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(PDF) Ritual anti-structure as an alternate pathway to social complexity? The case of ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="UWfp0AAqlw66Em139ea4-azZF5puzosSFTGPOde3_ViR5gMC_zSjpiLT7rqgy79yZwwM6NrL6-Aq49Jw2dx-Cw" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Ritual anti-structure as an alternate pathway to social complexity? The case of ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Material Religion" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tom Froese" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="420-422" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1743-2200" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/37088496/Ritual_anti_structure_as_an_alternate_pathway_to_social_complexity_The_case_of_ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Ritual anti-structure as an alternate pathway to social complexity? The case of ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="There is growing dissatisfaction with the traditional approach to the evolution of complex societies, which treated it principally as a sequence of transformations toward political centralization driven by the construction of increasingly vertical" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/413420/132757/154135/s200_tom.froese.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="book" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/37088496/Ritual_anti_structure_as_an_alternate_pathway_to_social_complexity_The_case_of_ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Ritual anti-structure as an alternate pathway to social complexity? The case of ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-book.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="There is growing dissatisfaction with the traditional approach to the evolution of complex societies, which treated it principally as a sequence of transformations toward political centralization driven by the construction of increasingly vertical" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://oist.academia.edu/TomFroese" /> <meta name="description" content="There is growing dissatisfaction with the traditional approach to the evolution of complex societies, which treated it principally as a sequence of transformations toward political centralization driven by the construction of increasingly vertical" /> <title>(PDF) Ritual anti-structure as an alternate pathway to social complexity? The case of ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/37088496/Ritual_anti_structure_as_an_alternate_pathway_to_social_complexity_The_case_of_ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '8a116c19e8726d72e5f38e985ded30eabdbede04'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740531323000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740531323000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"There is growing dissatisfaction with the traditional approach to the evolution of complex societies, which treated it principally as a sequence of transformations toward political centralization driven by the construction of increasingly vertical hierarchies by a powerful elite. In Mesoamerica the evidence is more consistent with a variety of alternative pathways to social complexity, and these are fruitfully approached from theoretical perspectives based on social heterarchy (Crumley 2003), collective action (Fargher et al. 2011), and, so I will suggest, ritual anti-structure (Turner 1969).","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Tom Froese","url":"https://oist.academia.edu/TomFroese"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2018-07-20","dateModified":"2019-01-07","datePublished":"2018-01-01","headline":"Ritual anti-structure as an alternate pathway to social complexity? 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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":37088496,"created_at":"2018-07-20T13:34:59.370-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-12T09:40:49.063-08:00","_data":{"issue":"3","volume":"14","abstract":"There is growing dissatisfaction with the traditional approach to the evolution of complex societies, which treated it principally as a sequence of transformations toward political centralization driven by the construction of increasingly vertical hierarchies by a powerful elite. In Mesoamerica the evidence is more consistent with a variety of alternative pathways to social complexity, and these are fruitfully approached from theoretical perspectives based on social heterarchy (Crumley 2003), collective action (Fargher et al. 2011), and, so I will suggest, ritual anti-structure (Turner 1969).","page_numbers":"420-422","publication_date":"2018,,","publication_name":"Material Religion"},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Ritual anti-structure as an alternate pathway to social complexity? The case of ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [413420]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":57040287,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Ritual anti-structure as an alternate pathway to social complexity? The case of ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57040287/mini_magick20180817-7432-afnz1p.png?1534550183" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Ritual anti-structure as an alternate pathway to social complexity? The case of ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="413420" href="https://oist.academia.edu/TomFroese"><img alt="Profile image of Tom Froese" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/413420/132757/154135/s65_tom.froese.jpg" />Tom Froese</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2018, Material Religion</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">3 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 37088496; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=37088496"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">There is growing dissatisfaction with the traditional approach to the evolution of complex societies, which treated it principally as a sequence of transformations toward political centralization driven by the construction of increasingly vertical hierarchies by a powerful elite. In Mesoamerica the evidence is more consistent with a variety of alternative pathways to social complexity, and these are fruitfully approached from theoretical perspectives based on social heterarchy (Crumley 2003), collective action (Fargher et al. 2011), and, so I will suggest, ritual anti-structure (Turner 1969).</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":57040287,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37088496/Ritual_anti_structure_as_an_alternate_pathway_to_social_complexity_The_case_of_ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":57040287,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37088496/Ritual_anti_structure_as_an_alternate_pathway_to_social_complexity_The_case_of_ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="37088496" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Manzanilla-Naim</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="413420" href="https://oist.academia.edu/TomFroese">Tom Froese</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cognitive Systems Research, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Experts remain divided about the nature of the sociopolitical system of ancient Teotihuacan, which was one of the earliest and largest urban civilizations of the Americas. Excavations hoping to find compelling evidence of powerful rulers, such as a royal tomb, keep coming away empty-handed. But the alternative possibility of collective rule still remains poorly understood as well. Previously we used a computational model of this city's hypothetical sociopolitical network to show that in principle collective rule based on communal ritual could be an effective strategy of ensuring widespread social coordination, as long as we assume that the network's structure could be transformed via social learning and local leaders were not strongly subdivided. Here we extended this model to investigate whether increased social hierarchy could mitigate the negative effects of such strong divisions. We found a special synergy between social hierarchy and communal ritual: only their combination improved the extent of social coordination, whereas the introduction of centralization and top-down influence by themselves had no effect. This finding is consistent with portrayals of the Teotihuacan elite as religious specialists serving the public good, in particular by synchronizing the city's ritual calendar with the rhythms of the stars.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Modeling Collective Rule at Ancient Teotihuacan as a Complex Adaptive System: Communal Ritual Makes Social Hierarchy More Effective","attachmentId":57418468,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37450959/Modeling_Collective_Rule_at_Ancient_Teotihuacan_as_a_Complex_Adaptive_System_Communal_Ritual_Makes_Social_Hierarchy_More_Effective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37450959/Modeling_Collective_Rule_at_Ancient_Teotihuacan_as_a_Complex_Adaptive_System_Communal_Ritual_Makes_Social_Hierarchy_More_Effective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="6430397" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6430397/Social_complexity_in_Ancient_Amerindian_Societies_Perspectives_from_the_Lowlands_in_Cristobal_Gnecco_Carl_Langebaek_Org_Against_Typological_Tyranny_in_Archaeology_A_South_American_Perspective_New_York_Springer_2014_v_p_1_25">Social complexity in Ancient Amerindian Societies: Perspectives from the Lowlands, in Cristobal Gnecco; Carl Langebaek. (Org.). Against Typological Tyranny in Archaeology. A South American Perspective.New York: Springer, 2014, v. , p. 1-25.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="372352" href="https://museu-goeldi.academia.edu/CristianaBarreto">Cristiana Barreto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Against Typological Tyranny in Archaeology. Ed. by C. Langbaeck and C. Gnecco, Springer, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Models of social evolution, which rely on typologies for characterizing the degree and structure of inequality and social complexity of past societies, together with its corresponding trait lists of typical features and archaeological signatures, have been largely used in South America to both describe and explain the emergence and decadence of a variety of past social formations, ranging from the Inca empire, to smaller polities which have been classified as tribes, chiefdoms, and states.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social complexity in Ancient Amerindian Societies: Perspectives from the Lowlands, in Cristobal Gnecco; Carl Langebaek. (Org.). Against Typological Tyranny in Archaeology. A South American Perspective.New York: Springer, 2014, v. , p. 1-25.","attachmentId":33231011,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6430397/Social_complexity_in_Ancient_Amerindian_Societies_Perspectives_from_the_Lowlands_in_Cristobal_Gnecco_Carl_Langebaek_Org_Against_Typological_Tyranny_in_Archaeology_A_South_American_Perspective_New_York_Springer_2014_v_p_1_25","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6430397/Social_complexity_in_Ancient_Amerindian_Societies_Perspectives_from_the_Lowlands_in_Cristobal_Gnecco_Carl_Langebaek_Org_Against_Typological_Tyranny_in_Archaeology_A_South_American_Perspective_New_York_Springer_2014_v_p_1_25"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/75622069/Alternative_Pathways_to_Power_in_Formative_Oaxaca">Alternative Pathways to Power in Formative Oaxaca</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59627772" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurJoyce2">Arthur Joyce</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Alternative Pathways to Complexity: A Collection of Essays on Architecture, Economics, Power, and Cross-Cultural Analysis, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Alternative Pathways to Power in Formative Oaxaca","attachmentId":83318051,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75622069/Alternative_Pathways_to_Power_in_Formative_Oaxaca","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75622069/Alternative_Pathways_to_Power_in_Formative_Oaxaca"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="13364880" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13364880/Froese_Gershenson_and_Manzanilla_2014_Can_Government_Be_Self_Organized_A_Mathematical_Model_of_the_Collective_Social_Organization_of_Ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico">Froese, Gershenson and Manzanilla 2014 Can Government Be Self-Organized? A Mathematical Model of the Collective Social Organization of Ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32595317" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/LManzanilla">Linda Rosa Manzanilla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Teotihuacan was the first urban civilization of Mesoamerica and one of the largest of the ancient world. Following a tradition in archaeology to equate social complexity with centralized hierarchy, it is widely believed that the city's origin and growth was controlled by a lineage of powerful individuals. However, much data is indicative of a government of co-rulers, and artistic traditions expressed an egalitarian ideology. Yet this alternative keeps being marginalized because the problems of collective action make it difficult to conceive how such a coalition could have functioned in principle. We therefore devised a mathematical model of the city's hypothetical network of representatives as a formal proof of concept that widespread cooperation was realizable in a fully distributed manner. In the model, decisions become self-organized into globally optimal configurations even though local representatives behave and modify their relations in a rational and selfish manner. This self-optimization crucially depends on occasional communal interruptions of normal activity, and it is impeded when sections of the network are too independent. We relate these insights to theories about community-wide rituals at Teotihuacan and the city's eventual disintegration.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Froese, Gershenson and Manzanilla 2014 Can Government Be Self-Organized? A Mathematical Model of the Collective Social Organization of Ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico","attachmentId":38027771,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13364880/Froese_Gershenson_and_Manzanilla_2014_Can_Government_Be_Self_Organized_A_Mathematical_Model_of_the_Collective_Social_Organization_of_Ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13364880/Froese_Gershenson_and_Manzanilla_2014_Can_Government_Be_Self_Organized_A_Mathematical_Model_of_the_Collective_Social_Organization_of_Ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="77871533" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77871533/Can_Government_Be_Self_Organized_A_Mathematical_Model_of_the_Collective_Social_Organization_of_Ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico">Can Government Be Self-Organized? A Mathematical Model of the Collective Social Organization of Ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29470167" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/LindaManzanillaNaim">Linda R . Manzanilla-Naim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Teotihuacan was the first urban civilization of Mesoamerica and one of the largest of the ancient world. Following a tradition in archaeology to equate social complexity with centralized hierarchy, it is widely believed that the city's origin and growth was controlled by a lineage of powerful individuals. However, much data is indicative of a government of co-rulers, and artistic traditions expressed an egalitarian ideology. Yet this alternative keeps being marginalized because the problems of collective action make it difficult to conceive how such a coalition could have functioned in principle. We therefore devised a mathematical model of the city's hypothetical network of representatives as a formal proof of concept that widespread cooperation was realizable in a fully distributed manner. In the model, decisions become self-organized into globally optimal configurations even though local representatives behave and modify their relations in a rational and selfish manner. This self-optimization crucially depends on occasional communal interruptions of normal activity, and it is impeded when sections of the network are too independent. We relate these insights to theories about community-wide rituals at Teotihuacan and the city's eventual disintegration.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Can Government Be Self-Organized? A Mathematical Model of the Collective Social Organization of Ancient Teotihuacan, Central Mexico","attachmentId":85114859,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77871533/Can_Government_Be_Self_Organized_A_Mathematical_Model_of_the_Collective_Social_Organization_of_Ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77871533/Can_Government_Be_Self_Organized_A_Mathematical_Model_of_the_Collective_Social_Organization_of_Ancient_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="52201816" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52201816/Heterarchy_as_Complexity_Archaeology_in_Yoro_Honduras">Heterarchy as Complexity: Archaeology in Yoro, Honduras</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103876" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/RussellSheptak">Russell Sheptak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Based on archaeological evidence from the Cuyumapa Valley in Honduras, including the presence of multiple ballcourts, this paper argues that archaeologists need to pay more attention to Carole Crumley's concept of heterarchy when considering social relations, political relations, and power in ancient societies such as those of the Maya and their neighbors in Mesoamerica. We redefine complexity to include less centralized but regionally heterogeneous societies in which social and political relations are not all centralized into a single hierarchical structure. The Cuyumapa Valley falls in the zone traditionally described as the southeastern edge or periphery of Mesoamerica. Yet our research shows that the region was not a less complex periphery reacting to stimuli from neighboring Maya societies but a region with its own specific developmental history.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Heterarchy as Complexity: Archaeology in Yoro, Honduras","attachmentId":69576309,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52201816/Heterarchy_as_Complexity_Archaeology_in_Yoro_Honduras","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52201816/Heterarchy_as_Complexity_Archaeology_in_Yoro_Honduras"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="720191" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/720191/2004_The_coevolution_of_ritual_and_society_New_14C_dates_from_ancient_Mexico_Joyce_Marcus_and_Kent_V_Flannery_Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_101_52_18257_18261_Dec_28_issue_">2004 The coevolution of ritual and society: New 14C dates from ancient Mexico (Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(52):18257-18261 (Dec. 28 issue)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="473371" href="https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus">joyce marcus</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">New 14 C dates from Oaxaca, Mexico, document changes in religious ritual that accompanied the evolution of society from hunting and gathering to the archaic state. Before 4000 B.P. in conventional radiocarbon years, a nomadic egalitarian lifeway selected for unscheduled (ad hoc) ritual from which no one was excluded. With the establishment of permanent villages (4000 -3000 B.P.), certain rituals were scheduled by solar or astral events and restricted to initiates͞social achievers. After state formation (2050 B.P.), many important rituals were performed only by trained full-time priests using religious calendars and occupying temples built by corvé e labor. Only 1,300 -1,400 years seem to have elapsed between the oldest known ritual building and the first standardized state temple.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2004\tThe coevolution of ritual and society: New 14C dates from ancient Mexico (Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(52):18257-18261 (Dec. 28 issue)","attachmentId":4088868,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/720191/2004_The_coevolution_of_ritual_and_society_New_14C_dates_from_ancient_Mexico_Joyce_Marcus_and_Kent_V_Flannery_Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_101_52_18257_18261_Dec_28_issue_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/720191/2004_The_coevolution_of_ritual_and_society_New_14C_dates_from_ancient_Mexico_Joyce_Marcus_and_Kent_V_Flannery_Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_101_52_18257_18261_Dec_28_issue_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="47923046" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47923046/2020_Beyond_Nature_and_Mythology_Relational_Complexity_in_Contemporary_and_Ancient_Mesoamerican_Rituals">2020 Beyond Nature and Mythology: Relational Complexity in Contemporary and Ancient Mesoamerican Rituals.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2458037" href="https://inah.academia.edu/JohannesNeurath">Johannes Neurath</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mesoamerican Rituals and the Solar Cycle New Perspectives on the Veintena Festivals, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ever since studies on Aztec veintena festivals and similar ritual cycles of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica began to be published in the late nineteenth century, it has been assumed that these ceremonies were closely related to the agricultural cycle. This approach is not only based on the information on calendar rituals given by Bernardino de Sahagún, Diego Durán, and in other available historical sources from the decades immediately following the Spanish Conquest, it is also inherited from nineteenth-century authors studying European folklore and Indo-European philology. As part of what is known in German as Naturmythologische Schule,“School of Nature-Mythology,” scholars like Wilhelm Mannhardt (1868, 1875, 1877) and Friedrich Max Müller (1879, 1907) focused on what they considered pagan or polytheistic tribal religions of Early Europe, in which, according to their analyses, elements or forces of nature were (first) personified and (then) ritually enacted...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2020 Beyond Nature and Mythology: Relational Complexity in Contemporary and Ancient Mesoamerican Rituals.","attachmentId":66801808,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47923046/2020_Beyond_Nature_and_Mythology_Relational_Complexity_in_Contemporary_and_Ancient_Mesoamerican_Rituals","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47923046/2020_Beyond_Nature_and_Mythology_Relational_Complexity_in_Contemporary_and_Ancient_Mesoamerican_Rituals"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="37494337" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37494337/RITUAL_DIVERSITY_AND_SOCIAL_IDENTITIES_A_STUDY_OF_MORTUARY_BEHAVIORS_AT_TEOTIHUACAN">RITUAL DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES: A STUDY OF MORTUARY BEHAVIORS AT TEOTIHUACAN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="91670955" href="https://ceam.academia.edu/AgustinAnaya">La Ventilla Teotihuacan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The research presented here confronts the issue of ritual variation and its role in structuring the social dynamics of ancient Teotihuacan, a state that dominated central Mexico during the first half-millennium A.D. Most of Teotihuacan's urban population lived in apartment compounds located across the city, but the nature of these co-residing groups is not well understood. Even less is known about how subordinate settlements beyond the city limits were organized and to what degree they identified socially with urban Teotihuacan. Because ritual practices are salient in the negotiation of social identities related to gender, age, ethnicity, social status, and religious affiliation, they are an important focus of archaeological research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RITUAL DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES: A STUDY OF MORTUARY BEHAVIORS AT TEOTIHUACAN","attachmentId":57465175,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37494337/RITUAL_DIVERSITY_AND_SOCIAL_IDENTITIES_A_STUDY_OF_MORTUARY_BEHAVIORS_AT_TEOTIHUACAN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37494337/RITUAL_DIVERSITY_AND_SOCIAL_IDENTITIES_A_STUDY_OF_MORTUARY_BEHAVIORS_AT_TEOTIHUACAN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57040287,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57040287,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_57040287" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="4716369" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4716369/Interpretive_Challenges_in_the_Study_of_Early_Complexity_Economy_Ritual_and_Architecture_at_Paso_de_la_Amada_Mexico">Interpretive Challenges in the Study of Early Complexity: Economy, Ritual, and Architecture at Paso de la Amada, Mexico</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1452961" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/RichardLesure">Richard Lesure</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Interpretive Challenges in the Study of Early Complexity: Economy, Ritual, and Architecture at Paso de la Amada, Mexico","attachmentId":32040433,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4716369/Interpretive_Challenges_in_the_Study_of_Early_Complexity_Economy_Ritual_and_Architecture_at_Paso_de_la_Amada_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4716369/Interpretive_Challenges_in_the_Study_of_Early_Complexity_Economy_Ritual_and_Architecture_at_Paso_de_la_Amada_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="44170760" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44170760/Anthropology_604_Archaeology_of_Complex_Societies">Anthropology 604: Archaeology of Complex Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3568211" href="https://alabama.academia.edu/AlexandreTokovinine">Alexandre Tokovinine</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anthropology 604: Archaeology of Complex Societies","attachmentId":64529681,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44170760/Anthropology_604_Archaeology_of_Complex_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44170760/Anthropology_604_Archaeology_of_Complex_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="37547712" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37547712/Middle_Preclassic_Maya_Society_Tilting_at_Windmills_or_Giants_of_Civilization">Middle Preclassic Maya Society: Tilting at Windmills or Giants of Civilization?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="265769" href="https://tulane.academia.edu/MarcelloACanuto">Marcello A . Canuto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Origins of Maya States, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Middle Preclassic Maya Society: Tilting at Windmills or Giants of Civilization?","attachmentId":57522929,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37547712/Middle_Preclassic_Maya_Society_Tilting_at_Windmills_or_Giants_of_Civilization","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37547712/Middle_Preclassic_Maya_Society_Tilting_at_Windmills_or_Giants_of_Civilization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="743234" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/743234/Although_they_have_petty_captains_they_obey_them_badly_the_dialectics_of_prehispanic_Western_Pueblo_social_organization">Although they have petty captains, they obey them badly: the dialectics of prehispanic Western Pueblo social organization</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="551762" href="https://udenver.academia.edu/DeanSaitta">Dean Saitta</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Antiquity, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Although they have petty captains, they obey them badly: the dialectics of prehispanic Western Pueblo social organization","attachmentId":4254274,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/743234/Although_they_have_petty_captains_they_obey_them_badly_the_dialectics_of_prehispanic_Western_Pueblo_social_organization","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/743234/Although_they_have_petty_captains_they_obey_them_badly_the_dialectics_of_prehispanic_Western_Pueblo_social_organization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="38070899" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38070899/Feinman_Gary_2018_The_Governance_and_Leadership_of_Prehispanic_Mesoamerican_Polities_New_Perspectives_and_Comparative_Implications_Cliodynamics_The_Journal_of_Quantitative_History_and_Cultural_Evolution_9_2_1_39">Feinman, Gary. (2018). The Governance and Leadership of Prehispanic Mesoamerican Polities: New Perspectives and Comparative Implications. Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution, 9(2): 1-39.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53525216" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CliodynamicsJournal">Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="243647" href="https://fieldmuseum.academia.edu/GaryFeinman">Gary Feinman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feinman, Gary. (2018). 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D. dissertation, Department of …, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social Complexity, Religious Organization, and Mortuary Ritual In the Casas Grandes Region of Chihuahua, Mexico","attachmentId":3245720,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/312782/Social_Complexity_Religious_Organization_and_Mortuary_Ritual_In_the_Casas_Grandes_Region_of_Chihuahua_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/312782/Social_Complexity_Religious_Organization_and_Mortuary_Ritual_In_the_Casas_Grandes_Region_of_Chihuahua_Mexico"><span 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Arizona Anthropologist, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maya Royal Ritual: Architectonics as a Key to Political Organization","attachmentId":70612827,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54071737/Maya_Royal_Ritual_Architectonics_as_a_Key_to_Political_Organization","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54071737/Maya_Royal_Ritual_Architectonics_as_a_Key_to_Political_Organization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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