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{"work":{"id":67267208,"created_at":"2022-01-05T10:49:14.997-08:00","from_world_paper_id":190728356,"updated_at":"2023-07-25T20:37:10.708-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"Commoner Ritual, Commoner Ideology: (Sub-)Alternate Views of Social Complexity in Hispanic Mesoamerica Tradition and Transformation: Village Ritual at Tetimpa as a Template for Early Teotihuacan Commoner Ritual at Teotihuacan, Central Mexico: Methodological Considerations Ritual and Ideology Among Classic Maya Rural Commoners at Copan, Honduras Smoke, Soot, and Censers: A Perspective on Ancient Commoner Household Ritual Behaviour from the Naco Valley, Honduras Commoner Rituals, Resistance, and the Classic-to-Post-classic Transition in Ancient Mesoamenca Shrines , Offerings, and Post-classic Continuity in Zapotec Religion Altar Egos: Domestic Ritual and Social Identity in Post-classic Cholula, Mexico A Socioeconomic Interpretation of Figurine Assemblages from Late Post-classic Morelos, Mexico Steps to a Holistic Household 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Mesoamerica</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="752129" href="https://bellevuecollege.academia.edu/NancyGonlin"><img alt="Profile image of Nancy Gonlin" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/752129/255663/54448829/s65_nancy.gonlin.jpg" />Nancy Gonlin</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2007</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">34 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 67267208; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=67267208"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Commoner Ritual, Commoner Ideology: (Sub-)Alternate Views of Social Complexity in Hispanic Mesoamerica Tradition and Transformation: Village Ritual at Tetimpa as a Template for Early Teotihuacan Commoner Ritual at Teotihuacan, Central Mexico: Methodological Considerations Ritual and Ideology Among Classic Maya Rural Commoners at Copan, Honduras Smoke, Soot, and Censers: A Perspective on Ancient Commoner Household Ritual Behaviour from the Naco Valley, Honduras Commoner Rituals, Resistance, and the Classic-to-Post-classic Transition in Ancient Mesoamenca Shrines , Offerings, and Post-classic Continuity in Zapotec Religion Altar Egos: Domestic Ritual and Social Identity in Post-classic Cholula, Mexico A Socioeconomic Interpretation of Figurine Assemblages from Late Post-classic Morelos, Mexico Steps to a Holistic Household Archaeology.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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It also seeks to better understand the ways in which elites negotiate and reinvent ritual traditions to gain and maintain power. In this study, I integrate multiple lines of evidence including ethnohistory, household archaeology and burials to understand the organization, practice and meaning of ritual among commoners before the rise of the Aztec Empire. I argue that pre-Aztec commoner ritual worked to foster solidarity, social continuity and collective memory and was intimately concerned with the protection of household members and the maintenance of household and universal equilibrium. While some of the symbolism and rituals documented in pre-Aztec domestic contexts appear similar to those depicted in Aztec contexts, I argue that state rituals held different meanings as Aztec elites adopted and transformed widely-held commoner rituals and symbols to craft an ideology that promoted their own political agenda. Ultimately, domestic- and state-level ritual should be seen as part of an ever-changing, but necessarily intertwined, historical and political process.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Everyday Practice and Ritual Space: the Organization of Domestic Ritual in Pre-Aztec Xaltocan, Mexico","attachmentId":35897612,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9118578/Everyday_Practice_and_Ritual_Space_the_Organization_of_Domestic_Ritual_in_Pre_Aztec_Xaltocan_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9118578/Everyday_Practice_and_Ritual_Space_the_Organization_of_Domestic_Ritual_in_Pre_Aztec_Xaltocan_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="37494337" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37494337/RITUAL_DIVERSITY_AND_SOCIAL_IDENTITIES_A_STUDY_OF_MORTUARY_BEHAVIORS_AT_TEOTIHUACAN">RITUAL DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES: A STUDY OF MORTUARY BEHAVIORS AT TEOTIHUACAN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="91670955" href="https://ceam.academia.edu/AgustinAnaya">La Ventilla Teotihuacan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The research presented here confronts the issue of ritual variation and its role in structuring the social dynamics of ancient Teotihuacan, a state that dominated central Mexico during the first half-millennium A.D. Most of Teotihuacan's urban population lived in apartment compounds located across the city, but the nature of these co-residing groups is not well understood. Even less is known about how subordinate settlements beyond the city limits were organized and to what degree they identified socially with urban Teotihuacan. Because ritual practices are salient in the negotiation of social identities related to gender, age, ethnicity, social status, and religious affiliation, they are an important focus of archaeological research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RITUAL DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES: A STUDY OF MORTUARY BEHAVIORS AT TEOTIHUACAN","attachmentId":57465175,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37494337/RITUAL_DIVERSITY_AND_SOCIAL_IDENTITIES_A_STUDY_OF_MORTUARY_BEHAVIORS_AT_TEOTIHUACAN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37494337/RITUAL_DIVERSITY_AND_SOCIAL_IDENTITIES_A_STUDY_OF_MORTUARY_BEHAVIORS_AT_TEOTIHUACAN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="38655119" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38655119/Political_Engagement_in_Household_Ritual_Among_the_Maya_of_Yucatan">Political Engagement in Household Ritual Among the Maya of Yucatan.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1066268" href="https://osu1.academia.edu/C%C3%A9lineLamb">Céline C . Lamb</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1284971" href="https://uady.academia.edu/davidmedina">David Medina-Arona</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Religion and Politics in Ancient Americas, edited by Sarah Barber and Arthur Joyce, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Religion was inseparable from daily life in the ancient Maya world, in part because activities like farming and building required contractual arrangements with sacred, other-than-human entities. Furthermore, ritual and politics were inseparable since most rulers could not derive authority from exclusive control of material resources. This chapter explores the ways in which domestic and community ritual practices in the northern Maya lowlands engaged political relations at a variety of scales. Caches within buildings at small- and medium-sized settlements along an 18-km-long causeway stretching from Ucí to Cansahcab illustrate that domestic ritual in rural contexts was not independent of rituals conducted by actors with much greater authority. At the same time, these domestic rituals provided the grounds upon which humble households could engage more powerful actors and contribute actively to the constitution of society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Political Engagement in Household Ritual Among the Maya of Yucatan.","attachmentId":60788611,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38655119/Political_Engagement_in_Household_Ritual_Among_the_Maya_of_Yucatan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38655119/Political_Engagement_in_Household_Ritual_Among_the_Maya_of_Yucatan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="33611799" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33611799/Gabriel_and_Liljefors_2010_Mesoamerican_Rituality_and_Cosmovision_pdf">Gabriel & Liljefors 2010 Mesoamerican Rituality and Cosmovision.pdf</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18627864" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GabrielMarianne">Marianne Gabriel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gabriel \u0026 Liljefors 2010 Mesoamerican Rituality and Cosmovision.pdf","attachmentId":53629857,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33611799/Gabriel_and_Liljefors_2010_Mesoamerican_Rituality_and_Cosmovision_pdf","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33611799/Gabriel_and_Liljefors_2010_Mesoamerican_Rituality_and_Cosmovision_pdf"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="38927219" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38927219/Toward_an_Archaeology_of_Ritual_Practice_in_southern_Central_America_2018_Paris_">Toward an Archaeology of Ritual Practice in southern Central America (2018, Paris)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="89993" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/AlexanderGeurds">Alexander Geurds</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Archaeology studies past practices through fields of action. In Mesoamerica, such fields exist across different scales of analysis, and for example lead research to identify individual or family routines in domestic and workshop settings. At the opposite end of this are large-scale periodic communal practices, often referred to as political or ritual. In these latter fields, insights into longue durée transformation are prone to be foregrounded at the expense of insights into human actions and its transmission within a group. The settings for such rituals are invariably referred to as 'public', 'ceremonial' or 'communal', depending on the archaeological region of period in question. Ritual practices in indigenous societies in Central America are mostly explained by viewing ritual in systematic terms, echoing Sahlins and Geertz. Chiefly authority is seen to be combined with that of ritual practitioner, rendering ritual itself seemingly a-historical and closely linking it to questions of political power. Ritual activity, and its pertaining material culture, is thus proposed as an irreducible functionalist fact, typically regarded for divination, communication with supernatural realms, and symbolic violence. Here, I will argue for a historical view on ritual in the prehistories we assemble and study, focusing attention on the question of ritual landscapes in southern Central America-a region with ample indicators for ritualized activity, but archaeologically challenged by a material culture with an abstract visual language, and a historical record lacking in individual events, except perhaps for volcanic eruptions. Spanish: La arqueología estudia prácticas pasadas a través de campos de acción. En Mesoamérica, tales campos existen en diferentes escalas de análisis, y por ejemplo apoyan a identificar rutinas individuales o familiares en entornos domésticos y en talleres. En el extremo opuesto, se encuentran las prácticas comunitarias periódicas a gran escala, a menudo denominadas 'políticas' o 'rituales'. En los últimos campos, los conocimientos sobre la transformación longue durée son propensos a ser enfocados a expensas de la comprensión de las acciones humanas y su transmisión dentro de un grupo. Los espacios para tales rituales se denominan invariablemente como 'públicos', 'ceremoniales' o 'comunales', dependiendo de la región o período arqueológico en cuestión. Las prácticas rituales en las sociedades indígenas en el sur de Centroamérica se explican mayormente viendo a rituales en términos sistémicos, haciéndose eco de Sahlins y Geertz. La autoridad principal se considera combinado con la del especialista ritual, convirtiendo el ritual en algo aparentemente a-histórico y vinculándolo estrechamente a cuestiones de poder político. La actividad ritual, y su cultura material pertinente, se propone, así como un hecho funcionalista irreductible, típicamente destinado a la adivinación, la comunicación con los ámbitos sobrenaturales y la violencia simbólica. Aquí, propondré una visión histórica en las prehistorias que reunimos y estudiamos, enfocado en los paisajes rituales del sur de Centroamérica-una región rica en referencias a actividad ritual, pero desafiada arqueológicamente por cultura material con lenguaje visual abstracto, y un registro histórico que carece de eventos individuales, a excepción quizás de las erupciones volcánicas. 2</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Toward an Archaeology of Ritual Practice in southern Central America (2018, Paris)","attachmentId":59028079,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38927219/Toward_an_Archaeology_of_Ritual_Practice_in_southern_Central_America_2018_Paris_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38927219/Toward_an_Archaeology_of_Ritual_Practice_in_southern_Central_America_2018_Paris_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="199629" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/199629/Ritual_Among_the_Masses_Deconstructing_Identity_and_Class_in_an_Ancient_Maya_Neighborhood">Ritual Among the Masses: Deconstructing Identity and Class in an Ancient Maya Neighborhood</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42601" href="https://ucsc.academia.edu/ChelseaBlackmore">Chelsea Blackmore</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Latin American Antiquity, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">For the ancient Maya, social organization remains largely understood as a two class system — that of commoner and elite. While these categories reflect the extreme ends of known social strata, they inadequately characterize the reality of day-to day interactions. This has led to tacit assumptions that commoners did not participate in or comprehend the political and social complexity of the world around them. This paper examines how occupants of a Late Classic Maya neighborhood employed ritual and public practices as a means of social differentiation. Excavations at the Northeast Group, part of the ancient Maya site of Chan, Belize, identified considerable diversity between households, suggesting that occupants shaped status and identity through the control and centralization of ritual. Understanding how people distinguished themselves within the context of a neighborhood provides direct evidence of class complexity, challenging traditional models of commoner behavior and more importantly the role they played in ancient Maya society as a whole.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ritual Among the Masses: Deconstructing Identity and Class in an Ancient Maya Neighborhood","attachmentId":34868868,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/199629/Ritual_Among_the_Masses_Deconstructing_Identity_and_Class_in_an_Ancient_Maya_Neighborhood","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/199629/Ritual_Among_the_Masses_Deconstructing_Identity_and_Class_in_an_Ancient_Maya_Neighborhood"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="312782" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/312782/Social_Complexity_Religious_Organization_and_Mortuary_Ritual_In_the_Casas_Grandes_Region_of_Chihuahua_Mexico">Social Complexity, Religious Organization, and Mortuary Ritual In the Casas Grandes Region of Chihuahua, Mexico</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="240577" href="https://unf.academia.edu/GordonRakita">Gordon Rakita</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of …, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social Complexity, Religious Organization, and Mortuary Ritual In the Casas Grandes Region of Chihuahua, Mexico","attachmentId":3245720,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/312782/Social_Complexity_Religious_Organization_and_Mortuary_Ritual_In_the_Casas_Grandes_Region_of_Chihuahua_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/312782/Social_Complexity_Religious_Organization_and_Mortuary_Ritual_In_the_Casas_Grandes_Region_of_Chihuahua_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="720191" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/720191/2004_The_coevolution_of_ritual_and_society_New_14C_dates_from_ancient_Mexico_Joyce_Marcus_and_Kent_V_Flannery_Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_101_52_18257_18261_Dec_28_issue_">2004 The coevolution of ritual and society: New 14C dates from ancient Mexico (Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(52):18257-18261 (Dec. 28 issue)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="473371" href="https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus">joyce marcus</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">New 14 C dates from Oaxaca, Mexico, document changes in religious ritual that accompanied the evolution of society from hunting and gathering to the archaic state. Before 4000 B.P. in conventional radiocarbon years, a nomadic egalitarian lifeway selected for unscheduled (ad hoc) ritual from which no one was excluded. With the establishment of permanent villages (4000 -3000 B.P.), certain rituals were scheduled by solar or astral events and restricted to initiates͞social achievers. After state formation (2050 B.P.), many important rituals were performed only by trained full-time priests using religious calendars and occupying temples built by corvé e labor. Only 1,300 -1,400 years seem to have elapsed between the oldest known ritual building and the first standardized state temple.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2004\tThe coevolution of ritual and society: New 14C dates from ancient Mexico (Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(52):18257-18261 (Dec. 28 issue)","attachmentId":4088868,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/720191/2004_The_coevolution_of_ritual_and_society_New_14C_dates_from_ancient_Mexico_Joyce_Marcus_and_Kent_V_Flannery_Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_101_52_18257_18261_Dec_28_issue_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/720191/2004_The_coevolution_of_ritual_and_society_New_14C_dates_from_ancient_Mexico_Joyce_Marcus_and_Kent_V_Flannery_Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_101_52_18257_18261_Dec_28_issue_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="32192138" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32192138/Rituals_of_the_Past_Prehispanic_and_Colonial_Case_Studies_in_Andean_Archaeology_2017_Edited_by_S_Rosenfeld_and_S_Bautista_University_Press_of_Colorado">Rituals of the Past. Prehispanic and Colonial Case Studies in Andean Archaeology. 2017. Edited by S. Rosenfeld and S. Bautista. University Press of Colorado.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="526100" href="https://conicet-ar.academia.edu/CarlosAngiorama">Carlos Angiorama</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1322894" href="https://conicet.academia.edu/FlorenciaAvila">Florencia Avila</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="228572" href="https://highpoint.academia.edu/SilvanaRosenfeld">Silvana A Rosenfeld</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rituals of the Past. Prehispanic and Colonial Case Studies in Andean Archaeology. 2017. Edited by S. Rosenfeld and S. Bautista. University Press of Colorado.","attachmentId":54042458,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32192138/Rituals_of_the_Past_Prehispanic_and_Colonial_Case_Studies_in_Andean_Archaeology_2017_Edited_by_S_Rosenfeld_and_S_Bautista_University_Press_of_Colorado","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32192138/Rituals_of_the_Past_Prehispanic_and_Colonial_Case_Studies_in_Andean_Archaeology_2017_Edited_by_S_Rosenfeld_and_S_Bautista_University_Press_of_Colorado"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="21883325" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21883325/Public_Ritual_and_Urbanization_in_Central_Mexico_Temple_and_Plaza_Offerings_from_La_Laguna_Tlaxcala">Public Ritual and Urbanization in Central Mexico: Temple and Plaza Offerings from La Laguna, Tlaxcala</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103545" href="https://bu.academia.edu/DavidCarballo">David M Carballo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Public Ritual and Urbanization in Central Mexico: Temple and Plaza Offerings from La Laguna, Tlaxcala","attachmentId":42620928,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21883325/Public_Ritual_and_Urbanization_in_Central_Mexico_Temple_and_Plaza_Offerings_from_La_Laguna_Tlaxcala","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21883325/Public_Ritual_and_Urbanization_in_Central_Mexico_Temple_and_Plaza_Offerings_from_La_Laguna_Tlaxcala"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78147319,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78147319,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_78147319" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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