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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Punic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First Punic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Punic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_Roman_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_Roman_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The first Roman province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_Roman_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Punic_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Punic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second Punic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Punic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Internal organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sullan_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sullan_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Sullan Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sullan_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praetorship_of_Gaius_Verres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praetorship_of_Gaius_Verres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Praetorship of Gaius Verres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praetorship_of_Gaius_Verres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_on_Pirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_on_Pirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>War on Pirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_on_Pirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicilian_Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicilian_Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sicilian Revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicilian_Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Augustan_reorganisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augustan_reorganisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Augustan reorganisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augustan_reorganisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Imperial province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latifundia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latifundia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Latifundia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latifundia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Christianity_in_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Christianity_in_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Arrival of Christianity in Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Christianity_in_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_fall_of_the_Western_Empire_and_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_fall_of_the_Western_Empire_and_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>The fall of the Western Empire and Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_fall_of_the_Western_Empire_and_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major centres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_centres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major centres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syracuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syracuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Syracuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syracuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Catania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centuripe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centuripe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Centuripe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centuripe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tauromenium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tauromenium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tauromenium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tauromenium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Messana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tyndaris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tyndaris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Tyndaris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tyndaris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermae_Himerae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermae_Himerae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Thermae Himerae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermae_Himerae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panormus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panormus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Panormus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panormus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drepanum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drepanum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Drepanum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drepanum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lilybaeum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lilybaeum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Lilybaeum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lilybaeum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sicilia (Roman province)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(Romeinse_provinsie)" title="Sicilia (Romeinse provinsie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sicilia (Romeinse provinsie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="سيشيليا (مقاطعة رومانية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيشيليا (مقاطعة رومانية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сицилия (римска провинция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сицилия (римска провинция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_romana_de_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Província romana de Sicília – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Província romana de Sicília" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlie_(provincie)" title="Sicílie (provincie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sicílie (provincie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(talaith_Rufeinig)" title="Sicilia (talaith Rufeinig) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sicilia (talaith Rufeinig)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(Provinz)" title="Sicilia (Provinz) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sicilia (Provinz)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitsiilia_(Rooma_provints)" title="Sitsiilia (Rooma provints) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sitsiilia (Rooma provints)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Σικελία (Ρωμαϊκή επαρχία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σικελία (Ρωμαϊκή επαρχία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(provincia_romana)" title="Sicilia (provincia romana) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sicilia (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizilia_(erromatar_probintzia)" title="Sizilia (erromatar probintzia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sizilia (erromatar probintzia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicile_(province_romaine)" title="Sicile (province romaine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sicile (province romaine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(provincia_romana)" title="Sicilia (provincia romana) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sicilia (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%86%8D%EC%A3%BC" title="시칠리아 속주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시칠리아 속주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(provinsi_Romawi)" title="Sicilia (provinsi Romawi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sicilia (provinsi Romawi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(provincia_roman)" title="Sicilia (provincia roman) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sicilia (provincia roman)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(provincia_romana)" title="Sicilia (provincia romana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sicilia (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרובינקיה סיקיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרובינקיה סיקיליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(provincia_Romana)" title="Sicilia (provincia Romana) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sicilia (provincia Romana)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilia_(provinse_roman)" title="Sisilia (provinse roman) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sisilia (provinse roman)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Сицилија (римска провинција) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сицилија (римска провинција)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(Romeinse_provincie)" title="Sicilia (Romeinse provincie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sicilia (Romeinse provincie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%B1%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="シキリア属州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シキリア属州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(romersk_provins)" title="Sicilia (romersk provins) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sicilia (romersk provins)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia_(prov%C3%ADncia_romana)" title="Sicília (província romana) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sicília (província romana)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(provincie_roman%C4%83)" title="Sicilia (provincie romană) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sicilia (provincie romană)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сицилия (римская провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сицилия (римская провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A7ilia_(provinc%C3%AB_romake)" title="Siçilia (provincë romake) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Siçilia (provincë romake)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(%C3%A8bbica_rumana)" title="Sicilia (èbbica rumana) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sicilia (èbbica rumana)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilija_(rimska_provinca)" title="Sicilija (rimska provinca) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sicilija (rimska provinca)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Сицилија (провинција) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сицилија (провинција)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilija_(rimska_provincija)" title="Sicilija (rimska provincija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sicilija (rimska provincija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(provinssi)" title="Sicilia (provinssi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sicilia (provinssi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(lalawigang_Romano)" title="Sicilia (lalawigang Romano) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sicilia (lalawigang Romano)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilya_(eyalet)" title="Sicilya (eyalet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sicilya (eyalet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Sicilia<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σικελία</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">241 BC–476 AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Sicilia_(125_AD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Roman_Empire_-_Sicilia_%28125_AD%29.svg/220px-Roman_Empire_-_Sicilia_%28125_AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Roman_Empire_-_Sicilia_%28125_AD%29.svg/330px-Roman_Empire_-_Sicilia_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Roman_Empire_-_Sicilia_%28125_AD%29.svg/440px-Roman_Empire_-_Sicilia_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a></span><br />The province of Sicilia within the Roman Empire, c. 125 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracusae</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established after the end of <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">241 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall of the Western Roman Empire </div></th><td class="infobox-data">476 AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Symbol_of_Tanit.png/20px-Symbol_of_Tanit.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Symbol_of_Tanit.png/30px-Symbol_of_Tanit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Symbol_of_Tanit.png/40px-Symbol_of_Tanit.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="874" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dinastie_della_grecia_occidentale%2C_hieron_II%2C_32_litri_di_siracusa%2C_274-216_ac_ca.JPG/20px-Dinastie_della_grecia_occidentale%2C_hieron_II%2C_32_litri_di_siracusa%2C_274-216_ac_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dinastie_della_grecia_occidentale%2C_hieron_II%2C_32_litri_di_siracusa%2C_274-216_ac_ca.JPG/30px-Dinastie_della_grecia_occidentale%2C_hieron_II%2C_32_litri_di_siracusa%2C_274-216_ac_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dinastie_della_grecia_occidentale%2C_hieron_II%2C_32_litri_di_siracusa%2C_274-216_ac_ca.JPG/40px-Dinastie_della_grecia_occidentale%2C_hieron_II%2C_32_litri_di_siracusa%2C_274-216_ac_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1216" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Syracuse">Kingdom of Syracuse</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Sicily">Theme of Sicily</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/20px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/30px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/40px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="178" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sicilia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[sɪˈkɪ.li.a]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σικελία</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sikelía</i></span>) was the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, encompassing the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The western part of the island was brought under Roman control in 241 BC at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> was regularly assigned to the island from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 227 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Syracuse under <a href="/wiki/Hiero_II_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero II of Syracuse">Hieron II</a> remained an independent ally of Rome until its defeat in 212 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter the province included the whole of the island of Sicily, the island of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and the smaller island groups (the <a href="/wiki/Aegadian_Islands" title="Aegadian Islands">Egadi islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Lipari</a> islands, <a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the island was the main source of grain for the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Extraction was heavy, provoking armed uprisings known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second Servile Wars</a> in the second century BC. In the first century, the Roman governor, <a href="/wiki/Verres" class="mw-redirect" title="Verres">Verres</a>, was famously prosecuted for his corruption by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civil wars">civil wars</a> which brought the Roman Republic to an end, Sicily was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a> in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>. When the island finally came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in 36 BC, it was substantially reorganised, with large <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colonies</a> being established in several major cities. </p><p>For most of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial period</a>, the province was a peaceful, agrarian territory. As a result, it is rarely mentioned in literary sources, but archaeology and epigraphy reveals several thriving cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Lilybaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Panormus</a> in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> in the east. These communities were organised in a similar way to other cities of the Roman Empire and were largely self-governing. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> were the main languages of the island but <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and probably other languages were also spoken. There were several Jewish communities on the island and from around AD 200 there is also evidence of substantial Christian communities. </p><p>The province briefly fell under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandal</a> kingdom of North Africa shortly before the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in 476, but was soon returned to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Kingdom of Italy</a> and returned to Roman control under the eastern emperor at Constantinople to which it would remain until the 9th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sicily" title="History of Sicily">History of Sicily</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Punic_War">First Punic War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Punic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg/330px-Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg/495px-Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg/660px-Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Sicily during the first Punic War between Rome and Carthage (264–241 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Syracuse" title="Agathocles of Syracuse">Agathocles</a>, tyrant of Syracuse from 317 and King of Sicily from 307 or 304 BC, died in 289 BC. A group of his Campanian mercenaries, called the <a href="/wiki/Mamertines" title="Mamertines">Mamertines</a>, were offered compensation in exchange for leaving the city. They took control of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, killing and exiling the men, and holding the women in bondage.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley200927_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley200927-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to this, the Syracusan general <a href="/wiki/Hieron_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieron II">Hiero</a>, who had reorganised the mercenaries and was able to bring banditry under control in 269 BC, began advancing on Messina. The Carthaginians, always eager to prevent the excessive empowerment of a single force and to keep Sicily divided, offered aid to the Mamertines. Hiero had to return to Syracuse, where he assumed the title of king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200486_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200486-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009129–130_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009129–130-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, the Mamertines decided to expel the Carthaginian garrison and seek aid from the Romans instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Rome, there was a debate on the appropriateness of helping the Mamertines. Previously, Rome had intervened against Campanian mercenaries who had followed the Mamertines' example and taken control of <a href="/wiki/Rhegium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhegium">Rhegium</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>). Moreover, it seemed clear that intervention in Sicily would lead to conflict with Carthage. According to the lost historian <a href="/wiki/Philinus_of_Agrigentum" title="Philinus of Agrigentum">Philinus of Agrigentum</a>, who was favourable to the Carthaginians, there was a treaty between Rome and Carthage which defined their respective spheres of influence and assigned Sicily to the Carthaginians. This "Philinus Treaty" is known to us from <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, who mentions it in order to deny its existence. Polybius also claims that the Romans were encouraged to intervene by economic motivations, on account of the wealth of Sicily in this period. The Senate gave the decision on whether or not to help the Mamertines to the popular assembly, which decided to send help. This was not a formal declaration of war against Carthage, but the intervention in Sicily sufficed as a <i>casus belli</i> and thus marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> (264–241 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200486–87_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200486–87-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was the first time that Roman forces had campaigned outside the Italian peninsula. Hiero, allied with Carthage against the Mamertines, had to face the legions of <a href="/wiki/Manius_Valerius_Maximus_Corvinus_Messalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla">Valerius Messalla</a>. The Romans quickly expelled the Syracusans and Carthaginains from Messina. In 263 BC, Hiero changed sides, making a peace treaty with the Romans in exchange for an indemnity of 100 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a>, thus ensuring the maintenance of his power. He proved a loyal ally of the Romans until his death in 215 BC, providing aid, specially grain and siege weapons, to the Romans. This assistance was essential for the conquest of the Carthaginian base at <a href="/wiki/Agrigentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrigentum">Agrigentum</a> in 262 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200487_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200487-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiero's loyalty is reflected in the peace treaty imposed on the Carthaginians at the end of the war, in which they were forbidden to attack Hiero or his allies. It seems, however, that pro-Roman sentiment was not universal at Syracuse and that there was a group opposed to Hiero which favoured the Carthaginians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the First Punic War, Rome had conquered the majority of the island, except for Syracuse, which retained a broad autonomy (although required to accept Roman supremacy in the region). In addition to Syracuse, the kingdom of Hiero was granted a number of centres in the eastern part of the island, such as <a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leontini" class="mw-redirect" title="Leontini">Leontini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eloro" class="mw-redirect" title="Eloro">Eloro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netum" title="Netum">Netum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tauromenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauromenium">Tauromenium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._59_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._59-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably also <a href="/wiki/Morgantina" title="Morgantina">Morgantina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camarina" class="mw-redirect" title="Camarina">Camarina</a>. </p><p>In addition to the aforementioned Philinus, there were other accounts of the First Punic War written by authors opposed to Rome, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosilus_of_Sparta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosilus of Sparta (page does not exist)">Sosilus of Sparta</a>. The work of Philinus was analysed and criticised by Polybius, while that of Sosilus was entirely rejected by him as the "vulgar gossip of a barber's shop."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pro-Roman account was written by the historian <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Pictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a>, which is criticised by Polybius as well. The resulting representation of the war in the ancient source material is very partial: the motivations of the Mamertines are left opaque and by the time of Polybius (about a hundred years after the war began) there were different opinions even at Rome. The ancient accounts' impression that a war between Carthage and Rome was inevitable also seems questionable. Even the traditional explanation that Carthage was threatening Rome at the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Messina" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Messina">Straits of Messina</a> seems anachronistic according to <a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Moses Finley</a>, since Carthage had never shown any inclination to expand into Italy. Probably no one at Rome foresaw that intervention at Messina would lead to a conflict on such a scale. According to the account of Polybius, this changed only after the conquest of Agrigentum.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finley says "this argument appears too simple and schematic, but it is correct in the sense that only then did Rome take the essential decision of creating a fleet, without which there was no hope of fighting the Carthaginians on equal terms.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009133_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009133-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction of the Carthaginians to Roman intervention, however, is easily explained: Sicily had always been fundamental for Carthaginian control of the seas. </p><p>In any case, the fact that the Romans ultimately conquered the island makes it difficult to produce a balance reconstruction of conditions on Sicily in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132–133_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132–133-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is certain is that the First Punic War had a disastrous effect on the territory. Both Rome and Carthage carried out atrocities: 250,000 inhabitants of Agrigentum (Philinus' homeland) were sold as slaves in 262 BC and seven years later the Carthaginians demolished the walls of the same city and set it on fire. In 258 BC, the Roman conquest of Camarina saw the majority of the inhabitants sold into slavery and 27,000 inhabitant of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Panormus</a> suffered the same fate (although 14,000 were redeemed). In 250 BC, <a href="/wiki/Selinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Selinus">Selinus</a> was razed to the ground by the Romans and it was not inhabited again until Late Antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Lilybaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a> resisted a Roman siege for ten years, until the conclusion of the war after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Battle of the Aegates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009134_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009134-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_Roman_province">The first Roman province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The first Roman province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman victory in the First Punic War placed the entire island of Sicily in Roman hands. Previous Roman conquests in Italy had resulted in direct annexation or asymmetric treaties with Rome as hegemonic power. These treaties guaranteed substantial internal autonomy to the <a href="/wiki/Socii" title="Socii">socii</a>: they were required to contribute troops when requested but not to pay any form of tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probably because of the island's complex mixture of ethnicities and perhaps also in order to recoup the expenses sustained during the war through a system of fiscal control, which excluded the concession of broad autonomy, Sicily came to be defined by a different institutional system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004322_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004322-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syracuse_Philistis_Tetradrachm_218_BC_80000114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Syracuse_Philistis_Tetradrachm_218_BC_80000114.jpg/220px-Syracuse_Philistis_Tetradrachm_218_BC_80000114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Syracuse_Philistis_Tetradrachm_218_BC_80000114.jpg/330px-Syracuse_Philistis_Tetradrachm_218_BC_80000114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Syracuse_Philistis_Tetradrachm_218_BC_80000114.jpg/440px-Syracuse_Philistis_Tetradrachm_218_BC_80000114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philistis" title="Philistis">Philistis</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Hiero_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiero II">Hiero II</a>, depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> minted between 218 and 214 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Eventually, the provincial structure would consist of a <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a>, assisted in financial matters by two <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestores</a>, one based at Lilybaeum and one based at Syracuse. But it is not clear how this system took form. It has been suggested that from 240 BC the government of western Sicily was entrusted to a <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> sent annually to Lilybaeum.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars like <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Coarelli" title="Filippo Coarelli">Filippo Coarelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crawford_(historian)" title="Michael Crawford (historian)">Michael Crawford</a> consider it possible that the government of Sicily was entrusted to a <i>privatus cum imperio</i>, that is an aristocrat with no official post and with a military command conferred on a personal basis, sent annually with administrative and judicial competence. Extraordinary governors of this kind were seen already during the First Punic War and occur again during the Second Punic War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004322_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004322-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assuming that there was a quaestor at Lilybaeum, it is unclear whether this position was created immediately after the end of the war or sometime later, or if it was one of the quaestores which already existed, that is one of the <i>quaestores classici</i> (treasurers of the fleet), that had first been created in 267 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200490_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200490-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the number of quaestores was increased from four to eight.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor is it clear if there were two quaestores in the province from the beginning (one in Lilybaeum and one in Syracuse), since in all the provinces that were subsequently established, there was only one quaestor. According to Antonino Pinzone this difference is explained by the fact that Sicily "came under the control of Rome in two stages," so that "the position of the quaestor of Lilybaeum is to be considered a kind of fossil and his influence is to be imputed to the financial and military arrangements inherited from the quaestor (classicus?).".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, in 227 BC, two new <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetores</a> were created (<i>praetores provinciales</i>): one, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)" title="Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)">Gaius Flaminius</a>, was sent to Sicily; the other, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Laevinus" title="Marcus Valerius Laevinus">Marcus Valerius Laevinus</a>, to the new province of <a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a>. Originally, the term <a href="/wiki/Provincia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia">provincia</a> indicated the jurisdiction of a magistrate (especially the possession of <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i>); eventually it came to indicate the territory under their control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200490_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200490-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change of 227 is reported by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Gaius Julius Solinus</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The two islands under the control of Rome were made provinces in the same moment when in that year [227 BC] M. Valerius was assigned as praetor of Sardinia by lot and C. Flaminius of the other island.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Collectanea rerum memorabilium</i>, 5.1</cite></div></blockquote> <p>It was in 227 BC that an annual grain tribute was imposed on the Sicilian communities by a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_frumentaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex frumentaria (page does not exist)">lex frumentaria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is best known for the province of Sicily from the 1st century BC context (as a result of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Verrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrines">Verrines</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009141_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009141-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the tribute consisted of a tenth of the harvest and it is possible that this system derived from the Syracusan kingdom (the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Hieronica" title="Lex Hieronica">lex Hieronica</a>, derived in turn from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic</a> grain tax).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tithe <i>decuma</i> was contracted out to the highest bidder (whoever promised to collect the largest amount of <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Dry_measure" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">modii</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These contractors were called <i>decumani</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems that this <i>lex frumentaria</i> had results which were "not excessively grievous for the cities to pay ... and the small Italians proprietors livin on the island. It developed in the context of Gaius Flaminius' focus on the development of small proprietors and of their class.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Punic_War">Second Punic War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Punic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyeronimus_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hyeronimus_coin.jpg/220px-Hyeronimus_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hyeronimus_coin.jpg/330px-Hyeronimus_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hyeronimus_coin.jpg/440px-Hyeronimus_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Hieronymus, King of Syracuse (215 BC), depicted on one of his coins.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Second Punic War (218-201 BC) was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> who was aware of the importance of the Italian <i>socii</i> to Rome and accordingly decided to attack the Romans on their own turf, passing through Gaul, over the Alps and into Italy. In a particularly difficult moment for Rome after the defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a> (216 BC), Hiero II died (215 BC). His successor <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Syracuse" title="Hieronymus of Syracuse">Hieronymus</a>, his fifteen-year-old grandson, decided to switch to the Carthaginian side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200492–93_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200492–93-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act arose from a period of intense conflict at Syracuse between the pro-Roman aristocratic faction and the pro-Carthaginian democratic faction. Hannibal himself had sent two brothers of Syracusan descent, Hippocrates and <a href="/wiki/Epicydes" title="Epicydes">Epicydes</a>, in order to rouse the people against the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg/220px-Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg/330px-Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg/440px-Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Burning_glass" title="Burning glass">burning glass</a> allegedly used by <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> in the defense of Syracuse in 212 BC, depicted in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontespiece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frontespiece (page does not exist)">frontespiece</a> of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opticae_Thesaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opticae Thesaurus (page does not exist)">Opticae Thesaurus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The survivors from the Roman side of the Battle of Cannae were sent to Sicily and forbidden to leave until the end of hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-LivioPeriochae23.10_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivioPeriochae23.10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hieronymus' decision to change sides caused Roman troops to be dispatched to the gates of Syracuse. The Carthaginians also sent troops to the island and contended with the Romans for control of the island. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(214%E2%80%93212_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)">conquest of Syracuse</a> in 212 BC by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcellus</a> was a decisive moment for the war, which resulted either from the betrayal of the city by members of the Syracusan aristocracy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by Moericus, a <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_of_the_ancient_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Mercenaries of the ancient Iberian Peninsula">Spanish mercenary</a> in the Carthaginian camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest of Syracuse was costly for the Romans on account of the topography of the city, the defensive machines built by <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, and the extensive fortifications, especially the <a href="/wiki/Euryalus_fortress" title="Euryalus fortress">Euryalus fortress</a>, originally built by the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius I</a> (404–367 BC) to protect the western end of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epipolae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epipolae (page does not exist)">Epipolae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was sacked and many inhabitants were killed, including Archimedes.<sup id="cite_ref-LivioPeriochae24.4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivioPeriochae24.4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marcellus then dispatched a lot of booty to Rome, including works taken from temples and public buildings (and was criticised for this by Polybius): according to <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the arrival of this booty that first gave rise to Roman enthusiasm for <a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greek art</a>. The Romans considered it opportune to replace Marcellus, hated by the Syracusans, with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Laevinus" title="Marcus Valerius Laevinus">Marcus Valerius Laevinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following these events, Syracuse was incorporated into the province of Sicily, becoming its capital and the seat of its governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._60_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._60-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The whole of Sicily was now in Roman hands, except for Agrigentum, which held out until 210 BC, when it was betrayed by <a href="/wiki/Numidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Numidian">Numidian</a> mercenaries led by Mutines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer, the time came to hold the <a href="/wiki/Comitia_centuriata" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia centuriata">comitia centuriata</a> at Rome, in order to elect the consuls. The task of organising the elections was expected to fall to Marcellus as senior consul, but he sent a letter to the Senate when it recalled him, declaring that it would be harmful to the Republic to leave Hannibal to his own devices. When the Senate received this, there was debate as to whether it was better to recall the consul from campaign even though he was unwilling or to cancel the elections of consuls for 209 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end it was decided to recall Valerius Laevinus from Sicily, even though he was outside Italy. The senate ordered the <a href="/wiki/Urban_praetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban praetor">Urban praetor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Manlius_Acidinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Manlius Acidinus">Lucius Manlius Acidinus</a> to take a letter to Valerius, along with that sent to the Senate by Marcellus, and to explain to him why they had decided to recall him.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valerius Laevinus set out from Rome with ten ships and arrived in Sicily safely, entrusted control of the province and command of the army to the praetor <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cincius_Alimentus" title="Lucius Cincius Alimentus">Lucius Cincius Alimentus</a>, then sent the commander of the fleet, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_(consul_188_BC)" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla (consul 188 BC)">Marcus Valerius Messalla</a> to Africa with part of the fleet to investigate the preparations of the Carthaginians and to raid their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he returned to Rome, he informed the Senate that no Carthaginian forces remained on the island, that all the exiles had returned home and work had resumed in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137–138_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137–138-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an exaggeration, insofar as Laevinius spent almost all of 209 BC trying to revive Sicilian agriculture. Not only was all independence of Sicily brought to an end, but the majority of the islands commercial activities were redirected toward Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009138_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009138-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 210 BC, the Senate decided to restore autonomy to Syracuse, which retained a large hinterland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Republic">Late Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First Servile War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second Servile War</a></div> <p>Thereafter, Sicily became one of the most prosperous and peaceful Roman provinces, although it was disturbed by two serious rebellions. The first of these is known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First Servile War</a> (c.138–132 BC), was led by King <a href="/wiki/Eunus" title="Eunus">Antiochus Eunus</a> who established a capital at Enna and conquered Tauromenium as well. Eunus defeated the Roman army several times, but in 133 BC he was vanquished by Consul <a href="/wiki/Publius_Rupilius" title="Publius Rupilius">Publius Rupilius</a> near Messina; the war ended with the capture of Tauromenium and Enna in 132 BC, and about 20,000 of the unfortunate slaves were crucified.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second Servile War</a> (104–101) was led by <a href="/wiki/Athenion_of_Cilicia" title="Athenion of Cilicia">Athenion of Cilicia</a> in the western part of the island and by <a href="/wiki/Salvius_Tryphon" title="Salvius Tryphon">Salvius Tryphon</a> in the east. This war was terminated by <a href="/wiki/Manius_Aquillius_(consul_101_BC)" title="Manius Aquillius (consul 101 BC)">Manius Aquillius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both wars are described by Diodorus Siculus in terms which suggest that there were massive numbers of slaves from the eastern Mediterranean in Sicily (c.200,000), with significant economic and social implications for the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_organisation">Internal organisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internal organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Roman Republican period <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Laevinus" title="Marcus Valerius Laevinus">Marcus Valerius Laevinus</a> introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Leges_provinciae" title="Leges provinciae">lex provinciae</a></i> in 210 BC, the law regulating cities in provinces. The specific version of this law for Sicily, the <i>Lex Rupilia</i>, was completed after the <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First Servile War</a> by the consul <a href="/wiki/Publius_Rupilius" title="Publius Rupilius">Publius Rupilius</a> in 132 BC. All the Sicilian cities enjoyed a certain autonomy and issued small coins, and were divided into four legal and administrative classes, but none of them had the right of Roman citizenship:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1. <i><b>foederatae civitates</b></i> (allied communities) </p><p>This "first class" included <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Notum</a> that had remained loyal to Rome during the Punic wars of the 3rd century BC. They enjoyed greater freedom as a reward for their demonstrated friendship; their duties and rights as citizens were recognised and very rarely were they liable to pay the <i>decuma</i> (or tenth), or the tax on their harvest. They could also retain ownership of their lands, govern themselves and therefore were similar to the allied cities of the Italian peninsula. </p><p>2. <i><b>civitates sine foedere immunes ac liberae</b></i> (exempt and free communities without an alliance) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Halaesa" title="Halaesa">Halaesa Archonidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salemi" title="Salemi">Alicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centuripe" title="Centuripe">Centuripae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Panormus</a> were those in which Rome dictated their rights and duties. Although they were not allied, they were exempt from the payment of the <i>decuma</i> and could freely administer their internal affairs, without having to follow Roman law (<i>ius romanus</i>). They could elect their own magistrates, senate and, more significantly, they were free from the jurisdiction of provincial magistrates and their territory could not be legally administered by the <i>praetor</i>. </p><p>3. <i><b>civitates decumanae</b></i> (communities liable to the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decuma (page does not exist)">decuma</a></i> tax) </p><p>Most of the Sicilian cities were <i>civitates decumanae</i> and did not enjoy the rights of the two previous classes as they had been conquered after offering resistance, having to pay Rome the <i>decuma</i>. This was regulated by the <i>lex Hieronica</i>, named for King Hiero II, which established the amount to be taxed on each crop of the territory. </p><p>4. <i><b>civitates censoriae</b></i> (communities subject to the censor) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drepanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepanum">Drepanum</a> and at least four others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had been conquered in war and thus they enjoyed neither rights nor privileges, although Syracuse became the capital of Sicily from 212 BC. Their land was taken by the Romans as an <i><a href="/wiki/Ager_publicus" title="Ager publicus">ager publicus</a></i>, state land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sullan_Period">Sullan Period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sullan Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a>, in 82 BC, the young general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> was sent to Sicily by the dictator, <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>, to recover the island from the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marius the Younger">Marius</a> and thereby secure the <a href="/wiki/Cura_Annonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cura Annonae">grain supply to Rome</a>. Pompey crushed the opposition and, when the cities complained he responded with one of his most famous statements, reported by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> as "why do you keep praising the laws before me when I am wearing a sword?" He expelled his enemies in Sicily, putting to death the consul <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Papirius_Carbo_(consul_85_BC)" title="Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 85 BC)">Papirius Carbo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of the island in this period was controlled by a praetor, who was assisted by two quaestores (who focussed on financial matters), one based at Syracuse and one at Lilybaeum. Some communities continued to possess a popular assembly, but there was an increasing concentration of power in the hands of local elites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Praetorship_of_Gaius_Verres">Praetorship of Gaius Verres</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Praetorship of Gaius Verres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 73 to 71 BC, the praetor of the province was <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Verres" title="Gaius Verres">Gaius Verres</a> who was denounced by the Sicilians for extortion, theft, and robbery and was prosecuted in Rome by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> whose speeches against him, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Verrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrines">Verrines</a></i>, still survive. Since these speeches are the main evidence for Verres' actions, it is hard to get an objective idea of the impact of his activities on Sicily. Cicero emphasised Verres' very harsh implementation of the grain tax (for his personal profit rather than that of the Republic) and the theft of artworks, including sacred votive offerings. Verres had expected the power of his friends and the deft manipulation of legal procedure to ensure his acquittal, but after Cicero's blisteringly effective first speech, he fled into exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_on_Pirates">War on Pirates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War on Pirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 70 BC, the praetor <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caecilius_Metellus_(consul_68_BC)" title="Lucius Caecilius Metellus (consul 68 BC)">Caecilius Metellus</a> fought successfully against the pirates which infested the seas around Sicily<sup id="cite_ref-AppianoMitridatiche93_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppianoMitridatiche93-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LivioPeriochae98.3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivioPeriochae98.3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who went on to plunder <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> (69–68 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-Dione36.22.2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dione36.22.2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and captured the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_(orator)" title="Marcus Antonius (orator)">Marcus Antonius Orator</a> at <a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a>. In the course of the subsequent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey%27s_war_against_the_pirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pompey's war against the pirates (page does not exist)">war against the pirates</a> in 67 BC, the sea around Sicily was assigned to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plotius_Varus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plotius Varus (page does not exist)">Plotius Varus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FloroI,41-9.10_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloroI,41-9.10-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AppianoMitridatiche95_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppianoMitridatiche95-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 61 BC, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Clodius</a> was sent to the island as quaestor.<sup id="cite_ref-Fezzi_44_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fezzi_44-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicilian_Revolt">Sicilian Revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sicilian Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_between_Sextus_Pompey_and_the_Second_Triumvirate" class="mw-redirect" title="War between Sextus Pompey and the Second Triumvirate">War between Sextus Pompey and the Second Triumvirate</a></div> <p>After Verres, Sicily recovered rapidly, although not reimbursed for the robberies of the former praetor. Nor did <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a> (49–45 BC) interrupt business as usual. Caesar's opponents had grasped the strategic importance of the island of Sicily as a base for attacking North Africa or for defending against an attack from Africa. However, after <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a> and began the civil war he took control of the island; <a href="/wiki/Asinius_Pollio" class="mw-redirect" title="Asinius Pollio">Asinius Pollio</a> was sent as Caesar's emissary, to remove the governor of the island at the time, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato</a>. The Caesarians were therefore able to embark from Lilybaeum to attack the supporters of Pompey in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009169_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009169-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation changed with the assassination of Caesar (44 BC). In 42 BC, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>, son of Pompey Magnus, was appointed commander of the Roman fleet gathered at <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Massalia</a> by the Senate. He came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscribed</a> under the <i>lex Pedia</i> for collecting other proscribed individuals and slaves from Epirus and carrying out various acts of piracy. He therefore took control <a href="/wiki/Milazzo" title="Milazzo">Mylae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyndaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyndaris">Tyndaris</a> and then Messana. After this, all of Sicily had to submit to him.<sup id="cite_ref-LivioPeriochae123.1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivioPeriochae123.1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First he killed the praetor, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Pompeius#Son_of_Quintus_Pompeius_Bithynicus" title="Aulus Pompeius">Aulus Pompeius Bithynicus</a> and then he defeated <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Salvidienus_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Salvidienus Rufus">Quintus Salvidienus Rufus</a> in a naval battle off Rhegium (40 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-LivioPeriochae123.1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivioPeriochae123.1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sextus Pompey was able to prevent the supply of grain to Rome from Sicily. Initially, Octavian could do little about this, but then the people at Rome forced a compromise. Thus in 39 BC, Sextus Pompey and the Second Triumvirate signed the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Misenum" title="Pact of Misenum">Pact of Misenum</a>, which recognised Sextus Pompey's control of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica and granted freedom to the slaves in his custody. In exchange, Sextus Pompey promised to end the blockade of Rome, resume the Sicilian grain supply to Rome and not to gather any more slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009170_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009170-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement did not hold and triumvirs turned their attention on Sicily. The conflict involved perhaps 200,000 men and 1,000 warships and wrecked great devastation on Sicily. The territory of Tyndaris and Messina was the most damaged. </p><p>Octavian was defeated at sea in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Messina_(37_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Messina (37 BC) (page does not exist)">Battle of Messina</a> (37 BC) and again in August 36 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Octavian's lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a>, a commander of great talent was able to destroy Sextus' fleet a month later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Battle of Naulochus</a> in September 36 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Octavian imposed a heavy indemnity on Sicily of 1,600 talents and the cities that had resisted him were harshly punished. Thirty thousand slaves in Sextus Pompey's service were captured; the majority were returned to their masters, but about 6,000, who had no masters, were impaled. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BC, Octavian had sole power over the Roman Republic. In 27 BC, the Senate formalised this situation and he assumed the title of Augustus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009171_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009171-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augustan_reorganisation">Augustan reorganisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Augustan reorganisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItaliaAlTempoDiAugusto_(expo_-25_contrasto_25).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ItaliaAlTempoDiAugusto_%28expo_-25_contrasto_25%29.jpg/330px-ItaliaAlTempoDiAugusto_%28expo_-25_contrasto_25%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="436" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ItaliaAlTempoDiAugusto_%28expo_-25_contrasto_25%29.jpg/495px-ItaliaAlTempoDiAugusto_%28expo_-25_contrasto_25%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ItaliaAlTempoDiAugusto_%28expo_-25_contrasto_25%29.jpg/660px-ItaliaAlTempoDiAugusto_%28expo_-25_contrasto_25%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy#Augustan_organization" title="Roman Italy">regiones of Augustan Italy</a> (around AD 7)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the conflict between the triumvirs and Sextus Pompey, Sicily was devastated: cities and countryside had been damaged by warfare and a lot of land remained uncultivated because the proprietors were dead or had fled, or their land had been confiscated by Octavian as punishment. A portion of Sicily remained imperial property, while large areas, probably in the <a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Catania" title="Plain of Catania">Plain of Catania</a>, were given to Agrippa. When he died, the majority of his property passed to Augustus and it is possible that other Sicilian land came into Augustus' possession in a similar way. Other farmland, especially on the eastern and northern coasts, was given to Italian veterans who had served in Augustus' legions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009172_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009172-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augustus carried out an administrative reorganisation of the empire as a whole and of the province of Sicily in particular. A number of <i><a href="/wiki/Coloniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloniae">coloniae</a></i> were established by Augustus for his veterans on Sicily, but the exact chronology is unclear. We know for certain that the first measures were taken in 36 BC, when Tauromenium was made into a <i>colonia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._64_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._64-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Augustus visited Sicily in 22 or 21 BC, the first stop on a journey through the empire, and other reforms were carried out. At the end of the process, six Sicilian cities had become <i>coloniae</i>: Syracuse, Tauromenium, Panormus, Catania, Tyndaris, and Thermae Himerenses. The influx of population represented by these foundations may have been intended to compensate for a demographic slump resulting from the war with Sextus Pompey, or from Augustus' excoriation of the island after his victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009173_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009173-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear what happened to the existing Greek inhabitants of these cities as normally the citizens of <i>coloniae</i> had <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> and could therefore participate in the highest levels of the Roman state. It may be that these privileges were restricted to the aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, the influx of Italian veterans played a decisive role in the diffusion of Latin language in Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._64_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._64-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Messina, Lipara, and perhaps Lilybaeum, Agregentum, and Halaesa were made into <i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipia</a></i>, a status significantly lower than that of <i>colonia</i>. No veterans were settled in these settlements; they were simply compensated for their loyalty by Augustus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centuripa, Notum, and Segesta were converted into "Latin" cities, while the remaining cities retained their status as foreign communities under the control of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of the privileges conceded to the various centres implied exemption from paying tribute to Rome. It is reasonable to presume that, like other <i>coloniae</i> outside Italy, the Sicilian <i>coloniae</i> paid tribute. The grain tithe was replaced by the <i>stipendium</i>, a property tax, and there may also have been a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll tax</a>. It is possible that Augustus made this reform as a result of the new role played by Egypt as the source of the grain supply, although the produce of the Emperor's Sicilian farms continued to be sent to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009175_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009175-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_province">Imperial province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Imperial province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In AD 68, there was disorder on the island, probably linked to the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Clodius_Macer" title="Lucius Clodius Macer">Lucius Clodius Macer</a> in North Africa. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (69–79) settled veterans and freedmen at Panormos and <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a>. </p><p>During the first two centuries AD Sicily underwent economic depression and urban life declined, the countryside was deserted and the wealthy owners were not resident, as indicated by the lack of dwellings at various levels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, the Roman government neglected the territory and it became a place of exile and refuge for slaves and brigands. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i> (a notoriously unreliable fourth century text), there was a slave revolt in Sicily under the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (253–268). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Latifundia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifundia">latifundia</a>, or great private estates, specialising in agriculture destined for export (grain, olive oil, wine) played a large role in society and in the economy in the imperial period. </p><p>Rural Sicily entered a new period of prosperity at the beginning of the 4th century, with commercial settlements and farm villages that seem to reach the pinnacle of their expansion and activity. The reasons seem to be twofold: first of all, renewed commercial links with North Africa expanded for the supplies of grain to Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_pp._63–65_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_pp._63–65-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Egyptian production, which had so far satisfied the needs of Rome, was sent to the new capital of Constantinople in 330 AD;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._68_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._68-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sicily consequently assumed a central role in the new commercial routes between the two continents. Secondly, the most prosperous equestrian and senatorial ranks began to abandon urban life by retreating to their country estates, due to the growing tax burden and the expenses they were obliged to sustain the poor masses. Their lands were cultivated no longer by slaves, but by colonists. Considerable sums of money were spent to enlarge, embellish, and make their villas more comfortable. </p><p>Traces of renewed construction are found in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofiana (page does not exist)">Filosofiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Sciacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punta_Secca" title="Punta Secca">Punta Secca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a> and elsewhere. An obvious sign of transformation is the new title assigned to the governor of the island, from a <i><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">corrector</a></i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Consularis" title="Consularis">consularis</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 4th century therefore, Sicily was not merely the “granary of Rome”, but also became a favourite residence for families of the high Roman aristocracy, like the <a href="/wiki/Symmachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmachi">Symmachi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virius_Nicomachus_Flavianus" title="Virius Nicomachus Flavianus">Nichomachi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ceionia_gens" title="Ceionia gens">Caeionii</a>, who brought with them the luxury and taste of the capital of the empire. </p><p>The most remarkable archaeological remains of this period are the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a>. Others include the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Tellaro" title="Villa Romana del Tellaro">Villa Romana del Tellaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_di_Patti" title="Villa Romana di Patti">Villa Romana di Patti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latifundia">Latifundia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Latifundia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the latifundia in Sicily, as elsewhere, was the <a href="/wiki/Ager_publicus" title="Ager publicus">ager publicus</a> from the spoils of war, confiscated from conquered peoples from the early 2nd century BC. Latifundia could be used for livestock (sheep and cattle) or cultivation of olive oil, grain, and wine. They distressed <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (died AD 79) as he travelled, seeing only slaves working the land, not the sturdy Roman farmers who had been the backbone of the Republic's army.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that the latifundia had ruined Italy and would ruin the Roman provinces as well. </p><p>The latifundia quickly started economic consolidation as larger estates achieved greater economies of scale and senators did not pay land taxes. Owners re-invested their profits by purchasing smaller neighbouring farms, since smaller farms had a lower productivity and could not compete, in an ancient precursor of <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a>. By the 2nd century AD, latifundia had displaced small farms as the agricultural foundation of the Roman Empire. This effect contributed to the destabilising of Roman society; as the small farms of the Roman peasantry were bought up by the wealthy and with their vast supply of slaves, the landless peasantry were forced into idleness, relying greatly on handouts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Christianity_in_Sicily">Arrival of Christianity in Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arrival of Christianity in Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Bodmer_127_039v_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Codex_Bodmer_127_039v_Detail.jpg/220px-Codex_Bodmer_127_039v_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Codex_Bodmer_127_039v_Detail.jpg/330px-Codex_Bodmer_127_039v_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Codex_Bodmer_127_039v_Detail.jpg/440px-Codex_Bodmer_127_039v_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>The martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Agatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Agatha">Saint Agatha</a> (Cod. Bodmer 127, fol. 39v, end of the 12th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brevier-Martin-d-Aragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brevier-Martin-d-Aragon.jpg/220px-Brevier-Martin-d-Aragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brevier-Martin-d-Aragon.jpg/330px-Brevier-Martin-d-Aragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Brevier-Martin-d-Aragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Saint Lucy</a> depicted in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breviarium_of_Martin_of_Aragon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breviarium of Martin of Aragon (page does not exist)">Breviarium of Martin of Aragon</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catania01(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Catania01%28js%29.jpg/300px-Catania01%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Catania01%28js%29.jpg/450px-Catania01%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Catania01%28js%29.jpg/600px-Catania01%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Catania" title="Amphitheatre of Catania">Roman amphitheatre of Catania</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2nd century AD) and in the background the <a href="/wiki/San_Biagio,_Catania" title="San Biagio, Catania">Church of San Biagio</a>, built in the 18th century after the massive <a href="/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake" title="1693 Sicily earthquake">earthquake</a> of 1693 on the location where tradition claims St Agatha was martyred in a furnace</figcaption></figure> <p>The first reference to a Christian presence on the island appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts">Acts</a></i> (28.12–13): "We landed in Syracuse, where we remained for three days and then we travelled along the coast and arrived at Rhegion." In this way, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a>, on his voyage from the Levant to Rome, which is described at the end of <i>Acts</i>, travelled through Sicily. He stopped in Syracuse after having been shipwrecked and forced to disembark on Malta. From Malta, according to the account in <i>Acts</i>, Paul travelled to Syracuse, but it is not clear why he stopped there. It is clear that Syracuse was still used in this period as a stop on the way to Rome on commercial trade routes. Perhaps Paul was hosted by a Jewish community, such as existed in many ports of the Mediterranean – the Jewish community at Catania is well-attested epigraphically. After Paul, there are no sources before the 3rd century AD which expressly mention a Christian presence on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._1–2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._1–2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are various legends which link the arrival of Christianity in Sicily with Paul's brief sojourn on the island, while other traditions report that Paul met Christians who had already arrived before him and that this was the reason why he stopped on the island. But <i>Acts</i> doesn't mention any of this and these traditions may respond to the desire to make the arrival of Christianity in Sicily as early as possible (60 or even 40 AD), in order to reinforce the authority of the Sicilian church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first certain reference to a Sicilian church is found in an official letter (<i>Epist.</i> 30.5.2), sent from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Carthage">Bishop of Carthage</a>. This document dates between 250 and 251 during the <a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian persecution</a> and discusses the <i><a href="/wiki/Lapsi_(Christianity)" title="Lapsi (Christianity)">lapsi</a></i> – Christians who had performed acts of worship to pagan deities in the face of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_policies_in_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian policies in the Roman Empire">Roman persecutions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._7_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._7-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter mentions a similar letter sent to Sicily, which suggests that apostasy was considered a problem on the island as well and that the Christian presence on Sicily was already significant enough to have a hierarchical relationship with Rome. It is possible that this community developed at the end of the 2nd century AD or at the beginning of the 3rd century – the period in which the first archaeological evidence appears.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._6_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian</a> (AD 250) and <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecutions</a> (304) are the setting for the stories of two important Sicilian martyrs, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Agatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Agatha">Saint Agatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Saint Lucy</a>. These saints are known only from <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> written about two hundred years after the events, which represent them as young and beautiful virgins, victims of two persecutors called Quintianus and Pascasius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._7–8_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._7–8-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that these sources respond to a desire to link the two most important cities of eastern Sicily: Catania, home of Saint Agatha, and Syracuse, home of Saint Lucy. Significantly, all the principal saints of the island are women – in addition to Agatha and Lucy, there are the Palermitan saints, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nympha_of_Palermo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nympha of Palermo (page does not exist)">Nympha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninfa_(martire)" class="extiw" title="it:Ninfa (martire)">it</a>]</span> (4th century martyr), <a href="/wiki/Olivia_of_Palermo" title="Olivia of Palermo">Olivia</a> (5th century martyr), and <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Bolsena" title="Christina of Bolsena">Christina</a> (martyred in 304), who was introduced into the cult of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Saint Rosalia</a> by the Palermitans. Perhaps this emphasis on female figures in Sicilian Christianity reflects the emphasis on female deities in pre-Christian Sicilian religion (e.g. Venus of Eryx, Isis, Demeter and Kore).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._8_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._8-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two important Christian inscriptions have been discovered from the period. One is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epitaph_of_Julia_Florentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epitaph of Julia Florentina (page does not exist)">Epitaph of Julia Florentina</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigrafe_di_Iulia_Florentina" class="extiw" title="it:Epigrafe di Iulia Florentina">it</a>]</span>, discovered at Catania in 1730 (in the necropolis on the site of the modern via Dottor Consoli) and now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in Paris. It is a funerary inscription, dating to the end of the 3rd century AD at the earliest, which records in Latin the death of a child of little more than a year in age, buried next to the "Christian martyrs" (but it is not clear whether this refers to Agatha and <a href="/wiki/Euplius" class="mw-redirect" title="Euplius">Euplius</a>). The inscription is the first direct evidence for Christianity on the island. The other inscription, also sepulchral, is the so-called Inscription of Euskia in Greek, which was discovered at the end of the 19th century in the Catacombs of San Giovanni in Syracuse and is now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_archeologico_regionale_Paolo_Orsi" title="Museo archeologico regionale Paolo Orsi">Museo archeologico regionale Paolo Orsi</a>. The grave <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> indicates a local cult of Lucy at the beginning of the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the inscription's creation, the cult of Agatha is already attested at Rome and Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._9–10_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._9–10-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the end of the period of the persecutions, the church entered a phase of expansion, even as fierce debates arose within the church on doctrinal point, leading to the convocation of <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> includes a letter of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to Crestus, Bishop of Syracuse, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i> (10.5.21), which invites him to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles (314)">Council of Arles of AD 314</a>. Cresto was assigned an important organisational role at Arles, which indicates the relevance of the Sicilian church at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._10_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._10-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a> in Sicily came in the 4th century. The hagiographic tradition reports that the ascetic <a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a> travelled from Egypt to <a href="/wiki/Pachino" title="Pachino">Pachino</a> and then spent three years in Sicily (perhaps near modern <a href="/wiki/Ispica" title="Ispica">Ispica</a>), where he sought a retreat in which to practice the life of an <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchorite</a>. He subsequently departed as a result of his growing fame in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._10–11_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._10–11-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More significant for Sicily was the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism" title="Cenobitic monasticism">cenobitic monasticism</a>: there are many reports of different kinds of ascetics gathering together to share a religious life, especially under the <a href="/wiki/Basilian_monks" title="Basilian monks">Basilian rule</a> (there were no monasteries in Sicily organised under the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine rule">Benedictine rule</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Sicily">Norman period</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009201_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009201-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some monks followed the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, others the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin rite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._11_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._11-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of monasticism in Sicily was probably due to its insularity, as well as the fact that the region, excepting a few slave revolts, was one of the most peaceful in the west – at least until the Vandal <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(439)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Carthage (439)">conquest</a> of 439, and then again until the 9th century Arab conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._11_&_13_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._11_&_13-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_fall_of_the_Western_Empire_and_Sicily">The fall of the Western Empire and Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The fall of the Western Empire and Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 5th century <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> was a period of serious crisis for the Roman Empire. The relative tranquility of Sicily in this period attracted many people. Just as in earlier periods, many senatorial families had been spurred to acquire vast estates of fertile land. High functionaries and religious officials (both Christian and pagan) travelled to Sicily to dedicate themselves to study, hunting and entertainment. <a href="/wiki/Nicomachus_Flavianus_(son)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicomachus Flavianus (son)">Nicomachus Flavianus the Younger</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" title="Praefectus urbi">praefectus urbi</a></i> between 361 and 362, had an estate near <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a>, where he produced a revised edition of the first ten books of Livy in 408.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others came as refugees, such as <a href="/wiki/Melania_the_Younger" title="Melania the Younger">Melania the Younger</a>, who fled Alaric's sack of Rome and took refuge at Messina with her husband and friends in 410.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._12–13_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._12–13-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a> attempted to attack Sicily itself and got as far as Rhegium, but the Gothic fleet was destroyed in the Straits of Messina by a storm and Alaric therefore abandoned the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._18_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._18-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Genseric">Genseric</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, occupied the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">province of Africa</a> in the 430s and began to practice piracy, first raiding the Sicilian coast in 437. Then, after seizing part of the Western Roman fleet berthed at Carthage after taking the city in October 439, the Vandals organised attacks throughout the Mediterranean, especially in Sicily and Sardinia (the main sources of grain for the western empire), Corsica, and the Balearic islands. In 441, since the western Roman fleet had proven incapable of defeating the Vandals, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> sent an expedition in 442 but it accomplished nothing and was recalled because of attacks by Persians and Huns along the northern and eastern borders. The Western Roman empire continued to defend Sicily, with the general <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a> active there in 456 and then <a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_(magister_militum)" title="Marcellinus (magister militum)">Marcellinus</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> legions in 461. The Vandal presence in Sicily was limited to piratical raids, similar to those undertaken in southern Italy. A panegyric of 468 by <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a> indicates that in this period, Sicily was still part of the Western Roman Empire. In 468 the island fell to the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandal</a> King <a href="/wiki/Geiseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geiseric">Geiseric</a> but was reunited with Italy in 476 under Odoacer with a toe-hold allowed the Vandals in the port of Lilybaeum.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was ceded to Theodoric in 493. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Republican period, the main language was still Greek, since the Romans had no policy of enforcing their language on communities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the period of Cicero, Greek was the main language used by the elite and almost all the Sicilians mentioned by Cicero in the <i>Verrine Orations</i> have Greek names.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicero also refers to the Greek calendar (in use throughout Sicily in this period), Greek festivals, relations between the Sicilian cities and <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_sanctuary" title="Panhellenic sanctuary">panhellenic sanctuaries</a> like <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, Sicilian victors of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, and Greek civic architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literature remained almost exclusively Greek, with authors like <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caecilius_of_Calacte" title="Caecilius of Calacte">Caecilius of Calacte</a>. </p><p>The non-Greek languages of Sicily (<a href="/wiki/Sicani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicani language">Sican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicel language">Sicel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>) probably continued to be spoken in the countryside and employed in traditional religious cults, but were absent from elite and written contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is direct testimony only for Punic (a brief inscription of the 2nd or 1st century BC from <a href="/wiki/Aegusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegusa">Aegusa</a>). Some <a href="/wiki/Mamertines" title="Mamertines">Mamertines</a> probably retained their Italic dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the establishment of six Roman <i>coloniae</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at the beginning of the Imperial period, Sicily received a large influx of Latin speakers for the first time and a Latin-Greek bilingualism developed which continued until the Byzantine period. Generally, in the Imperial period, Latin replaced Greek in an ever-increasing number of areas, while Greek was confined to lower registers, although it retained its historic prestige and was widely used by the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009189_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009189-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin became firmly established as the elite language, with <a href="/wiki/Titus_Calpurnius_Siculus" title="Titus Calpurnius Siculus">Calpurnius Siculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Vopiscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Vopiscus">Flavius Vopiscus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavio_Vopisco" class="extiw" title="it:Flavio Vopisco">it</a>]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus" title="Julius Firmicus Maternus">Julius Firmicus Maternus</a> producing literary works in Latin, although there are also examples of Sicilian authors who wrote in Greek during the Imperial period, such as <a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocles_of_Messene" title="Aristocles of Messene">Aristocles of Messene</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Probus_of_Lilybaeum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probus of Lilybaeum (page does not exist)">Probus of Lilybaeum</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citharius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citharius (page does not exist)">Citharius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period the non-Greek languages must have definitively disappeared, although Punic may still have been spoken at the end of the Imperial period based on the testimony of <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous Jewish and Samaritan communities are attested on the island in the Imperial period, although they usually appear in the record using Greek or Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 5th century the Greek language appears to have experienced a recovery that lasted into the period of Muslim domination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_centres">Major centres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major centres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syracuse">Syracuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Syracuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venere_Landolina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Venere_Landolina.JPG/180px-Venere_Landolina.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Venere_Landolina.JPG/270px-Venere_Landolina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Venere_Landolina.JPG/360px-Venere_Landolina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Landolina Venus, 2nd century Roman copy of Hellenistic original. Discovered 1804 in Syracuse. (<a href="/wiki/Museo_archeologico_regionale_Paolo_Orsi" title="Museo archeologico regionale Paolo Orsi">Museo archeologico regionale Paolo Orsi</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Syracusae became the capital of the new Roman province after 212 BC. Despite the misgovernment and systematic despoliation of its artistic heritage by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Verres" title="Gaius Verres">Gaius Verres</a>, Syracuse remained the capital of the province and seat of its praetor. It continued to be a key port for commercial interaction between east and west. St Paul and <a href="/wiki/Marcian_of_Syracuse" title="Marcian of Syracuse">Marcian of Syracuse</a> (the first <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Syracuse">Bishop of Syracuse</a>) spent time in the city proselytising. As a result of the Roman persecution of the Christians before the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Constantine">Edict of Constantine</a> in AD 313, a deep network of <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a> were built under the city, second only to those of Rome. Successive attacks, starting with those of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in 440, impoverished the city until it was conquered by the Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> in 535. From 663 to 668, the city was the residence of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a> and the metropolis of all churches in Sicily. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syracuse_amphi_Romain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman amphitheatre of Syracuse"><img alt="Roman amphitheatre of Syracuse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Syracuse_amphi_Romain.jpg/120px-Syracuse_amphi_Romain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Syracuse_amphi_Romain.jpg/180px-Syracuse_amphi_Romain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Syracuse_amphi_Romain.jpg/240px-Syracuse_amphi_Romain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre_of_Syracuse" title="Roman amphitheatre of Syracuse">Roman amphitheatre of Syracuse</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0524_-_Siracusa_-_Catacombe_di_S._Lucia_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_21-May-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catacombs of Syracuse [it]"><img alt="Catacombs of Syracuse [it]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/0524_-_Siracusa_-_Catacombe_di_S._Lucia_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_21-May-2008.jpg/90px-0524_-_Siracusa_-_Catacombe_di_S._Lucia_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_21-May-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/0524_-_Siracusa_-_Catacombe_di_S._Lucia_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_21-May-2008.jpg/135px-0524_-_Siracusa_-_Catacombe_di_S._Lucia_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_21-May-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/0524_-_Siracusa_-_Catacombe_di_S._Lucia_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_21-May-2008.jpg/180px-0524_-_Siracusa_-_Catacombe_di_S._Lucia_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_21-May-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs_of_Syracuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catacombs of Syracuse (page does not exist)">Catacombs of Syracuse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombe_di_Siracusa" class="extiw" title="it:Catacombe di Siracusa">it</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siracusa,_neapolis,_catacombe_di_san_giovanni_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Catacombs of Syracuse"><img alt="Catacombs of Syracuse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_catacombe_di_san_giovanni_05.JPG/120px-Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_catacombe_di_san_giovanni_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_catacombe_di_san_giovanni_05.JPG/180px-Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_catacombe_di_san_giovanni_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_catacombe_di_san_giovanni_05.JPG/240px-Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_catacombe_di_san_giovanni_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Catacombs of Syracuse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Giovanni_Catacombs%27_plan_(Syracuse).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the catacombs of Syracuse"><img alt="Map of the catacombs of Syracuse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/San_Giovanni_Catacombs%27_plan_%28Syracuse%29.jpg/120px-San_Giovanni_Catacombs%27_plan_%28Syracuse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/San_Giovanni_Catacombs%27_plan_%28Syracuse%29.jpg/180px-San_Giovanni_Catacombs%27_plan_%28Syracuse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/San_Giovanni_Catacombs%27_plan_%28Syracuse%29.jpg/240px-San_Giovanni_Catacombs%27_plan_%28Syracuse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the catacombs of Syracuse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siracusa,_neapolis,_piscina_romana_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman baths"><img alt="Roman baths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_piscina_romana_01.JPG/120px-Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_piscina_romana_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_piscina_romana_01.JPG/180px-Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_piscina_romana_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_piscina_romana_01.JPG/240px-Siracusa%2C_neapolis%2C_piscina_romana_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman baths</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrakus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of ancient Syracuse"><img alt="Map of ancient Syracuse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Syrakus.jpg/120px-Syrakus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Syrakus.jpg/180px-Syrakus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Syrakus.jpg/240px-Syrakus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of ancient Syracuse</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catania">Catania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Catania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Catana" class="mw-redirect" title="Catana">Catana</a></i> or <i>Catina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>) was conquered at the beginning of the First Punic War, in 263 BC, by the Consul <a href="/wiki/Manius_Valerius_Maximus_Corvinus_Messalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla">Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the booty from the conquest was a <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a> which was set up in the <a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-plinio_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plinio-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally the city was required to pay tribute to Rome (<i>civitas decumana</i>). The conqueror of Syracuse, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a> built a gymnasium in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-marc_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 135 BC, in the course of the First Servile War, the city was conquered by the rebel slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another revolt in the area, led by the gladiator <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleurus (page does not exist)">Seleurus</a> in 35 BC, was probably suppressed after the death of its leader.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 122 BC, following volcanic activity on Etna, there was heavy damage from the volcanic ash raining down on the roofs of the city which collapsed under the weight.<sup id="cite_ref-paolo_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paolo-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of Catina was further impacted by eruptions in 50, 44, 36 BC and finally by the disastrous lava flow of 32 BC, which ruined the countryside and the city of Aitna, as well as the disastrous war between Augustus and Sextus Pompey, but with the beginning of the Augustan period, a long and difficult socio-economic recovery began. At the end of the war, all Sicily is described as heavily damaged, impoverished, and depopulated in a wide range of areas. In book 6 of Strabo in particular there is reference to the deleterious state of Syracuse, Catania, and <a href="/wiki/Centuripe" title="Centuripe">Centuripe</a>. After the war against Sextus Pompey, Augustus established a <i>colonia</i> in Catania. Pliny the Elder lists the city, which the Romans called Catina among the cities which Augustus promoted to the rank of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_Romana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonia Romana (page does not exist)">Colonia Romana</a> in 21 BC, along with Syracuse and Thermae (<a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Sciacca</a>). Groups of veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> were settled in the cities which had received this new status. The new demographic situation certainly contributed to change the style of municipal life in favour of the new "Middle Class." Catania retained a notable importance and wealth in the course of the late Republic and the Empire: Cicero calls it the "richest" of the cities<sup id="cite_ref-ver_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ver-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it must have remained thus in the later Imperial period and Byzantine times, as the literary sources and numerous contemporary monuments suggest, which makes the city almost unique among those of Roman Sicily. In order to pay the <i>stipendium</i>, the large coastal cities like Catania, extended their control in the course of the High Empire, over a vast swath of the interior of the island which had become depopulated as a result of the large estates which dominated agriculture in the period. Christianity spread rapidly; among the martyrs during the persecutions of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Saint_Agatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Agatha">Saint Agatha</a>, patron saint of the city, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Euplius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Euplius">Euplius</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Catania" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Catania">Diocese of Catania</a> was established at the end of the 6th century. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catania_Teatro_romano21435.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman Odeon [it]"><img alt="Roman Odeon [it]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Catania_Teatro_romano21435.jpg/120px-Catania_Teatro_romano21435.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Catania_Teatro_romano21435.jpg/180px-Catania_Teatro_romano21435.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Catania_Teatro_romano21435.jpg/240px-Catania_Teatro_romano21435.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odeon,_Catania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odeon, Catania (page does not exist)">Roman Odeon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_(Catania)" class="extiw" title="it:Odeon (Catania)">it</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catania_Greek-Roman_theater.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman Theatre"><img alt="Roman Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Catania_Greek-Roman_theater.JPG/120px-Catania_Greek-Roman_theater.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Catania_Greek-Roman_theater.JPG/180px-Catania_Greek-Roman_theater.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Catania_Greek-Roman_theater.JPG/240px-Catania_Greek-Roman_theater.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre_of_Catania" title="Roman Theatre of Catania">Roman Theatre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HWScan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of the Thermae Achillianae [it]"><img alt="Plan of the Thermae Achillianae [it]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/HWScan.jpg/88px-HWScan.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/HWScan.jpg/133px-HWScan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/HWScan.jpg/177px-HWScan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermae_Achillianae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermae Achillianae (page does not exist)">Thermae Achillianae</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terme_Achilliane" class="extiw" title="it:Terme Achilliane">it</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Planimetria_terme_della_Rotonda.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of the Thermae of the Rotunda [it]"><img alt="Plan of the Thermae of the Rotunda [it]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Planimetria_terme_della_Rotonda.png/98px-Planimetria_terme_della_Rotonda.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Planimetria_terme_della_Rotonda.png/147px-Planimetria_terme_della_Rotonda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Planimetria_terme_della_Rotonda.png/195px-Planimetria_terme_della_Rotonda.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="949" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermae_of_the_Rotunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermae of the Rotunda (page does not exist)">Thermae of the Rotunda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terme_della_Rotonda" class="extiw" title="it:Terme della Rotonda">it</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catania_terme_indirizzo23434.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thermae of Indirizzo [it]"><img alt="Thermae of Indirizzo [it]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Catania_terme_indirizzo23434.jpg/120px-Catania_terme_indirizzo23434.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Catania_terme_indirizzo23434.jpg/180px-Catania_terme_indirizzo23434.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Catania_terme_indirizzo23434.jpg/240px-Catania_terme_indirizzo23434.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermae_of_Indirizzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermae of Indirizzo (page does not exist)">Thermae of Indirizzo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terme_dell%27Indirizzo" class="extiw" title="it:Terme dell'Indirizzo">it</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acquedotto_romano_Valcorrente3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Aqueduct at Valcorrente [it]"><img alt="View of the Aqueduct at Valcorrente [it]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Acquedotto_romano_Valcorrente3.jpg/120px-Acquedotto_romano_Valcorrente3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Acquedotto_romano_Valcorrente3.jpg/180px-Acquedotto_romano_Valcorrente3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Acquedotto_romano_Valcorrente3.jpg/240px-Acquedotto_romano_Valcorrente3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Aqueduct_of_Catania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Aqueduct of Catania (page does not exist)">Aqueduct at Valcorrente</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquedotto_romano_di_Catania" class="extiw" title="it:Acquedotto romano di Catania">it</a>]</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centuripe">Centuripe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Centuripe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Centuripe" title="Centuripe">Centuripe</a></i>, surrendered spontaneously to the Roman consuls <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Valerius_Flaccus_(consul_261_BC)" title="Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 261 BC)">Lucius Valerius Flaccus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus_Otacilius_Crassus" title="Titus Otacilius Crassus">Titus Otacilius Crassus</a> in 262 BC. As a result, the city was declared free and exempted from taxation, as Cicero mentions in his <i>Verrine Orations</i>. After this a spectacular pace of development is detectable which led it to become one of the most important cities in Roman Sicily. This is attested both by the statements of Cicero and archaeologically by the great quantity of pottery and the imposing funerary monuments. A Greek inscription from the 2nd century BC recounts a Centuripan diplomatic mission to Rome and <a href="/wiki/Lanuvium" title="Lanuvium">Lanuvium</a> and part of a treaty with Lanuvium by which the two communities were declared <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twins</a>. In 39 BC, Sextus Pompey took the city by siege and destroyed it for its loyalty to Octavian, but the latter rebuilt it and gave the inhabitants <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> as well. In the Imperial period, Centuripe produced imposing monuments whose remains still survive today. These include the Temple of the Augustales of the first or second century AD, of which columns and two monumental tower tombs can be seen on one side; the <i>Dogana</i>, of which only a raised flat area can now be seen; and <i>Castle of <a href="/wiki/Conradin" title="Conradin">Conradin</a></i>. In the northwest of the town, in contrada Bagni, a paved street leads to the remains of a <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">nymphaeum</a>, suspended over a torrent of water, of which a brick wall with five niches survives, as well as remains of a pool for collecting the water and part of the aqueduct. Notable also is the continued production of coinage by the city in the Roman Republican period. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleo_Romano_di_Centuripe.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman mausoleum near the Villa Comunale di Corradino (Centuripe)"><img alt="The Roman mausoleum near the Villa Comunale di Corradino (Centuripe)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mausoleo_Romano_di_Centuripe.JPG/120px-Mausoleo_Romano_di_Centuripe.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mausoleo_Romano_di_Centuripe.JPG/180px-Mausoleo_Romano_di_Centuripe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mausoleo_Romano_di_Centuripe.JPG/240px-Mausoleo_Romano_di_Centuripe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Roman mausoleum near the Villa Comunale di Corradino (Centuripe)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moneta_di_Centuripe_rovescio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Centuripe, depicting Zeus, dating to 240 BC"><img alt="Coin of Centuripe, depicting Zeus, dating to 240 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Moneta_di_Centuripe_rovescio.jpg/120px-Moneta_di_Centuripe_rovescio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Moneta_di_Centuripe_rovescio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of Centuripe, depicting Zeus, dating to 240 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tauromenium">Tauromenium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tauromenium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tauromenium (<a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a>) remained under the control of Syracuse until 212 BC when all of Sicily became a Roman province. Its inhabitants were considered <i>foederati</i> of the Romans and Cicero says in the Verrine Orations that it was one of three <i>civitates foederatae</i> (allied cities) and calls it a <i>civis notabilis</i>. As a result of this, the community did not have to pay the grain tax or provide ships and sailors in emergencies. In the course of the <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First Servile War</a> (c.135–132 BC), Tauromenium was occupied by the rebel slaves who used it as a stronghold. Besieged by the consul Pompilius, the starving garrison surrendered only when one of the leaders, Serapion, betrayed his companions and admitted the Romans to the city. In 36 BC, during the war between Sextus Pompey and Octavian, the latter's troops disembarked at <a href="/wiki/Giardini_Naxos" title="Giardini Naxos">Naxos</a> and reoccupied the city. Later, in 21 BC, Augustus founded a Roman <i>colonia</i> in the city for his supporters, expelling those inhabitants who had opposed him. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> speaks of Tauromenium as a smaller city than Messana and Catana. Pliny and <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> mention it as a Roman <i>colonia</i>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC01798_-_Taormina_-_Porta_Messina_-_foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_28-1-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman Gate leading to Messina"><img alt="Roman Gate leading to Messina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DSC01798_-_Taormina_-_Porta_Messina_-_foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_28-1-2006.jpg/120px-DSC01798_-_Taormina_-_Porta_Messina_-_foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_28-1-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DSC01798_-_Taormina_-_Porta_Messina_-_foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_28-1-2006.jpg/180px-DSC01798_-_Taormina_-_Porta_Messina_-_foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_28-1-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DSC01798_-_Taormina_-_Porta_Messina_-_foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_28-1-2006.jpg/240px-DSC01798_-_Taormina_-_Porta_Messina_-_foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_28-1-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman Gate leading to Messina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-15-42.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greco-Roman theatre"><img alt="Greco-Roman theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-15-42.jpg/120px-Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-15-42.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-15-42.jpg/180px-Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-15-42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-15-42.jpg/240px-Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-15-42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="2611" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_theatre_of_Taormina" title="Ancient theatre of Taormina">Greco-Roman theatre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1885_-_Odeon_romano_a_Taormina_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_18-May-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman odeon"><img alt="Roman odeon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1885_-_Odeon_romano_a_Taormina_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_18-May-2008.jpg/120px-1885_-_Odeon_romano_a_Taormina_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_18-May-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1885_-_Odeon_romano_a_Taormina_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_18-May-2008.jpg/180px-1885_-_Odeon_romano_a_Taormina_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_18-May-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1885_-_Odeon_romano_a_Taormina_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_18-May-2008.jpg/240px-1885_-_Odeon_romano_a_Taormina_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_18-May-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman odeon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naumachie_-_Taormina_-_Italy_2015_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Naumachie"><img alt="Naumachie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Naumachie_-_Taormina_-_Italy_2015_%282%29.JPG/80px-Naumachie_-_Taormina_-_Italy_2015_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Naumachie_-_Taormina_-_Italy_2015_%282%29.JPG/120px-Naumachie_-_Taormina_-_Italy_2015_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Naumachie_-_Taormina_-_Italy_2015_%282%29.JPG/160px-Naumachie_-_Taormina_-_Italy_2015_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naumachie</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Messana">Messana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Messana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Messana" class="mw-redirect" title="Messana">Messana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>) surrendered by the <a href="/wiki/Mamertines" title="Mamertines">Mamertines</a> to the Romans in 264 BC, received the status of <i>civitas libera et foederata</i> (free and allied community) after the First Punic War, along with Tauromenium. During the Republican period, it suffered attacks during the <a href="/wiki/Servile_Wars" title="Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a> (102 BC). Cicero mentions the city in the Verrine Orations as <i>civitas maxima et locupletissima</i> (a very large and wealthy community). In 49 BC, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> attacked the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and drove it into Messana's port. Subsequently, the city became one of the many bases of Sextus Pompey and it was sacked by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a>. Afterwards, it probably became a <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a>. </p><p>Of the fate of the city during the Roman Empire, we know almost nothing. There is a tradition that <a href="/wiki/St_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul">St Paul</a> visited the city on his way to Rome and preached the Gospel there. After the division of the Roman Empire it became part of the Eastern empire. In 407, under the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a>, Messana was made the <i>protometropolis</i> of Sicily and Magna Graecia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tyndaris">Tyndaris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tyndaris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tyndaris (<a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tindari</a>) was the control of Hieron II during the First Punic War and became a Carthaginian naval base early in the war. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tyndaris" title="Battle of Tyndaris">Battle of Tyndaris</a> was fought nearby in 257 BC, in which the Roman fleet commanded by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Atilius_Regulus_(consul_257_BC)" title="Gaius Atilius Regulus (consul 257 BC)">Gaius Atilius Regulus</a> defeated the Carthaginians. Later, it was a naval base for Sextus Pompey, captured by Octavian in 36 BC. He founded a Roman <i>colonia</i>, Colonia Augusta Tyndaritanorum, on the site, one of five <i>coloniae</i> founded in Sicily. Cicero calls the city a <i>nobilissima civitas</i>. In the first century AD it suffered a major landslide, while in the fourth century AD it was damaged by two destructive earthquakes. It became the seat of a bishopric, was conquered by the Byzantines in 535 and fell to the Arabs in 836, who destroyed the city. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tindary_greek_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City wall"><img alt="City wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tindary_greek_ruins.jpg/90px-Tindary_greek_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tindary_greek_ruins.jpg/135px-Tindary_greek_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tindary_greek_ruins.jpg/180px-Tindary_greek_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">City wall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tindari_greek_theatre_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek theatre [it]"><img alt="Greek theatre [it]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tindari_greek_theatre_2.JPG/120px-Tindari_greek_theatre_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tindari_greek_theatre_2.JPG/180px-Tindari_greek_theatre_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tindari_greek_theatre_2.JPG/240px-Tindari_greek_theatre_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_theatre_of_Tyndaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek theatre of Tyndaris (page does not exist)">Greek theatre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_greco_di_Tindari" class="extiw" title="it:Teatro greco di Tindari">it</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De-_Tindari,_Basilika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman basilica"><img alt="Roman basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/De-_Tindari%2C_Basilika.jpg/120px-De-_Tindari%2C_Basilika.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/De-_Tindari%2C_Basilika.jpg/180px-De-_Tindari%2C_Basilika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/De-_Tindari%2C_Basilika.jpg/240px-De-_Tindari%2C_Basilika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman basilica</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corslet_Tindari_MAR_Palermo_NI5604.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male statue in a cuirass, reign of Trajan (Museo Archeologico Regionale Antonio Salinas)"><img alt="Male statue in a cuirass, reign of Trajan (Museo Archeologico Regionale Antonio Salinas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Corslet_Tindari_MAR_Palermo_NI5604.jpg/73px-Corslet_Tindari_MAR_Palermo_NI5604.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Corslet_Tindari_MAR_Palermo_NI5604.jpg/109px-Corslet_Tindari_MAR_Palermo_NI5604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Corslet_Tindari_MAR_Palermo_NI5604.jpg/146px-Corslet_Tindari_MAR_Palermo_NI5604.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male statue in a cuirass, reign of Trajan (Museo Archeologico Regionale Antonio Salinas)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_Zeus_MAR_Palermo_NI5595.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Claudius-Jupiter, from Tindari"><img alt="Statue of Claudius-Jupiter, from Tindari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Claudius_Zeus_MAR_Palermo_NI5595.jpg/72px-Claudius_Zeus_MAR_Palermo_NI5595.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Claudius_Zeus_MAR_Palermo_NI5595.jpg/108px-Claudius_Zeus_MAR_Palermo_NI5595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Claudius_Zeus_MAR_Palermo_NI5595.jpg/144px-Claudius_Zeus_MAR_Palermo_NI5595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Claudius-Jupiter, from Tindari</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermae_Himerae">Thermae Himerae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Thermae Himerae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermae Himerae (<a href="/wiki/Termini_Imerese" title="Termini Imerese">Termini Imerese</a>) was the site of a serious Roman defeat by <a href="/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca" title="Hamilcar Barca">Hamilcar Barca</a> in 260 BC, during the First Punic War, but was subsequently conquered by them in 253 BC. Thereafter it remained loyal to Rome and was among the cities subject to tribute. After the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a> returned works of art which had been taken by the Carthaginians to Thermae, including a statue of <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a>, who had spent time in the city. The base of one of these statues is preserved, with part of the inscription. After defeating Sextus Pompey, Octavian established a <i>colonia</i> on the site; this was probably a punishment of the city for having links with the Pompeian party. The impact of this action is clear from the numerous Latin inscriptions which survive at the site and from the extraordinary number of Roman and Italian names attested on the site. The former Greek inhabitants of the city practically disappear from record at the beginning of the Imperial period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panormus">Panormus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Panormus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panormus (<a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>) remained under Carthaginian control until the First Punic War and was site of one of the main conflicts between the Carthaginians and the Romans, until the Roman fleet attacked the city in 254 BC and made the city a tributary. <a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal" title="Hasdrubal">Hasdrubal</a> attempted to recapture the city but was defeated by the Roman consul, Metellus. Another attempt at reconquest was made by <a href="/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca" title="Hamilcar Barca">Hamilcar Barca</a> in 247 BC, but the city remained loyal to the Romans, for which it received the title of <i>praetura</i>, the eagle of gold, and the right to mint coinage, remaining one of the five free cities of the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drepanum">Drepanum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Drepanum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Drepanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepanum">Drepanum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>), conquered along with <a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> at the end of the First Punic War, became a flourishing commercial city, owing primarily to the port, its geographic location on Mediterranean sea routes, its active sea salt industry, which had been developed already in Phoenician times, and the extraction of coral. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lilybaeum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lilybaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a>), already prosperous under the Carthaginians, was the seat of one of the <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestores</a> which Rome sent to Sicily annually. It was enriched by splendid mansions and public buildings. Among others, one of the quaestores at Lilybaeum was Cicero in the year 75 BC, who referred to Lilybaeum as <i>splendidissima civitas</i> (the most splendid community). Under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a>, the city became a large Roman colonia, called Helvia Augusta Lilybaitanorum.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sicily" title="History of Sicily">History of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_governors_of_Sicilia" title="List of Roman governors of Sicilia">List of Roman governors of Sicilia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0551.tlg006.perseus-eng1:1.2">"Appian, Sicily and the Other Islands, Fragments, section 2"</a>. <i>data.perseus.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.perseus.org&rft.atitle=Appian%2C+Sicily+and+the+Other+Islands%2C+Fragments%2C+section+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.perseus.org%2Fcitations%2Furn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0551.tlg006.perseus-eng1%3A1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2000" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, T. Corey (2000). <i>The praetorship in the Roman Republic</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 91–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195114590" title="Special:BookSources/0195114590"><bdi>0195114590</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41503761">41503761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+praetorship+in+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=91-93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41503761&rft.isbn=0195114590&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T.+Corey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartwright-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/syracuse/">Cartwright, Mark. "Syracuse", <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>, 28 April 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> 1.7.3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley200927-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley200927_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200486-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200486_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeraciMarcone2004">Geraci & Marcone 2004</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009129–130-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009129–130_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200486–87-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200486–87_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeraciMarcone2004">Geraci & Marcone 2004</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200487-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200487_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeraciMarcone2004">Geraci & Marcone 2004</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004323_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuidetti2004">Guidetti 2004</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._59-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._59_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999a">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999a</a>, vol. I, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polyb.1.20.1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009133-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009133_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132–133-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009132–133_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009134-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009134_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200489_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeraciMarcone2004">Geraci & Marcone 2004</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004322-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004322_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidetti2004322_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuidetti2004">Guidetti 2004</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Crawford" title="Michael Crawford">Michael Crawford</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84_G_8q6WQcC">Coinage and Money Under the Roman Republic: Italy and the Mediterranean Economy</a></i>, University of California Press, 1985, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200490-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200490_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200490_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeraciMarcone2004">Geraci & Marcone 2004</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/questore/">See "Questore"</a> on treccani.it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009141-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009141_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_D._Frazel2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomas D. Frazel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bf3EvjQIUiQC&pg=PA197"><i>The Rhetoric of Cicero's "In Verrem"</i></a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-25289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-25289-5"><bdi>978-3-525-25289-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Cicero%27s+%22In+Verrem%22&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-525-25289-5&rft.au=Thomas+D.+Frazel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbf3EvjQIUiQC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200492–93-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraciMarcone200492–93_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeraciMarcone2004">Geraci & Marcone 2004</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivioPeriochae23.10-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LivioPeriochae23.10_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Periochae <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">ab Urbe condita libri</a></i>, 23.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivioPeriochae24.4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LivioPeriochae24.4_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Periochae <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">ab Urbe condita libri</a></i>, 24.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, 25.40.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._60-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._60_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999a">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999a</a>, vol. I, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, 27.4.1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, 27.4.3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, 27.5.1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy 27.5.2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137–138-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009137–138_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009138-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009138_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i>Periochae <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">ab Urbe condita libri</a></i>, 56.9, 58.8, 59.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmberto_Benigni1912" class="citation book cs1">Umberto Benigni (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13772a.htm">"Sicily"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sicily&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Vol.+13&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Umberto+Benigni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13772a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_Cristiano" class="citation web cs1">Francesco Cristiano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instoria.it/home/Civitates.htm">"Il comportamento di Roma nei confronti delle civitates di Sicilia: Le civitates immunae ac liberae"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+comportamento+di+Roma+nei+confronti+delle+civitates+di+Sicilia%3A+Le+civitates+immunae+ac+liberae&rft.au=Francesco+Cristiano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instoria.it%2Fhome%2FCivitates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Tullius Cicero. Orationes in Verrem, III 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Periochae <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">ab Urbe condita libri</a></i>, 89.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AppianoMitridatiche93-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AppianoMitridatiche93_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Mithridatic Wars</i>, 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivioPeriochae98.3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LivioPeriochae98.3_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i>Periochae <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">ab Urbe condita libri</a></i>, 98.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a>, <i>Compendium of Livy</i>, 1.41.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dione36.22.2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dione36.22.2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Roman History</i>, 36.22.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloroI,41-9.10-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FloroI,41-9.10_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a>, <i>Compendium of Livy</i>, 1.41.9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AppianoMitridatiche95-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AppianoMitridatiche95_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Mithridatic Wars</i>, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fezzi_44-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fezzi_44_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fezzi, <i>Il tribuno Clodio</i>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009169-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009169_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivioPeriochae123.1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LivioPeriochae123.1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivioPeriochae123.1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i>Periochae <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">ab Urbe condita libri</a></i>, 123.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009170-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009170_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Periochae <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">ab Urbe condita libri</a></i>, 128.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i>Periochae <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">ab Urbe condita libri</a></i>, 127.5, 128.1 & 129.1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009171-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009171_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009172-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009172_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._64-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._64_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._64_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999a">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999a</a>, vol. I, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009173-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009173_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009174_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009175-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009175_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_pp._63–65-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_pp._63–65_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999a">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999a</a>, vol. I, pp. 63–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._68-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999avol._I,_p._68_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999a">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999a</a>, vol. I, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symmachus, Ep. iii. 12, 88, vii. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny's Natural History, 13.92, 17.192, 18.17, 18.35, 18.261 and 18.296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._1–2-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._1–2_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._7-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._7_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._6-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._6_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._7–8-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._7–8_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._8-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._8_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCord2024" class="citation book cs1">Cord, David (2024). <i>St Lucy of Syracuse: A Biography</i>. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798345203378" title="Special:BookSources/9798345203378"><bdi>9798345203378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Lucy+of+Syracuse%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=58-59&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9798345203378&rft.aulast=Cord&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._9–10-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._9–10_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._10-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._10_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._10–11-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._10–11_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009201-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009201_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._11-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._11_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._11_&_13-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._11_&_13_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, pp. 11 & 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symmachus, <i>Epistulae</i>, ii.30, vi.57,66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Codex Mediceus</i>; Charles W. Hedrick, <i>History and Silence: Purge and Rehabilitation of Memory in Late Antiquity</i>, University of Texas Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-73121-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-73121-3">0-292-73121-3</a>, p. 181-182).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._12–13-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_pp._12–13_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._18-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenignoGiarrizzo1999bvol._II,_p._18_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b">Benigno & Giarrizzo 1999b</a>, vol. II, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. B. Bury, <i>The History of the Later Roman Empire</i>, pp. 254, 327, 333, 336 and 410; John Moorhead, <i>Theodoric in Italy</i> (Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarvaro1981">Varvaro 1981</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009155_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRohlfs1984">Rohlfs 1984</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarvaro1981">Varvaro 1981</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarvaro1981">Varvaro 1981</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley2009189-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley2009189_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinley2009">Finley 2009</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarvaro1981">Varvaro 1981</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apuleius, <i>Metamorphoses</i> 11.5.2: <i>Siculi trilingues</i>, which might be Latin, Greek and Punic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarvaro1981">Varvaro 1981</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eu_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, II 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plinio-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plinio_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Naturalis historia</a></i>, VII 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marc-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marc_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Life of Marcellus</i>, 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, 6.2.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paolo-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paolo_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>, V 13, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ver-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ver_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Verrine</i>, 2.3.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreccani" class="citation web cs1">Treccani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/lilibeo_res-68e83703-8c60-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27-Arte-Antica%29/">"Lilibeo in Treccani"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lilibeo+in+Treccani&rft.au=Treccani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Flilibeo_res-68e83703-8c60-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%2528Enciclopedia-dell%2527-Arte-Antica%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999a" class="citation book cs1">Benigno, Francesco; Giarrizzo, Giuseppe (1999a). <i>Storia della Sicilia</i>. Vol. 1. Roma-Bari: Laterza Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-421-0533-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-421-0533-3"><bdi>88-421-0533-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+Sicilia&rft.place=Roma-Bari&rft.pub=Laterza+Editore&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=88-421-0533-3&rft.aulast=Benigno&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Giarrizzo%2C+Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenignoGiarrizzo1999b" class="citation book cs1">Benigno, Francesco; Giarrizzo, Giuseppe (1999b). <i>Storia della Sicilia</i>. Vol. 2. Roma-Bari: Laterza Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-421-0534-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-421-0534-1"><bdi>88-421-0534-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+Sicilia&rft.place=Roma-Bari&rft.pub=Laterza+Editore&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=88-421-0534-1&rft.aulast=Benigno&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Giarrizzo%2C+Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreher2010" class="citation book cs1">Dreher, Martin (2010). <i>La Sicilia antica</i>. Bologna: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_Mulino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Il Mulino (page does not exist)">il Mulino</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-15-13824-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-15-13824-8"><bdi>978-88-15-13824-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Sicilia+antica&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=il+Mulino&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-15-13824-8&rft.aulast=Dreher&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Israel_Finley" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Israel Finley">Finley, Moses Israel</a> (2009) [1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrylQwAACAAJ"><i>Storia della Sicilia antica</i></a> (8 ed.). Roma-Bari: Editori Laterza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-2532-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-2532-0"><bdi>978-88-420-2532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+Sicilia+antica&rft.place=Roma-Bari&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Editori+Laterza&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-88-420-2532-0&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Moses+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOrylQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraciMarcone2004" class="citation book cs1">Geraci, Giovanni; Marcone, Arnaldo (2004). <i>Storia romana</i>. Firenze: Le Monnier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-00-86082-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-00-86082-6"><bdi>88-00-86082-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+romana&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=Le+Monnier&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=88-00-86082-6&rft.aulast=Geraci&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Marcone%2C+Arnaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuidetti2004" class="citation book cs1">Guidetti, Massimo, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsHpFVsP0uwC"><i>Storia del Mediterraneo nell'antichità</i></a>. Editoriale Jaca Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788816406605" title="Special:BookSources/9788816406605"><bdi>9788816406605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+Mediterraneo+nell%27antichit%C3%A0&rft.pub=Editoriale+Jaca+Book&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788816406605&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsHpFVsP0uwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonsBennettMarconi2013" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Claire L.; Bennett, Michael; Marconi, Clemente, eds. (2013). <i>Sicily: Art and Invention between Greece and Rome</i>. <a href="/wiki/Getty_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Getty Museum">Getty Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-133-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-133-6"><bdi>978-1-60606-133-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily%3A+Art+and+Invention+between+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-133-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManganaro1997" class="citation book cs1">Manganaro, Giacomo (1997) [1979]. "La provincia romana". In Romeo, Rosario (ed.). <i>Storia della Sicilia</i>. La Sicilia antica. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Roma: Editalia. pp. 309–363.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+provincia+romana&rft.btitle=Storia+della+Sicilia&rft.place=Roma&rft.series=La+Sicilia+antica&rft.pages=309-363&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Editalia&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Manganaro&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomiglianoWoodhead1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Momigliano, Arnaldo</a>; Woodhead, Arthur Geoffrey (1995). "Sicilia". In Hammond, Nicholas; Scullard, Howard (eds.). <i>Dizionario di antichità classiche</i>. Milano: Edizioni San Paolo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-215-3024-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-215-3024-8"><bdi>88-215-3024-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sicilia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+di+antichit%C3%A0+classiche&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Edizioni+San+Paolo&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=88-215-3024-8&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft.au=Woodhead%2C+Arthur+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohlfs1984" class="citation book cs1">Rohlfs, Gerhard (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2a-GAAACAAJ"><i>La Sicilia nei secoli. Profilo storico, etnico e linguistico</i></a>. Palermo: Sellerio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Sicilia+nei+secoli.+Profilo+storico%2C+etnico+e+linguistico&rft.place=Palermo&rft.pub=Sellerio&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Rohlfs&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du2a-GAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarvaro1981" class="citation book cs1">Varvaro, Alberto (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFquAAAAIAAJ"><i>Lingua e storia in Sicilia</i></a>. Palermo: Sellerio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lingua+e+storia+in+Sicilia&rft.place=Palermo&rft.pub=Sellerio&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Varvaro&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFquAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiółkowski2006" class="citation book cs1">Ziółkowski, Adam (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXpq0MB3p2AC"><i>Storia di Roma</i></a>. Mondadori. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788842497011" title="Special:BookSources/9788842497011"><bdi>9788842497011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Roma&rft.place=Mondadori&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788842497011&rft.aulast=Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXpq0MB3p2AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia_(Roman_province)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._WilsonR._TalbertT._ElliottS._Gillies2020" class="citation web cs1">R. Wilson; R. Talbert; T. Elliott; S. Gillies (31 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/462492">"Places: 462492 (Sicilia)"</a>. Pleiades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+462492+%28Sicilia%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.au=R.+Wilson&rft.au=R.+Talbert&rft.au=T.+Elliott&rft.au=S.+Gillies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F462492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicilia+%28Roman+province%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></i> <sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)"><img alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/150px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/225px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/300px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>†</sup> Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reforms.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691321#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691321#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691321#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149921888">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/981549">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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