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(PDF) « Les travaux préparatoires », in R. Kolb (dir.), Commentaire du Pacte de la SDN, avt-propos de M. Schmidt, Bruxelles, Bruylant, coll. Organisations internationales et relations internationales, 2015, pp. 7-78 (première partie) | Florian Couveinhes - Academia.edu

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Cette controverse tourne autour de la question de savoir comment assurer l’efficacité d’une organisation internationale universelle sans institutionnaliser par là un impérialisme arbitraire, ou sans faire perdre toute indépendance à des Etats représentant des peuples soucieux de s’autodéterminer. En 1919, lors de l’élaboration de l’instrument fondateur de la première organisation de maintien de la paix à vocation universelle, quelle réponse fut apportée à cette question et pourquoi ? Le Pacte et la Société qu’il établit sont connus pour leur inefficacité à prévenir la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et il n’est pas spécialement méconnu qu’ils véhiculaient un certain impérialisme de la part des vainqueurs du premier conflit mondial. Dans un très grand nombre de travaux toutefois, le Pacte est présenté de manière plus précise comme le projet idéaliste et désintéressé du Président américain Woodrow Wilson, qui n’est malheureusement pas parvenu à imposer une organisation efficace à des partenaires plus réticents. D’origine principalement états-unienne, cette présentation consiste à dénoncer dans le conservatisme européen la source de l’inefficacité du projet porté par le Président des Etats-Unis. Une telle vision des choses est radicalement infirmée par l’examen des projets de Pacte, et par celui du contexte et du déroulement de sa négociation. En effet, plutôt qu’en une véritable concertation multilatérale, la négociation du Pacte consista grosso modo en l’imposition d’un compromis entre Britanniques et Etats-uniens aux Français, puis aux autres Etats membres de la Commission où le Pacte se négociait officiellement, et enfin aux autres Etats présents à la Conférence de Paris. En outre, les négociations montrent que la position de Woodrow Wilson était tournée vers les intérêts de son pays et même vers les siens propres, et qu’il est l’un des principaux responsables de la faiblesse des institutions de la Société. Ainsi, les défauts du Pacte et de la Société étaient déjà connus pour la plupart d’entre eux, et leurs principaux remèdes, présentés par plusieurs délégations et fermement défendus par la délégation française, ne furent pas adoptés en raison de l’opposition opiniâtre des délégations britanniques et états-uniennes. Au nom d’une certaine idée de la souveraineté étatique, celles-ci firent le choix de s’opposer aux transferts de compétences qui auraient permis à la Société de réagir efficacement en cas d’usage de la force. Si l’inefficacité du Pacte découle des choix faits en ce sens par les Etats en position de force en 1919, l’intégration dans la Charte des Nations Unies des propositions innovantes avancées durant les négociations du Pacte (concernant l’efficacité de l’organisation, les droits de l’homme ou la justice pénale internationale) découle quant à elle du choix inverse faits par les mêmes Etats en 1945.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Florian Couveinhes"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-10-15","dateModified":"2016-10-15","headline":"« Les travaux préparatoires », in R. Kolb (dir.), Commentaire du Pacte de la SDN, avt-propos de M. Schmidt, Bruxelles, Bruylant, coll. Organisations internationales et relations internationales, 2015, pp. 7-78 (première partie)","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49625196/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"fr","keywords":["International Law","International organizations","United Nations","Public International Law","International Organizations (International Studies)","History of International Law","International Organisations","The League of Nations","Law of International Organizations","Droit International Public","Droit 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Cette controverse tourne autour de la question de savoir comment assurer l’efficacité d’une organisation internationale universelle sans institutionnaliser par là un impérialisme arbitraire, ou sans faire perdre toute indépendance à des Etats représentant des peuples soucieux de s’autodéterminer. En 1919, lors de l’élaboration de l’instrument fondateur de la première organisation de maintien de la paix à vocation universelle, quelle réponse fut apportée à cette question et pourquoi ?\n\tLe Pacte et la Société qu’il établit sont connus pour leur inefficacité à prévenir la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et il n’est pas spécialement méconnu qu’ils véhiculaient un certain impérialisme de la part des vainqueurs du premier conflit mondial. Dans un très grand nombre de travaux toutefois, le Pacte est présenté de manière plus précise comme le projet idéaliste et désintéressé du Président américain Woodrow Wilson, qui n’est malheureusement pas parvenu à imposer une organisation efficace à des partenaires plus réticents. D’origine principalement états-unienne, cette présentation consiste à dénoncer dans le conservatisme européen la source de l’inefficacité du projet porté par le Président des Etats-Unis. Une telle vision des choses est radicalement infirmée par l’examen des projets de Pacte, et par celui du contexte et du déroulement de sa négociation. En effet, plutôt qu’en une véritable concertation multilatérale, la négociation du Pacte consista grosso modo en l’imposition d’un compromis entre Britanniques et Etats-uniens aux Français, puis aux autres Etats membres de la Commission où le Pacte se négociait officiellement, et enfin aux autres Etats présents à la Conférence de Paris. En outre, les négociations montrent que la position de Woodrow Wilson était tournée vers les intérêts de son pays et même vers les siens propres, et qu’il est l’un des principaux responsables de la faiblesse des institutions de la Société. Ainsi, les défauts du Pacte et de la Société étaient déjà connus pour la plupart d’entre eux, et leurs principaux remèdes, présentés par plusieurs délégations et fermement défendus par la délégation française, ne furent pas adoptés en raison de l’opposition opiniâtre des délégations britanniques et états-uniennes. 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Kolb (dir.), Commentaire du Pacte de la SDN, avt-propos de M. Schmidt, Bruxelles, Bruylant, coll. Organisations internationales et relations internationales, 2015, pp. 7-78 (première partie)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49625196/mini_magick20190131-27589-1tn4z5d.png?1548921723" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">« Les travaux préparatoires », in R. Kolb (dir.), Commentaire du Pacte de la SDN, avt-propos de M. Schmidt, Bruxelles, Bruylant, coll. Organisations internationales et relations internationales, 2015, pp. 7-78 (première partie)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8593426" href="https://ens.academia.edu/FlorianCouveinhes"><img alt="Profile image of Florian Couveinhes" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/8593426/19102488/19052407/s65_florian.couveinhes.jpg" />Florian Couveinhes</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">41 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 29179695; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&amp;work_ids%5B%5D=29179695"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">L’étude des travaux préparatoires du Pacte de la Société des Nations invite à revenir aux origines d’une controverse qui est toujours au centre de problèmes actuels, comme celui de la réforme du Conseil de Sécurité ou celui de la focalisation de la justice pénale internationale sur les ressortissants d’Etats faibles et anciennement colonisés. Cette controverse tourne autour de la question de savoir comment assurer l’efficacité d’une organisation internationale universelle sans institutionnaliser par là un impérialisme arbitraire, ou sans faire perdre toute indépendance à des Etats représentant des peuples soucieux de s’autodéterminer. En 1919, lors de l’élaboration de l’instrument fondateur de la première organisation de maintien de la paix à vocation universelle, quelle réponse fut apportée à cette question et pourquoi ? Le Pacte et la Société qu’il établit sont connus pour leur inefficacité à prévenir la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et il n’est pas spécialement méconnu qu’ils véhiculaient un certain impérialisme de la part des vainqueurs du premier conflit mondial. Dans un très grand nombre de travaux toutefois, le Pacte est présenté de manière plus précise comme le projet idéaliste et désintéressé du Président américain Woodrow Wilson, qui n’est malheureusement pas parvenu à imposer une organisation efficace à des partenaires plus réticents. D’origine principalement états-unienne, cette présentation consiste à dénoncer dans le conservatisme européen la source de l’inefficacité du projet porté par le Président des Etats-Unis. Une telle vision des choses est radicalement infirmée par l’examen des projets de Pacte, et par celui du contexte et du déroulement de sa négociation. En effet, plutôt qu’en une véritable concertation multilatérale, la négociation du Pacte consista grosso modo en l’imposition d’un compromis entre Britanniques et Etats-uniens aux Français, puis aux autres Etats membres de la Commission où le Pacte se négociait officiellement, et enfin aux autres Etats présents à la Conférence de Paris. En outre, les négociations montrent que la position de Woodrow Wilson était tournée vers les intérêts de son pays et même vers les siens propres, et qu’il est l’un des principaux responsables de la faiblesse des institutions de la Société. Ainsi, les défauts du Pacte et de la Société étaient déjà connus pour la plupart d’entre eux, et leurs principaux remèdes, présentés par plusieurs délégations et fermement défendus par la délégation française, ne furent pas adoptés en raison de l’opposition opiniâtre des délégations britanniques et états-uniennes. Au nom d’une certaine idée de la souveraineté étatique, celles-ci firent le choix de s’opposer aux transferts de compétences qui auraient permis à la Société de réagir efficacement en cas d’usage de la force. Si l’inefficacité du Pacte découle des choix faits en ce sens par les Etats en position de force en 1919, l’intégration dans la Charte des Nations Unies des propositions innovantes avancées durant les négociations du Pacte (concernant l’efficacité de l’organisation, les droits de l’homme ou la justice pénale internationale) découle quant à elle du choix inverse faits par les mêmes Etats en 1945.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;continue-reading-button--work-card&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49625196,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/29179695/_Les_travaux_pr%C3%A9paratoires_in_R_Kolb_dir_Commentaire_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN_avt_propos_de_M_Schmidt_Bruxelles_Bruylant_coll_Organisations_internationales_et_relations_internationales_2015_pp_7_78_premi%C3%A8re_partie_&quot;}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;download-pdf-button--work-card&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49625196,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/29179695/_Les_travaux_pr%C3%A9paratoires_in_R_Kolb_dir_Commentaire_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN_avt_propos_de_M_Schmidt_Bruxelles_Bruylant_coll_Organisations_internationales_et_relations_internationales_2015_pp_7_78_premi%C3%A8re_partie_&quot;}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="49625196" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/29179695/_Les_travaux_pr%C3%A9paratoires_in_R_Kolb_dir_Commentaire_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN_avt_propos_de_M_Schmidt_Bruxelles_Bruylant_coll_Organisations_internationales_et_relations_internationales_2015_pp_7_78_premi%C3%A8re_partie_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="29179696" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29179696/_Les_travaux_pr%C3%A9paratoires_in_R_Kolb_dir_Commentaire_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN_avt_propos_de_M_Schmidt_Bruxelles_Bruylant_coll_Organisations_internationales_et_relations_internationales_2015_pp_7_78_troisi%C3%A8me_partie_">« Les travaux préparatoires », in R. Kolb (dir.), Commentaire du Pacte de la SDN, avt-propos de M. Schmidt, Bruxelles, Bruylant, coll. Organisations internationales et relations internationales, 2015, pp. 7-78 (troisième partie)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8593426" href="https://ens.academia.edu/FlorianCouveinhes">Florian Couveinhes</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;« Les travaux préparatoires », in R. Kolb (dir.), Commentaire du Pacte de la SDN, avt-propos de M. Schmidt, Bruxelles, Bruylant, coll. Organisations internationales et relations internationales, 2015, pp. 7-78 (troisième partie)&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49625198,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/29179696/_Les_travaux_pr%C3%A9paratoires_in_R_Kolb_dir_Commentaire_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN_avt_propos_de_M_Schmidt_Bruxelles_Bruylant_coll_Organisations_internationales_et_relations_internationales_2015_pp_7_78_troisi%C3%A8me_partie_&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29179696/_Les_travaux_pr%C3%A9paratoires_in_R_Kolb_dir_Commentaire_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN_avt_propos_de_M_Schmidt_Bruxelles_Bruylant_coll_Organisations_internationales_et_relations_internationales_2015_pp_7_78_troisi%C3%A8me_partie_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="10502101" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10502101/Commentaire_aux_articles_7_et_18_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN">Commentaire aux articles 7 et 18 du Pacte de la SDN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4461128" href="https://unimi.academia.edu/VittorioMainetti">Vittorio Mainetti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">in Robert Kolb (ed.), Commentaire sur le pacte de la Société des Nations. Bruxelles: Bruylant, pp.325-384; pp.733-761., 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ce Commentaire du Pacte de la Société des Nations a un double but. En premier lieu, d’assurer l’information la plus complète et la plus à jour possible sur l’ensemble de l’expérience de la SDN, notamment dans ses aspects juridiques. Le Pacte est le texte fondateur du phénomène de l’organisation internationale au XXe siècle. C’est à ce titre qu’aucune recherche et qu’aucune prise de position approfondies en la matière ne peuvent s’abstraire de ce point de départ de 1919. En second lieu, la Charte des Nations Unies, texte fondamental de l’organisation politique mondiale actuelle, s’oriente au Pacte de la SDN, tant quand elle en prolonge les linéaments que quand elle cherche au contraire une rupture. Comprendre la Charte, dans son texte de 1945, largement inaltéré à ce jour, suppose dès lors toujours de connaître le Pacte. Cet ouvrage se destine ainsi à être à la fois un instrument d’information et une invitation à l’exploration des voies du passé dans ce qu’elles ont de fécond pour la compréhension de l’avenir. Pour arriver à ces buts, le présent Commentaire se compose de contributions expliquant les diverses dispositions du Pacte, mais aussi de contributions transversales, s’attachant à tel ou tel aspect de portée plus générale, important dans la vie de la SDN comme dans celle des Nations Unies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Commentaire aux articles 7 et 18 du Pacte de la SDN&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:36510020,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/10502101/Commentaire_aux_articles_7_et_18_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10502101/Commentaire_aux_articles_7_et_18_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="23605782" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23605782/Le_d%C3%A9sarmement_dans_le_cadre_de_la_SDN_Commentaire_des_articles_8_et_9_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN">Le désarmement dans le cadre de la SDN - Commentaire des articles 8 et 9 du Pacte de la SDN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27641261" href="https://u-paris2.academia.edu/EmmanuelBourdoncle">Emmanuel Bourdoncle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ce commentaire des articles 8 et 9 du Pacte de la Société des Nations met en évidence les rapports entre le désarmement et le système de sécurité collective mis en place par ce Pacte. Pilier de la Société des Nations, le désarmement n&#39;échappe pas aux ambiguïtés et limites de l&#39;ancêtre de l&#39;ONU.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Le désarmement dans le cadre de la SDN - Commentaire des articles 8 et 9 du Pacte de la SDN&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:44024264,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/23605782/Le_d%C3%A9sarmement_dans_le_cadre_de_la_SDN_Commentaire_des_articles_8_et_9_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23605782/Le_d%C3%A9sarmement_dans_le_cadre_de_la_SDN_Commentaire_des_articles_8_et_9_du_Pacte_de_la_SDN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="24852184" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24852184/Mooij_T_1997_Pour_des_%C3%A9coles_plus_s%C3%BBres_Rapport_de_synthese_en_vue_de_la_pr%C3%A9paration_de_la_conference_de_1Union_europ%C3%A9enne_du_24_au_26_f%C3%A9vrier_a_Utrecht_Pays_Bas_Nim%C3%A8gue_Universit%C3%A9_de_Nim%C3%A8gue_Institut_des_Sciences_sociales_appliqu%C3%A9s">Mooij, T. (1997). Pour des écoles (plus) sûres. Rapport de synthese en vue de la préparation de la conference de 1&#39;Union européenne du 24 au 26 février a Utrecht/ Pays-Bas. Nimègue: Université de Nimègue, Institut des Sciences sociales appliqués.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42834" href="https://radboud.academia.edu/TonMooij">Ton Mooij</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">autre personne ou un autre groupe, attire de fa^on constructive et creative son attention sur un point, etc.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Mooij, T. (1997). Pour des écoles (plus) sûres. Rapport de synthese en vue de la préparation de la conference de 1&#39;Union européenne du 24 au 26 février a Utrecht/ Pays-Bas. Nimègue: Université de Nimègue, Institut des Sciences sociales appliqués.&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:45175352,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/24852184/Mooij_T_1997_Pour_des_%C3%A9coles_plus_s%C3%BBres_Rapport_de_synthese_en_vue_de_la_pr%C3%A9paration_de_la_conference_de_1Union_europ%C3%A9enne_du_24_au_26_f%C3%A9vrier_a_Utrecht_Pays_Bas_Nim%C3%A8gue_Universit%C3%A9_de_Nim%C3%A8gue_Institut_des_Sciences_sociales_appliqu%C3%A9s&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24852184/Mooij_T_1997_Pour_des_%C3%A9coles_plus_s%C3%BBres_Rapport_de_synthese_en_vue_de_la_pr%C3%A9paration_de_la_conference_de_1Union_europ%C3%A9enne_du_24_au_26_f%C3%A9vrier_a_Utrecht_Pays_Bas_Nim%C3%A8gue_Universit%C3%A9_de_Nim%C3%A8gue_Institut_des_Sciences_sociales_appliqu%C3%A9s"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="116788840" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116788840/Kott_Louis_Dhermy_Lespinet_Introduction_travailler_sur_et_avec_lOIT_in_Ibid_ed_Mondialisation_et_justice_sociale_Un_si%C3%A8cle_de_lOIT_Editions_de_la_Sorbonne_2024">Kott, Louis, Dhermy, Lespinet, &quot;Introduction : travailler sur et avec l&#39;OIT&quot;, in Ibid (ed), Mondialisation et justice sociale. Un siècle de l&#39;OIT, Editions de la Sorbonne, 2024.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5306336" href="https://unige.academia.edu/SandrineKott">Sandrine Kott</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Kott, Louis, Dhermy, Lespinet, \&quot;Introduction : travailler sur et avec l&#39;OIT\&quot;, in Ibid (ed), Mondialisation et justice sociale. 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Ils correspondent à un moment décisif de l&#39;histoire contemporaine où se jouait l&#39;avenir institutionnel d&#39;une société internationale totalement traumatisée par deux guerres mondiales et désireuse avant tout de ne plus jamais connaître cela. Produit et reflet de cette histoire particulière, ils gardent par là même une valeur heuristique et historique qui paraît singulièrement forte lors des moments de crise et d&#39;instabilité profondes comme celui que le monde traverse aujourd&#39;hui. Tout ébranlement du système des Nations Unies suscite des inquiétudes et appelle des réactions diverses parmi lesquelles on retrouve des interrogations récurrentes quant à la Charte fondatrice et aux travaux qui l&#39;ont préparée et annoncée. La question qui se pose est notamment de savoir si ces travaux ont encore quelque secret à nous livrer pour comprendre non seulement les origines et le système des Nations Unies, mais aussi un présent qui peut sembler particulièrement troublé. Ce faisant, ces travaux peuvent être sollicités ou rejetés, voire manipulés, de façon contradictoire et diverse pour alimenter les différentes parties d&#39;une controverse historique et politique qui les dépasse. D&#39;un côté, il y a ceux qui éprouvent le besoin d&#39;un retour à l&#39;esprit fondateur, d&#39;une nécessité de se ressourcer dans la force et l&#39;inspiration de cet élan historique originaire. Non pas qu&#39;il s&#39;agisse de régresser vers ce qui existait auparavant mais de faire tenir ses promesses à ce qui avait été voulu et qui n&#39;a peut-être pas toujours été tenu, de retrouver les bases dans lesquelles s&#39;enracine le droit international présent. Ce faisant, on privilégie logiquement les travaux antérieurs à la Charte afin de restituer la volonté des fondateurs. Mais d&#39;un autre côté, il y a ceux qui veulent considérer la Charte, sinon les Nations Unies elles-mêmes, comme un être juridique émancipé et totalement autonome, portant sa finalité objective en elle-même sans référence à un quelque ordre du monde antérieur ou à des intentions et des origines historiques lointaines, sachant que le moment de cette émancipation a commencé dès l&#39;adoption du traité. Non pas cette fois-ci que l&#39;on veuille à tout prix échapper à une histoire qui a conditionné l&#39;adoption du traité mais simplement éviter que la Charte se pétrifie dans son passé. 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Vecteurs et révélateurs du changement au sein des organisations internationales », dans : Asmara Klein éd., Les bonnes pratiques des organisations internationales. 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le terrorisme, coopération internationale et prévention du terrorisme&quot;, in Decaux &amp; Lemay-hebert &amp; Placidi-Frot &amp; Albert (dir.), Les grandes résolutions du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies, Dalloz 2012.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17098838" href="https://univ-rouen.academia.edu/antoinemegie">antoine megie</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;\&quot;La Résolution 1624 de l&#39;ONU: Lutte contre le terrorisme, coopération internationale et prévention du terrorisme\&quot;, in Decaux \u0026 Lemay-hebert \u0026 Placidi-Frot \u0026 Albert (dir.), Les grandes résolutions du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies, Dalloz 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PNUD et la Banque mondiale dans le domaine de l&#39;eau et de l&#39;assainissement, 1978-98</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="266042910" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaggieBlack6">Maggie Black</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Les leçons de l&#39;expérience Vingt ans de coopération entre le PNUD et la Banque mondiale dans le domaine de l&#39;eau et de l&#39;assainissement, 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Les nouvelles relations internationales. Pratiques et théories. Paris, Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1998, 414 p</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80463338" href="https://independent.academia.edu/httpsorcidorg0000000335466137">Raúl Bernal-Meza</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Études internationales, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;SMOUTS, Marie-Claude (dir.). Les nouvelles relations internationales. Pratiques et théories. 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class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32862993" href="https://unistra.academia.edu/EmanuelCastellarin">Emanuel Castellarin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;« L’ONU et les opérations de maintien de la paix des organisations régionales européennes », L’observateur des Nations Unies, 2015, vol. 37, n° 2, pp. 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