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The basic risk contributors, namely the frequency of main accidents’ occurrence and related consequences, are herein quantified and assessed. The presented analysis, covering the last two decades (2000–2021), shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the frequency of serious accidents’ occurrence in the last decade, whereas associated consequences do not exhibit the same trend since the frequency of ship total losses and of fatalities has increased. However, fatality rates are, to a great extent, affected by accidents of ships not compliant with safety regulations. This study also confirmed that grounding and contact accidents dominate the statistics of passenger ships of al...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Eleftheria Eliopoulou"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-04-23","dateModified":null,"datePublished":null,"headline":"Statistical Analysis of Accidents and Review of Safety Level of Passenger Ships","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["COLLISION"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"MDPI AG"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/100644776/Statistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F100644776%2FStatistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F100644776%2FStatistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":101408663,"identifier":"Attachment_101408663","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":100644776,"created_at":"2023-04-23T14:11:25.238-07:00","from_world_paper_id":232271776,"updated_at":"2023-04-28T02:38:17.787-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"This paper deals with a statistical analysis of maritime accidents pertaining to passenger ships in worldwide operation and, ultimately, with the assessment of the current safety level of the particular ship type, assuming that the safety level may be defined as a societally acceptable level of risk. The basic risk contributors, namely the frequency of main accidents’ occurrence and related consequences, are herein quantified and assessed. The presented analysis, covering the last two decades (2000–2021), shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the frequency of serious accidents’ occurrence in the last decade, whereas associated consequences do not exhibit the same trend since the frequency of ship total losses and of fatalities has increased. However, fatality rates are, to a great extent, affected by accidents of ships not compliant with safety regulations. This study also confirmed that grounding and contact accidents dominate the statistics of passenger ships of al...","publisher":"MDPI AG","publication_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Statistical Analysis of Accidents and Review of Safety Level of Passenger Ships","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [34277227]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":101408663,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Statistical Analysis of Accidents and Review of Safety Level of Passenger Ships”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/101408663/mini_magick20230423-1-cmkbk3.png?1682284401" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Statistical Analysis of Accidents and Review of Safety Level of Passenger Ships</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34277227" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EleftheriaEliopoulou"><img alt="Profile image of Eleftheria Eliopoulou" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Eleftheria Eliopoulou</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper deals with a statistical analysis of maritime accidents pertaining to passenger ships in worldwide operation and, ultimately, with the assessment of the current safety level of the particular ship type, assuming that the safety level may be defined as a societally acceptable level of risk. The basic risk contributors, namely the frequency of main accidents’ occurrence and related consequences, are herein quantified and assessed. The presented analysis, covering the last two decades (2000–2021), shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the frequency of serious accidents’ occurrence in the last decade, whereas associated consequences do not exhibit the same trend since the frequency of ship total losses and of fatalities has increased. However, fatality rates are, to a great extent, affected by accidents of ships not compliant with safety regulations. This study also confirmed that grounding and contact accidents dominate the statistics of passenger ships of al...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":101408663,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/100644776/Statistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":101408663,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/100644776/Statistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="101408663" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/100644776/Statistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="22048471" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22048471/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_and_review_of_safety_level">Statistical analysis of ship accidents and review of safety level</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34277227" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EleftheriaEliopoulou">Eleftheria Eliopoulou</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43569601" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarkosVoulgarellis">Markos Voulgarellis</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27233116" href="https://ntua.academia.edu/ApostolosPapanikolaou">Apostolos Papanikolaou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Safety may be defined as an acceptable state of risk by society. In this respect, for assessing the current safety level of ships, it is necessary to quantify the risk level of the operating world fleet, thus estimate and assess the basic contributors to risk, namely the frequency of maritime accidents and the extent of their consequences. The present investigation was motivated by earlier published work of Det Norske Veritas (DNV, 2006), in which they were some alarming signals of worsening of the level of maritime safety. A justified question therefore is whether and how the level of ship safety changed thereafter. Recalling that a fundamental step of a Formal Safety Assessment of maritime assets is the investigation of relevant casualty reports and the analysis of historical data, which characterise the maritime safety performance in the studied period, the herein presented work deals with a systematic analysis of ship accidents in the last decade as a way to evaluate the current level of safety for the majority of ship sub-types present in the world merchant fleet and to conclude on the foreseeable future. The presented analysis also includes a deeper investigation about possible relationships between accident rates and ship's age, which proved more complex than initially thought. The outcome of the present study indicates that in the last decade although the frequencies of ship accidents generally increased, the safety level of various ship types did not significantly change, as the consequences of accidents remained in average at about the same level.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical analysis of ship accidents and review of safety level","attachmentId":42729406,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22048471/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_and_review_of_safety_level","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22048471/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_and_review_of_safety_level"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="17083870" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17083870/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_that_occurred_in_the_period_1990_2012_and_assessment_of_safety_level_of_ship_types">Statistical analysis of ship accidents that occurred in the period 1990--2012 and assessment of safety level of ship types</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1133144" href="https://ntua.academia.edu/NikolaosVentikos">Nikolaos Ventikos</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical analysis of ship accidents that occurred in the period 1990--2012 and assessment of safety level of ship types","attachmentId":41876886,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17083870/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_that_occurred_in_the_period_1990_2012_and_assessment_of_safety_level_of_ship_types","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17083870/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_that_occurred_in_the_period_1990_2012_and_assessment_of_safety_level_of_ship_types"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="114194394" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114194394/A_Statistical_Analysis_of_Ship_Accidents_1990_2020_Focusing_on_Collision_Grounding_Hull_Failure_and_Resulting_Hull_Damage">A Statistical Analysis of Ship Accidents (1990-2020) Focusing on Collision, Grounding, Hull Failure, and Resulting Hull Damage</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="301962678" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelSerris">Michael Serris</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="99140306" href="https://uniwa.academia.edu/Aggelos_Pilatis">Aggelos Pilatis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this work, over a thousand maritime casualty reports were reviewed in order to fully investigate and assess selected 213 marine accidents concerning the collision, grounding, and hull failure of ships, which occurred during the time period of 1990–2020, worldwide. Ship type and vessels’ main characteristics, as well as the cause of accidents, were categorized and analyzed statistically. The statistical software IBM SPSS© Statistics v.29 was employed for the investigation of a possible association between the above set criteria. Furthermore, the location and the extent of hull damage was extracted for all incidents, providing valuable insights into the resulting consequences for vessel integrity. These data are essential for estimating the accident’s impact on the viability of the ship, crew, and cargo. According to the main results obtained, significant correlations are deduced regarding the analyzed parameters. In collision accidents, these include the ship type, the location of the damage, visibility and age of the ship, the impact of the accident, and the type of casualty. 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ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The causes of maritime accidents in the period 2002-2016","attachmentId":111551305,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115020895/The_causes_of_maritime_accidents_in_the_period_2002_2016","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115020895/The_causes_of_maritime_accidents_in_the_period_2002_2016"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div 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