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data-work-id="125064205"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125064205/Review_Reviewed_Work_s_Ecology_and_the_Arts_in_Ancient_Panama_On_the_Development_of_Social_Rank_and_Symbolism_in_the_Central_Provinces_by_Olga_F_Linares_Review_by"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Review Reviewed Work(s): Ecology and the Arts in Ancient Panama: On the Development of Social Rank and Symbolism in the Central Provinces by Olga F. 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Linares Review by</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">review of Olga Linares' book on Panama's chiefdoms, burials, art, and iconography.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="983db3c6696607004eed2ba9483e4fb5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119174845,"asset_id":125064205,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119174845/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125064205"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125064205"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125064205; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125064205]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125064205]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125064205; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125064205']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "983db3c6696607004eed2ba9483e4fb5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125064205]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125064205,"title":"Review Reviewed Work(s): Ecology and the Arts in Ancient Panama: On the Development of Social Rank and Symbolism in the Central Provinces by Olga F. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44397712"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44397712/WRITING_ENCYC"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of WRITING-ENCYC" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64805092/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44397712/WRITING_ENCYC">WRITING-ENCYC</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>2006 Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, vol. viii, ed. Peter T. Daniels, pp. 16-25. Oxford & San Diego: Elsevier Press. 2nd Ed. </span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction to Mesoamerican scripts, including Zapotec, Maya, Mixtec, Aztec.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="428bb39d445cd21a9fbd0504dcf6569c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64805092,"asset_id":44397712,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64805092/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44397712"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44397712"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44397712; 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Urbanism. Craft specialization.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ccb1b3ed7e9d44e2fbd7eaf5957c0b0a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55763943,"asset_id":35884036,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55763943/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35884036"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35884036"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35884036; 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In The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands, edited by Geoffrey E. Braswell, pp. 88-116.  Equinox Press, London.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="38c3a222ceb9fb2388ff3167633e4b16" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55763929,"asset_id":35884026,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55763929/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35884026"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35884026"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35884026; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35374114"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35374114/The_Inca_conquest_of_Cerro_Azul"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Inca conquest of Cerro Azul" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55234420/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35374114/The_Inca_conquest_of_Cerro_Azul">The Inca conquest of Cerro Azul</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">By A.D. 1450 the Inca had annexed the Kingdom of Lunahuaná in the chaupi yunga of the Cañete Vall...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">By A.D. 1450 the Inca had annexed the Kingdom of Lunahuaná in the chaupi yunga of the Cañete Valley.  The Kingdom of Huarco proved much more difficult to subdue, but by A.D. 1470, after several efforts, the Inca succeeded.  While Inkawasi (in the señorío de Lunahuaná) and Cerro Azul (in the señorío de Huarco) both have Inca architecture, their differences reflect the multiple strategies of the Inca empire.  <br /><br />Hacia 1450 d.C. los Incas habían anexado el señorío de Lunahuaná en el chaupi yunga del valle de Cañete.  El señorío de Huarco resultó mucho más difícil de someter, pero por 1470 d.C., después de varios esfuerzos, los Incas tuvieron éxito.  Mientras que Inkawasi (en el señorío de Lunahuaná) y Cerro Azul (en el señorío de Huarco) tienen arquitectura inca, sus diferencias reflejan las múltiples estrategias del imperio incaico.  Inkawasi era una ciudad planificada, dominada por los almacenes estandardizados.  En Cerro Azul los Incas construyeron edificios rituales sobre los acantilados, donde podían verse desde una gran distancia.  Estos edificios incluyen un ushnu de sillar (toba volcánica, una piedra de origen volcánico) con una escalera de piedra que conduce al mar lo cual permitió hacer las ofrendas a Urpay Huachac o Mamaqocha, y un edificio de adobes con una posible intiwatana y un mirador que ofrece una vista espectacular del Océano Pacífico.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d9f9e465f7f1564790ec75167a5464f7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55234420,"asset_id":35374114,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55234420/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35374114"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35374114"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35374114; 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American Antiquity 48:454-88 </span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3b9f23d78cc11da81038ea466a895182" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47325794,"asset_id":27072527,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47325794/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27072527"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27072527"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27072527; 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In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interact...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, ed. Geoff E. Braswell, pp. 337-356. University of Texas Press, Austin.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0a62d8ea269d33951538f5816333dfd3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46844137,"asset_id":26550980,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46844137/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26550980"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26550980"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26550980; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26550980]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26550980]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26550980; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26550980']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0a62d8ea269d33951538f5816333dfd3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26550980]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26550980,"title":"The Maya and Teotihuacan Chapter 13","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26550980/The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13","owner_id":473371,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":473371,"first_name":"joyce","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"marcus","page_name":"joycemarcus","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2011-06-05T03:25:15.574-07:00","display_name":"joyce marcus","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus"},"attachments":[{"id":46844137,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46844137/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13_3_1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46844137/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46844137/The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13_3_1-libre.pdf?1467078612=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13.pdf\u0026Expires=1740533457\u0026Signature=cc~6bk7iA0Ceh4YlP6wImEHgq6LpXka5GhHZK098C2ccUgDpZ3bws0VvKyAfHr4EnwPggyQYHFsGR1scoS0VmFVzMNC9yZA-tWwzKrMe8TNbsDB2aSJDc8ROpYu0Cjy-~h8iKOt~Vzf7O46nrqkG74iKG1n1VoyjHU99FKZC6Ul9cDCuCMHgSrlLqBnHzUdAvlsaVl8l3rMclFtrA~hSKjKIIMKwgICQFl0awgILRsv6XOVymkthtxJOPke65WmlwjvgDj90T1J47NbAPrjvsK8iQ-FhXpCknaZ2eWcriOKTXwVeDv0ypZqW6im9U2fIZkjZPamdttPXNREm6Pf5iw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26542680"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26542680/The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_2003_The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_In_The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Reinterpreting_Early_Classic_Interaction_ed_Geoff_E_Braswell_pp_337_356_U_Texas_Press"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Maya and Teotihuacan 2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, ed. Geoff E. Braswell, pp. 337-356. U Texas Press." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46835922/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26542680/The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_2003_The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_In_The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Reinterpreting_Early_Classic_Interaction_ed_Geoff_E_Braswell_pp_337_356_U_Texas_Press">The Maya and Teotihuacan 2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, ed. Geoff E. Braswell, pp. 337-356. U Texas Press.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Marcus. Joyce 2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Marcus. Joyce  <br />2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, ed. Geoff E. Braswell, pp. 337-356. U Texas Press, Austin.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="72263f50287af97197a9ecf7de5cf18f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46835922,"asset_id":26542680,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46835922/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26542680"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26542680"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26542680; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26542680]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26542680]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26542680; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26542680']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "72263f50287af97197a9ecf7de5cf18f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26542680]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26542680,"title":"The Maya and Teotihuacan 2003\tThe Maya and Teotihuacan. 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Flannery). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 1-17. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. A Biographical Memoir by" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46785122/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26489252/2016_Fred_Wendorf_1924_2015_with_Kent_V_Flannery_Biographical_Memoirs_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_pp_1_17_National_Academy_Press_Washington_D_C_A_Biographical_Memoir_by">2016 Fred Wendorf, 1924-2015 (with Kent V. Flannery). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 1-17. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. A Biographical Memoir by</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">documents the major contributions and fabulous career of Fred Wendorf</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c893ee7c4b51eb2a26aa31d38a2e4bfa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46785122,"asset_id":26489252,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46785122/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26489252"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26489252"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26489252; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26489252]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26489252]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26489252; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26489252']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c893ee7c4b51eb2a26aa31d38a2e4bfa" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26489252]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26489252,"title":"2016\t\t\tFred Wendorf, 1924-2015 (with Kent V. 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Archaeological Rev from Cambridge 3(2):48-62. Cambridge, Engl" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42006306/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21531135/1984_Mesoamerican_Territorial_Boundaries_Reconstructions_from_Archaeology_and_Hieroglyphic_Writing_Archaeological_Rev_from_Cambridge_3_2_48_62_Cambridge_Engl">1984 Mesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstructions from Archaeology and Hieroglyphic Writing. Archaeological Rev from Cambridge 3(2):48-62. Cambridge, Engl</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1984 Mesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstructions from Archaeology and Hieroglyphic Writi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1984 Mesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstructions from Archaeology and Hieroglyphic Writing. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 3(2):48-62. Cambridge, England.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d4a67d7e6ef3e68607a97d868cd4c734" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42006306,"asset_id":21531135,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42006306/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21531135"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21531135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21531135; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21531135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21531135]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21531135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21531135']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d4a67d7e6ef3e68607a97d868cd4c734" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21531135]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21531135,"title":"1984\tMesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstructions from Archaeology and Hieroglyphic Writing. 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National Geographic Research & Exploration 8(4): 392-411. Washington, DC (Fall issue)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39997082/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18328471/1992_Dynamic_Cycles_of_Mesoamerican_States_National_Geographic_Research_and_Exploration_8_4_392_411_Washington_DC_Fall_issue_">1992 Dynamic Cycles of Mesoamerican States. National Geographic Research & Exploration 8(4): 392-411. Washington, DC (Fall issue)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Describes how states form, expand, dissolve, and form again on the boundaries of former expansion...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Describes how states form, expand, dissolve, and form again on the boundaries of former expansionist states.  A comparative study of state formation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1f4b434c0399576023485a4eb74aa372" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39997082,"asset_id":18328471,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39997082/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18328471"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18328471"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18328471; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18328471]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18328471]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18328471; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18328471']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1f4b434c0399576023485a4eb74aa372" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18328471]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18328471,"title":"1992\tDynamic Cycles of Mesoamerican States. 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Gifts build social networks and should always be reciprocated.  Youths should defer to initiated elders; late arrivals in a territory should defer to those already there.  Our way of life is superior to that of our neighbors.<br />Despite the widespread nature of such principles, most anthropologists would not argue that they are “encoded in our genes.” Sharing is widespread among foragers because they employ continual social pressure to encourage it.  Were there genes for generosity, such pressure would have been unnecessary, and later peoples would have found it difficult to create inequality. <br />By the end of the Ice Age ---some 10,000 years ago --- people in the Near East, Mexico, and Peru had begun to domesticate plants and animals.  As larger and more sedentary societies formed, their social logic was sometimes tweaked to allow for inequality.  Two contrasting forms of society, based on different logic, followed the establishment of agriculture.<br />Some societies ---preserving the notion of generosity, but relaxing the prohibitions against surplus --- allowed enterprising individuals to create differences in prestige by humiliating the less successful with gifts too large to be reciprocated.  Many New Guinea societies came to be divided into “big men,” “ordinary men,” and “rubbish men.”  Some Native American societies created a “hierarchy of virtue” in which talented and ambitious individuals could rise in prestige by climbing a ladder of ritual offices.  In some Pueblo communities, men could rise through 7 or 8 such offices until they were “completed” as respected elders.  In some Plains communities, women could rise through 4 or 5 ritual offices until they were considered “holy.”<br />In none of these achievement-based societies was leadership allowed to become hereditary, however.  One could serve as role model for one’s children, but not bequeath them one’s office or prestige.  Prehistoric examples of such societies can be detected by archaeologists because much of their ritual was focused on propitiating the ancestors, and required the building of venues such as ritual men’s houses, kivas, and the like.  The first signs of such buildings appeared in the Near East 10,000 years ago.<br />Eventually, some societies altered their logic to permit one segment of society to monopolize leadership, allowing their children to inherit authority.  On rare occasions, for example among the Native Americans of British Columbia, this happened even among hunter-gatherers.  One’s inability to reciprocate gifts not only left one inferior in virtue, but also became a debt that had to be worked off through servitude.  Archaeologists in British Columbia point to a moment when small, economically vulnerable families seem to have been absorbed into larger and more successful families, perhaps as debt slaves. To codify such inequality, emerging elites attributed their superior status to their ancestors, who had allegedly been favored by celestial spirits. They created sumptuary goods---trappings of aristocracy to which they were entitled from birth ---and bequeathed them to their heirs at lavish ceremonies.<br />The prehistoric record suggests that societies with hereditary aristocracies arose 7500 years ago in the Near East, 4000 years ago in Peru, and 3000 years ago in Mexico.  Among the clues are the presence of sumptuary goods in children’s burials, and the replacement of ritual men’s houses by actual temples.  Temples were created because it became more important to propitiate the alpha spirits from which the elite derived their authority than to propitiate the beta ancestors of commoners.  <br />    Anthropologists, however, have documented cases where a would-be elite’s attempt to place itself in a superior position was successfully resisted by other segments of society.  When resistance was unsuccessful, cosmologies were modified to attribute emerging inequality to the will of creator spirits.    <br />In Hawai’i and Egypt, logic was altered to release chiefly families from the usual incest taboos.  Chiefs could marry their sisters to preserve the bluest bloodlines; such sibling marriage was justified by arguing that some celestial spirits had also practiced it.  Soon blood feuds --- originally a way of settling scores --- evolved into wars of chiefly expansion and the conversion of rivals to slaves.  The simple ethnocentrism of earlier societies gave way to actual discrimination.  The social pressure once used to prevent others from showing off was replaced by acts of obeisance toward those of elite birth. <br />In some parts of the ancient world we can detect groups of neighboring chiefly societies battling for centuries, each aspiring to take over its rivals’ land and labor.  On rare occasions, a stalemate was broken when one such society gained an unexpected advantage, allowing it to take over its rivals and turn them into the subject provinces of a much larger territory.  It was through such processes that the first kingdoms of Hawai’i, the Asante, and the Zulu formed.  Archaeologists can now show that similar processes created the first kingdoms of southwest Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Maya, the Mexican highlands, and the coast of Peru.  Indeed, once set in motion, elite competition created chain reactions in which multiple fortified kingdoms might arise.  Changes in logic allowed for societies to be divided into royalty, nobility, landed gentry, landless serfs, and slaves.<br />There were significant differences among early kingdoms, however.  In Egypt and Peru the ruler was considered a deity, equivalent to the celestial spirits who constituted society’s alphas.  In kingdoms like those of Mexico’s Maya and Zapotec, the ruler had religious authority but was not an actual deity.  Among the Aztec and the early Sumerians, the ruler was a mortal oligarch.  Will future research show continuities between such contrasting kingdoms and the earlier societies out of which they were created?  Might divine kingship be the legacy of earlier societies where religious authority was uppermost? Might secular kingship be the legacy of earlier societies where military force was uppermost? <br />We conclude with the question asked 250 years ago by Rousseau: how much social inequality is authorized by Natural Law?  The answer is, very little.  Had our ancestors held firm to the social logic of 15,000 years ago, there would today be no one of aristocratic birth, no vast accumulations of wealth, no bequeathing of privilege to children.  Our only social hierarchy would be one of virtue, and we would be led by those who give generously while asking only for respect.  The first step toward such a society would be to reverse the changes in logic made by our ancestors.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="74bda48c320619af986e9e7c079ae57d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":21751494,"asset_id":1755908,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/21751494/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1755908"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1755908"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1755908; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1755907"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1755907/The_Creation_of_Inequality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Creation of Inequality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1755907/The_Creation_of_Inequality">The Creation of Inequality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated"> THE CREATION OF INEQUALITY HOW OUR PREHISTORIC ANCESTORS SET THE STAGE FOR MONARCHY, SLAVERY, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">THE CREATION OF INEQUALITY<br /><br />HOW OUR PREHISTORIC ANCESTORS SET THE STAGE FOR MONARCHY, SLAVERY, AND EMPIRE<br /><br />***<br />By Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus<br /><br />***<br /><br />Some 15,000 years ago, our ancestors still lived in small-scale foraging societies whose members were treated as equals.  Slowly but surely, however, some of them created larger societies with greater levels of social inequality.  By 2500 B.C. virtually every form of inequality known to mankind existed somewhere in the world.  <br />How did our ancestors convert the original level playing field to a stratified society?  This book addresses that question by synthesizing two sources of data: archaeological information on prehistoric societies and anthropological information on analogous living societies.<br />The answer lies neither in our genes, nor in shopworn explanations like population pressure and environmental stress.  It lies in the unique social logic possessed by every human group.  Living societies can be observed making changes in that logic; the effects of such changes can be detected in prehistory.  <br />Traditional hunters and gatherers believed that they had been created by supernatural spirits who gave them principles to live by.  Those spirits were the alphas in a cosmic hierarchy; the betas were ancestors, who intervened on behalf of their living descendants with the spirit world.<br />Here are some typical principles of hunter-gatherer logic: There is an invisible life force within us.  Certain spirits, places, and objects are sacred.  Individuals differ in virtue.  Generosity is a virtue; hoarding or creating surpluses is selfish. Gifts build social networks and should always be reciprocated.  Youths should defer to initiated elders; late arrivals in a territory should defer to those already there.  Our way of life is superior to that of our neighbors.<br />Despite the widespread nature of such principles, most anthropologists would not argue that they are “encoded in our genes.” Sharing is widespread among foragers because they employ continual social pressure to encourage it.  Were there genes for generosity, such pressure would have been unnecessary, and later peoples would have found it difficult to create inequality. <br />By the end of the Ice Age ---some 10,000 years ago --- people in the Near East, Mexico, and Peru had begun to domesticate plants and animals.  As larger and more sedentary societies formed, their social logic was sometimes tweaked to allow for inequality.  Two contrasting forms of society, based on different logic, followed the establishment of agriculture.<br />Some societies ---preserving the notion of generosity, but relaxing the prohibitions against surplus --- allowed enterprising individuals to create differences in prestige by humiliating the less successful with gifts too large to be reciprocated.  Many New Guinea societies came to be divided into “big men,” “ordinary men,” and “rubbish men.”  Some Native American societies created a “hierarchy of virtue” in which talented and ambitious individuals could rise in prestige by climbing a ladder of ritual offices.  In some Pueblo communities, men could rise through 7 or 8 such offices until they were “completed” as respected elders.  In some Plains communities, women could rise through 4 or 5 ritual offices until they were considered “holy.”<br />In none of these achievement-based societies was leadership allowed to become hereditary, however.  One could serve as role model for one’s children, but not bequeath them one’s office or prestige.  Prehistoric examples of such societies can be detected by archaeologists because much of their ritual was focused on propitiating the ancestors, and required the building of venues such as ritual men’s houses, kivas, and the like.  The first signs of such buildings appeared in the Near East 10,000 years ago.<br />Eventually, some societies altered their logic to permit one segment of society to monopolize leadership, allowing their children to inherit authority.  On rare occasions, for example among the Native Americans of British Columbia, this happened even among hunter-gatherers.  One’s inability to reciprocate gifts not only left one inferior in virtue, but also became a debt that had to be worked off through servitude.  Archaeologists in British Columbia point to a moment when small, economically vulnerable families seem to have been absorbed into larger and more successful families, perhaps as debt slaves. To codify such inequality, emerging elites attributed their superior status to their ancestors, who had allegedly been favored by celestial spirits. They created sumptuary goods---trappings of aristocracy to which they were entitled from birth ---and bequeathed them to their heirs at lavish ceremonies.<br />The prehistoric record suggests that societies with hereditary aristocracies arose 7500 years ago in the Near East, 4000 years ago in Peru, and 3000 years ago in Mexico.  Among the clues are the presence of sumptuary goods in children’s burials, and the replacement of ritual men’s houses by actual temples.  Temples were created because it became more important to propitiate the alpha spirits from which the elite derived their authority than to propitiate the beta ancestors of commoners.  <br />    Anthropologists, however, have documented cases where a would-be elite’s attempt to place itself in a superior position was successfully resisted by other segments of society.  When resistance was unsuccessful, cosmologies were modified to attribute emerging inequality to the will of creator spirits.    <br />In Hawai’i and Egypt, logic was altered to release chiefly families from the usual incest taboos.  Chiefs could marry their sisters to preserve the bluest bloodlines; such sibling marriage was justified by arguing that some celestial spirits had also practiced it.  Soon blood feuds --- originally a way of settling scores --- evolved into wars of chiefly expansion and the conversion of rivals to slaves.  The simple ethnocentrism of earlier societies gave way to actual discrimination.  The social pressure once used to prevent others from showing off was replaced by acts of obeisance toward those of elite birth. <br />In some parts of the ancient world we can detect groups of neighboring chiefly societies battling for centuries, each aspiring to take over its rivals’ land and labor.  On rare occasions, a stalemate was broken when one such society gained an unexpected advantage, allowing it to take over its rivals and turn them into the subject provinces of a much larger territory.  It was through such processes that the first kingdoms of Hawai’i, the Asante, and the Zulu formed.  Archaeologists can now show that similar processes created the first kingdoms of southwest Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Maya, the Mexican highlands, and the coast of Peru.  Indeed, once set in motion, elite competition created chain reactions in which multiple fortified kingdoms might arise.  Changes in logic allowed for societies to be divided into royalty, nobility, landed gentry, landless serfs, and slaves.<br />There were significant differences among early kingdoms, however.  In Egypt and Peru the ruler was considered a deity, equivalent to the celestial spirits who constituted society’s alphas.  In kingdoms like those of Mexico’s Maya and Zapotec, the ruler had religious authority but was not an actual deity.  Among the Aztec and the early Sumerians, the ruler was a mortal oligarch.  Will future research show continuities between such contrasting kingdoms and the earlier societies out of which they were created?  Might divine kingship be the legacy of earlier societies where religious authority was uppermost? Might secular kingship be the legacy of earlier societies where military force was uppermost? <br />We conclude with the question asked 250 years ago by Rousseau: how much social inequality is authorized by Natural Law?  The answer is, very little.  Had our ancestors held firm to the social logic of 15,000 years ago, there would today be no one of aristocratic birth, no vast accumulations of wealth, no bequeathing of privilege to children.  Our only social hierarchy would be one of virtue, and we would be led by those who give generously while asking only for respect.  The first step toward such a society would be to reverse the changes in logic made by our ancestors.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1755907"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1755907"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1755907; 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Linares Review by" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119174845/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125064205/Review_Reviewed_Work_s_Ecology_and_the_Arts_in_Ancient_Panama_On_the_Development_of_Social_Rank_and_Symbolism_in_the_Central_Provinces_by_Olga_F_Linares_Review_by">Review Reviewed Work(s): Ecology and the Arts in Ancient Panama: On the Development of Social Rank and Symbolism in the Central Provinces by Olga F. Linares Review by</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">review of Olga Linares' book on Panama's chiefdoms, burials, art, and iconography.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="983db3c6696607004eed2ba9483e4fb5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119174845,"asset_id":125064205,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119174845/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125064205"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125064205"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125064205; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125064205]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125064205]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125064205; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125064205']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "983db3c6696607004eed2ba9483e4fb5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125064205]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125064205,"title":"Review Reviewed Work(s): Ecology and the Arts in Ancient Panama: On the Development of Social Rank and Symbolism in the Central Provinces by Olga F. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44397712"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44397712/WRITING_ENCYC"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of WRITING-ENCYC" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64805092/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44397712/WRITING_ENCYC">WRITING-ENCYC</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>2006 Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, vol. viii, ed. Peter T. Daniels, pp. 16-25. Oxford & San Diego: Elsevier Press. 2nd Ed. </span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction to Mesoamerican scripts, including Zapotec, Maya, Mixtec, Aztec.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="428bb39d445cd21a9fbd0504dcf6569c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64805092,"asset_id":44397712,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64805092/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44397712"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44397712"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44397712; 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Urbanism. Craft specialization.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ccb1b3ed7e9d44e2fbd7eaf5957c0b0a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55763943,"asset_id":35884036,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55763943/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35884036"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35884036"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35884036; 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In The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands, edited by Geoffrey E. Braswell, pp. 88-116.  Equinox Press, London.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="38c3a222ceb9fb2388ff3167633e4b16" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55763929,"asset_id":35884026,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55763929/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35884026"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35884026"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35884026; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35374114"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35374114/The_Inca_conquest_of_Cerro_Azul"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Inca conquest of Cerro Azul" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55234420/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35374114/The_Inca_conquest_of_Cerro_Azul">The Inca conquest of Cerro Azul</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">By A.D. 1450 the Inca had annexed the Kingdom of Lunahuaná in the chaupi yunga of the Cañete Vall...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">By A.D. 1450 the Inca had annexed the Kingdom of Lunahuaná in the chaupi yunga of the Cañete Valley.  The Kingdom of Huarco proved much more difficult to subdue, but by A.D. 1470, after several efforts, the Inca succeeded.  While Inkawasi (in the señorío de Lunahuaná) and Cerro Azul (in the señorío de Huarco) both have Inca architecture, their differences reflect the multiple strategies of the Inca empire.  <br /><br />Hacia 1450 d.C. los Incas habían anexado el señorío de Lunahuaná en el chaupi yunga del valle de Cañete.  El señorío de Huarco resultó mucho más difícil de someter, pero por 1470 d.C., después de varios esfuerzos, los Incas tuvieron éxito.  Mientras que Inkawasi (en el señorío de Lunahuaná) y Cerro Azul (en el señorío de Huarco) tienen arquitectura inca, sus diferencias reflejan las múltiples estrategias del imperio incaico.  Inkawasi era una ciudad planificada, dominada por los almacenes estandardizados.  En Cerro Azul los Incas construyeron edificios rituales sobre los acantilados, donde podían verse desde una gran distancia.  Estos edificios incluyen un ushnu de sillar (toba volcánica, una piedra de origen volcánico) con una escalera de piedra que conduce al mar lo cual permitió hacer las ofrendas a Urpay Huachac o Mamaqocha, y un edificio de adobes con una posible intiwatana y un mirador que ofrece una vista espectacular del Océano Pacífico.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d9f9e465f7f1564790ec75167a5464f7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55234420,"asset_id":35374114,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55234420/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35374114"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35374114"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35374114; 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American Antiquity 48:454-88 </span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3b9f23d78cc11da81038ea466a895182" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47325794,"asset_id":27072527,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47325794/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27072527"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27072527"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27072527; 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In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interact...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, ed. Geoff E. Braswell, pp. 337-356. University of Texas Press, Austin.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0a62d8ea269d33951538f5816333dfd3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46844137,"asset_id":26550980,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46844137/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26550980"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26550980"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26550980; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26550980]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26550980]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26550980; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26550980']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0a62d8ea269d33951538f5816333dfd3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26550980]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26550980,"title":"The Maya and Teotihuacan Chapter 13","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26550980/The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13","owner_id":473371,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":473371,"first_name":"joyce","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"marcus","page_name":"joycemarcus","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2011-06-05T03:25:15.574-07:00","display_name":"joyce marcus","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus"},"attachments":[{"id":46844137,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46844137/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13_3_1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46844137/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46844137/The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13_3_1-libre.pdf?1467078612=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Chapter_13.pdf\u0026Expires=1740533457\u0026Signature=cc~6bk7iA0Ceh4YlP6wImEHgq6LpXka5GhHZK098C2ccUgDpZ3bws0VvKyAfHr4EnwPggyQYHFsGR1scoS0VmFVzMNC9yZA-tWwzKrMe8TNbsDB2aSJDc8ROpYu0Cjy-~h8iKOt~Vzf7O46nrqkG74iKG1n1VoyjHU99FKZC6Ul9cDCuCMHgSrlLqBnHzUdAvlsaVl8l3rMclFtrA~hSKjKIIMKwgICQFl0awgILRsv6XOVymkthtxJOPke65WmlwjvgDj90T1J47NbAPrjvsK8iQ-FhXpCknaZ2eWcriOKTXwVeDv0ypZqW6im9U2fIZkjZPamdttPXNREm6Pf5iw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26542680"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26542680/The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_2003_The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_In_The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Reinterpreting_Early_Classic_Interaction_ed_Geoff_E_Braswell_pp_337_356_U_Texas_Press"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Maya and Teotihuacan 2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, ed. Geoff E. Braswell, pp. 337-356. U Texas Press." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46835922/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26542680/The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_2003_The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_In_The_Maya_and_Teotihuacan_Reinterpreting_Early_Classic_Interaction_ed_Geoff_E_Braswell_pp_337_356_U_Texas_Press">The Maya and Teotihuacan 2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, ed. Geoff E. Braswell, pp. 337-356. U Texas Press.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Marcus. Joyce 2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Marcus. Joyce  <br />2003 The Maya and Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, ed. Geoff E. Braswell, pp. 337-356. U Texas Press, Austin.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="72263f50287af97197a9ecf7de5cf18f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46835922,"asset_id":26542680,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46835922/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26542680"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26542680"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26542680; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26542680]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26542680]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26542680; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26542680']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "72263f50287af97197a9ecf7de5cf18f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26542680]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26542680,"title":"The Maya and Teotihuacan 2003\tThe Maya and Teotihuacan. 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Flannery). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 1-17. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. A Biographical Memoir by" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46785122/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26489252/2016_Fred_Wendorf_1924_2015_with_Kent_V_Flannery_Biographical_Memoirs_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_pp_1_17_National_Academy_Press_Washington_D_C_A_Biographical_Memoir_by">2016 Fred Wendorf, 1924-2015 (with Kent V. Flannery). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 1-17. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. A Biographical Memoir by</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">documents the major contributions and fabulous career of Fred Wendorf</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c893ee7c4b51eb2a26aa31d38a2e4bfa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46785122,"asset_id":26489252,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46785122/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26489252"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26489252"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26489252; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26489252]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26489252]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26489252; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26489252']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c893ee7c4b51eb2a26aa31d38a2e4bfa" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26489252]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26489252,"title":"2016\t\t\tFred Wendorf, 1924-2015 (with Kent V. 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Archaeological Rev from Cambridge 3(2):48-62. Cambridge, Engl" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42006306/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21531135/1984_Mesoamerican_Territorial_Boundaries_Reconstructions_from_Archaeology_and_Hieroglyphic_Writing_Archaeological_Rev_from_Cambridge_3_2_48_62_Cambridge_Engl">1984 Mesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstructions from Archaeology and Hieroglyphic Writing. Archaeological Rev from Cambridge 3(2):48-62. Cambridge, Engl</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1984 Mesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstructions from Archaeology and Hieroglyphic Writi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1984 Mesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstructions from Archaeology and Hieroglyphic Writing. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 3(2):48-62. Cambridge, England.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d4a67d7e6ef3e68607a97d868cd4c734" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42006306,"asset_id":21531135,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42006306/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21531135"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21531135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21531135; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21531135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21531135]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21531135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21531135']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d4a67d7e6ef3e68607a97d868cd4c734" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21531135]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21531135,"title":"1984\tMesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstructions from Archaeology and Hieroglyphic Writing. 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National Geographic Research & Exploration 8(4): 392-411. Washington, DC (Fall issue)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39997082/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18328471/1992_Dynamic_Cycles_of_Mesoamerican_States_National_Geographic_Research_and_Exploration_8_4_392_411_Washington_DC_Fall_issue_">1992 Dynamic Cycles of Mesoamerican States. National Geographic Research & Exploration 8(4): 392-411. Washington, DC (Fall issue)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Describes how states form, expand, dissolve, and form again on the boundaries of former expansion...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Describes how states form, expand, dissolve, and form again on the boundaries of former expansionist states.  A comparative study of state formation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1f4b434c0399576023485a4eb74aa372" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39997082,"asset_id":18328471,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39997082/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18328471"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18328471"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18328471; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18328471]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18328471]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18328471; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18328471']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1f4b434c0399576023485a4eb74aa372" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18328471]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18328471,"title":"1992\tDynamic Cycles of Mesoamerican States. 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Gifts build social networks and should always be reciprocated.  Youths should defer to initiated elders; late arrivals in a territory should defer to those already there.  Our way of life is superior to that of our neighbors.<br />Despite the widespread nature of such principles, most anthropologists would not argue that they are “encoded in our genes.” Sharing is widespread among foragers because they employ continual social pressure to encourage it.  Were there genes for generosity, such pressure would have been unnecessary, and later peoples would have found it difficult to create inequality. <br />By the end of the Ice Age ---some 10,000 years ago --- people in the Near East, Mexico, and Peru had begun to domesticate plants and animals.  As larger and more sedentary societies formed, their social logic was sometimes tweaked to allow for inequality.  Two contrasting forms of society, based on different logic, followed the establishment of agriculture.<br />Some societies ---preserving the notion of generosity, but relaxing the prohibitions against surplus --- allowed enterprising individuals to create differences in prestige by humiliating the less successful with gifts too large to be reciprocated.  Many New Guinea societies came to be divided into “big men,” “ordinary men,” and “rubbish men.”  Some Native American societies created a “hierarchy of virtue” in which talented and ambitious individuals could rise in prestige by climbing a ladder of ritual offices.  In some Pueblo communities, men could rise through 7 or 8 such offices until they were “completed” as respected elders.  In some Plains communities, women could rise through 4 or 5 ritual offices until they were considered “holy.”<br />In none of these achievement-based societies was leadership allowed to become hereditary, however.  One could serve as role model for one’s children, but not bequeath them one’s office or prestige.  Prehistoric examples of such societies can be detected by archaeologists because much of their ritual was focused on propitiating the ancestors, and required the building of venues such as ritual men’s houses, kivas, and the like.  The first signs of such buildings appeared in the Near East 10,000 years ago.<br />Eventually, some societies altered their logic to permit one segment of society to monopolize leadership, allowing their children to inherit authority.  On rare occasions, for example among the Native Americans of British Columbia, this happened even among hunter-gatherers.  One’s inability to reciprocate gifts not only left one inferior in virtue, but also became a debt that had to be worked off through servitude.  Archaeologists in British Columbia point to a moment when small, economically vulnerable families seem to have been absorbed into larger and more successful families, perhaps as debt slaves. To codify such inequality, emerging elites attributed their superior status to their ancestors, who had allegedly been favored by celestial spirits. They created sumptuary goods---trappings of aristocracy to which they were entitled from birth ---and bequeathed them to their heirs at lavish ceremonies.<br />The prehistoric record suggests that societies with hereditary aristocracies arose 7500 years ago in the Near East, 4000 years ago in Peru, and 3000 years ago in Mexico.  Among the clues are the presence of sumptuary goods in children’s burials, and the replacement of ritual men’s houses by actual temples.  Temples were created because it became more important to propitiate the alpha spirits from which the elite derived their authority than to propitiate the beta ancestors of commoners.  <br />    Anthropologists, however, have documented cases where a would-be elite’s attempt to place itself in a superior position was successfully resisted by other segments of society.  When resistance was unsuccessful, cosmologies were modified to attribute emerging inequality to the will of creator spirits.    <br />In Hawai’i and Egypt, logic was altered to release chiefly families from the usual incest taboos.  Chiefs could marry their sisters to preserve the bluest bloodlines; such sibling marriage was justified by arguing that some celestial spirits had also practiced it.  Soon blood feuds --- originally a way of settling scores --- evolved into wars of chiefly expansion and the conversion of rivals to slaves.  The simple ethnocentrism of earlier societies gave way to actual discrimination.  The social pressure once used to prevent others from showing off was replaced by acts of obeisance toward those of elite birth. <br />In some parts of the ancient world we can detect groups of neighboring chiefly societies battling for centuries, each aspiring to take over its rivals’ land and labor.  On rare occasions, a stalemate was broken when one such society gained an unexpected advantage, allowing it to take over its rivals and turn them into the subject provinces of a much larger territory.  It was through such processes that the first kingdoms of Hawai’i, the Asante, and the Zulu formed.  Archaeologists can now show that similar processes created the first kingdoms of southwest Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Maya, the Mexican highlands, and the coast of Peru.  Indeed, once set in motion, elite competition created chain reactions in which multiple fortified kingdoms might arise.  Changes in logic allowed for societies to be divided into royalty, nobility, landed gentry, landless serfs, and slaves.<br />There were significant differences among early kingdoms, however.  In Egypt and Peru the ruler was considered a deity, equivalent to the celestial spirits who constituted society’s alphas.  In kingdoms like those of Mexico’s Maya and Zapotec, the ruler had religious authority but was not an actual deity.  Among the Aztec and the early Sumerians, the ruler was a mortal oligarch.  Will future research show continuities between such contrasting kingdoms and the earlier societies out of which they were created?  Might divine kingship be the legacy of earlier societies where religious authority was uppermost? Might secular kingship be the legacy of earlier societies where military force was uppermost? <br />We conclude with the question asked 250 years ago by Rousseau: how much social inequality is authorized by Natural Law?  The answer is, very little.  Had our ancestors held firm to the social logic of 15,000 years ago, there would today be no one of aristocratic birth, no vast accumulations of wealth, no bequeathing of privilege to children.  Our only social hierarchy would be one of virtue, and we would be led by those who give generously while asking only for respect.  The first step toward such a society would be to reverse the changes in logic made by our ancestors.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="74bda48c320619af986e9e7c079ae57d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":21751494,"asset_id":1755908,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/21751494/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1755908"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1755908"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1755908; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1755907"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1755907/The_Creation_of_Inequality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Creation of Inequality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1755907/The_Creation_of_Inequality">The Creation of Inequality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated"> THE CREATION OF INEQUALITY HOW OUR PREHISTORIC ANCESTORS SET THE STAGE FOR MONARCHY, SLAVERY, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">THE CREATION OF INEQUALITY<br /><br />HOW OUR PREHISTORIC ANCESTORS SET THE STAGE FOR MONARCHY, SLAVERY, AND EMPIRE<br /><br />***<br />By Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus<br /><br />***<br /><br />Some 15,000 years ago, our ancestors still lived in small-scale foraging societies whose members were treated as equals.  Slowly but surely, however, some of them created larger societies with greater levels of social inequality.  By 2500 B.C. virtually every form of inequality known to mankind existed somewhere in the world.  <br />How did our ancestors convert the original level playing field to a stratified society?  This book addresses that question by synthesizing two sources of data: archaeological information on prehistoric societies and anthropological information on analogous living societies.<br />The answer lies neither in our genes, nor in shopworn explanations like population pressure and environmental stress.  It lies in the unique social logic possessed by every human group.  Living societies can be observed making changes in that logic; the effects of such changes can be detected in prehistory.  <br />Traditional hunters and gatherers believed that they had been created by supernatural spirits who gave them principles to live by.  Those spirits were the alphas in a cosmic hierarchy; the betas were ancestors, who intervened on behalf of their living descendants with the spirit world.<br />Here are some typical principles of hunter-gatherer logic: There is an invisible life force within us.  Certain spirits, places, and objects are sacred.  Individuals differ in virtue.  Generosity is a virtue; hoarding or creating surpluses is selfish. Gifts build social networks and should always be reciprocated.  Youths should defer to initiated elders; late arrivals in a territory should defer to those already there.  Our way of life is superior to that of our neighbors.<br />Despite the widespread nature of such principles, most anthropologists would not argue that they are “encoded in our genes.” Sharing is widespread among foragers because they employ continual social pressure to encourage it.  Were there genes for generosity, such pressure would have been unnecessary, and later peoples would have found it difficult to create inequality. <br />By the end of the Ice Age ---some 10,000 years ago --- people in the Near East, Mexico, and Peru had begun to domesticate plants and animals.  As larger and more sedentary societies formed, their social logic was sometimes tweaked to allow for inequality.  Two contrasting forms of society, based on different logic, followed the establishment of agriculture.<br />Some societies ---preserving the notion of generosity, but relaxing the prohibitions against surplus --- allowed enterprising individuals to create differences in prestige by humiliating the less successful with gifts too large to be reciprocated.  Many New Guinea societies came to be divided into “big men,” “ordinary men,” and “rubbish men.”  Some Native American societies created a “hierarchy of virtue” in which talented and ambitious individuals could rise in prestige by climbing a ladder of ritual offices.  In some Pueblo communities, men could rise through 7 or 8 such offices until they were “completed” as respected elders.  In some Plains communities, women could rise through 4 or 5 ritual offices until they were considered “holy.”<br />In none of these achievement-based societies was leadership allowed to become hereditary, however.  One could serve as role model for one’s children, but not bequeath them one’s office or prestige.  Prehistoric examples of such societies can be detected by archaeologists because much of their ritual was focused on propitiating the ancestors, and required the building of venues such as ritual men’s houses, kivas, and the like.  The first signs of such buildings appeared in the Near East 10,000 years ago.<br />Eventually, some societies altered their logic to permit one segment of society to monopolize leadership, allowing their children to inherit authority.  On rare occasions, for example among the Native Americans of British Columbia, this happened even among hunter-gatherers.  One’s inability to reciprocate gifts not only left one inferior in virtue, but also became a debt that had to be worked off through servitude.  Archaeologists in British Columbia point to a moment when small, economically vulnerable families seem to have been absorbed into larger and more successful families, perhaps as debt slaves. To codify such inequality, emerging elites attributed their superior status to their ancestors, who had allegedly been favored by celestial spirits. They created sumptuary goods---trappings of aristocracy to which they were entitled from birth ---and bequeathed them to their heirs at lavish ceremonies.<br />The prehistoric record suggests that societies with hereditary aristocracies arose 7500 years ago in the Near East, 4000 years ago in Peru, and 3000 years ago in Mexico.  Among the clues are the presence of sumptuary goods in children’s burials, and the replacement of ritual men’s houses by actual temples.  Temples were created because it became more important to propitiate the alpha spirits from which the elite derived their authority than to propitiate the beta ancestors of commoners.  <br />    Anthropologists, however, have documented cases where a would-be elite’s attempt to place itself in a superior position was successfully resisted by other segments of society.  When resistance was unsuccessful, cosmologies were modified to attribute emerging inequality to the will of creator spirits.    <br />In Hawai’i and Egypt, logic was altered to release chiefly families from the usual incest taboos.  Chiefs could marry their sisters to preserve the bluest bloodlines; such sibling marriage was justified by arguing that some celestial spirits had also practiced it.  Soon blood feuds --- originally a way of settling scores --- evolved into wars of chiefly expansion and the conversion of rivals to slaves.  The simple ethnocentrism of earlier societies gave way to actual discrimination.  The social pressure once used to prevent others from showing off was replaced by acts of obeisance toward those of elite birth. <br />In some parts of the ancient world we can detect groups of neighboring chiefly societies battling for centuries, each aspiring to take over its rivals’ land and labor.  On rare occasions, a stalemate was broken when one such society gained an unexpected advantage, allowing it to take over its rivals and turn them into the subject provinces of a much larger territory.  It was through such processes that the first kingdoms of Hawai’i, the Asante, and the Zulu formed.  Archaeologists can now show that similar processes created the first kingdoms of southwest Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Maya, the Mexican highlands, and the coast of Peru.  Indeed, once set in motion, elite competition created chain reactions in which multiple fortified kingdoms might arise.  Changes in logic allowed for societies to be divided into royalty, nobility, landed gentry, landless serfs, and slaves.<br />There were significant differences among early kingdoms, however.  In Egypt and Peru the ruler was considered a deity, equivalent to the celestial spirits who constituted society’s alphas.  In kingdoms like those of Mexico’s Maya and Zapotec, the ruler had religious authority but was not an actual deity.  Among the Aztec and the early Sumerians, the ruler was a mortal oligarch.  Will future research show continuities between such contrasting kingdoms and the earlier societies out of which they were created?  Might divine kingship be the legacy of earlier societies where religious authority was uppermost? Might secular kingship be the legacy of earlier societies where military force was uppermost? <br />We conclude with the question asked 250 years ago by Rousseau: how much social inequality is authorized by Natural Law?  The answer is, very little.  Had our ancestors held firm to the social logic of 15,000 years ago, there would today be no one of aristocratic birth, no vast accumulations of wealth, no bequeathing of privilege to children.  Our only social hierarchy would be one of virtue, and we would be led by those who give generously while asking only for respect.  The first step toward such a society would be to reverse the changes in logic made by our ancestors.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1755907"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1755907"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1755907; 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The Preceramic and Formative of the Valley of Oaxaca","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126826681/3_The_Preceramic_and_Formative_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca","owner_id":473371,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":473371,"first_name":"joyce","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"marcus","page_name":"joycemarcus","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2011-06-05T03:25:15.574-07:00","display_name":"joyce marcus","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus","email":"RXY3WkYrcFVleVlXUTBEaE5lS0oyakQxTVBaUk9ld2FDaDZsV3o4YkZuUT0tLVdwVTNzYTNFdUQyQUh0SjJScEhSZlE9PQ==--4eb53f82eab290c6cd8b9e50fcbfdce0328f7fc3"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126826680"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/126826680/Excavations_at_Cerro_Azul_Peru"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Excavations at Cerro Azul, Peru" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120646567/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126826680/Excavations_at_Cerro_Azul_Peru">Excavations at Cerro Azul, Peru</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study aims to identify the factors related to participation in the colpocytopathological exa...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study aims to identify the factors related to participation in the colpocytopathological examination for women aged between 25 and 64, registered at the Primary Family Health Care Unit, in the municipality of Cerro Azul, state of Paraná, Brazil, in June and July 2012. A descriptive research survey of the exploratory descriptive type was carried out, using semi-structured interviews with open and closed questions for collection of data. The data was analysed by simple statistics and content analysis. The sample consisted of 81 women, of whom 54 (66.6 %) were able to highlight the importance of the exam. Regarding the frequency of the examination, 39 (48 %) women have the test annually while 12 women (15%) have never had the test at all. When asked why they rarely or never had the examination performed, most people said it was due to shame in being exposed to the health professional (65.51% of the respondents). It was also observed that fear of the result of the colpocytological examination and shame in being exposed were the main factors that influenced the women's decisions about whether or not to be subjected to the examination.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ac678c5d7803ac90a70ba48e5abed238" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":120646567,"asset_id":126826680,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120646567/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126826680"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126826680"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126826680; 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Arthur A. Demarest, with appendices by Ronald L. Bishop, Arthur A. Demarest, Mary Randolph Hopkins, Charles H. Miksicek, Mary Neivens, Andrea Putscher, and Fred Valdez,Jr. , Middle American Research Institute, Publication 52, Ann..." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126826678/The_Archaeology_of_Santa_Leticia_and_the_Rise_of_Maya_Civilization_Arthur_A_Demarest_with_appendices_by_Ronald_L_Bishop_Arthur_A_Demarest_Mary_Randolph_Hopkins_Charles_H_Miksicek_Mary_Neivens_Andrea_Putscher_and_Fred_Valdez_Jr_Middle_American_Research_Institute_Publication_52_Ann_">The Archaeology of Santa Leticia and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Arthur A. Demarest, with appendices by Ronald L. Bishop, Arthur A. Demarest, Mary Randolph Hopkins, Charles H. Miksicek, Mary Neivens, Andrea Putscher, and Fred Valdez,Jr. , Middle American Research Institute, Publication 52, Ann...</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Antiquity</span><span>, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126826678"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126826678"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126826678; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126826678]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126826678]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126826678; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='126826678']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=126826678]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":126826678,"title":"The Archaeology of Santa Leticia and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Arthur A. Demarest, with appendices by Ronald L. Bishop, Arthur A. Demarest, Mary Randolph Hopkins, Charles H. Miksicek, Mary Neivens, Andrea Putscher, and Fred Valdez,Jr. , Middle American Research Institute, Publication 52, Ann...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126826678/The_Archaeology_of_Santa_Leticia_and_the_Rise_of_Maya_Civilization_Arthur_A_Demarest_with_appendices_by_Ronald_L_Bishop_Arthur_A_Demarest_Mary_Randolph_Hopkins_Charles_H_Miksicek_Mary_Neivens_Andrea_Putscher_and_Fred_Valdez_Jr_Middle_American_Research_Institute_Publication_52_Ann_","owner_id":473371,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":473371,"first_name":"joyce","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"marcus","page_name":"joycemarcus","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2011-06-05T03:25:15.574-07:00","display_name":"joyce marcus","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus","email":"TU5Jdmd1YVd1a3BOZGRBdHpCT1BObFNQYm8rV0NFTDhlV0U1VlBib0pLaz0tLThNcmExcFlDUnQwYkVZbURSNDZlSWc9PQ==--b735bcc75abad93d263e27f04485c472cc7793d3"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126826677"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126826677/Four_Lienzos_of_the_Coixtlahuaca_Valley_Ross_Parmenter_Studies_in_Pre_Columbian_Art_and_Archaeology_No_26_Dumbarton_Oaks_Washington_D_C_1982_iv_81_pp_figures_plates_biblio_12_00_paper_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Four Lienzos of the Coixtlahuaca Valley. Ross Parmenter. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, No. 26, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1982. iv + 81 pp., figures, plates, biblio. $ 12.00 (paper)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126826677/Four_Lienzos_of_the_Coixtlahuaca_Valley_Ross_Parmenter_Studies_in_Pre_Columbian_Art_and_Archaeology_No_26_Dumbarton_Oaks_Washington_D_C_1982_iv_81_pp_figures_plates_biblio_12_00_paper_">Four Lienzos of the Coixtlahuaca Valley. Ross Parmenter. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, No. 26, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1982. iv + 81 pp., figures, plates, biblio. $ 12.00 (paper)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Antiquity</span><span>, 1984</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Pettigrew describes the intensive testing of two sites in the Deschutes River Basin of Central Or...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Pettigrew describes the intensive testing of two sites in the Deschutes River Basin of Central Oregon near the modern town of Prineville. Based on projectile point cross-dating and limited radiocarbon dates, these two sites (with three components) span 900 B.C. to A.D. 300, bracketing the probable local introduction of the bow and arrow. The earliest component, radiocarbon dated to 900 B.C., is interpreted as a base camp and contains exclusively broad-necked projectile points. The stratigraphic distinction between this and an upper component in the same site is blurred by intensive rodent activity, but Pettigrew employs an interesting argument based on kinematics to differentiate the lower from the upper component, which contains both broadand narrow-necked projectile points. The second site has a single component, radiocarbon dated to A.D. 290, containing only narrow-necked projectile points. A second interesting feature of the presentation is an analysis of flake unifaces based on edge-types. The segregation of the numerous maps, figures, plates, and tables at the end of the text is a hindrance to careful reading.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126826677"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126826677"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126826677; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126826677]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126826677]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126826677; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='126826677']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=126826677]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":126826677,"title":"Four Lienzos of the Coixtlahuaca Valley. 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Maria Rostworowski de Diez Canseco. Studies in Latin American Ethnohistory and Archaeology, Vol. IV. Joyce Marcus, general editor. Memoirs No. 21. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1988. ix + 314 pp., tables, figures, inde..." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126826676/Conflicts_Over_Coca_Fields_in_XVIth_Century_Peru_Maria_Rostworowski_de_Diez_Canseco_Studies_in_Latin_American_Ethnohistory_and_Archaeology_Vol_IV_Joyce_Marcus_general_editor_Memoirs_No_21_Museum_of_Anthropology_University_of_Michigan_Ann_Arbor_1988_ix_314_pp_tables_figures_inde_">Conflicts Over Coca Fields in XVIth-Century Peru. Maria Rostworowski de Diez Canseco. Studies in Latin American Ethnohistory and Archaeology, Vol. IV. Joyce Marcus, general editor. Memoirs No. 21. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1988. ix + 314 pp., tables, figures, inde...</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Antiquity</span><span>, 1990</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126826676"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126826676"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126826676; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126826676]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126826676]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126826676; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='126826676']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=126826676]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":126826676,"title":"Conflicts Over Coca Fields in XVIth-Century Peru. Maria Rostworowski de Diez Canseco. Studies in Latin American Ethnohistory and Archaeology, Vol. IV. Joyce Marcus, general editor. Memoirs No. 21. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1988. ix + 314 pp., tables, figures, inde...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126826676/Conflicts_Over_Coca_Fields_in_XVIth_Century_Peru_Maria_Rostworowski_de_Diez_Canseco_Studies_in_Latin_American_Ethnohistory_and_Archaeology_Vol_IV_Joyce_Marcus_general_editor_Memoirs_No_21_Museum_of_Anthropology_University_of_Michigan_Ann_Arbor_1988_ix_314_pp_tables_figures_inde_","owner_id":473371,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":473371,"first_name":"joyce","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"marcus","page_name":"joycemarcus","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2011-06-05T03:25:15.574-07:00","display_name":"joyce marcus","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus","email":"OU9wVDBsbnVDMUxPVXgwemVlaE1meEZxRnlrbFp3blJibllVTnc1Tkdhdz0tLXpUWUgxWmtQZm5JMU5FbkpyMTlldEE9PQ==--274979d60647a3b5cf64ec1f07286e643908893d"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126826675"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/126826675/The_Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians_A_Retrospective_Look_Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians_Robert_Wauchope"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Handbook of Middle American Indians: A Retrospective Look: Handbook of Middle American Indians . Robert Wauchope" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120646563/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126826675/The_Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians_A_Retrospective_Look_Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians_Robert_Wauchope">The Handbook of Middle American Indians: A Retrospective Look: Handbook of Middle American Indians . Robert Wauchope</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Anthropologist</span><span>, 1978</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Monumental in size, content, and coverage, the Handbook o f Middle American Indians is the most a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Monumental in size, content, and coverage, the Handbook o f Middle American Indians is the most ambitious treatment of a culture area yet produced by American anthropologists. There have been several notable attempts to encapsulate extant knowledge concerning native American peoples. A pioneering single-authored effort was Henry R. Schoolcraft's six-volume Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States (1853-1857). A major collaborative effort, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, sponsored by the Bureau of American Ethnology and edited by Frederick Webb Hodge, appeared in 1907 and 1910 as a multiauthored, encyclopedic, short-entry work in two efficiently designed volumes. An updated 17-volume work, The Handbook of North American Indians, was announced as forthcoming by the Smithsonian Institution in 1965, and its first volume is expected in 1978. The modem model for area handbooks, however, is the Handbook of South American Indians, edited by Julian H. Steward (1946Steward ( -1959)), which represents a collaboration of several dozen authors. The series under review, Handbook of Middle American Indians, with Robert Wauchope as general editor, is clearly in the tradition of Steward's seven-volume handbook but with certain extensions, modifications, and improvements. It surpasses its predecessors in size (16 volumes), in number of categories, and in its combination of detailed description, topical, regional, temporal, and ethnic coverage, as well as in bibliography. For a number of years there had been growing interest in compiling a companion series to these previous handbooks, one that would cover the Indians of Middle America. Even prior to 1956, several groups of anthropologists had expressed the need for a handbook that would include the populations that lie geographically between North and South America.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="744e9c3fff6d28ee34bdea2fad85e04b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":120646563,"asset_id":126826675,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120646563/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126826675"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126826675"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126826675; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126826675]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126826675]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126826675; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='126826675']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "744e9c3fff6d28ee34bdea2fad85e04b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=126826675]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":126826675,"title":"The Handbook of Middle American Indians: A Retrospective Look: Handbook of Middle American Indians . 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(this issue) have r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The 2005 articles by Stoltman et al. and Flannery et al. to which Neff et al. (this issue) have responded are not an indictment of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) but, rather, of the way Blomster et al. (2005) misuse it and of the hyperbolic culture-historical claims they have made from their INAA results. It has long been acknowledged that INAA leads not to sources but to chemical composition groups. Based on composition groups derived from an extremely unsystematic collection of sherds from only seven localities, Blomster et al. claim that the Olmec received no carved gray or kaolin white pottery from other regions; they also claim that neighboring valleys in the Mexican highlands did not exchange such pottery with each other. 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The authors provide data on the effects of the 1982–83 El Niño event on the local fisheries and use these data to examine the Cerro Azul zooarchaeological assemblage for evidence of El Niño events; they did not find signs of El Niño although events occurred while the site was inhabited.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116716440"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116716440"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116716440; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116716440]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116716440]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116716440; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116716440']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116716440]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116716440,"title":"Maritime Adaptations at Cerro Azul, Peru","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116716440/Maritime_Adaptations_at_Cerro_Azul_Peru","owner_id":473371,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":473371,"first_name":"joyce","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"marcus","page_name":"joycemarcus","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2011-06-05T03:25:15.574-07:00","display_name":"joyce marcus","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus","email":"OEtsMVpuSFllQ1doaGF0NVI4aXB1Y094YkNOZDlQY3ZNTjNUOTM3ek1rcz0tLXQxYnM2Mi9xK2ZkblFFMk1pNmxLS0E9PQ==--a994cd291f4ea7c6f2f84b48e7ef5be0c3a40115"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116716438"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116716438/On_the_Perils_of_Politically_Correct_Archaeology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On the Perils of "Politically Correct" Archaeology" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116716438/On_the_Perils_of_Politically_Correct_Archaeology">On the Perils of "Politically Correct" Archaeology</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, 1994</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... I99I. &amp;quot;Spinning and weaving as female gender identity in Post-classic Central Mexico...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... I99I. &amp;quot;Spinning and weaving as female gender identity in Post-classic Central Mexico,&amp;quot; in Textile traditions of Me-soamerica and the Andes: An anthology, Edited by M. Sche-vill, JC Berlo, and E. Dwyer, pp. I9-44. New York: Garland. . I994. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116716438"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116716438"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116716438; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116716438]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116716438]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116716435"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/116716435/Predicting_Similarity_in_Material_Culture_among_New_Guinea_Villages_from_Propinquity_and_Language_A_Log_linear_Approach_and_Comments_and_Reply_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Predicting Similarity in Material Culture among New Guinea Villages from Propinquity and Language: A Log-linear Approach [and Comments and Reply]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112768778/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116716435/Predicting_Similarity_in_Material_Culture_among_New_Guinea_Villages_from_Propinquity_and_Language_A_Log_linear_Approach_and_Comments_and_Reply_">Predicting Similarity in Material Culture among New Guinea Villages from Propinquity and Language: A Log-linear Approach [and Comments and Reply]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper fits a specific log-linear model to a contingency table containing the frequencies of ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper fits a specific log-linear model to a contingency table containing the frequencies of 47 artifact types across 31 village sites on the North Coast of New Guinea. The model provides a precise and elegant answer to the questions raised by Welsch, et al. (1992:568), namely, how much of the "variability in the inventories" is accounted for by distance and how much by language. We measure the total amount of variability in the contingency table with a model of quasi-independence, i.e., the expected frequencies based on column and row totals. We then ask what proportion of this variability can be accounted for by: (1) the scaled distances, (2) the scaled languages, and (3) the scaled distances and languages taken together. The scale values for distance and language come from a previous analysis by Moore and Romney (1994). Results show that distance and language account for just over a quarter of the variability taken separately, whereas taken together they account for an additional 10 percent. The results support the previous analysis of Moore and Romney (1994) that finds both distance and language to be related to artifact type distribution and contradict the notion of Welsch, et al. (1992) that language is unrelated to artifact type distribution.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="378ea92610bceae25cd5121dc9d751cf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112768778,"asset_id":116716435,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112768778/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116716435"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116716435"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116716435; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116716371"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116716371/The_Essential_Codex_Mendoza"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Essential Codex Mendoza" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116716371/The_Essential_Codex_Mendoza">The Essential Codex Mendoza</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</span><span>, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... Page 10. Page 11. Acknowledgments This Essential Codex Mendoza is an adaptation of the four-v...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... Page 10. Page 11. Acknowledgments This Essential Codex Mendoza is an adaptation of the four-volume edition of The Codex Mendoza published in 1992. ... 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Carl P. Beetz and Linton Satterthwaite. University Museum Monograph No. 45, The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1981. xiii + 132 pp., illus., biblio. Cloth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112281945/The_Monuments_and_Inscriptions_of_Caracol_Belize_Carl_P_Beetz_and_Linton_Satterthwaite_University_Museum_Monograph_No_45_The_University_Museum_University_of_Pennsylvania_Philadelphia_1981_xiii_132_pp_illus_biblio_Cloth">The Monuments and Inscriptions of Caracol, Belize. Carl P. Beetz and Linton Satterthwaite. University Museum Monograph No. 45, The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1981. xiii + 132 pp., illus., biblio. Cloth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Antiquity</span><span>, 1984</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112281945"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112281945"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112281945; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112281945]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112281945]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112281945; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112281945']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112281945]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112281945,"title":"The Monuments and Inscriptions of Caracol, Belize. Carl P. Beetz and Linton Satterthwaite. University Museum Monograph No. 45, The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1981. xiii + 132 pp., illus., biblio. Cloth","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112281945/The_Monuments_and_Inscriptions_of_Caracol_Belize_Carl_P_Beetz_and_Linton_Satterthwaite_University_Museum_Monograph_No_45_The_University_Museum_University_of_Pennsylvania_Philadelphia_1981_xiii_132_pp_illus_biblio_Cloth","owner_id":473371,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":473371,"first_name":"joyce","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"marcus","page_name":"joycemarcus","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2011-06-05T03:25:15.574-07:00","display_name":"joyce marcus","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus","email":"U2V0UlBRMmFtVkkralExSlhXSlBhL2ZaaHdJYUpMMTFPU2ZYc2xxb0d6UT0tLXN0SHBPWkhhSUdJQm04TVl0NUkrTnc9PQ==--19c8dd887bf70106d7a17a87ece622d265062656"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111527185"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111527185/Studying_Figurines"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Studying Figurines" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111527185/Studying_Figurines">Studying Figurines</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Research</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Earlier generations of Mesoamerican scholars created figurine types and chronologies, laying the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Earlier generations of Mesoamerican scholars created figurine types and chronologies, laying the foundation for today’s archaeologists who have been linking figurines to household archaeology, gender studies, performance, materiality, embodiment, animism, political economy, agency, and identity. Scholars are establishing a figurine’s life history from clay procurement to manufacture, manipulation, and circulation; assessing the changes over time in the meaning and function of handmade and mold-made figurines; reembedding figurines into the dynamic, social, and animate world from which they emanated; and linking figurines to associated artifacts in the house, courtyards, caches, burials, and neighborhood middens.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111527185"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111527185"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111527185; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111527185]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111527185]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111527185; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='111527185']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111527185]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111527185,"title":"Studying Figurines","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111527185/Studying_Figurines","owner_id":473371,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":473371,"first_name":"joyce","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"marcus","page_name":"joycemarcus","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2011-06-05T03:25:15.574-07:00","display_name":"joyce marcus","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus","email":"SFJtM0YyRTdGMU5RMWtZRGtlNE5kZnZkajREL0JraEl0SFhaRnlkSTJBaz0tLXZtMXpod3dLM21EOFlNWTM3ckcwL3c9PQ==--e8af01a25995b715960e59966599c09e0e2165ef"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111527113"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111527113/Excavations_at_Cerro_Azul_Peru_the_architecture_and_pottery"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Excavations at Cerro Azul, Peru: the architecture and pottery" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109040723/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111527113/Excavations_at_Cerro_Azul_Peru_the_architecture_and_pottery">Excavations at Cerro Azul, Peru: the architecture and pottery</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Angeles that promotes the comprehensive and interdisciplinary study of the human past. Establishe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Angeles that promotes the comprehensive and interdisciplinary study of the human past. Established in 1973, the Cotsen Institute is a unique resource that provides an opportunity for faculty, staff, graduate students, research associates, volunteers and the general public to gather together in their explorations of ancient human societies. Former President and CEO of Neutrogena Corporation Lloyd E. Cotsen has been associated with UCLA for more than 30 years as a volunteer and donor and maintains a special interest in archaeology. Lloyd E. Cotsen has been an advisor and supporter of the Institute since 1980. In 1999, The UCLA Institute of Archaeology changed its name to the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA to honor the longtime support of Lloyd E. Cotsen. Cotsen Institute Publications specializes in producing high-quality data monographs in several different series, including Monumenta Archaeologica, Monographs, and Perspectives in California Archaeology, as well as innovative ideas in the Cotsen Advanced Seminar Series and the Ideas, Debates and Perspectives Series. Through the generosity of Lloyd E. 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</script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="2787532" id="ebooks"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11658461"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/11658461/Andean_Civilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Andean Civilization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/11658461/Andean_Civilization">Andean Civilization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/CotsenPress">Cotsen Press</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://umich.academia.edu/joycemarcus">joyce marcus</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This volume brings together exciting new field data by more than two dozen Andean scholars who ca...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This volume brings together exciting new field data by more than two dozen Andean scholars who came together to honor their friend, colleague, and mentor, Michael E. Moseley.<br /><br />These new studies cover the enormous temporal span of Moseley’s own work from the Preceramic era to the Tiwanaku and Moche states to the Inka empire. And, like Moseley’s own studies — from Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization to Chan Chan: The Desert City to Cerro Bául’s brewery — these new studies involve settlements from all over the Andes — from the far northern highlands to the far southern coast.<br /><br />An invaluable addition to any Andeanist’s library, the papers in this book demonstrate the enormous breadth and influence of Michael E. 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