CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Colonia (Roman) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0f9c5778-42c2-4fbf-9b61-029b7f973aee","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Colonia_(Roman)","wgTitle":"Colonia (Roman)","wgCurRevisionId":1249845240,"wgRevisionId":1249845240,"wgArticleId":7616065,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Webarchive template wayback links","Coloniae (Roman)","Colonies in antiquity","Ancient Roman geography", "Veterans' settlement schemes"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Colonia_(Roman)","wgRelevantArticleId":7616065,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Coloniae","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q756780","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges": "ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Colonia (Roman) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Colonia_Roman rootpage-Colonia_Roman skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Colonia+%28Roman%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Colonia+%28Roman%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Colonia+%28Roman%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Colonia+%28Roman%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_the_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Under the Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Under the Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Principate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Principate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Under the Principate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Principate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_and_legacy_of_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_and_legacy_of_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects and legacy of colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_and_legacy_of_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Colonia</i> (Roman)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римска колония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римска колония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia_romana" title="Colònia romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colònia romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1_kolonie" title="Římská kolonie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římská kolonie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Rom)" title="Colonia (Rom) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Colonia (Rom)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma_koloonia" title="Rooma koloonia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma koloonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_romana" title="Colonia romana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonia romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_kolonia" title="Erromatar kolonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar kolonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="کلونیا (رومی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلونیا (رومی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonie_romaine" title="Colonie romaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonie romaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_(%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88)" title="콜로니아 (고대 로마) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜로니아 (고대 로마)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starorimska_kolonija" title="Starorimska kolonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starorimska kolonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Romawi)" title="Colonia (Romawi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Colonia (Romawi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_romana" title="Colonia romana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonia romana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloni_nyakati_za_kale" title="Koloni nyakati za kale – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Koloni nyakati za kale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Romana" title="Colonia Romana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Colonia Romana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Romeinse_term)" title="Colonia (Romeinse term) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colonia (Romeinse term)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2_(%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E)" title="コロニア (古代ローマ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロニア (古代ローマ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonia_(staro%C5%BCytny_Rzym)" title="Kolonia (starożytny Rzym) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolonia (starożytny Rzym)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B4nia_(Roma_Antiga)" title="Colônia (Roma Antiga) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colônia (Roma Antiga)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Roma_antic%C4%83)" title="Colonia (Roma antică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colonia (Roma antică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римская колония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римская колония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimska_kolonija" title="Rimska kolonija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimska kolonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Римске колоније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римске колоније" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimska_kolonija" title="Rimska kolonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimska kolonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Roma)" title="Colonia (Roma) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Colonia (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Римська колонія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Римська колонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)" title="殖民地 (罗马) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="殖民地 (罗马)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q756780#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Colonia_(Roman)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Colonia_(Roman)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Colonia_(Roman)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&oldid=1249845240" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Colonia_%28Roman%29&id=1249845240&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FColonia_%28Roman%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FColonia_%28Roman%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Colonia_%28Roman%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_colonies" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q756780" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloniae&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloniae">Coloniae</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Colonia (disambiguation)">Colonia</a>.</div> <p> A Roman <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">colonia</i></span></b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">coloniae</i></span></b>) was originally a settlement of <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a>, establishing a Roman <a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">outpost</a> in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city. It is also the origin of the modern term "<a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, which had no <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>, their own citizens were planted in conquered towns as a kind of garrison. There were two types:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Roman colonies, <i>coloniae civium Romanorum</i> or <i>coloniae maritimae</i>, as they were often built near the sea, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> (350 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a> (268 BC). The colonists consisted of about three hundred Roman veterans with their families who were assigned from 1 to 2.5 hectares of agricultural land from the <i>ager colonicus</i> (state land), as well as free use of the <i>ager compascus scripturarius</i> (common state land) for pasture and woodland.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Latin colonies (<i>coloniae Latinae</i>) were considerably larger than Roman colonies. They were military strongholds near or in enemy territory. They may have been similar to the <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleruchy" title="Cleruchy">cleruchy</a>. The colonists were given large estates up to 35 hectares. They lost their citizenship which they could regain if they returned to Rome.</li></ul> <p>After 133 BC <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunes</a> introduced reforms to support the urban poor to become farmers again in new colonies as agricultural settlements (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> in 122 BC).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a> and in the Imperial era starting from <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">Roman legionary</a> veterans were granted lands in many <i>coloniae</i> in the empire and were responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> of many territories (mainly in the spread of <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Roman_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman laws">Roman laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">customs</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, Rome's first colonies were established in about 752 BC at <a href="/wiki/Antemnae" title="Antemnae">Antemnae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustumerium" title="Crustumerium">Crustumerium</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other early colonies were established at <a href="/wiki/Segni" title="Segni">Signia</a> in the 6th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Velitrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Velitrae">Velitrae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norba" title="Norba">Norba</a> in the 5th century BC, and <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antium" title="Antium">Antium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarracina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarracina">Tarracina</a> in the late 4th century. In this first period of colonisation, which lasted down to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, colonies were primarily military in purpose, being intended to defend Roman territory. </p><p>The first Roman colony outside Italy was probably <a href="/wiki/Italica" title="Italica">Italica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 206 BC by <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Publius Cornelius Scipio</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Carthaginian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Carthaginian War">Second Carthaginian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Empire colonies became large centres for the settlement of army veterans, especially in Roman north Africa which had the largest density of Roman colonies per region in the Roman Empire, where the Italic population constituted more than one third of the total population during the second century AD.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Kingdom">Under the Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under the Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>BC 752 at Antemnae and Crustumerium, both in Latium.</li> <li>BC 745 (or 737) Fidenae became a Roman colony</li> <li>BC 737 Cameria</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Republic">Under the Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under the Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>BC 396 <a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidenae" title="Fidenae">Fidenae</a> defeated. 4 new <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">tribus</a> [election district] organised (Stellatina, Tromentana, Sabatina, Arniensis)</li> <li>BC 385 <a href="/wiki/Satricum" title="Satricum">Satricum</a> (lost and burned in BC 346)</li> <li>BC 354–349 <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tibur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Praeneste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caere" title="Caere">Caere</a>(<a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>) alliance agreement</li> <li>BC 332 (or after): <a href="/wiki/Sutri" title="Sutri">Sutrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepi" title="Nepi">Nepete</a> (Latium),</li> <li>BC 338 <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> colony and port</li></ul> <p>New bilateral defence contracts with Falerii, <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinii</a> (Etruria) <a href="/wiki/Caere" title="Caere">Caere</a> (again), Pomptina and Poplilia tribus (tribes) formed in territories of Antium </p> <ul><li>BC 338 <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> inhabitants got Roman civil rights</li> <li>BC 335 <a href="/wiki/Cales" title="Cales">Cales</a> (Latium)</li> <li>BC 332 (two new voting tribus established): Scaptia, Maecia</li> <li>BC 329 <a href="/wiki/Terracina" title="Terracina">Anxur</a> (Latium)</li> <li>BC 318 Falerna tribus established, Cales made contract with Rome again</li> <li>BC 318 <a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia" title="Canosa di Puglia">Canusium</a> (Apulia)</li></ul> <p>New Roman municipia made from small towns around Rome: Aricia, Lanuvium, Nomentum, <a href="/wiki/Pedum" title="Pedum">Pedum</a>, Tusculum. Latin ius contracts made with <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tibur</a>, Praeneste, <a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cori,_Lazio" title="Cori, Lazio">Cora</a> (Latium) Ius comercii contracts made with <a href="/wiki/San_Felice_Circeo" title="San Felice Circeo">Circei</a>, Notba, <a href="/wiki/Sezze" title="Sezze">Setia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segni" title="Segni">Signia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepi" title="Nepi">Nepi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardea,_Lazio" title="Ardea, Lazio">Ardea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii">Gabii</a> Ius migrationi and ius connubii Ufentina tribus established (on territories of Volscus city Antium), <a href="/wiki/Priverno" title="Priverno">Privernum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velitrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terracina" title="Terracina">Terracia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fondi" title="Fondi">Fondi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formia" title="Formia">Fotmiae</a> made contract with Rome (cives sine suffragio) </p> <ul><li>BC 303 <a href="/wiki/Alba_Fucens" title="Alba Fucens">Alba Fucens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carsoli" title="Carsoli">Carsioli</a> (Latium)</li> <li>BC 313 <a href="/wiki/Suessula" title="Suessula">Suessula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saticula" title="Saticula">Saticula</a> (Campania)</li> <li>BC 315 <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Luceria</a> (Apulia)</li> <li>BC 303 <a href="/wiki/Sora,_Lazio" title="Sora, Lazio">Sora</a> (Latium)</li> <li>BC 299 Nequinum (Narnia/<a href="/wiki/Narni" title="Narni">Narni</a> in Etruria and Umbria) was a keypoint fortress against the Samnis tribes</li> <li>BC 296 <a href="/wiki/Minturno" title="Minturno">Minturnae</a> (Latium)</li> <li>BC 291 <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venusia</a> (Apulia) colonia (20,000 male inhabitants) to control the Samnis tribes</li> <li>BC 290 Pinceum besieged and occupied, soon became a Roman colony</li> <li>BC 290(?) <a href="/wiki/Adria" title="Adria">Hatri</a> (Atria) by Adriatic sea (Abruzzo)</li> <li>BC 269 <a href="/wiki/Giulianova" title="Giulianova">Castrum Novum Picenii</a> in BC 286), BC 264(?) <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a> colonies (Abruzzo)</li> <li>BC 289 (or in BC 283) <a href="/wiki/Senigallia" title="Senigallia">Sena Gallica</a> (Umbria)</li> <li>BC 273 <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> (Latium)</li> <li>BC 273 <a href="/wiki/Cosa" title="Cosa">Cosa</a> (Etruria)</li> <li>BC 268 <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Beneventum</a> (Samnium)</li> <li>BC 268 <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Ariminum</a> (Aemilia)</li> <li>BC 268 <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a> (Apulia)</li> <li>BC 264 <a href="/wiki/Fermo" title="Fermo">Firmum</a></li> <li>BC 263 <a href="/wiki/Isernia" title="Isernia">Aesernia</a> (Samnium)</li> <li>BC 247 <a href="/wiki/Alsium" title="Alsium">Alsium</a> (Etruria)</li> <li>BC 245 <a href="/wiki/Fregenae" title="Fregenae">Fregenae</a> (Etruria)</li> <li>BC 222 <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (Transoadana)</li> <li>BC 218 <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a> (Aemilia)</li> <li>BC 218 <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> (Venetia et Histria)</li> <li>BC 197–192 <a href="/wiki/Castel_Volturno" title="Castel Volturno">Volturnum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liternum" title="Liternum">Liternum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Puteoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salernum</a> (Campania) <a href="/wiki/Siponto" title="Siponto">Sipontum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Buxentum</a> (Calabria)</li> <li>BC 196 <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brixia</a> (Venetia et Histria)</li> <li>BC 193 <a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Copia</a> (Lucania et Bruttii)</li> <li>BC 192 <a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a> (Lucania et Bruttii)</li> <li>BC 189 <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a> (Aemilia)</li> <li>BC 184 <a href="/wiki/Pesaro" title="Pesaro">Pisaurum</a> (Umbria), <a href="/wiki/Potentia_(ancient_city)" title="Potentia (ancient city)">Potentia Romanorum</a> (Lucania et Bruttii)</li> <li>BC 183 <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Mutina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> (Aemilia)</li> <li>BC 181 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Aquileia" title="Roman Aquileia">Aquilea</a> (Venetia es Histria) <a href="/wiki/Gravisca" title="Gravisca">Gravisca</a> (Latium)</li> <li>BC 180 <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Portus Pisanus</a> (Etruria)</li> <li>BC 177 <a href="/wiki/Luni,_Italy" title="Luni, Italy">Luna</a> (Etruria)</li> <li>BC 125 <a href="/wiki/Pollentia" title="Pollentia">Pollentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Vardacate</a> (Liguria)</li> <li>BC 123–118 <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Hasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortona" title="Tortona">Dertona</a> (Liguria)</li> <li>BC 100 <a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Eporedia</a> (Transpadana, today Piemonte region)</li> <li>BC 36 <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>)</li> <li>BC 21 <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>)</li> <li>BC 21 <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracusæ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>)</li> <li>BC 21 <a href="/wiki/Termini_Imerese" title="Termini Imerese">Thermæ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>)</li> <li>BC 21 <a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Principate">Under the Principate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under the Principate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colonies were not founded on a large scale until the inception of the Principate. <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, who needed to settle over a hundred thousand of his veterans after the end of his <a href="/wiki/Final_War_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Final War of the Roman Republic">civil wars</a>, began a massive colony creation program throughout his empire. However, not all colonies were new cities. Many were created from already-occupied settlements and the process of colonization just expanded them. Some of these colonies would later grow into large cities (modern day Cologne was first founded as a Roman colony). During this time, provincial cities can gain the rank of colony, gaining certain rights and privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the era of the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan emperors</a> the new "colonies" were only cities that were granted a status (often of tax exemption), and in most cases during the Late Imperial times there was no more settlement of retired legionaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_and_legacy_of_colonization">Effects and legacy of colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects and legacy of colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roman colonies sometimes served as a potential reserve of veterans which could be called upon during times of emergency. However, these colonies more importantly served to produce future Roman citizens and therefore recruits to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman colonies played a major role in the spread of the Latin language within the central and southern Italian peninsula during the early empire.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonies showed surrounding native populations an example of Roman life.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the veterans settled there were usually single until discharge and married local women, colonies tended to become culturally integrated in their surroundings within a few generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Modern name </th> <th>Latin name </th> <th>Modern country </th> <th>Roman province </th> <th>Foundation or Promotion </th> <th>Founder or Promotor </th> <th>additional Info </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> </td> <td>Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensis Sextanorum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> </td> <td>45 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a> </td> <td>239 AD </td> <td> </td> <td>founded by Celts c.279 BC, conquered by Romans in 15 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aquincum" title="Aquincum">Aquincum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> </td> <td>41-54 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carteia" title="Carteia">Carteia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carteia" title="Carteia">Carteia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a> </td> <td>171 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colchester,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchester, England">Colchester</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colonia Claudia Victricensis Camulodunum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a> </td> <td>49 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Köln</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (on the site of) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Colonia Aelia Capitolina Hierosoloma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judaea</a> </td> <td>After <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba%27s_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kokhba's revolt">Bar Kokhba's revolt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a> or Colonia Domitiana Lindensium </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a> / <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a> </td> <td>71 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> </td> <td>Colonia Iulia Paterna Claudius Narbo Martius Decumanorum </td> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia">Gallia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> </td> <td>118 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_122_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 122 BC)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> </td> <td>refounded by Caesar in 45 BC<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> </td> <td>Colonia Augusta Achaica Patrensis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Achaia_(Roman_province)" title="Achaia (Roman province)">Achaia</a> </td> <td>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle of Actium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eebinkarahisar" title="Şebinkarahisar">Şebinkarahisar</a> </td> <td>Colonia (Κολώνεια) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_et_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bithynia et Pontus">Bithynia et Pontus</a> </td> <td>1st century BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colonia Iulia Concordia Apamea </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bithynia-Pontus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bithynia-Pontus (page does not exist)">Bithynia-Pontus</a> </td> <td>ca. 45 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iulius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iulius Caesar">Iulius Caesar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a> / <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia Secunda</a> </td> <td>early 3rd century <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Emerita Augusta">Colonia Emerita Augusta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> </td> <td>25 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> </td> <td>for war veterans of <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Alaudae" title="Legio V Alaudae">V Alaudae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">X Gemina</a> legions </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_(commune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmizegetusa (commune)">Sarmizegetusa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Colonia Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a> </td> <td>106-110 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a> </td> <td>Apulum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a> </td> <td>180-192 <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cluj_Napoca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluj Napoca">Cluj Napoca</a> </td> <td>Napoca </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a> </td> <td>2nd half of 2nd century </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin" title="Drobeta-Turnu Severin">Drobeta-Turnu Severin</a> </td> <td>Drobeta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a> </td> <td>198-208 <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gigen" title="Gigen">Gigen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oescus" title="Oescus">Oescus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Inferior">Moesia Inferior</a> </td> <td>106-112 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Iulia_Aemona" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Iulia Aemona">Colonia Iulia Aemona</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> </td> <td>14 or 15 </td> <td>Decree of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, completed by <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> </td> <td>On the site of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XV_Apollinaris" title="Legio XV Apollinaris">Legio XV Apollinaris</a>, after it left for <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Debelt" title="Debelt">Debelt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Develtos" title="Develtos">Colonia Flavia Pancensis Deultum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a> </td> <td>After the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> </td> <td>for veterans of <a href="/wiki/Legio_VIII_Augusta" title="Legio VIII Augusta">VIII Augusta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qalunya" title="Qalunya">Qalunya</a> </td> <td><i>Colonia Amosa</i> or <i>Colonia Emmaus</i><sup id="cite_ref-Khalidi309_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalidi309-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a> </td> <td>After 71 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> </td> <td>Might have been <a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>/Saragossa </td> <td>Caesaraugusta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a> </td> <td>Between 25 BC and 11 BC<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> </td> <td>To settle army veterans from the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian wars">Cantabrian wars</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> </td> <td>Augusta Vindelicorum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> </td> <td>15 BC <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> </td> <td>The name means "the Augustan city of the <a href="/wiki/Vindelici" title="Vindelici">Vindelici</a>" <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_(ancient_Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government (ancient Roman)">Local government (ancient Roman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duumviri" title="Duumviri">Duumviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Colonies in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Illyria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient cities in Illyria">List of ancient cities in Illyria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.T. Salmon, The Coloniae Maritimae, Athenaeum, N.S.41 (1963) 3-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.N. Sherwin-White, <i>The Roman Citizenship</i>, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.G.Severino, Crotone. Da polis a città di Calabria, 1988, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1#11" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">1:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLivy2009" class="citation book cs1">Livy (25 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0KwVDAAAQBAJ&q=Italica+first+roman+city+outside+of+Italy&pg=PA689"><i>Hannibal's War: Books 21-30</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955597-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955597-0"><bdi>978-0-19-955597-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217133018/https://books.google.com/books?id=0KwVDAAAQBAJ&q=Italica+first+roman+city+outside+of+Italy&pg=PA689">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannibal%27s+War%3A+Books+21-30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955597-0&rft.au=Livy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0KwVDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DItalica%2Bfirst%2Broman%2Bcity%2Boutside%2Bof%2BItaly%26pg%3DPA689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, Iberian Wars 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigel.2006" class="citation book cs1">Nigel., Rodgers (2006). <i>Roman Empire</i>. Dodge, Hazel. London: Lorenz Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754816028" title="Special:BookSources/0754816028"><bdi>0754816028</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62177842">62177842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lorenz+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62177842&rft.isbn=0754816028&rft.aulast=Nigel.&rft.aufirst=Rodgers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Romans">"History of Europe - Romans"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Europe+-+Romans&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Europe%2FRomans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/colonia/">"Colonia - Livius"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702233437/http://www.livius.org/articles/concept/colonia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Colonia+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fconcept%2Fcolonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/simulacraromae/narbona/crono.htm">"CHRONOLOGIE - Les grandes dates - Narbo Martius"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023814/http://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/simulacraromae/narbona/crono.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHRONOLOGIE+-+Les+grandes+dates+-+Narbo+Martius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fportal%2Fsimulacraromae%2Fnarbona%2Fcrono.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> <i>De Aedificiis</i> 3.4.6-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=eboracum">"EBORACUM or Eburacum or Eburaco (York) Yorkshire, England"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810204221/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=eboracum">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EBORACUM+or+Eburacum+or+Eburaco+%28York%29+Yorkshire%2C+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aentry%3Deboracum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:id=apulum">"APULUM (Alba Iulia) Romania"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504131350/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:id=apulum">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APULUM+%28Alba+Iulia%29+Romania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aid%3Dapulum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:alphabetic+letter=D:entry+group=3:entry=drobeta">"DROBETA or Drubeta (Drobeta-Turnu Severin) Romania"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504131352/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:alphabetic+letter=D:entry+group=3:entry=drobeta">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DROBETA+or+Drubeta+%28Drobeta-Turnu+Severin%29+Romania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic%2Bletter%3DD%3Aentry%2Bgroup%3D3%3Aentry%3Ddrobeta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalidi309-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi309_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, 1992, p. 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/40/mode/1up">40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivan,_H.S._KeayR._MathisenDARMC,_R." class="citation web cs1">Sivan, H.; S. Keay; R. Mathisen; DARMC, R.; Talbert, S.; Gillies, J.; Åhlfeldt; J. Becker; T. Elliott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/246344">"Places: 246344 (Col. Caesaraugusta)"</a>. Pleiades. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224023056/http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/246344">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+246344+%28Col.+Caesaraugusta%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.au=Sivan%2C+H.&rft.au=S.+Keay&rft.au=R.+Mathisen&rft.au=DARMC%2C+R.&rft.au=Talbert%2C+S.&rft.au=Gillies%2C+J.&rft.au=%C3%85hlfeldt&rft.au=J.+Becker&rft.au=T.+Elliott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F246344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJecmenSpira2012" class="citation book cs1">Jecmen, Gregory; Spira, Freyda (2012). <i>Imperial Augsburg: Renaissance Prints and Drawings, 1475-1540</i>. National Gallery of Art (U.S.). p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848221222" title="Special:BookSources/9781848221222"><bdi>9781848221222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Augsburg%3A+Renaissance+Prints+and+Drawings%2C+1475-1540&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art+%28U.S.%29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781848221222&rft.aulast=Jecmen&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Spira%2C+Freyda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTore_Janson2007" class="citation book cs1">Tore Janson (2007). <i>A Natural History of Latin</i>. OUP Oxford. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191622656" title="Special:BookSources/9780191622656"><bdi>9780191622656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Latin&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780191622656&rft.au=Tore+Janson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonia+%28Roman%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bradley, Guy, and John-Paul Wilson, eds. 2006. <i>Greek and Roman Colonization: Origins, Ideologies and Interactions.</i> Swansea, UK: Classical Press of Wales.</li> <li>Broadhead, William. 2007. "Colonization, Land Distribution, and Veteran Settlement". In <i>A Companion to the Roman Army.</i> Edited by Paul Erdkamp, 148–163. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell.</li> <li>Crawford, Michael H. 2014. "The Roman History of Roman Colonisation". In <i>The Roman Historical Tradition: Regal and Republican Rome.</i> Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Edited by James H. Richardson and Federico Santangelo. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Curchin, Leonard A. 1991. <i>Roman Spain: Conquest and Assimilation.</i> London: Routledge.</li> <li>Fuhrmann, Christopher J. 2012. <i>Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order.</i> Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.</li> <li>Salmon, Edward T. 1955. "Roman Expansion and Roman Colonization in Italy". <i>Phoenix</i> 9.2: 63–75.</li> <li>Stek, Tesse D. and Gert-Jan Burgers eds. 2015. <i>The Impact of Rome on Cult Places and Religious Practices in Ancient Italy.</i> Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 132. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London.</li> <li>Sears, Gareth. 2011. <i>The Cities of Roman Africa.</i> Stroud, UK: History Press.</li> <li>Termeer, Marleen K. 2010. "Early Colonies in Latium (ca. 534–338 BC): A Reconsideration of Current Images and the Archaeological Evidence". <i>Bulletin Antieke Beschaving</i> 85:43–58.</li> <li>Woolf, Greg. 1998. <i>Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul.</i> Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Colonization in the Roman Empire</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Colonia+%28Roman%29&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Colonia+%28Roman%29">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Colonia+%28Roman%29&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/cn-cs/colonia/colonia.html">Jona Lendering, “Coloniae”, Livius.org (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228104246/http://www.livius.org/cn-cs/colonia/colonia.html">Archived</a> 2014-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAR0335">L. Adkins and R.A. Adkins, “Coloniae”, in L. Adkins and R.A. Adkins, <i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome</i>, New York, 1994.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181146/http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAR0335">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME0394">M. Bunson, “colonies, Roman”, in M. Bunson, <i>Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</i>, New York, 1994.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181401/http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME0394">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Template:Colonies of Ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Colonies of Ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies of Ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>With correspondence to modern geography</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narbo_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbo Martius">Narbo Martius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mogontiacum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Emerita" title="Augusta Emerita">Augusta Emerita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aelia Augusta Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Castra Taurinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romancoloniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/200px-Romancoloniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/300px-Romancoloniae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/400px-Romancoloniae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/300px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/400px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of legion veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolemais</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of late Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arca Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostra">Bostra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Neapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia Neapolis">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerasa">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmaus Nicopolis">Emmaus Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Neronias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations with<br />modern names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the<br /><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Aelia Capitolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>: Ptolemais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imwas" title="Imwas">Imwas</a>: Emmaus Nicopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>: Neronias</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a>: Gadara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>: Gerasa</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a>: Arca Caesarea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>: Berytus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>: Heliopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saida,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saida, Lebanon">Saida</a>: Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>: Tyrus</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>: Bostra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>: Emesa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>: Laodicea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a>: Philippopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadmur">Tadmur</a>: Palmyra</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>: Antioch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>: Seleucia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>; <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed; <sup><small>3</small></sup> in Danger</li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756780#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rome--Colonies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115101">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rome -- Colonies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12216223n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rome -- Colonies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12216223n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543886705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&oldid=1249845240">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&oldid=1249845240</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coloniae_(Roman)" title="Category:Coloniae (Roman)">Coloniae (Roman)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Category:Colonies in antiquity">Colonies in antiquity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_geography" title="Category:Ancient Roman geography">Ancient Roman geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Veterans%27_settlement_schemes" title="Category:Veterans' settlement schemes">Veterans' settlement schemes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 October 2024, at 04:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonia_(Roman)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-h8htn","wgBackendResponseTime":161,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.505","walltime":"0.653","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2797,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":78784,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3846,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":56943,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 542.585 1 -total"," 23.09% 125.286 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.13% 92.947 2 Template:Lang"," 16.35% 88.716 1 Template:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome"," 16.17% 87.717 4 Template:Navbox"," 14.80% 80.290 1 Template:Short_description"," 13.85% 75.122 4 Template:Cite_book"," 9.28% 50.328 4 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.78% 42.230 4 Template:Fix"," 7.60% 41.263 10 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.318","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25276195,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-88l8n","timestamp":"20241122143936","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Colonia (Roman)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colonia_(Roman)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q756780","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q756780","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-10-25T14:53:24Z","dateModified":"2024-10-07T04:15:38Z","headline":"Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it"}</script> </body> </html>