology">Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="167" type="text/json">{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium">Calcium</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9534" type="text/json">{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18529" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescent_Dyes_and_Reagents">Fluorescent Dyes and Reagents</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18529" type="text/json">{"id":18529,"name":"Fluorescent Dyes and Reagents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescent_Dyes_and_Reagents?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1031146]'), work: {"id":1031146,"title":"Approaches to measuring calcium in zebrafish: focus on neuronal development","created_at":"2011-10-20T21:12:58.002-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1031146/Approaches_to_measuring_calcium_in_zebrafish_focus_on_neuronal_development?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_1031146","summary":"Calcium ions are known to act as important cellular signals during nervous system development. In vitro studies have provided significant information on the role of calcium signals during neuronal development; however, the function of this messenger in nervous system maturation in vivo remains to be established. The zebrafish has emerged as a valuable model for the study of vertebrate embryogenesis. Fertilisation is external and the rapid growth of the transparent embryo, including development of internal organs, can be observed easily making it well suited for imaging studies. The developing nervous system is relatively simple and has been well characterised, allowing individual neurons to be identified. Using the zebrafish model, both intracellular and intercellular calcium signals throughout embryonic development have been characterised. This review summarises technical approaches to measure calcium signals in developing embryonic and larval zebrafish, and includes recent developments that will facilitate the study of calcium signalling in vivo. The application of calcium imaging techniques to investigate the action of this messenger during embryogenesis in intact zebrafish is illustrated by discussion of their contribution to our understanding of neuronal development in vivo.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51128266,"asset_id":1031146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":863619,"first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Ashworth","domain_name":"qmul","page_name":"RachelAshworth","display_name":"Rachel Ashworth","profile_url":"https://qmul.academia.edu/RachelAshworth?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":18529,"name":"Fluorescent Dyes and Reagents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescent_Dyes_and_Reagents?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":18533,"name":"Confocal Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confocal_Microscopy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":58382,"name":"Calcium Signalling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium_Signalling?f_ri=635793"},{"id":64467,"name":"Calcium Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium_Imaging?f_ri=635793"},{"id":140081,"name":"Calcium Signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium_Signaling?f_ri=635793"},{"id":182188,"name":"Neuronal Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Development?f_ri=635793"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=635793"},{"id":352300,"name":"Embryonic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryonic_Development?f_ri=635793"},{"id":598117,"name":"Zebrafish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zebrafish?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":637718,"name":"Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nervous_System?f_ri=635793"},{"id":780594,"name":"In Vitro Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Studies?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1027717,"name":"Embryos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryos?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1921731" data-work_id="1921731" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1921731/Using_public_procurement_to_achieve_social_outcomes">Using public procurement to achieve social outcomes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The use of public procurement to achieve social outcomes is widespread, but detailed information about how it operates is often sketchy and difficult to find. This article is essentially a mapping exercise, describing the history and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1921731" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The use of public procurement to achieve social outcomes is widespread, but detailed information about how it operates is often sketchy and difficult to find. This article is essentially a mapping exercise, describing the history and current use of government contracting as a tool of social regulation, what the author calls the issue of 'linkage'. The article considers the popularity of linkage in the 19 th century in Europe and North America, particularly in dealing with issues of labour standards and unemployment. The use of linkage expanded during the 20 th century, initially to include the provision of employment opportunities to disabled workers. During and after World War II, the use of linkage became particularly important in the United States in addressing racial equality, in the requirements for non-discrimination in contracts, and in affirmative action and set-asides for minority businesses. Subsequently, the role of procurement spread both in its geographical coverage and in the subject areas of social policy that it was used to promote. The article considers examples of the use of procurement to promote equality on the basis of ethnicity and gender drawn from Malaysia, South Africa, Canada, and the European Community. More recently, procurement has been used as an instrument to promote human rights transnationally, also by international organizations such as the International Labour Organisation. The article includes some reflections on the relationship between 'green' procurement, 'social' procurement, and sustainable development, and recent attempts to develop the concept of 'sustainable procurement.'</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1921731" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c20edcfa22d8b9121183e0a9e9b374a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":27552906,"asset_id":1921731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/27552906/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2469403" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SolomonRutto">Solomon Rutto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2469403" type="text/json">{"id":2469403,"first_name":"Solomon","last_name":"Rutto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SolomonRutto","display_name":"Solomon Rutto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SolomonRutto?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2469403/772677/960356/s65_solomon.rutto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1921731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1921731"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1921731, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1921731", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1921731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1921731; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1921731"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1921731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1921731"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1921731; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1921731]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1921731").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1921731").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1921731"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="941" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy">Social Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="941" type="text/json">{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1921731]'), work: {"id":1921731,"title":"Using public procurement to achieve social outcomes","created_at":"2012-09-09T16:56:07.151-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1921731/Using_public_procurement_to_achieve_social_outcomes?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_1921731","summary":"The use of public procurement to achieve social outcomes is widespread, but detailed information about how it operates is often sketchy and difficult to find. This article is essentially a mapping exercise, describing the history and current use of government contracting as a tool of social regulation, what the author calls the issue of 'linkage'. The article considers the popularity of linkage in the 19 th century in Europe and North America, particularly in dealing with issues of labour standards and unemployment. The use of linkage expanded during the 20 th century, initially to include the provision of employment opportunities to disabled workers. During and after World War II, the use of linkage became particularly important in the United States in addressing racial equality, in the requirements for non-discrimination in contracts, and in affirmative action and set-asides for minority businesses. Subsequently, the role of procurement spread both in its geographical coverage and in the subject areas of social policy that it was used to promote. The article considers examples of the use of procurement to promote equality on the basis of ethnicity and gender drawn from Malaysia, South Africa, Canada, and the European Community. More recently, procurement has been used as an instrument to promote human rights transnationally, also by international organizations such as the International Labour Organisation. The article includes some reflections on the relationship between 'green' procurement, 'social' procurement, and sustainable development, and recent attempts to develop the concept of 'sustainable procurement.'","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":27552906,"asset_id":1921731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2469403,"first_name":"Solomon","last_name":"Rutto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SolomonRutto","display_name":"Solomon Rutto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SolomonRutto?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2469403/772677/960356/s65_solomon.rutto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":16389,"name":"World War II","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II?f_ri=635793"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=635793"},{"id":35190,"name":"Public Procurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Procurement?f_ri=635793"},{"id":48197,"name":"Affirmative Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affirmative_Action?f_ri=635793"},{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=635793"},{"id":65835,"name":"Human right","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_right?f_ri=635793"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=635793"},{"id":98674,"name":"Subject Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subject_Areas?f_ri=635793"},{"id":530971,"name":"European Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Community?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1535032,"name":"International Labour Organisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Labour_Organisation?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13627159" data-work_id="13627159" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13627159/Recycling_of_the_product_of_thermal_inertization_of_cement_asbestos_for_the_production_of_concrete">Recycling of the product of thermal inertization of cement–asbestos for the production of concrete</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recycling of secondary raw materials is a priority of waste handling in the countries of the European community. A potentially important secondary raw material is the product of the thermal transformation of cement-asbestos, produced by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13627159" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recycling of secondary raw materials is a priority of waste handling in the countries of the European community. A potentially important secondary raw material is the product of the thermal transformation of cement-asbestos, produced by prolonged annealing at 1200-1300°C. The product is chemically comparable to a Mg-rich clinker. Previous work has assured the reliability of the transformation process. The current challenge is to find potential applications as secondary raw material. Recycling of thermally treated asbestos-containing material (named KRYÁAS) in traditional ceramics has already been studied with successful results.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13627159" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a43bb4c9551747f311534c2272d4ba69" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45133470,"asset_id":13627159,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45133470/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32790632" href="https://unimore.academia.edu/GigliolaLusvardi">Gigliola Lusvardi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32790632" type="text/json">{"id":32790632,"first_name":"Gigliola","last_name":"Lusvardi","domain_name":"unimore","page_name":"GigliolaLusvardi","display_name":"Gigliola Lusvardi","profile_url":"https://unimore.academia.edu/GigliolaLusvardi?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13627159 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13627159"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13627159, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13627159", }); 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We were intrigued to find in many policy... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_82124495" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The research project which this article introduces, proposes a distinctly public law approach to the deep transformation in the conduct of public affairs epitomized by the term global governance. We were intrigued to find in many policy fields an increasing number of international institutions playing an active and often crucial role in decision-making and policy implementation, sometimes even affecting individuals. Thus, a private real estate sale in Berlin is blocked by a decision of the UN Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee; 1 the construction of a bridge in Dresden is legally challenged because the affected part of the Elbe river valley had been included on UNESCO's list of World Heritage; 2 or educational policies most relevant to our children are profoundly reformed due to the OECD Pisa rankings. 3 These examples illustrate that governance activities of</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/82124495" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="220d00fccd19c8606f4131f38b7dbac6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87930092,"asset_id":82124495,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87930092/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7903204" href="https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/MatthiasGoldmann">Matthias Goldmann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7903204" type="text/json">{"id":7903204,"first_name":"Matthias","last_name":"Goldmann","domain_name":"uni-frankfurt","page_name":"MatthiasGoldmann","display_name":"Matthias Goldmann","profile_url":"https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/MatthiasGoldmann?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7903204/2786238/3248167/s65_matthias.goldmann.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_82124495 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="82124495"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 82124495, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_82124495", }); 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Goldmann","profile_url":"https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/MatthiasGoldmann?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7903204/2786238/3248167/s65_matthias.goldmann.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":30471,"name":"Constitutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutionalism?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":51429,"name":"Public Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Law?f_ri=635793"},{"id":52219,"name":"German Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Law?f_ri=635793"},{"id":55852,"name":"International Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Legal_Theory?f_ri=635793"},{"id":78138,"name":"Global Administrative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Administrative_Law?f_ri=635793"},{"id":80493,"name":"Global Constitutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Constitutionalism?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64914164" data-work_id="64914164" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64914164/The_Indian_ocean_tsunami_Economic_impact_disaster_management_and_lessons">The Indian ocean tsunami: Economic impact, disaster management, and lessons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64914164" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="df5eeb20bafa0f712f22299f47fd548a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76727735,"asset_id":64914164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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Resosudarmo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BResosudarmo?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64914164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64914164"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64914164, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64914164", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_64914164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64914164; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_64914164"); 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class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64914164"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9850" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9850" type="text/json">{"id":9850,"name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sri_Lanka?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64914164]'), work: {"id":64914164,"title":"The Indian ocean tsunami: Economic impact, disaster management, and 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organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":9850,"name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sri_Lanka?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":15582,"name":"Disaster Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_Management?f_ri=635793"},{"id":48814,"name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Ocean?f_ri=635793"},{"id":76994,"name":"Absorptive Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Absorptive_Capacity?f_ri=635793"},{"id":149214,"name":"Economic Impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Impact?f_ri=635793"},{"id":158722,"name":"Natural disaster","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_disaster?f_ri=635793"},{"id":525680,"name":"Development Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Strategy?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1288766,"name":"Environmental Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Regulation?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70119273" data-work_id="70119273" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70119273/The_political_roles_of_the_European_Commission">The ‘political’ roles of the European Commission</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The extent to which the European Commission exercises 'political' roles in European integration is very much up for debate. Some recent analyses of the Commission take it for granted that its political roles have been in decline, while... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70119273" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The extent to which the European Commission exercises 'political' roles in European integration is very much up for debate. Some recent analyses of the Commission take it for granted that its political roles have been in decline, while others have suggested they have increasedespecially under the current President of the Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, who was appointed in 2014 by a much more politicised process than had been used previously and whose College has sought to present itself as being guided by a political mission and as offering political leadership to the EU. In this article, we aim to show that in the debate about the political roles of the Commission, 'political' has often been poorly defined and operationalised. By drawing on Public Administration scholarship, we offer a framework for analysing how and where in the EU system the Commission's political roles might become manifest. We then assess empirically these roles in different functions the Commission undertakes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70119273" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="15b2e9899437ca5998e6d9a6afb6a903" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79981780,"asset_id":70119273,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79981780/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="82816474" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/MRhinard">Mark Rhinard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="82816474" type="text/json">{"id":82816474,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Rhinard","domain_name":"su-se","page_name":"MRhinard","display_name":"Mark Rhinard","profile_url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/MRhinard?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70119273 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70119273"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70119273, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70119273", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70119273]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_70119273").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_70119273").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="70119273"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory">International Relations Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166" type="text/json">{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1218" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration">European integration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1218" type="text/json">{"id":1218,"name":"European integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2969" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership">Leadership</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2969" type="text/json">{"id":2969,"name":"Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=70119273]'), work: {"id":70119273,"title":"The ‘political’ roles of the European Commission","created_at":"2022-01-31T01:03:59.953-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/70119273/The_political_roles_of_the_European_Commission?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_70119273","summary":"The extent to which the European Commission exercises 'political' roles in European integration is very much up for debate. Some recent analyses of the Commission take it for granted that its political roles have been in decline, while others have suggested they have increasedespecially under the current President of the Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, who was appointed in 2014 by a much more politicised process than had been used previously and whose College has sought to present itself as being guided by a political mission and as offering political leadership to the EU. In this article, we aim to show that in the debate about the political roles of the Commission, 'political' has often been poorly defined and operationalised. By drawing on Public Administration scholarship, we offer a framework for analysing how and where in the EU system the Commission's political roles might become manifest. We then assess empirically these roles in different functions the Commission undertakes.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79981780,"asset_id":70119273,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":82816474,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Rhinard","domain_name":"su-se","page_name":"MRhinard","display_name":"Mark Rhinard","profile_url":"https://su-se.academia.edu/MRhinard?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":1218,"name":"European integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":2969,"name":"Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=635793"},{"id":5521,"name":"Crisis Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crisis_Management?f_ri=635793"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union?f_ri=635793"},{"id":15167,"name":"European Union Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Law?f_ri=635793"},{"id":16203,"name":"European Parliament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Parliament?f_ri=635793"},{"id":16928,"name":"European Union (International Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_International_Studies_?f_ri=635793"},{"id":27137,"name":"European Union Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Politics?f_ri=635793"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=635793"},{"id":59923,"name":"European Commission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Commission?f_ri=635793"},{"id":145063,"name":"Democracy in the European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy_in_the_European_Union?f_ri=635793"},{"id":311437,"name":"Crisis Leadership and Response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crisis_Leadership_and_Response?f_ri=635793"},{"id":371885,"name":"Interinstitutional politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interinstitutional_politics?f_ri=635793"},{"id":548132,"name":"European Union institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_institutions?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":744641,"name":"Council of the European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Council_of_the_European_Union?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1425002,"name":"Brexit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brexit?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50479046" data-work_id="50479046" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50479046/Visualization_of_Acupuncture_Meridians_in_the_Hypodermis_of_Rat_Using_Trypan_Blue">Visualization of Acupuncture Meridians in the Hypodermis of Rat Using Trypan Blue</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bonghan Kim claimed that the primo-vessel (Bonghan duct) and the primo-node (Bonghan corpuscle) are anatomical structures corresponding to acupuncture meridians and acupoints, respectively, but this claim has not been confirmed. Recently... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50479046" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bonghan Kim claimed that the primo-vessel (Bonghan duct) and the primo-node (Bonghan corpuscle) are anatomical structures corresponding to acupuncture meridians and acupoints, respectively, but this claim has not been confirmed. Recently we found that Trypan blue preferentially stained primo-vessels and primo-nodes on the surfaces of internal organs, not staining other structures like blood or lymph vessels or nerves. In this work, we applied Trypan blue to visualize the putative acupuncture meridian along skin skeletal muscles in the hypodermal layer of a rat. The Trypan blue stained-structures are morphologically similar to the meridian primo-vessels, as claimed by Bonghan Kim. Further study is needed to investigate the network of these Trypan blue-stained structures in order to establish them as acupuncture meridians.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50479046" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c991339f540c38eae50387d4c2951257" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68450279,"asset_id":50479046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68450279/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="146025653" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ByungCheonLee">Byung-Cheon Lee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="146025653" type="text/json">{"id":146025653,"first_name":"Byung-Cheon","last_name":"Lee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ByungCheonLee","display_name":"Byung-Cheon Lee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ByungCheonLee?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/146025653/66974259/100486339/s65_byung-cheon.lee.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50479046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50479046"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50479046, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50479046", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50479046]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50479046").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50479046").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50479046"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4083" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine">Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4083" type="text/json">{"id":4083,"name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16595" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16595" type="text/json">{"id":16595,"name":"Acupuncture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acupuncture?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="162553" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin">Skin</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="162553" type="text/json">{"id":162553,"name":"Skin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50479046]'), work: {"id":50479046,"title":"Visualization of Acupuncture Meridians in the Hypodermis of Rat Using Trypan Blue","created_at":"2021-07-31T22:18:19.359-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50479046/Visualization_of_Acupuncture_Meridians_in_the_Hypodermis_of_Rat_Using_Trypan_Blue?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_50479046","summary":"Bonghan Kim claimed that the primo-vessel (Bonghan duct) and the primo-node (Bonghan corpuscle) are anatomical structures corresponding to acupuncture meridians and acupoints, respectively, but this claim has not been confirmed. Recently we found that Trypan blue preferentially stained primo-vessels and primo-nodes on the surfaces of internal organs, not staining other structures like blood or lymph vessels or nerves. In this work, we applied Trypan blue to visualize the putative acupuncture meridian along skin skeletal muscles in the hypodermal layer of a rat. The Trypan blue stained-structures are morphologically similar to the meridian primo-vessels, as claimed by Bonghan Kim. Further study is needed to investigate the network of these Trypan blue-stained structures in order to establish them as acupuncture meridians.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68450279,"asset_id":50479046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":146025653,"first_name":"Byung-Cheon","last_name":"Lee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ByungCheonLee","display_name":"Byung-Cheon Lee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ByungCheonLee?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/146025653/66974259/100486339/s65_byung-cheon.lee.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4083,"name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":16595,"name":"Acupuncture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acupuncture?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":162553,"name":"Skin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":357849,"name":"Skeletal Muscle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_Muscle?f_ri=635793"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=635793"},{"id":376275,"name":"Trypan Blue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypan_Blue?f_ri=635793"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":961904,"name":"Meridian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meridian?f_ri=635793"},{"id":3491654,"name":"Acupuncture points","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acupuncture_points?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1867657" data-work_id="1867657" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1867657/Team_familiarity_role_experience_and_performance_Evidence_from_Indian_software_services">Team familiarity, role experience, and performance: Evidence from Indian software services</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized"><a href="mailto:dupton@hbs.edu" rel="nofollow">dupton@hbs.edu</a>} M uch of the literature on team learning views experience as a unidimensional concept captured by the cumulative production volume of, or the number of projects completed by, a team. Implicit in this approach is the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1867657" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden"><a href="mailto:dupton@hbs.edu" rel="nofollow">dupton@hbs.edu</a>} M uch of the literature on team learning views experience as a unidimensional concept captured by the cumulative production volume of, or the number of projects completed by, a team. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that teams are stable in their membership and internal organization. In practice, however, such stability is rare, because the composition and structure of teams often change over time (e.g., between projects). In this paper, we use detailed data from an Indian software services firm to examine how such changes may affect the accumulation of experience within, and the performance of, teams. We find that the level of team familiarity (i.e., the average number of times that each member has worked with every other member of the team) has a significant positive effect on performance, but we observe that conventional measures of the experience of individual team members (e.g., years at the firm) are not consistently related to performance. We do find, however, that the role experience of individuals in a team (i.e., years in a given role within a team) is associated with better team performance. Our results offer an approach for capturing the experience held by fluid teams and highlight the need to study context-specific measures of experience, including role experience. In addition, our findings provide insight into how the interactions of team members may contribute to the development of broader firm capabilities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1867657" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="12d81b4bda865b730e37feb231dbc0cd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":26271653,"asset_id":1867657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/26271653/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1045547" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/DUpton">David Upton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1045547" type="text/json">{"id":1045547,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Upton","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"DUpton","display_name":"David Upton","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/DUpton?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1045547/2887007/3372235/s65_david.upton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1867657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1867657"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1867657, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1867657", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1867657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1867657; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1867657"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1867657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1867657"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1867657; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1867657]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1867657").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1867657").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1867657"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4854" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Learning">Team Learning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4854" type="text/json">{"id":4854,"name":"Team Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Learning?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8001" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management_Science">Management Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8001" type="text/json">{"id":8001,"name":"Management Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="406372" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Performance">Team Performance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="406372" type="text/json">{"id":406372,"name":"Team Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Performance?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1867657]'), work: {"id":1867657,"title":"Team familiarity, role experience, and performance: Evidence from Indian software services","created_at":"2012-08-18T02:37:53.200-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1867657/Team_familiarity_role_experience_and_performance_Evidence_from_Indian_software_services?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_1867657","summary":"dupton@hbs.edu} M uch of the literature on team learning views experience as a unidimensional concept captured by the cumulative production volume of, or the number of projects completed by, a team. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that teams are stable in their membership and internal organization. In practice, however, such stability is rare, because the composition and structure of teams often change over time (e.g., between projects). In this paper, we use detailed data from an Indian software services firm to examine how such changes may affect the accumulation of experience within, and the performance of, teams. We find that the level of team familiarity (i.e., the average number of times that each member has worked with every other member of the team) has a significant positive effect on performance, but we observe that conventional measures of the experience of individual team members (e.g., years at the firm) are not consistently related to performance. We do find, however, that the role experience of individuals in a team (i.e., years in a given role within a team) is associated with better team performance. Our results offer an approach for capturing the experience held by fluid teams and highlight the need to study context-specific measures of experience, including role experience. In addition, our findings provide insight into how the interactions of team members may contribute to the development of broader firm capabilities.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":26271653,"asset_id":1867657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1045547,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Upton","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"DUpton","display_name":"David Upton","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/DUpton?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1045547/2887007/3372235/s65_david.upton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4854,"name":"Team Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Learning?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":8001,"name":"Management Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management_Science?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":406372,"name":"Team Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Performance?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1993786,"name":"Cumulant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cumulant?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2226209" data-work_id="2226209" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2226209/Evaluation_of_the_Environmental_Impact_Assessment_System_in_Bahrain">Evaluation of the Environmental Impact Assessment System in Bahrain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was formally adopted as a measure to protect the environment in Bahrain in 1998. A decade after its implementation, this paper evaluates the current EIA system in Bahrain using a set of criteria. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2226209" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was formally adopted as a measure to protect the environment in Bahrain in 1998. A decade after its implementation, this paper evaluates the current EIA system in Bahrain using a set of criteria. The evaluation was based on review of literature, investigation of legislative and administrative framework and interviews with EIA practitioners. Several measures are required to further strengthen the EIA system in Bahrain including amending EIA laws to include whole aspects of EIA process, developing comprehensive guidelines on procedural EIA, increasing public participation, improving capacity building and integrating environmental concerns to higher-level policy making through existing national environmental strategies. Findings of this study could contribute to wider international experience of EIA performance in developing countries.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2226209" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3e0c735e506fc131d66be9e456c49c08" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30454235,"asset_id":2226209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30454235/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2830928" href="https://uob.academia.edu/HumoodNaser">Humood Naser</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2830928" type="text/json">{"id":2830928,"first_name":"Humood","last_name":"Naser","domain_name":"uob","page_name":"HumoodNaser","display_name":"Humood Naser","profile_url":"https://uob.academia.edu/HumoodNaser?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2830928/929474/3785699/s65_humood.naser.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2226209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2226209"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2226209, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2226209", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2226209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2226209").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2226209").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2226209"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1681" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making">Decision Making</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1681" type="text/json">{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth">Economic Growth</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4484" type="text/json">{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2226209]'), work: {"id":2226209,"title":"Evaluation of the Environmental Impact Assessment System in Bahrain","created_at":"2012-12-01T01:41:05.768-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2226209/Evaluation_of_the_Environmental_Impact_Assessment_System_in_Bahrain?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_2226209","summary":"Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was formally adopted as a measure to protect the environment in Bahrain in 1998. A decade after its implementation, this paper evaluates the current EIA system in Bahrain using a set of criteria. The evaluation was based on review of literature, investigation of legislative and administrative framework and interviews with EIA practitioners. Several measures are required to further strengthen the EIA system in Bahrain including amending EIA laws to include whole aspects of EIA process, developing comprehensive guidelines on procedural EIA, increasing public participation, improving capacity building and integrating environmental concerns to higher-level policy making through existing national environmental strategies. Findings of this study could contribute to wider international experience of EIA performance in developing countries.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30454235,"asset_id":2226209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2830928,"first_name":"Humood","last_name":"Naser","domain_name":"uob","page_name":"HumoodNaser","display_name":"Humood Naser","profile_url":"https://uob.academia.edu/HumoodNaser?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2830928/929474/3785699/s65_humood.naser.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable 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Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=635793"},{"id":70030,"name":"Land Use Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Use_Planning?f_ri=635793"},{"id":70854,"name":"Developing Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Country?f_ri=635793"},{"id":76040,"name":"Impact Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impact_Assessment?f_ri=635793"},{"id":77210,"name":"Public Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Participation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":83229,"name":"Best practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Best_practice?f_ri=635793"},{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":112519,"name":"Project Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Planning?f_ri=635793"},{"id":156919,"name":"Environmental protection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_protection?f_ri=635793"},{"id":177272,"name":"Continuous professional development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continuous_professional_development?f_ri=635793"},{"id":208947,"name":"Theory and Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_and_Practice?f_ri=635793"},{"id":238655,"name":"Implementation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Implementation?f_ri=635793"},{"id":251651,"name":"Environmental Impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact?f_ri=635793"},{"id":340277,"name":"Natural Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Environment?f_ri=635793"},{"id":466484,"name":"Private Sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Private_Sector?f_ri=635793"},{"id":555492,"name":"Natural Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1036163,"name":"Stakeholder Involvement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stakeholder_Involvement?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1131434,"name":"Public Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Project?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT?f_ri=635793"},{"id":1988687,"name":"Evaluation Criteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation_Criteria?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5608579" data-work_id="5608579" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5608579/Can_World_Poverty_be_Eliminated">Can World Poverty be Eliminated</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5608579" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a6a09d30e09bfc9ab6d6de439581e34e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32683938,"asset_id":5608579,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64987" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Development">Social Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="64987" type="text/json">{"id":64987,"name":"Social Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Development?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99918" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations_Development_Program">United Nations Development Program</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="99918" type="text/json">{"id":99918,"name":"United Nations Development Program","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations_Development_Program?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5608579]'), work: {"id":5608579,"title":"Can World Poverty be Eliminated","created_at":"2014-01-05T02:25:42.209-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5608579/Can_World_Poverty_be_Eliminated?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_5608579","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32683938,"asset_id":5608579,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8023358,"first_name":"William","last_name":"Felice","domain_name":"eckerd","page_name":"WilliamFelice","display_name":"William Felice","profile_url":"https://eckerd.academia.edu/WilliamFelice?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8023358/105708233/94910920/s65_william.felice.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2974,"name":"Primary Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Health_Care?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48296695/Knowledge_management_intellectual_capital_and_technical_communication">Knowledge management, intellectual capital, and technical communication</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Traditionally, the fields of knowledge management (KM), intellectual capital (IC) and project management (PM) have been studied separately. More recently, scholars have started to call for convergence between these disciplines in order to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48296695" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Traditionally, the fields of knowledge management (KM), intellectual capital (IC) and project management (PM) have been studied separately. More recently, scholars have started to call for convergence between these disciplines in order to broaden research interests and opportunities in academia and enhance their value to practice. Following the current trend, the purpose of this paper is to propose a new conceptual model that merges elements of knowledge management (KM), intellectual capital (IC) and project management (PM) and thus connects dynamic (KM), static (IC) and performance (PM) aspects of project-based organisations. It is expected that the proposed model will serve as a valuable theoretical basis for future empirical research of modern knowledge organisations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48296695" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8b52cb3ee8d11e1dc33999f845a7ad54" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66984051,"asset_id":48296695,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66984051/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38609191" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MelihaHandzic">Meliha Handzic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38609191" type="text/json">{"id":38609191,"first_name":"Meliha","last_name":"Handzic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MelihaHandzic","display_name":"Meliha Handzic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MelihaHandzic?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48296695 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48296695"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48296695, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48296695", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/13783305/Persistently_better_treatment_planning_results_of_intensity_modulated_IMRT_over_conformal_radiotherapy_3D_CRT_in_prostate_cancer_patients_with_significant_variation_of_clinical_target_volume_and_or_organs_at_risk">Persistently better treatment planning results of intensity-modulated (IMRT) over conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in prostate cancer patients with significant variation of clinical target volume and/or organs-at-risk</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose: To compare the dose coverage of planning and clinical target volume (PTV, CTV), and organs-at-risk (OAR) between intensity-modulated (3D-IMRT) and conventional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) before and after internal organ... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13783305" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose: To compare the dose coverage of planning and clinical target volume (PTV, CTV), and organs-at-risk (OAR) between intensity-modulated (3D-IMRT) and conventional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) before and after internal organ variation in prostate cancer.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13783305" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="353b5eab4ebfc3c1dafad1bf69d679b7" rel="nofollow" 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data-work_id="3294979" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3294979/Project_management_deployment_The_role_of_cultural_factors">Project management deployment: The role of cultural factors</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper investigates the role of cultural factors as possible partial explanation of the disparity in terms of project management deployment observed between various studied countries. The topic of culture has received increasing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3294979" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper investigates the role of cultural factors as possible partial explanation of the disparity in terms of project management deployment observed between various studied countries. The topic of culture has received increasing attention in the management literature in general during the last decades and in the project management literature in particular during the last few years. The globalization of businesses and worldwide Governmental/International organizations collaborations drives this interest in the national culture to increase more and more. Based on Hofstede national culture framework, the study hypothesizes and tests the impact of the culture and development of the country on the PM deployment. Seventy-four countries are selected to conduct a correlation and regression analysis between Hofstede’s national culture dimensions and the used PM deployment indicator. The results show the relations between various national culture dimensions and development indicator (GDP/Capita) on the project management deployment levels of the considered countries.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3294979" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e9e41f9ef8ae564db82e9c2a543f596" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50359734,"asset_id":3294979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50359734/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2781323" href="https://uqtr.academia.edu/ChristopheBredillet">Christophe Bredillet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2781323" type="text/json">{"id":2781323,"first_name":"Christophe","last_name":"Bredillet","domain_name":"uqtr","page_name":"ChristopheBredillet","display_name":"Christophe Bredillet","profile_url":"https://uqtr.academia.edu/ChristopheBredillet?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2781323/907927/11062880/s65_christophe.bredillet.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3294979 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3294979"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3294979, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3294979", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3294979]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3294979").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3294979").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3294979"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2277" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management">Project Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2277" type="text/json">{"id":2277,"name":"Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88983" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_manager">Project manager</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="88983" type="text/json">{"id":88983,"name":"Project manager","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_manager?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="123230" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis">Regression Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="123230" type="text/json">{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3294979]'), work: {"id":3294979,"title":"Project management deployment: The role of cultural factors","created_at":"2013-04-15T12:22:28.618-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3294979/Project_management_deployment_The_role_of_cultural_factors?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_3294979","summary":"This paper investigates the role of cultural factors as possible partial explanation of the disparity in terms of project management deployment observed between various studied countries. 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Across UN platforms the failures of multilateralism... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54537242" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Why have deliberations over World Heritage sites become such a volatile arena for the performance of international tensions, new political alliances and challenges to global cooperation? Across UN platforms the failures of multilateralism are increasingly evident. We suggest that decision making within the World Heritage Committee is no different given that politicization is now rife throughout their deliberations. Specifically we ask how has multi-polarity and fragmentation developed within UNESCO's World Heritage program, an organization dedicated to peace building, tolerance and mutual understanding, and international co-operation? This paper examines trends from the last decade of UNESCO World Heritage Committee meetings, specifically the nominations of sites for inscription on the World Heritage List. Our findings suggest that the decisions presented by UNESCO's Advisory Bodies are increasingly at odds with the final decisions adopted by the World Heritage Committee. The process by which evaluations are formulated by these experts is also being questioned, opening up larger debates about the validity and transparency of the evaluation criteria and process. We go on to outline the regional and geopolitical trends at work in the Committee and to question whether site inscription is affected by a State Party's presence on the Committee. While once considered the realm of European States Parties and their particular style of properties, our analysis reveals that the demographics of the Committee and types of sites inscribed in the last decade has gradually shifted. Finally, this leads us to question whether the older-style polarization of 'the West and the Rest' remains the most salient divide today.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54537242" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="81584d37d64a71eeed29e24294443c20" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70855032,"asset_id":54537242,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70855032/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61874473" href="https://duke.academia.edu/ClaudiaLiuzza">Claudia Liuzza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61874473" type="text/json">{"id":61874473,"first_name":"Claudia","last_name":"Liuzza","domain_name":"duke","page_name":"ClaudiaLiuzza","display_name":"Claudia Liuzza","profile_url":"https://duke.academia.edu/ClaudiaLiuzza?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61874473/37532503/31724487/s65_claudia.liuzza.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-54537242">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-54537242"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://upenn.academia.edu/LynnMeskell">Lynn Meskell</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-54537242'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-54537242').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_54537242 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54537242"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54537242; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54537242]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54537242").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54537242").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54537242"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2132" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage">Cultural Heritage</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2132" type="text/json">{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2527" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Studies">Heritage Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2527" type="text/json">{"id":2527,"name":"Heritage Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Studies?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation">Conservation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2809" type="text/json">{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54537242]'), work: {"id":54537242,"title":"Multilateralism and UNESCO World Heritage: decision-making, States Parties and political processes","created_at":"2021-10-01T02:54:56.830-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54537242/Multilateralism_and_UNESCO_World_Heritage_decision_making_States_Parties_and_political_processes?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_54537242","summary":"Why have deliberations over World Heritage sites become such a volatile arena for the performance of international tensions, new political alliances and challenges to global cooperation? Across UN platforms the failures of multilateralism are increasingly evident. We suggest that decision making within the World Heritage Committee is no different given that politicization is now rife throughout their deliberations. Specifically we ask how has multi-polarity and fragmentation developed within UNESCO's World Heritage program, an organization dedicated to peace building, tolerance and mutual understanding, and international co-operation? This paper examines trends from the last decade of UNESCO World Heritage Committee meetings, specifically the nominations of sites for inscription on the World Heritage List. Our findings suggest that the decisions presented by UNESCO's Advisory Bodies are increasingly at odds with the final decisions adopted by the World Heritage Committee. The process by which evaluations are formulated by these experts is also being questioned, opening up larger debates about the validity and transparency of the evaluation criteria and process. We go on to outline the regional and geopolitical trends at work in the Committee and to question whether site inscription is affected by a State Party's presence on the Committee. While once considered the realm of European States Parties and their particular style of properties, our analysis reveals that the demographics of the Committee and types of sites inscribed in the last decade has gradually shifted. Finally, this leads us to question whether the older-style polarization of 'the West and the Rest' remains the most salient divide today.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70855032,"asset_id":54537242,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61874473,"first_name":"Claudia","last_name":"Liuzza","domain_name":"duke","page_name":"ClaudiaLiuzza","display_name":"Claudia Liuzza","profile_url":"https://duke.academia.edu/ClaudiaLiuzza?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61874473/37532503/31724487/s65_claudia.liuzza.jpg"},{"id":20084632,"first_name":"Lynn","last_name":"Meskell","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"LynnMeskell","display_name":"Lynn Meskell","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/LynnMeskell?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20084632/5702528/17127377/s65_lynn.meskell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":2527,"name":"Heritage Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Studies?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793"},{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=635793"},{"id":6915,"name":"Unesco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unesco?f_ri=635793"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=635793"},{"id":93755,"name":"History and archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_archaeology?f_ri=635793"},{"id":279881,"name":"World Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Heritage?f_ri=635793"},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793"},{"id":675052,"name":"UNESCO world heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UNESCO_world_heritage?f_ri=635793"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1336790" data-work_id="1336790" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1336790/The_choice_of_international_institutions_Cooperation_alternatives_and_strategies">The choice of international institutions: Cooperation, alternatives and strategies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We develop a framework that explains the choice of institutions to address international cooperation problems. We begin with boundedly rational actors who make institutional choices based on the properties of the cooperation problem they... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1336790" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We develop a framework that explains the choice of institutions to address international cooperation problems. We begin with boundedly rational actors who make institutional choices based on the properties of the cooperation problem they face and the menu of international institutions available to them. If the institutional status quo offers an appropriate venue for the prevailing cooperation problem, then actors will either use a focal institution or select a readily available alternative; if no suitable venue is available in the institutional status quo then costlier and riskier strategies of institutional change and creation will be pursued. The framework further allows us to incorporate international organizations as actors affecting the menu for institutional choice, to combine elements of rationalist and constructivist institutional accounts, and to address distributional and power considerations inherent to the choice of international institutions. A set of empirical articles follows and builds on this framework to advance our understanding of the choice of institutions in different international issues.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1336790" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5cba3e69235ffe57c7607f1f32e86ad1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30918207,"asset_id":1336790,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30918207/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="461382" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/DuncanSnidal">Duncan Snidal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="461382" type="text/json">{"id":461382,"first_name":"Duncan","last_name":"Snidal","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"DuncanSnidal","display_name":"Duncan Snidal","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/DuncanSnidal?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1336790 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1336790"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1336790, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1336790", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1336790 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1336790; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1336790"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1336790 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1336790"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1336790; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1336790]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1336790").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1336790").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1336790"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5976" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change">Institutional Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5976" type="text/json">{"id":5976,"name":"Institutional Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12054" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation">International Cooperation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12054" type="text/json">{"id":12054,"name":"International Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="635793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1">International Organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="635793" type="text/json">{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1336790]'), work: {"id":1336790,"title":"The choice of international institutions: Cooperation, alternatives and strategies","created_at":"2012-02-03T20:25:01.976-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1336790/The_choice_of_international_institutions_Cooperation_alternatives_and_strategies?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_1336790","summary":"We develop a framework that explains the choice of institutions to address international cooperation problems. We begin with boundedly rational actors who make institutional choices based on the properties of the cooperation problem they face and the menu of international institutions available to them. If the institutional status quo offers an appropriate venue for the prevailing cooperation problem, then actors will either use a focal institution or select a readily available alternative; if no suitable venue is available in the institutional status quo then costlier and riskier strategies of institutional change and creation will be pursued. The framework further allows us to incorporate international organizations as actors affecting the menu for institutional choice, to combine elements of rationalist and constructivist institutional accounts, and to address distributional and power considerations inherent to the choice of international institutions. A set of empirical articles follows and builds on this framework to advance our understanding of the choice of institutions in different international issues.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30918207,"asset_id":1336790,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":461382,"first_name":"Duncan","last_name":"Snidal","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"DuncanSnidal","display_name":"Duncan Snidal","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/DuncanSnidal?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":5976,"name":"Institutional Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":12054,"name":"International Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5131815" data-work_id="5131815" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5131815/Robert_Michels_y_las_teor%C3%ADas_elitista_competitivas_de_la_democracia">Robert Michels y las teorías elitista-competitivas de la democracia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">La obra principal de Robert Michels es Los partidos políticos. Un estudio sociológico de las tendencias oligárquicas de la democracia moderna, publicada en 1911, que es un análisis de la dinámica evolutiva de la organización interna del... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5131815" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">La obra principal de Robert Michels es Los partidos políticos. Un estudio sociológico de las tendencias oligárquicas de la democracia moderna, publicada en 1911, que es un análisis de la dinámica evolutiva de la organización interna del Partido Social-Demócrata alemán (SPD), al que el autor estuvo intensamente vinculado durante varios años. La obra tiene por objeto el estudio sociológico de la emergencia del liderazgo, la psicología del poder y las tendencias oligárquicas de la organización. En ella se encuentra toda su argumentación sobre la imposibilidad de un funcionamiento auténticamente demócratico de los partidos políticos de masas en las sociedades contemporáneas, por la vigencia en ellos de lo que denomina la ley de hierro de la oligarquía.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5131815" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2efafdbea870b4113ebf93cda077a2b8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32335536,"asset_id":5131815,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32335536/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6911793" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RafaelValderrama">Rafael Valderrama</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6911793" type="text/json">{"id":6911793,"first_name":"Rafael","last_name":"Valderrama","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RafaelValderrama","display_name":"Rafael Valderrama","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RafaelValderrama?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6911793/3263710/3840526/s65_rafael.valderrama.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5131815 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5131815"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5131815, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5131815", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5131815]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5131815").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5131815").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5131815"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1287" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties">Political Parties</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1287" type="text/json">{"id":1287,"name":"Political Parties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3345" type="text/json">{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="158597" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron">Iron</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="158597" type="text/json">{"id":158597,"name":"Iron","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="635793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1">International Organizations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="635793" type="text/json">{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5131815]'), work: {"id":5131815,"title":"Robert Michels y las teorías elitista-competitivas de la democracia","created_at":"2013-11-17T12:54:05.642-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5131815/Robert_Michels_y_las_teor%C3%ADas_elitista_competitivas_de_la_democracia?f_ri=635793","dom_id":"work_5131815","summary":"La obra principal de Robert Michels es Los partidos políticos. Un estudio sociológico de las tendencias oligárquicas de la democracia moderna, publicada en 1911, que es un análisis de la dinámica evolutiva de la organización interna del Partido Social-Demócrata alemán (SPD), al que el autor estuvo intensamente vinculado durante varios años. La obra tiene por objeto el estudio sociológico de la emergencia del liderazgo, la psicología del poder y las tendencias oligárquicas de la organización. En ella se encuentra toda su argumentación sobre la imposibilidad de un funcionamiento auténticamente demócratico de los partidos políticos de masas en las sociedades contemporáneas, por la vigencia en ellos de lo que denomina la ley de hierro de la oligarquía.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32335536,"asset_id":5131815,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6911793,"first_name":"Rafael","last_name":"Valderrama","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RafaelValderrama","display_name":"Rafael Valderrama","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RafaelValderrama?f_ri=635793","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6911793/3263710/3840526/s65_rafael.valderrama.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1287,"name":"Political Parties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":158597,"name":"Iron","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":635793,"name":"International Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organizations-1?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47070845" data-work_id="47070845" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47070845/Research_groups_as_quasi_firms_the_invention_of_the_entrepreneurial_university">Research groups as ‘quasi-firms’: the invention of the entrepreneurial university</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Academic entrepreneurship arose from internal as well as external impetuses. The entrepreneurial university is a result of the working out of an "inner logic" of academic development that previously expanded the academic enterprise from a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47070845" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Academic entrepreneurship arose from internal as well as external impetuses. The entrepreneurial university is a result of the working out of an "inner logic" of academic development that previously expanded the academic enterprise from a focus on teaching to research. The internal organization of the Research University consists of a series of research groups that have firm-like qualities, especially under conditions in which research funding is awarded on a competitive basis. Thus, the Research University shares homologous qualities with a start-up firm even before it directly engages in entrepreneurial activities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47070845" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2409eb9fc9e2939e1551522737b7ac6a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66361303,"asset_id":47070845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66361303/download_file?st=MTczMzk3NDcwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="66942845" href="https://independent.academia.edu/henryetzkowitz">henry etzkowitz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="66942845" type="text/json">{"id":66942845,"first_name":"henry","last_name":"etzkowitz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"henryetzkowitz","display_name":"henry etzkowitz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/henryetzkowitz?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47070845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47070845"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47070845, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47070845", }); 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The entrepreneurial university is a result of the working out of an \"inner logic\" of academic development that previously expanded the academic enterprise from a focus on teaching to research. The internal organization of the Research University consists of a series of research groups that have firm-like qualities, especially under conditions in which research funding is awarded on a competitive basis. Thus, the Research University shares homologous qualities with a start-up firm even before it directly engages in entrepreneurial activities.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66361303,"asset_id":47070845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":66942845,"first_name":"henry","last_name":"etzkowitz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"henryetzkowitz","display_name":"henry etzkowitz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/henryetzkowitz?f_ri=635793","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1985,"name":"Academic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Development?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":5547,"name":"Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy?f_ri=635793","nofollow":false},{"id":10072,"name":"Technology 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