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[{"id":30904550,"identifier":"Attachment_30904550","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":2950465,"created_at":"2013-03-10T23:41:32.619-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-29T12:58:08.052-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Gender Roles in Mortuary Rituals at Ancient Teotihuacan","grobid_abstract":"Archaeologists increasingly recognize a need to revise the scales at which we investigate identities such as gender, class and faction in ancient complex societies. In this article I present research on the expression of gender roles and ideologies in the performance of mortuary ritual in four distinctive residential areas of Classic Teotihuacan, including the urban compounds of La Ventilla 3, Tlajinga 33 and Tlailotlacan 6 and the hinterland settlement of Axotlan. Results indicate that gender was constructed and experienced differently across Teotihuacan society. This research demonstrates that multiscalar, comparative approaches to social identity make possible a fuller understanding of the significance of social heterogeneity in structuring early states.","publication_date":"2011,,","publication_name":"Cambridge Archaeological Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"30904550"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Gender and Mortuary Ritual at Ancient Teotihuacan, Mexico: a Study of Intrasocietal Diversity","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [388442]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card with-figures-carousel"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":30904550,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Gender and Mortuary Ritual at Ancient Teotihuacan, Mexico: a Study of Intrasocietal Diversity”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30904550/mini_magick20180818-15208-7y9an9.png?1534648912" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Gender and Mortuary Ritual at Ancient Teotihuacan, Mexico: a Study of Intrasocietal Diversity</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="388442" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/SarahClayton"><img alt="Profile image of Sarah Clayton" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/388442/2281931/34693665/s65_sarah.clayton.jpg" />Sarah Clayton</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, Cambridge Archaeological Journal</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">22 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 2950465; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Archaeologists increasingly recognize a need to revise the scales at which we investigate identities such as gender, class and faction in ancient complex societies. In this article I present research on the expression of gender roles and ideologies in the performance of mortuary ritual in four distinctive residential areas of Classic Teotihuacan, including the urban compounds of La Ventilla 3, Tlajinga 33 and Tlailotlacan 6 and the hinterland settlement of Axotlan. Results indicate that gender was constructed and experienced differently across Teotihuacan society. This research demonstrates that multiscalar, comparative approaches to social identity make possible a fuller understanding of the significance of social heterogeneity in structuring early states.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":30904550,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2950465/Gender_and_Mortuary_Ritual_at_Ancient_Teotihuacan_Mexico_a_Study_of_Intrasocietal_Diversity"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":30904550,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2950465/Gender_and_Mortuary_Ritual_at_Ancient_Teotihuacan_Mexico_a_Study_of_Intrasocietal_Diversity"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="2950465" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The Prehispanic Basin of Mexico; arrows highlight the sites discussed, Axotlan and Teotihuacan. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/figure_001.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 1. The Prehispanic Basin of Mexico; arrows highlight the sites discussed, Axotlan and Teotihuacan. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983062/figure-2-teotihuacan-mapping-project-map-showing-the-urban"><img alt="Figure 2. Teotihuacan Mapping Project map showing the urban compounds included in this study. Based on th 1:40,000 scale map published in Millon 1973 (Map 1). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/figure_002.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 2. Teotihuacan Mapping Project map showing the urban compounds included in this study. Based on th 1:40,000 scale map published in Millon 1973 (Map 1). </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983072/table-1-sempowski-conducted-an-impressive-investigation-of"><img alt="Sempowski (1994, 260-61) conducted an impressive investigation of social status at Teotihuacan based on mortuary data. As part of this effort, she compared the burials of males and females across Teotihuacan society, concluding that males generally had higher status than females. More recent research on the rela- tive mortuary treatments of males and females within specific domestic areas suggests that the picture was far more complex. Spence & Gamboa Cabezas (1999), for example, have indicated that males and females living in Tlailotlacan, a Zapotec enclave at Teotihuacan, probably enjoyed relatively equal social status. They suggest that this situation differed from mainstream Teotihuacan society (1999, 195). De Lucia (2008) cogently argues that gender constructs at Teoti- huacan may have been overshadowed by other forms of group identity. She suggests that gender was largely insignificant in determining an individual's general social status vis-a-vis greater Teotihuacan society. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/table_001.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Sempowski (1994, 260-61) conducted an impressive investigation of social status at Teotihuacan based on mortuary data. As part of this effort, she compared the burials of males and females across Teotihuacan society, concluding that males generally had higher status than females. More recent research on the rela- tive mortuary treatments of males and females within specific domestic areas suggests that the picture was far more complex. Spence & Gamboa Cabezas (1999), for example, have indicated that males and females living in Tlailotlacan, a Zapotec enclave at Teotihuacan, probably enjoyed relatively equal social status. They suggest that this situation differed from mainstream Teotihuacan society (1999, 195). De Lucia (2008) cogently argues that gender constructs at Teoti- huacan may have been overshadowed by other forms of group identity. She suggests that gender was largely insignificant in determining an individual's general social status vis-a-vis greater Teotihuacan society. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983073/table-1-distribution-of-adults-from-each-area-by-sex-age-and"><img alt="Table 1. Distribution of adults from each area by sex. Table 2. Age and sex of adults from each residential group. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/table_002.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Table 1. Distribution of adults from each area by sex. Table 2. Age and sex of adults from each residential group. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983074/table-3-gender-and-mortuary-ritual-at-ancient-teotihuacan"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/table_003.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983064/figure-4-percent-of-adult-males-and-females-at-each"><img alt="Figure 4. Percent of adult males and females at each residential area whose burials included grave goods. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/figure_003.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 4. Percent of adult males and females at each residential area whose burials included grave goods. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983066/figure-5-comparison-among-sites-of-numbers-of-grave-goods"><img alt="Figure 5. Comparison among sites of numbers of grave goods placed with adult females and males, respectively. Asterisks and ovals indicate outliers. One outlier from T33 (T33.57.1) was omitted from these analyses; this adult male had 4016 objects, including thousands of olivella beads. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/figure_004.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 5. Comparison among sites of numbers of grave goods placed with adult females and males, respectively. Asterisks and ovals indicate outliers. One outlier from T33 (T33.57.1) was omitted from these analyses; this adult male had 4016 objects, including thousands of olivella beads. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983075/table-3-contingency-comparing-females-and-males-from-all"><img alt="Table 3. Contingency table comparing females and males from all areas in terms of the presence or absence of grave goods. Table 4. Contingency table comparing females at Axotlan and La Ventilla 3 in terms of the presence or absence of grave goods. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/table_004.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Table 3. Contingency table comparing females and males from all areas in terms of the presence or absence of grave goods. Table 4. Contingency table comparing females at Axotlan and La Ventilla 3 in terms of the presence or absence of grave goods. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983076/table-5-mean-number-of-objects-with-females-and-males-at"><img alt="Table 5. Mean number of objects with females and males at each site. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/table_005.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Table 5. Mean number of objects with females and males at each site. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983067/figure-6-percent-of-female-and-male-adults-at-each"><img alt="Figure 6. Percent of female and male adults at each residential area whose burials included obsidian artefacts. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/figure_005.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 6. Percent of female and male adults at each residential area whose burials included obsidian artefacts. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983077/table-6-percentage-of-females-and-males-at-axotlan-buried"><img alt="Table 6. Percentage of females and males at Axotlan buried with each object type. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/table_006.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Table 6. Percentage of females and males at Axotlan buried with each object type. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983068/figure-7-cylindrical-vase-from-la-ventilla-burial"><img alt="Figure 7. Cylindrical vase from a La Ventilla 3 burial. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/figure_006.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 7. Cylindrical vase from a La Ventilla 3 burial. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983078/table-8-percentage-of-females-and-males-at-tlajinga-buried"><img alt="Table 8. Percentage of females and males at Tlajinga 33 buried with each object type. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/table_007.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Table 8. Percentage of females and males at Tlajinga 33 buried with each object type. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983079/table-7-percentage-of-females-and-males-at-la-ventilla"><img alt="Table 7. Percentage of females and males at La Ventilla 3 buried with each object type. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/table_008.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Table 7. Percentage of females and males at La Ventilla 3 buried with each object type. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983069/figure-8-body-positions-of-males-and-females-at-each"><img alt="Figure 8. Body positions of males and females at each residential group, y axis is percent scale (primary burials). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/figure_007.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 8. Body positions of males and females at each residential group, y axis is percent scale (primary burials). </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1983070/figure-9-head-to-foot-orientation-of-females-and-males-at"><img alt="Figure 9. Head-to-foot orientation of females and males at each locale, including only individuals placed on their side or back in a primary context. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/30904550/figure_008.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 9. Head-to-foot orientation of females and males at each locale, including only individuals placed on their side or back in a primary context. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-loswp-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="37494337" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37494337/RITUAL_DIVERSITY_AND_SOCIAL_IDENTITIES_A_STUDY_OF_MORTUARY_BEHAVIORS_AT_TEOTIHUACAN">RITUAL DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES: A STUDY OF MORTUARY BEHAVIORS AT TEOTIHUACAN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="91670955" href="https://ceam.academia.edu/AgustinAnaya">La Ventilla Teotihuacan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The research presented here confronts the issue of ritual variation and its role in structuring the social dynamics of ancient Teotihuacan, a state that dominated central Mexico during the first half-millennium A.D. Most of Teotihuacan's urban population lived in apartment compounds located across the city, but the nature of these co-residing groups is not well understood. Even less is known about how subordinate settlements beyond the city limits were organized and to what degree they identified socially with urban Teotihuacan. Because ritual practices are salient in the negotiation of social identities related to gender, age, ethnicity, social status, and religious affiliation, they are an important focus of archaeological research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RITUAL DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES: A STUDY OF MORTUARY BEHAVIORS AT TEOTIHUACAN","attachmentId":57465175,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37494337/RITUAL_DIVERSITY_AND_SOCIAL_IDENTITIES_A_STUDY_OF_MORTUARY_BEHAVIORS_AT_TEOTIHUACAN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37494337/RITUAL_DIVERSITY_AND_SOCIAL_IDENTITIES_A_STUDY_OF_MORTUARY_BEHAVIORS_AT_TEOTIHUACAN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="214191" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/214191/Looking_Beyond_Gender_Hierarchy_Rethinking_Gender_at_Teotihuacan_Mexico">Looking Beyond Gender Hierarchy: Rethinking Gender at Teotihuacan, Mexico</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="131135" href="https://colgate.academia.edu/KristinDeLucia">Kristin De Lucia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The absence of gender inequality in art and burials at Teotihuacan, Mexico, poses an interesting problem that has been largely ignored by archaeologists. Archaeologists’ lack of attention to gender at Teotihuacan perhaps derives from expectations of gender hierarchies in state societies, resulting in misguided conclusions and unexplored alternative interpretations. In this chapter, I ask how eliminating assumptions about gender hierarchies might help us to gain a better understanding of social relations at Teotihuacan. By incorporating multiple lines of evidence including art, burials, and households, I argue that group identity superseded the importance of the individual, foregrounding “house” identity over gender. Social solidarity may have been particularly necessary at Teotihuacan since a large percentage of male and female residents were foreigners. While socially constructed genders may have been an important component of social identity, I suggest that it was largely an unimportant factor in determining social status.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Looking Beyond Gender Hierarchy: Rethinking Gender at Teotihuacan, Mexico","attachmentId":2019140,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/214191/Looking_Beyond_Gender_Hierarchy_Rethinking_Gender_at_Teotihuacan_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/214191/Looking_Beyond_Gender_Hierarchy_Rethinking_Gender_at_Teotihuacan_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="116762516" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116762516/Figurine_ontologies_household_ritual_assemblages_and_gendered_concerns_at_Postclassic_Xaltocan_Mexico">Figurine ontologies, household ritual assemblages, and gendered concerns at Postclassic Xaltocan, Mexico</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159996" href="https://mcgill.academia.edu/LisaOverholtzer">Lisa Overholtzer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Americae, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper explores human engagement with ceramic figurines in household ritual practice at Postclassic Xaltocan (Mexico). Drawing on the ontological turn, figurines are understood to be other-than-human agential entities and momentary orderings of sacred and vital energy that come into being in the context of relational ritual practice. Considering their depositional context, appearance, and three-dimensional morphology—pierced pendants, standing figures with mouths open as if mid-speech, or kneeling figures holding offering bowls—helps us understand the nature of their embodied engagement with humans. Based on ethnohistoric documents and archaeological excavation data, I argue that flat-backed Aztec figurines were lively, efficacious agents and essential parts of household ritual assemblages, helping to ensure household health and success, especially in stressful contexts such as times of war. I take an inclusive approach to gender in the household and consider the frequencies and excavation context of figurine men and women of the flat-backed type and explore interconnections between human men’s and women’s work and household concerns. This research also provides a window into shifts in household anxieties and the lived experience of men and women within the era’s rapidly changing social, political, and economic contexts. The Middle Postclassic emerges as the period defined by the most fear, uncertainty, and instability for commoner men and women at Xaltocan, more so than the Late Postclassic period, of the Aztec rule, which is often assumed to be the era of greatest household hardship.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Figurine ontologies, household ritual assemblages, and gendered concerns at Postclassic Xaltocan, Mexico","attachmentId":112801863,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116762516/Figurine_ontologies_household_ritual_assemblages_and_gendered_concerns_at_Postclassic_Xaltocan_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116762516/Figurine_ontologies_household_ritual_assemblages_and_gendered_concerns_at_Postclassic_Xaltocan_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="6059649" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6059649/The_Oaxaca_Barrio_in_Teotihuacan_Mortuary_Customs_and_Ethnicity_in_Mesoamericas_Greatest_Metropolis">The Oaxaca Barrio in Teotihuacan: Mortuary Customs and Ethnicity in Mesoamerica's Greatest Metropolis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3580254" href="https://siu.academia.edu/TeresaPalomares">Teresa Palomares</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This research examines the mortuary customs of the Oaxaca Barrio, one of the foreign settlements in the ancient city of Teotihuacan. The Oaxaca Barrio is associated with the Zapotec homeland in the state of Oaxaca, southern Mexico (roughly 290 miles); but many questions remain unanswered about its origins and development. The mortuary customs of the Oaxaca Barrio show how Zapotec migrants adapted to living in Teotihuacan over a considerable period of time, maintaining aspects of their homeland identity, but also generating a new cultural repertoire by which members of the enclave redefined themselves. The presence of Zapotec people in Teotihuacan has at least three distinct moments or contexts: its origins in a time of Zapotec expansion (200 B.C), the formal settlement of the Oaxaca Barrio (A.D 100), and much later in time, when the barrio shows a hybridization process with singular characteristics (A.D 300). I address in this research two important questions: Why did Zapotec migrants keep their mortuary traditions? How did migrant identity change over time? To answer these questions I present in five chapters general characteristics of the Oaxaca Barrio, theoretical concepts, and archaeological evidence that support the analysis and discussion developed about this foreign group, and finally its mortuary customs and the relationship with its ethnicity. ii The Zapotec migration to Teotihuacan is important because social, political, economic and ideological aspects are involved, and this topic is not only useful to archaeological studies (in one of the most important cities in Mesoamerica), also it is helpful to anthropological research about modern migrations, and studies of identity and ethnicity in the contemporary world. In Chapter I, I present a general view of the Oaxaca Barrio in Teotihuacan, the chronology and a brief review of the situation in the Zapotec area and Teotihuacan at the moment of the Oaxaca Barrio's foundation, and a general idea of the mortuary customs in each place; also in this chapter I mention the objectives of this investigation and its limits. Chapter II mentions the main theoretical concepts related with this investigation: ethnicity and hybridization, I also approach the main ideas and hypotheses about the political and social structure in the Oaxaca Barrio. Later in Chapter III, I describe the most important archaeological evidence found in each compound excavated until now in the Oaxaca Barrio, and Chapter IV shows the archaeological record of mortuary customs identified in this foreign settlement; in this section I describe four important and basic elements in the mortuary system: type of burial, offerings and practice of funerary rites, and urns. And finally in Chapter V, I present the discussion of each element, making a comparison with funerary practices and characteristics in the Zapotec area, mainly Monte Alban, and Teotihuacan culture;</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Oaxaca Barrio in Teotihuacan: Mortuary Customs and Ethnicity in Mesoamerica's Greatest Metropolis","attachmentId":32985935,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6059649/The_Oaxaca_Barrio_in_Teotihuacan_Mortuary_Customs_and_Ethnicity_in_Mesoamericas_Greatest_Metropolis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6059649/The_Oaxaca_Barrio_in_Teotihuacan_Mortuary_Customs_and_Ethnicity_in_Mesoamericas_Greatest_Metropolis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="312782" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/312782/Social_Complexity_Religious_Organization_and_Mortuary_Ritual_In_the_Casas_Grandes_Region_of_Chihuahua_Mexico">Social Complexity, Religious Organization, and Mortuary Ritual In the Casas Grandes Region of Chihuahua, Mexico</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="240577" href="https://unf.academia.edu/GordonRakita">Gordon Rakita</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of …, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social Complexity, Religious Organization, and Mortuary Ritual In the Casas Grandes Region of Chihuahua, Mexico","attachmentId":3245720,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/312782/Social_Complexity_Religious_Organization_and_Mortuary_Ritual_In_the_Casas_Grandes_Region_of_Chihuahua_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/312782/Social_Complexity_Religious_Organization_and_Mortuary_Ritual_In_the_Casas_Grandes_Region_of_Chihuahua_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="13433119" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13433119/Manzanilla_2000_Chapter_3_Houses_and_Ancestors_Altars_and_Relics_Mortuary_Patterns_at_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico">Manzanilla 2000 Chapter 3. Houses and Ancestors, Altars and Relics: Mortuary Patterns at Teotihuacan, Central Mexico</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32594734" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/LindaRosaManzanillaNaim">Linda Rosa Manzanilla Naim</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32595317" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/LManzanilla">Linda Rosa Manzanilla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter reviews the mortuary program at Teotihuacan, one of the largest prehispanic cities in Mesoamerica during the Classic Period (ca. A.D. 150-750). Three different types of practices are identified: (1) domestic funerary rites and ancestors' care; (2) special individuals and relic care; and (3) human sacrifices.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Manzanilla 2000 Chapter 3. Houses and Ancestors, Altars and Relics: Mortuary Patterns at Teotihuacan, Central Mexico","attachmentId":38042383,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13433119/Manzanilla_2000_Chapter_3_Houses_and_Ancestors_Altars_and_Relics_Mortuary_Patterns_at_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13433119/Manzanilla_2000_Chapter_3_Houses_and_Ancestors_Altars_and_Relics_Mortuary_Patterns_at_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="5749277" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5749277/Fiore_D_2007_Painted_genders_the_construction_of_gender_roles_through_the_display_of_body_painting_by_the_Selk_nam_and_the_Y%C3%A1mana_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_southern_South_America_Archaeology_and_Women_R_Whitehouse_S_Hamilton_K_Wright_eds_Left_Coast_Press_California_373_404">Fiore, D. 2007. Painted genders: the construction of gender roles through the display of body painting by the Selk’nam and the Yámana from Tierra del Fuego (southern South America). Archaeology and Women. R. Whitehouse, S. Hamilton, K. Wright (eds). Left Coast Press. California. 373-404.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2361743" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanaeFiore">Danae Fiore</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fiore, D. 2007. Painted genders: the construction of gender roles through the display of body painting by the Selk’nam and the Yámana from Tierra del Fuego (southern South America). Archaeology and Women. R. Whitehouse, S. Hamilton, K. Wright (eds). Left Coast Press. California. 373-404.","attachmentId":32779584,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5749277/Fiore_D_2007_Painted_genders_the_construction_of_gender_roles_through_the_display_of_body_painting_by_the_Selk_nam_and_the_Y%C3%A1mana_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_southern_South_America_Archaeology_and_Women_R_Whitehouse_S_Hamilton_K_Wright_eds_Left_Coast_Press_California_373_404","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5749277/Fiore_D_2007_Painted_genders_the_construction_of_gender_roles_through_the_display_of_body_painting_by_the_Selk_nam_and_the_Y%C3%A1mana_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_southern_South_America_Archaeology_and_Women_R_Whitehouse_S_Hamilton_K_Wright_eds_Left_Coast_Press_California_373_404"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="405076" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/405076/Studies_of_Gender_in_the_Prehispanic_Americas">Studies of Gender in the Prehispanic Americas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21118" href="https://miami.academia.edu/TraciArdren">Traci Ardren</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Studies of Gender in the Prehispanic Americas","attachmentId":1916719,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/405076/Studies_of_Gender_in_the_Prehispanic_Americas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/405076/Studies_of_Gender_in_the_Prehispanic_Americas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="1923013" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1923013/Mortuary_practices_and_the_social_order_at_La_Quemada_Zacatecas_Mexico">Mortuary practices and the social order at La Quemada, Zacatecas, Mexico</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2471981" href="https://asu.academia.edu/BenNelson">Ben Nelson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Latin American Antiquity, 1992</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Epiclassic occupants of the site of La Quemada left the disarticulated remains of 11-14 humans in an apparently sacred structure outside the monumental core of the site. Several lines of evidence are reviewed to generate propositions about the ritual meanings andfunctions of the bones. A comparative analysis reveals the complexity of mortuary practices in northern and western Mexico, and permits the suggestion that these particular remains were those of revered ancestors or community members. The sacred structure is seen as a charnel house, in which the more ancient tradition of ancestor worship expressed in shaft tombs was essentially perpetuated above ground. Hostile social relations are clearly suggested, however, by other categories of bone deposits. Recognition of the rich variability of mortuary displays leads to questions about their role in the maintenance of the social order.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mortuary practices and the social order at La Quemada, Zacatecas, Mexico","attachmentId":50818599,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1923013/Mortuary_practices_and_the_social_order_at_La_Quemada_Zacatecas_Mexico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1923013/Mortuary_practices_and_the_social_order_at_La_Quemada_Zacatecas_Mexico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="13996696" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13996696/Manzanilla_2008_3_Houses_and_Ancestors_Altars_and_Relics_Mortuary_Patterns_at_Teotihuacan_Central_Mexico_">Manzanilla 2008 "3. Houses and Ancestors, Altars and Relics: Mortuary Patterns at Teotihuacan, Central Mexico"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29470167" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/LindaManzanillaNaim">Linda R . Manzanilla-Naim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter reviews the mortuary program at Teotihuacan, one of the largest prehispanic cities in Mesoamerica during the Classic Period (ca. A.D. 150-750). Three different types of practices are identified: (1) domestic funerary rites and ancestors' care; (2) special individuals and relic care; and (3) human sacrifices.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Manzanilla 2008 \"3. 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