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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Table of contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manuscripts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_decade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_decade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First decade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_decade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veracity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veracity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Veracity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Veracity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Veracity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Veracity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livy's_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livy's_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Livy's sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livy's_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Machiavelli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machiavelli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Machiavelli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machiavelli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>History of Rome</i> (Livy)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(Livi)" title="Ab Urbe Condita (Livi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ab Urbe Condita (Livi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гісторыя ад заснавання горада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя ад заснавання горада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Гісторыя ад заснаваньня гораду – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гісторыя ад заснаваньня гораду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita" title="Ab Urbe Condita – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ab Urbe Condita" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" title="Ab Urbe condita libri – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ab Urbe condita libri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita" title="Ab Urbe Condita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ab Urbe Condita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_od_zalo%C5%BEen%C3%AD_M%C4%9Bsta" title="Dějiny od založení Města – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny od založení Města" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(bog)" title="Ab Urbe Condita (bog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ab Urbe Condita (bog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3)" title="تاريخ د روما (تيتوس ليويوس) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تاريخ د روما (تيتوس ليويوس)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(Livius)" title="Ab urbe condita (Livius) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ab urbe condita (Livius)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(libro)" title="Ab urbe condita (libro) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ab urbe condita (libro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ab urbe condita" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_(liburua)" title="Ab Urbe condita (liburua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ab Urbe condita (liburua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="از پیدایش روم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="از پیدایش روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" title="Ab Urbe condita libri – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ab Urbe condita libri" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" title="Ab urbe condita libri – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ab urbe condita libri" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%82%AC_(%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4)" title="로마사 (리비우스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마사 (리비우스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita" title="Ab Urbe condita – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ab Urbe condita" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita" title="Ab Urbe condita – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ab Urbe condita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1_stofnun_borgarinnar_(rit)" title="Frá stofnun borgarinnar (rit) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frá stofnun borgarinnar (rit)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" title="Ab Urbe condita libri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ab Urbe condita libri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96_%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מאז ייסוד העיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאז ייסוד העיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_(%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="რომის ისტორია ქალაქის დაარსებიდან (წიგნი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის ისტორია ქალაქის დაარსებიდან (წიგნი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" title="Ab urbe condita libri – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ab urbe condita libri" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita" title="Ab Urbe condita – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ab Urbe condita" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(boek)" title="Ab urbe condita (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ab urbe condita (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="ローマ建国史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ建国史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(bok)" title="Ab Urbe Condita (bok) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ab Urbe Condita (bok)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzieje_Rzymu_od_za%C5%82o%C5%BCenia_miasta" title="Dzieje Rzymu od założenia miasta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzieje Rzymu od założenia miasta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" title="Ab Urbe condita libri – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ab Urbe condita libri" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="История от основания города – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История от основания города" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(knjiga)" title="Ab Urbe Condita (knjiga) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ab Urbe Condita (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(kirja)" title="Ab urbe condita (kirja) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ab urbe condita (kirja)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(bok)" title="Ab urbe condita (bok) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ab urbe condita (bok)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(kitap)" title="Ab Urbe Condita (kitap) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ab Urbe Condita (kitap)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Історія від заснування міста – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія від заснування міста" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%B2_(%E6%9D%8E%E7%BB%B4)" title="罗马史 (李维) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗马史 (李维)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a work sometimes referred to as <i>Ab Urbe Condita</i>. For the dating convention used for Roman history, see <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita">Ab Urbe Condita</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo.jpg/310px-Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo.jpg/465px-Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo.jpg/620px-Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1930" /></a><figcaption>Stories from Livy I.4, on an altar panel from <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Father_Tiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Tiber">Father Tiber</a> looks on at the lower right while the national <i>lupa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>) nourishes <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, founders of Rome. The herders are about to find them. One of their goats can be seen. Small animals denote the wildness of the place. The national <i><a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">aquila</a></i> (eagle) is portrayed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>History of Rome</b></i>, perhaps originally titled <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Annales</i></span></b>, and frequently referred to as <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ab Urbe Condita</i></span></b> (English: <i lang="en">From the Founding of the City</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-DGRBM_Livius_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRBM_Livius-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a monumental <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ancient Rome">history of ancient Rome</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> between 27 and 9 BC by the Roman historian Titus Livius, better known in English as "<a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work covers the period from the legends concerning the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> and the refugees from the fall of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">city's founding</a> in 753 BC, <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">the expulsion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Kings</a> in 509 BC, and down to Livy's own time, during the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last event covered by Livy is the death of <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> in 9 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-DGRBM_Livius_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRBM_Livius-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 35 of 142 books, about a quarter of the work, are still extant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving books deal with the events down to 293 BC (books 1–10), and from 219 to 166 BC (books 21–45). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corpus">Corpus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>History of Rome</i> originally comprised 142 "books", 35 of which—Books 1–10 with the Preface and Books 21–45—still exist in reasonably complete form.<sup id="cite_ref-DGRBM_Livius_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRBM_Livius-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damage to a manuscript of the 5th century resulted in large gaps (<a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)"><i>lacunae</i></a>) in Books 41 and 43–45 (small lacunae exist elsewhere); that is, the material is not covered in any source of Livy's text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardwick200323_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardwick200323-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> of the 91st book was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> in 1772, containing about a thousand words (roughly three paragraphs), and several papyrus fragments of previously unknown material, much smaller, have been found in Egypt since 1900, most recently about 40 words from Book 11, unearthed in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabrielli2003247–259_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabrielli2003247–259-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some passages are nevertheless known thanks to quotes from ancient authors, the most famous being on the death of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, quoted by <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abridgements">Abridgements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abridgements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_PSI_1291_-_Epitome_of_Livy_XLVII%E2%80%93XLVIII_-_Egyptian_Museum,_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Papyrus_PSI_1291_-_Epitome_of_Livy_XLVII%E2%80%93XLVIII_-_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Cairo.jpg/90px-Papyrus_PSI_1291_-_Epitome_of_Livy_XLVII%E2%80%93XLVIII_-_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Papyrus_PSI_1291_-_Epitome_of_Livy_XLVII%E2%80%93XLVIII_-_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Cairo.jpg/135px-Papyrus_PSI_1291_-_Epitome_of_Livy_XLVII%E2%80%93XLVIII_-_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Papyrus_PSI_1291_-_Epitome_of_Livy_XLVII%E2%80%93XLVIII_-_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Cairo.jpg/180px-Papyrus_PSI_1291_-_Epitome_of_Livy_XLVII%E2%80%93XLVIII_-_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="1861" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">P. Oxy.</a> 668, with Epitome of Livy XLVII–XLVIII</figcaption></figure> <p>Livy was abridged, in antiquity, to an <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitome</a>, which survives for Book 1, but was itself abridged in the fourth century into the so-called <i>Periochae</i>, which is simply a list of contents. The <i>Periochae</i> survive for the entire work, except for books 136 and 137.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a>, a similar summary of books 37–40, 47–55, and only small fragments of 88 was found on a roll of papyrus that is now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> classified as P.Oxy.IV 0668.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is another fragment, named P.Oxy.XI 1379, which represents a passage from the first book (I, 6) and that shows a high level of correctness.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Oxyrhynchus Epitome is damaged and incomplete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The entire work covers the following periods:<sup id="cite_ref-DGRBM_Livius_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRBM_Livius-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Books 1–5</b> – The legendary founding of Rome (including the landing of Aeneas in Italy and the founding of the city by Romulus), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">the period of the kings</a>, and the early republic down to its conquest by the Gauls in 390 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Books 6–10</b> – Wars with the <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnites</a>, down to 292 BC. </p><p><b>Books 11–20</b> – The period from 292 to 218, including the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> (lost). </p><p><b>Books 21–30</b> – The <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, from 218 to 202. </p><p><b>Books 31–45</b> – The Macedonian and other eastern wars from 201 to 167. </p><p><i>Books 46 to 142 are all lost:</i> </p><p><b>Books 46–70</b> – The period from 167 to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War</a> in 91. </p><p><b>Books 71–90</b> – The civil wars between <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>, to the death of Sulla in 78. </p><p><b>Books 91–108</b> – From 78 BC through the end of the Gallic War, in 50. </p><p><b>Books 109–116</b> – From the Civil War to the death of Caesar (49–44). </p><p><b>Books 117–133</b> – The wars of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">triumvirs</a> down to the death of Antonius (44–30). </p><p><b>Books 134–142</b> – The rule of Augustus down to the death of Drusus (9). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_contents">Table of contents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Table of contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book number </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Years covered </th> <th>Main events covered </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">Complete</a> </td> <td>Down to 510 BC </td> <td>Foundation myths: <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_women" title="Rape of the Sabine women">Rape of the Sabine women</a>; <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Roman Kingdom">history of the Roman Kingdom</a>, expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Tarquinus Superbus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">Complete</a> </td> <td>509–468 BC </td> <td>Foundation of the Republic by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Brutus</a>, wars against <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Tarquinius Superbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lars_Porsena" title="Lars Porsena">Porsena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secession_of_the_Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secession of the Plebs">Secession of the Plebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volscian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Volscian Wars">Volscian Wars</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_3" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 3">Complete</a> </td> <td>467–446 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decemvirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Decemvirate">The Decemvirate</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_4" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 4">Complete</a> </td> <td>445–404 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a>, murder of <a href="/wiki/Spurius_Maelius" title="Spurius Maelius">Spurius Maelius</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Ahala" title="Gaius Servilius Ahala">Ahala</a>, war against the <a href="/wiki/Fidenae" title="Fidenae">Fidenates</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_5" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 5">Complete</a> </td> <td>403–387 BC </td> <td>War against <a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(387_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Rome (387 BC)">Sack of Rome</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brennus_(4th_century_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennus (4th century BC)">Brennus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">Complete</a> </td> <td>387–366 BC </td> <td>Story of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus" title="Marcus Manlius Capitolinus">Marcus Manlius Capitolinus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leges_Liciniae_Sextiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leges Liciniae Sextiae">Leges Liciniae Sextiae</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">Complete</a> </td> <td>366–342 BC </td> <td>Stories of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Manlius_Torquatus_(consul_347_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Manlius Torquatus (consul 347 BC)">Titus Manlius Torquatus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Corvus" title="Marcus Valerius Corvus">Marcus Valerius Corvus</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Samnite_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Samnite War">First Samnite War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_8" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 8">Complete</a> </td> <td>341–322 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">First Samnite War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_War" title="Latin War">Latin War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_9" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 9">Complete</a> </td> <td>321–304 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Second Samnite War</a>, defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caudine_Forks" title="Battle of the Caudine Forks">Caudine Forks</a>, alternate history with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> defeated by Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_10" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 10">Complete</a> </td> <td>303–293 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Third Samnite War</a>, sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Decius_Mus_(consul_312_BC)" title="Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC)">Publius Decius Mus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Fragments<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>292–287 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Third Samnite War</a>, plague in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secession of the Plebs</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>284–280 BC </td> <td>War against the <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a>, campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> and Italians, betrayal of Decius Vibullius at <a href="/wiki/Rhegium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhegium">Rhegium</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>280–278 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a>, treaty with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>, campaigns against Italic peoples. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>278–272 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a>, treaty with <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a>, Carthage breaks the treaty with Rome, campaigns against Italic peoples. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>272–267 BC </td> <td>Rome recovers Tarentum and Rhegium. The <a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrians">Umbrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sallentini" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallentini">Sallentini</a> submit. </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Quotes<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>264–263 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>, first gladiatorial games. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>260–256 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Quote<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>255 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Quote<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>251–241 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>237–220 BC </td> <td>Wars against the <a href="/wiki/Falisci" title="Falisci">Faliscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsicans" title="Corsicans">Corsicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istrians</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_21" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 21">Complete</a> </td> <td>219–218 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" title="Battle of the Trebia">Battle of the Trebia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_22" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 22">Complete</a> </td> <td>217–216 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, defeats of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Cannae</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_23" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 23">Complete</a> </td> <td>216–215 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_24" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 24">Complete</a> </td> <td>215–213 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First Macedonian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_25" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 25">Complete</a> </td> <td>213–212 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, fall of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_26" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 26">Complete</a> </td> <td>211–210 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First Macedonian War</a>. Source for <a href="/wiki/The_Continence_of_Scipio" title="The Continence of Scipio">The Continence of Scipio</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_27" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 27">Complete</a> </td> <td>210–207 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First Macedonian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_28" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 28">Complete</a> </td> <td>207–205 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First Macedonian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_29" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 29">Complete</a> </td> <td>205–204 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, revolt of <a href="/wiki/Indibilis_and_Mandonius" title="Indibilis and Mandonius">Indibilis and Mandonius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_30" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 30">Complete</a> </td> <td>203–201 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_31" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 31">Complete</a> </td> <td>201–199 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second Macedonian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_32" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 32">Complete</a> </td> <td>198–197 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second Macedonian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_33" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 33">Complete</a> </td> <td>197–195 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second Macedonian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynoscephalae" title="Battle of Cynoscephalae">Battle of Cynoscephalae</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_34" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 34">Complete</a> </td> <td>195–194 BC </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Oppia" title="Lex Oppia">Lex Oppia</a></i> repealed, victory of <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Censor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato the Censor">Cato</a> in Hispania, <a href="/wiki/War_against_Nabis" title="War against Nabis">War against Nabis</a>, triumphs of Cato and <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Flamininus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_35" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 35">Complete</a> </td> <td>193–192 BC </td> <td>Campaign against the Ligurians, discussion between <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, affairs of Greece, talks with <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a>, who then invades Greece. </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_36" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 36">Complete</a> </td> <td>191 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman-Seleucid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Seleucid War">Roman-Seleucid War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(191_BC)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC)">Battle of Thermopylae</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_37" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 37">Complete</a> </td> <td>190–188 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman-Seleucid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Seleucid War">Roman-Seleucid War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_38" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 38">Complete</a> </td> <td>188 BC </td> <td>Operations in Greece, campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Apamea" title="Treaty of Apamea">Treaty of Apamea</a>, trial and exile of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_39" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 39">Complete</a> </td> <td>187–181 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">The Bacchanalia</a>, causes of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a>, deaths of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_40" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 40">Complete</a> </td> <td>184–179 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a> kills his brother <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(son_of_Philip_V)" title="Demetrius (son of Philip V)">Demetrius</a>, and inherits the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">kingdom of Macedon</a>. Campaign against the Ligurians. </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_41" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 41">Almost complete</a> </td> <td>179–174 BC </td> <td>Campaigns against the Ligurians, Histrians, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>; <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a>' activities in Greece. </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_42" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 42">Complete</a> </td> <td>173–171 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>43 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_43" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 43">Almost complete</a> </td> <td>171–169 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_44" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 44">Almost complete</a> </td> <td>169–168 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna" title="Battle of Pydna">Battle of Pydna</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_45" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 45">Almost complete</a> </td> <td>168–166 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a>, capture of <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Sixth Syrian War</a>, triumph of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Aemilius Paullus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>165–160 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a>'s visit to Rome, campaigns in North Italy, embassies to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy VI">Ptolemy VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy VIII">Ptolemy VIII</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariarathes V">Ariarathes V</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Paullus Aemilius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pomptine_Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomptine Marshes">Pomptine Marshes</a> are drained. </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>160–154 BC </td> <td>Division of Egypt between <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy VI">Ptolemy VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy VIII">Ptolemy VIII</a>, support of <a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariarathes V">Ariarathes V</a> against <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a>, campaigns against the Dalmatians and Ligurians. </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>154–150 BC </td> <td>Origin of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_187_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 BC)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Celtiberian_War" title="Second Celtiberian War">Second Celtiberian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>149 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth Macedonian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>149–147 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prusias_II_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias II of Bithynia">Prusias II of Bithynia</a> is killed by his son <a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes II of Bithynia">Nicomedes II</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Massinissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a> elected consul, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth Macedonian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>147–146 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">destruction of Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>52 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>146–145 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a>, war between <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>53 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>143 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>54 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>141–139 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Viriathus" title="Viriathus">Viriathus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>55 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>138–137 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a>, murder of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI</a> by <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>136–134 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First Servile War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>133 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a>, campaign of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>133 BC </td> <td>Reforms of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus</a>, his death; <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First Servile War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>133–129 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a>, victory of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a>; <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First Servile War</a>, revolt of <a href="/wiki/Eumenes_III" title="Eumenes III">Eumenes</a> III of Pergamon, war between <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a>, crisis in Egypt, riots in Rome in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a>' reforms. </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>126–123 BC </td> <td>Reforms of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Sempronius Gracchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Balearicus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus">Quintus Caecilius Metellus</a>' campaign in the Balearic Islands. </td></tr> <tr> <td>61 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>122–120 BC </td> <td>War against the Gauls, victory of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Allobrogicus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus">Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus</a> against <a href="/wiki/Bituitus" title="Bituitus">Bituitus</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>118–117 BC </td> <td>Affairs of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, with a civil war started by <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>114–112 BC </td> <td>Campaigns against the Scordiscians in Thrace, beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>112–110 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>109–107 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>66 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>106 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>105–104 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a>' triumph and successive consulships. </td></tr> <tr> <td>68 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>103–100 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>100 BC </td> <td>Reforms of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus" title="Lucius Appuleius Saturninus">Saturninus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Glaucia" title="Gaius Servilius Glaucia">Glaucia</a>, their deaths. </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>97–91 BC </td> <td>Campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Apion" title="Ptolemy Apion">Ptolemy Apion</a> bequeaths his kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> reinstates <a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes</a> in his kingdom, reforms of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Livius_Drusus_(reformer)" title="Marcus Livius Drusus (reformer)">Marcus Livius Drusus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>71 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>91 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Livius_Drusus_(reformer)" title="Marcus Livius Drusus (reformer)">Drusus</a> is murdered, <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(Italian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (Italian)">Social War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>72 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>91 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(Italian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (Italian)">Social War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>73 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>90 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(Italian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (Italian)">Social War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>74 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>89–88 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(Italian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (Italian)">Social War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>75 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>88 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(Italian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (Italian)">Social War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>76 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>89–88 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(Italian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (Italian)">Social War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mithradates_Eupator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithradates Eupator">Mithridates</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>77 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>88 BC </td> <td>Sulla's march on Rome, <a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>78 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>88 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>79 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>87 BC </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>87–86 BC </td> <td>Citizenship given to Italian allies, <i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i>, death of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>81 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>87–86 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> takes <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>82 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>86 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a>, battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(86_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC)">Chaeronea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orchomenus" title="Battle of Orchomenus">Orchomenus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Valerius_Flaccus_(consul_86_BC)" title="Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 86 BC)">Valerius Flaccus</a> is murdered by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flavius_Fimbria_(cavalry_prefect)" title="Gaius Flavius Fimbria (cavalry prefect)">Flavius Fimbria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>83 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>86–84 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>84 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>84 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Cinna" title="Lucius Cornelius Cinna">Cinna</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>85 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>83 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>86 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>83–82 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second Mithridatic War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>87 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>82 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>88 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>82 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Colline_Gate_(82_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Colline Gate (82 BC)">Battle of the Colline Gate</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marius the Younger">Marius the Younger</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>89 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>82–81 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Papirius_Carbo_(consul_85_BC)" title="Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 85 BC)">Carbo</a>, Sulla's <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_proscription" title="Sulla's proscription">proscription</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">reforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>'s first triumph. </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>78 BC </td> <td>Death of <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>, uprising of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_78_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 BC)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>91 </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Fragment<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622215–17_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622215–17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>77 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>92 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>76 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a>, campaign of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(consul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Scribonius Curio (consul)">Gaius Scribonius Curio</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Dardanians_(Trojan)" title="Dardanians (Trojan)">Dardanians</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>93 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>76–75 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Vatia_Isauricus" title="Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus">Publius Servilius</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>94 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>74 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>95 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>74–73 BC </td> <td>War of Gaius Scribonius Curio against the <a href="/wiki/Dardanians_(Trojan)" title="Dardanians (Trojan)">Dardanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>96 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>73–72 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>97 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>71–70 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a>, campaign of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Creticus" title="Marcus Antonius Creticus">Marcus Antonius Creticus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> become consuls. </td></tr> <tr> <td>98 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>70–69 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, campaign of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus">Quintus Caecillius Metellus</a> in Crete. </td></tr> <tr> <td>99 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>68–67 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>'s expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a>, campaign of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus">Quintus Caecillius Metellus</a> in Crete. </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>66 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, wars in Armenia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>66–65 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>102 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>64–63 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Mithradates_Eupator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithradates Eupator">Mithridates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">Pompey takes Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Catilinarian_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>103 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>62–58 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Catilinarian_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a> goes over to the plebeians, <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>104 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>58–56 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> returns from exile. </td></tr> <tr> <td>105 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>56–54 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cato_of_Utica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato of Utica">Cato</a>'s attempt to obstruct the Triumvirate, <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, first Crossing of the Rhine. </td></tr> <tr> <td>106 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>54–53 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>107 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>53–52 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, murder of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Clodius</a> by <a href="/wiki/Titus_Annius_Milo" title="Titus Annius Milo">Milo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> elected sole consul, revolt of <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>108 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>52–50 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Battle of Alesia</a>, victory of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a> against the Parthians. </td></tr> <tr> <td>109 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>50–49 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">Crossing of the Rubicon</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>49–48 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Quote<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>48 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Battle of Pharsalus</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>112 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Quote<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>48 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>113 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>47 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>114 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>46 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>115 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>46 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>116 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>45–44 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassination of Caesar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>117 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>44 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> arrives in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a> disrupts the allotment of provinces, preparations for war on multiple sides. </td></tr> <tr> <td>118 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>44 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> takes the army of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Vatinius" title="Publius Vatinius">Publius Vatinius</a> in Greece, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> builds an army, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a> besieges <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>119 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>44–43 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)">Publius Cornelius Dolabella</a> is declared enemy of the state, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">Battle of Mutina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> becomes consul at 19. </td></tr> <tr> <td>120 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Quote<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>43 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>, proscriptions, death of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>121 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>43 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Cassius</a> besieges Dolabella in <a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a>, who commits suicide; <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> executes <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Gaius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Gaius Antonius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>122 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>43 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a>' campaign in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>123 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>42 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/War_between_Sextus_Pompey_and_the_Second_Triumvirate" class="mw-redirect" title="War between Sextus Pompey and the Second Triumvirate">Sicilian revolt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' Civil War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>124 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>42 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>125 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>41 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>126 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>41–40 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>127 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>40–39 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">Pompeian–Parthian invasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Misenum" title="Pact of Misenum">Pact of Misenum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>128 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>38–37 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/War_between_Sextus_Pompey_and_the_Second_Triumvirate" class="mw-redirect" title="War between Sextus Pompey and the Second Triumvirate">Sicilian revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony's Parthian War">Antony's Parthian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_by_Herod" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem by Herod">Siege of Jerusalem</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>129 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>36 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/War_between_Sextus_Pompey_and_the_Second_Triumvirate" class="mw-redirect" title="War between Sextus Pompey and the Second Triumvirate">Sicilian Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Battle of Naulochus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>130 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>36 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony's Parthian War">Antony's Parthian War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>131 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>35–34 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a> is captured and executed by Antony, Octavian's campaigns in Illyria, Antony's conquest of Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Donations_of_Alexandria" title="Donations of Alexandria">Donations of Alexandria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>132 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>34–31 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Final_War_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Final War of the Roman Republic">Antony's Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>133 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>30–28 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Final_War_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Final War of the Roman Republic">Antony's Civil War</a>: suicides of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>; conspiracy of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_Minor" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>134 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>27 BC </td> <td>Octavian becomes Augustus, census in the three Gauls, campaign of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_(consul_30_BC)" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul 30 BC)">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Basterni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesians</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>135 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>25 BC </td> <td>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_(consul_30_BC)" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul 30 BC)">Marcus Crassus</a> against the Thracians, and of Augustus in Hispania. </td></tr> <tr> <td>136 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td>Missing in the <i>Periochae</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>137 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td>Missing in the <i>Periochae</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>138 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>15–12 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a>, Drusus makes a census in Gaul. </td></tr> <tr> <td>139 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>12 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Early_Imperial_campaigns_in_Germania#Campaigns_of_Drusus" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Imperial campaigns in Germania">Drusus' campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>140 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>11 BC </td> <td>Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Imperial_campaigns_in_Germania#Campaigns_of_Drusus" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Imperial campaigns in Germania">Drusus' campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, death of <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>141 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>10 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Early_Imperial_campaigns_in_Germania#Campaigns_of_Drusus" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Imperial campaigns in Germania">Drusus' campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>142 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td> <td>9 BC </td> <td>Death of <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livy wrote in a mixture of annual <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a>. This emerged from his decision to organise his narrative on a year-by-year scheme with regular announcements of elections of "consuls, prodigies, temple dedications, triumphs, and the like". This kind of year-by-year list of events is termed "annalistic history". Livy employed annalistic features to associate his history with the dominant traditional of Roman history, which was to write these annalistic chronicles; in so doing, he "imbued his history with an aura of continuity and stability" along with "pontifical authority".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn201592_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn201592-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first and third decades (see below) of Livy's work are written so well that Livy has become a <i><a href="/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non">sine qua non</a></i> of curricula in Golden Age Latin. Some have argued that subsequently the quality of his writing began to decline, and that he becomes repetitious and wordy. Of the 91st book <a href="/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr" title="Barthold Georg Niebuhr">Barthold Georg Niebuhr</a> says "repetitions are here so frequent in the small compass of four pages and the prolixity so great, that we should hardly believe it to belong to Livy...." Niebuhr accounts for the decline by supposing "the writer has grown old and become loquacious...",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> going so far as to conjecture that the later books were lost because copyists refused to copy such low-quality work.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Livy also employed repetitive and formulaic wording in description of repetitive military affairs, described by Ogilvie as "mechanical and careless". Modern readers, however, view Livy's repetitive prose more positively at least in performance of prayers, blessings, and public religious rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn201593_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn201593-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Digression" title="Digression">digression</a> in Book 9, Sections 17–19, suggests that the Romans would have beaten <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> if he had lived longer and had turned west to attack the Romans, making this digression one of the oldest known written <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ab_Urbe_condita.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ab_Urbe_condita.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Ab_Urbe_condita.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ab_Urbe_condita.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Ab_Urbe_condita.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ab_Urbe_condita.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Ab_Urbe_condita.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="4832" /></a><figcaption><i>Ab Urbe condita</i>, 1714</figcaption></figure> <p>The first five books were published between 27 and 25 BC. The first date mentioned is the year <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> received that eponymous title: twice in the first five books Livy uses it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the second date, Livy lists the closings of the temple of <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a> but omits that of 25 (it had not happened yet).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livy continued to work on the <i>History</i> for much of the rest of his life, publishing new material by popular demand. This explains why the work falls naturally into 12 packets, mainly groups of 10 books, or decades, sometimes of 5 books (pentads or pentades) and the rest without any packet order. The scheme of dividing it entirely into decades is a later innovation of copyists.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second pentad did not come out until 9 or after, some 16 years after the first pentad. In Book IX Livy states that the <a href="/wiki/Silva_Ciminia" title="Silva Ciminia">Cimminian Forest</a> was more impassable than the German had been recently, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynian Forest</a> (Black Forest) first opened by <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_16_BC)" title="Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)">Ahenobarbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no uniform system of classifying and naming manuscripts. Often the relationship of one <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> (MS) to another remains unknown or changes as perceptions of the handwriting change. Livy's release of chapters by packet diachronically encouraged copyists to copy by decade. Each decade has its own conventions, which do not necessarily respect the conventions of any other decade. A family of MSS descend through copying from the same MSS (typically lost). MSS vary widely; to produce an emendation or a printed edition was and is a major task. Usually variant readings are given in footnotes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_decade">First decade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First decade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the manuscripts (except one) of the first ten books (first decade) of <i>Ab urbe condita</i>, which were copied through the Middle Ages and were used in the first printed editions, are derived from a single <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a> commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Quintus Aurelius Symmachus</a>, consul, AD 391.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recension is made by comparing extant manuscripts and producing a new version, an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emendation" class="extiw" title="wikt:emendation">emendation</a>, based on the text that seems best to the editor. The latter then "subscribed" to the new MS by noting on it that he had emended it. </p><p>Symmachus, probably using the authority of his office, commissioned Tascius Victorianus to emend the first decade. Books I–IX bear the subscription <i>Victorianus emendabam dominis Symmachis</i>, "I Victorianus emended (this) by the authority of Symmachus." Books VI–VIII include another subscription preceding it, that of Symmachus' son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Nicomachus_Flavianus_(son)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicomachus Flavianus (son)">Nicomachus Flavianus</a>, and Books III–V were also emended by Flavianus' son, <a href="/wiki/Appius_Nicomachus_Dexter" title="Appius Nicomachus Dexter">Appius Nicomachus Dexter</a>, who says he used his relative Clementianus' copy.<sup id="cite_ref-foster32-36_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster32-36-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recension and family of descendant MSS is called the Nicomachean, after two of the subscribers. From it several MSS descend (incomplete list):<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Nicomachean Family of <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">MSS</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Identifying<br />Letter</th> <th>Location & Number</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <th>V </th> <td></td> <td>Veronensis rescriptus</td> <td>10th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>H </th> <td></td> <td>Harleianus</td> <td>10th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>E </th> <td></td> <td>Einsiedlensis</td> <td>10th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>F </th> <td>Paris 5724</td> <td>Floriacensis</td> <td>10th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>P </th> <td>Paris 5725</td> <td>Parisiensis</td> <td>9th/10th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>M </th> <td></td> <td>Mediceus-Laurentianus</td> <td>10th/11th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>U </th> <td></td> <td>Upsaliensis</td> <td>10th/11th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>R </th> <td>Vaticanus 3329</td> <td>Romanus</td> <td>11th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>O </th> <td>Bodleianus 20631</td> <td>Oxoniensis</td> <td>11th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>D </th> <td>Florentinus-Marcianus</td> <td>Dominicanus</td> <td>12th century </td></tr> <tr> <th>A </th> <td></td> <td>Agennensis<br />Petrarch's copy</td> <td>12th–14th century </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livius_-_Ab_urbe_condita,_nel_anno_MCCCCLXXXXIII_adi_XI_del_mese_di_febraio_-_2399185_S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Livius_-_Ab_urbe_condita%2C_nel_anno_MCCCCLXXXXIII_adi_XI_del_mese_di_febraio_-_2399185_S.jpg/220px-Livius_-_Ab_urbe_condita%2C_nel_anno_MCCCCLXXXXIII_adi_XI_del_mese_di_febraio_-_2399185_S.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Livius_-_Ab_urbe_condita%2C_nel_anno_MCCCCLXXXXIII_adi_XI_del_mese_di_febraio_-_2399185_S.jpg/330px-Livius_-_Ab_urbe_condita%2C_nel_anno_MCCCCLXXXXIII_adi_XI_del_mese_di_febraio_-_2399185_S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Livius_-_Ab_urbe_condita%2C_nel_anno_MCCCCLXXXXIII_adi_XI_del_mese_di_febraio_-_2399185_S.jpg/440px-Livius_-_Ab_urbe_condita%2C_nel_anno_MCCCCLXXXXIII_adi_XI_del_mese_di_febraio_-_2399185_S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="3634" /></a><figcaption><i>Ab urbe condita</i>, 1493</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphists</a> go on to identify several hands and lines of descent. A second family of the first decade consists of the Verona <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">Palimpsest</a>, reconstructed and published by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Mommsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Mommsen">Theodore Mommsen</a>, 1868; hence the Veronensis MSS. It includes 60 leaves of Livy fragments covering Books III-VI. The handwriting style is dated to the 4th century, only a few centuries after Livy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Middle Ages, there were constant rumours that the complete books of the History of Livy lay hidden in the library of a Danish or German Monastery. One individual even affirmed under oath in the court of <a href="/wiki/Martin_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin V">Martin V</a> that he had seen the whole work, written in Lombardic script, in a monastery in Denmark. All of these rumours were later found to be unsubstantiated.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veracity">Veracity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Veracity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livy,_Paris,_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve,_Ms._777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Livy%2C_Paris%2C_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve%2C_Ms._777.jpg/220px-Livy%2C_Paris%2C_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve%2C_Ms._777.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Livy%2C_Paris%2C_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve%2C_Ms._777.jpg/330px-Livy%2C_Paris%2C_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve%2C_Ms._777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Livy%2C_Paris%2C_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve%2C_Ms._777.jpg/440px-Livy%2C_Paris%2C_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve%2C_Ms._777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="3007" /></a><figcaption>An illumination in a manuscript of <i>Ab urbe condita</i>, in the French translation of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bersuire" title="Pierre Bersuire">Pierre Bersuire</a>. The manuscript belonged to king <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a>. The illumination shows mythical scenes concerning the foundation of Rome and previous mythical history. Paris, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 777, fol. 7r.</figcaption></figure> <p>The orthodox view is that "Livy was a very poor historian indeed, whether by ancient or modern standards".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201376_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201376-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is rooted in a few major reasons. He did "no primary research", relying "exclusively on earlier histories". His understanding of those sources was poor: with Livy relating the same event twice on multiple occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201376_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201376-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, "there are clear signs that his Greek was not good enough to understand properly one of his major sources, the Greek historian Polybius",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201376_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201376-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he followed closely for events in the east in books 31 to 45.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe2012852_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe2012852-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livy also did not intend to produce a history in terms of cataloguing and understanding the past, but rather, in terms of preserving a "memory ... [that] equips the reader with a sense of wrong and right as determined or exemplified by the actions of one's predecessors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing200523_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing200523-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the work was also written "under the shadow of the new emperor"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing200521_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing200521-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the goal of supporting "the idea that the Augustan principate was the <i>culmination</i> of Roman history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing2005154_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing2005154-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While other sources have attempted to rehabilitate Livy's history in terms of its literary quality (for example, DS Levene's <i>Livy on the Hannibalic War</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201377_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201377-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is not a defence of the history's historicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201377–78_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201377–78-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern criticism of Livy also goes into the "inaccuracy of his battle accounts, the vagueness of his geography, ... the excessive partiality shown to one or [an]other of his 'heroes', and in general the highly rhetorical nature of not only his speeches but also of his dramatic narrations".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, judgement on Livy's whole work ought to be withheld insofar as only the first third of <i>Ab urbe condita</i> survives; the portions of Livy that survive, heavily relying on an uncritical repetition of earlier sources, may not be the same approach he took for later periods of the republic or his own time, where he would have needed "to do his own research using contemporary testimonies from eyewitnesses[,] the records of the senate and the assemblies[, and records of the] speeches of the great orators".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015170_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015170-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The details of Livy's <i>History</i> vary from the legendary and mythical stories at the beginning<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199516_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199516-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to detailed accounts of real events toward the end. Livy, in his preface on discussing the early history of Rome, noted the difficulties of interpreting or reconciling the sources in his own day: </p> <blockquote> <p>So many chronological errors, magistrates appearing differently in different authors, suggest ... you cannot tell which consuls came after which or what belonged [to] any one year...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008124–25_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008124–25-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not easy to prefer one thing over the other or one author over another. I think that the tradition has been contaminated... since various families have fraudulently arrogated to themselves the repute of deeds and offices. As a result, both individuals' deeds and the public records of events have certainly been thrown into confusion. Nor is there any writer contemporary with those times who could serve as a reliable standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Livy too recognised that the early years of Rome were profoundly ahistorical, saying "the traditions of what happened prior to the foundation of the city or whilst it was being built, are more fitted to adorn the creations of the poet than the authentic records of the historian".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivy19051_pr_6_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivy19051_pr_6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first book has been one of the most significant sources of the various accounts of the traditional legend of <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when comparing Livy's account of the kingdom to that of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, his scepticism is better evident, as he omitted "many stories which seemed rather improbable to him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in general, the early parts of the books are important accounts of early Rome surviving from antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200559_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200559-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But while Livy did recognise "the higher reliability of older contemporary authors compared to younger ones", he did little to ensure that his history was internally consistent or follow his own insights on unreliability regularly, preferring the story of his chosen choice without changes, "even if he afterward detected capital errors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015168_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015168-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livy's treatment of his own sources was more in terms of arranging material and synthesising a narrative rather than engaging in original research into official documents; in doing so, he "did little more than [trying] to reconcile discrepancies in his sources by using arguments from probability".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200566_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200566-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Livy did not substantially grapple with the possibility that annalists knew how to invent probable stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015168_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015168-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, rarely did Livy provide the names of his sources, especially in the long passages where he followed one major source with infrequent comparisons to other sources to correct errors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015167–68_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015167–68-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortunately, Livy's goal in telling existing narratives with "better style and arrangement" means he seemingly did not introduce into his history "invented episodes of exaggerations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livy's_sources"><span id="Livy.27s_sources"></span>Livy's sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Livy's sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livy's work "came at the end of a long line of historians ... conventionally known as the 'annalistic tradition'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell19955_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell19955-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where he relied on these sources (along with other narrative sources available in his day) his principle was similar to that of Herodotus': "tell what he had been told".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman historiography goes back to <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Quintus Fabius Pictor</a> who wrote <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>, heavily influenced by Greek historiographical canons and methods. Other annalists included <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Ennius" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Ennius">Quintus Ennius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Marcius Porcius Cato</a> the censor, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi_(consul_133_BC)" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 BC)">Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cassius_Hemina" title="Lucius Cassius Hemina">Lucius Cassius Hemina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Gellius" title="Gnaeus Gellius">Gnaeus Gellius</a>, Vennonius, <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licinius_Macer" title="Licinius Macer">Licinius Macer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aelius_Tubero_(historian)" title="Quintus Aelius Tubero (historian)">Quintus Aelius Tubero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell19955–6_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell19955–6-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last three annalists (operating in the first century BC) are, however, "widely believed to have been less scrupulous than their second-century predecessors", supplying stories about the archaic period "from their own imaginations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell19956_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell19956-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as to certain elements of his narrative, Livy may have relied on "unscrupulous annalists" who "did not hesitate to invent a series of face-saving victories".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell198674_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell198674-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livy, did not use the <i><a href="/wiki/Libri_lintei" title="Libri lintei">libri lintei</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_maximi" title="Annales maximi">annales maximi</a></i> kept by the <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>; nor did he "walk around in Rome, or elsewhere, to discover inscriptions or other new documents".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015169_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015169-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulties of using the senate's own archives, documented in speeches by Cicero, "hint... at the possibilities of falsifying evidence" and the poor transmission of authoritative historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015170_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015170-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_influences">Later influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Machiavelli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i>, is presented as a commentary on the <i>History of Rome</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first complete rendering of <i>Ab urbe condita</i> into English was <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a>'s translation published in 1600. According to Considine, "it was a work of great importance, presented in a grand folio volume of 1,458 pages, and dedicated to [Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>]".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConsidine2004_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsidine2004-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable translation of Livy titled <i>History of Rome</i> was made by B.O. Foster in 1919 for the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. A partial translation by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_S%C3%A9lincourt" title="Aubrey de Sélincourt">Aubrey de Sélincourt</a> was printed in 1960–1965 for <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City" class="extiw" title="wikisource:From the Founding of the City"><i>Ab urbe condita</i></a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The version of Livy available on Wikisource is that from the 1905 translation of Reverend Canon Roberts for Everyman's Library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivy1905_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivy1905-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various indications point to the period from 27 to 20 BC as that during which the first decade was written. In the first book (XIX. 3) the emperor is called <i>Augustus</i>, a title which he was granted by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> early in 27, and in IX. 18 the omission of all reference to the restoration, in 20, of the standards taken at Carrhae seems to justify the inference that the passage was written before that date. In the epitome of book LIX, there is a reference to a law of Augustus which was passed in 18.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelham1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelham1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy uses the chronology of <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, one of his predecessors, whose chronology was the most widely accepted in antiquity, and remains in general use today, although scholars continue to debate the dating of specific events, including the founding of Rome itself.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Roman times, it was customary to date events according to the consuls of each year, rather than assigning each year a numerical name; so while it was possible to date events by reference to the founding of Rome, this was rarely done. For instance, the consuls of 439 BC were Agrippa Menenius Lanatus and Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, so that year would typically be referred to as "the consulship of Agrippa Menenius and Titus Quinctius", rather than "the year three hundred and fifteen". From this custom, the consuls who began each year are sometimes referred to as the <i>eponymous magistrates</i> of that year; that is, the magistrates after whom the year was named.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the traditional date, but some uncertainty exists with regard to four years during the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a> for which no consuls are named in any source, and for which no elections were supposedly held; this has led some scholars to conclude that the Gallic sack of Rome occurred in or about 386 BC, although this also creates an unexplained (and undated) gap <i>before</i> the event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951xi,_94–96,_141,_148,_149,_163,_164,_171_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951xi,_94–96,_141,_148,_149,_163,_164,_171-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two small fragments discovered in 1986 in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabrielli2003247–259_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabrielli2003247–259-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>, <i>In Vergilii Aeneidem Commentarii</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D1%3Acommline%3D366">1.366</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D1%3Acommline%3D738">1.738</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622213_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622213-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I should also mention the snake that Livy talks about in such detail and with such style. He says that in Africa, near the river Bagradas, there was a snake so huge that it was able to prevent the army of Atilius Regulus from using the river. It snatched up many soldiers in its huge mouth... Livy notes that the hide of the beast was sent to our city and measured 120 feet."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622213–14_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622213–14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>, <i>In Vergilii Aeneidem Commentarii</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D6%3Acommline%3D198">6.198</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622214_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622214-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seneca the Younger, <i>De Tranquillitate Animi</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0021%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D9">9.5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622219_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622219-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seneca the Elder, <i>Suasoriae</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi1014.phi003.perseus-lat1:6.17">6.17</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622220,_2221_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622220,_2221-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DGRBM_Livius-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DGRBM_Livius_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRBM_Livius_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRBM_Livius_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRBM_Livius_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRamsay1870" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay_(classical_scholar)" title="William Ramsay (classical scholar)">Ramsay, William</a> (1870). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Livius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology/Livius">"Livius" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>. Vol. II. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology_(1870)_-_Volume_2.djvu/804">790</a>–<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology_(1870)_-_Volume_2.djvu/810">796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Livius&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.pages=790-796&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelham1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelham1911_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelham1911">Pelham 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster (1874), p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardwick200323-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardwick200323_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardwick2003">Hardwick 2003</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabrielli2003247–259-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabrielli2003247–259_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabrielli2003247–259_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGabrielli2003">Gabrielli 2003</a>, pp. 247–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae00.html">"Livy: the Periochae"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809023114/http://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae00.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Livy%3A+the+Periochae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fli-ln%2Flivy%2Fperiochae%2Fperiochae00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/latin/livius.html">"T. LIVI PERIOCHARUM FRAGMENTA OXYRHYNCHI REPERTA"</a>. <i>www.attalus.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134720/http://www.attalus.org/latin/livius.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.attalus.org&rft.atitle=T.+LIVI+PERIOCHARUM+FRAGMENTA+OXYRHYNCHI+REPERTA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Flatin%2Flivius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, part XI</i>, London, 1915, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/oxyrhynchuspapyr11gren#page/188/mode/2up">pagg. 188-89</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature</i>, ed. By M.C. Howatson. Oxford, 1989, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951xi,_94–96,_141,_148,_149,_163,_164,_171-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951xi,_94–96,_141,_148,_149,_163,_164,_171_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, pp. xi, 94–96, 141, 148, 149, 163, 164, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622213-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622213_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDevitte1862">McDevitte 1862</a>, p. 2213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValerius_Maximus2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53231884"><i>Memorable deeds and sayings: one thousand tales from ancient Rome</i></a>. Translated by Walker, Henry. Indianapolis: Hackett. 1.8.ext.19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-675-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-675-0"><bdi>0-87220-675-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53231884">53231884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorable+deeds+and+sayings%3A+one+thousand+tales+from+ancient+Rome&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=1.8.ext.19&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53231884&rft.isbn=0-87220-675-0&rft.au=Valerius+Maximus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F53231884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622213–14-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622213–14_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDevitte1862">McDevitte 1862</a>, pp. 2213–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622214-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622214_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDevitte1862">McDevitte 1862</a>, p. 2214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622215–17-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622215–17_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDevitte1862">McDevitte 1862</a>, pp. 2215–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDevitte1862">McDevitte 1862</a>, p. 2219. Citing Plutarch, <i>Caesar</i> 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622219-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622219_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDevitte1862">McDevitte 1862</a>, p. 2219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622220,_2221-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDevitte18622220,_2221_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDevitte1862">McDevitte 1862</a>, pp. 2220, 2221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn201592-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn201592_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHahn2015">Hahn 2015</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niebuhr, ed. Schmitz, 1844 <i>The History of Rome</i> vol. I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrome01nieb/page/56/mode/2up">p.56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nieburh, ed. Schmitz, 1844 <i>The History of Rome</i> vol. I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrome01nieb/page/56/mode/2up">p.57</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn201593-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn201593_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHahn2015">Hahn 2015</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozoisSchmidt1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Dozois" title="Gardner Dozois">Dozois, Gardner</a>; Schmidt, Stanley, eds. (1998). <i>Roads Not Taken: Tales of Alternate History</i>. New York: Del Rey. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-42194-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-42194-4"><bdi>978-0-345-42194-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+Not+Taken%3A+Tales+of+Alternate+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Del+Rey&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-345-42194-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster (1874), p. xi, citing Livy <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1#19" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">I.19</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_4#20" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 4">IV.20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster (1874), p. xi, citing Livy <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1#19" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">I.19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster (1874), pp xv–xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niebuhr (1844), p. 39, citing <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_10#36" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 10">Livy IX.36</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedrick2000" class="citation book cs1">Hedrick, Charles W. (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysilencepu00wcha"><i>History and Silence: Purge and Rehabilitation of Memory in Late Antiquity</i></a></span>. University of Texas Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysilencepu00wcha/page/n209">181</a>–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73121-9"><bdi>978-0-292-73121-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Silence%3A+Purge+and+Rehabilitation+of+Memory+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73121-9&rft.aulast=Hedrick&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorysilencepu00wcha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foster32-36-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foster32-36_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster (1874), pp. xxxii–xxxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1913" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Frederick William (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32441"><i>A companion to classical texts</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32441/page/n270">246</a>–247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+classical+texts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=246-247&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.32441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kraus (1994), p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster (1874), p. xxxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1921" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Clark, Albert C (1921-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/articles/clark_reappearance.htm">"The Reappearance of the Texts of the Classics"</a>. <i>The Library</i>. S4-II (1): 13–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs4-II.1.13">10.1093/library/s4-II.1.13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library&rft.atitle=The+Reappearance+of+the+Texts+of+the+Classics&rft.volume=S4-II&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-42&rft.date=1921-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs4-II.1.13&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Albert+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Farticles%2Fclark_reappearance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201376-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201376_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201376_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201376_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2013">Beard 2013</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe2012852-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe2012852_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriscoe2012">Briscoe 2012</a>, p. 852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing200523-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing200523_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGowing2005">Gowing 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing200521-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing200521_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGowing2005">Gowing 2005</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing2005154-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing2005154_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGowing2005">Gowing 2005</a>, p. 154. Emphasis in original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201377-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201377_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2013">Beard 2013</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201377–78-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201377–78_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2013">Beard 2013</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1958" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, PG (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/greece-and-rome/article/abs/negligent-historian-howlers-in-livy/C1628BB1741A24ECA48F26CBDE89C127">"The Negligent Historian: 'Howlers' in Livy"</a>. <i>Greece & Rome</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 83–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500015047">10.1017/S0017383500015047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-4550">1477-4550</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162297822">162297822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Negligent+Historian%3A+%27Howlers%27+in+Livy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-88&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162297822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-4550&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500015047&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=PG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fgreece-and-rome%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fnegligent-historian-howlers-in-livy%2FC1628BB1741A24ECA48F26CBDE89C127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015170-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015170_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015170_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015">von Ungern-Sternberg 2015</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199516-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199516_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008124–25-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolloway2008124–25_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolloway2008">Holloway 2008</a>, pp. 124–25. Citing Livy, 2.21.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200577_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivy19051_pr_6-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivy19051_pr_6_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivy1905">Livy 1905</a>, 1 pr 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant1988" class="citation journal cs1">Tennant, PMW (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510133423/http://www.casa-kvsa.org.za/1988/AC31-08-Tennant.pdf">"The Lupercalia and the Romulus and Remus Legend"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Classica</i>. <b>XXXI</b>: 81–93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-1141">0065-1141</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa-kvsa.org.za/1988/AC31-08-Tennant.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Classica&rft.atitle=The+Lupercalia+and+the+Romulus+and+Remus+Legend&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.pages=81-93&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0065-1141&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=PMW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa-kvsa.org.za%2F1988%2FAC31-08-Tennant.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015171_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015">von Ungern-Sternberg 2015</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200559-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200559_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015168-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015168_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015168_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015">von Ungern-Sternberg 2015</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200566-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200566_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015167–68-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015167–68_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015">von Ungern-Sternberg 2015</a>, pp. 167–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell19955-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell19955_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell19955–6-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell19955–6_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell19956-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell19956_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 6. Cornell is amenable to the position that these late annalists relied on other now-lost works rather than invention.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell198674-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell198674_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1986">Cornell 1986</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015169-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015169_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015">von Ungern-Sternberg 2015</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsidine2004-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConsidine2004_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConsidine2004">Considine 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy1960" class="citation book cs1">Livy (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofro1960ivy"><i>The Early History of Rome: Books I–V of the History of Rome from its Foundation</i></a></span>. Penguin Classics. Translated by de Sélincourt, Aubrey. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Rome%3A+Books+I%E2%80%93V+of+the+History+of+Rome+from+its+Foundation&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Livy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyhistoryofro1960ivy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy1965" class="citation book cs1">Livy (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warwithhannibalb00livy"><i>The War with Hannibal: Books XXI–XXX of the History of Rome from its Foundation</i></a></span>. Penguin Classics. Translated by de Sélincourt, Aubrey. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+with+Hannibal%3A+Books+XXI%E2%80%93XXX+of+the+History+of+Rome+from+its+Foundation&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Livy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarwithhannibalb00livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivy1905-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivy1905_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivy1905">Livy 1905</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2013" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/843228659"><i>Confronting the classics: traditions, adventures, and innovations</i></a> (1st ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-716-0"><bdi>978-0-87140-716-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/843228659">843228659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+classics%3A+traditions%2C+adventures%2C+and+innovations&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F843228659&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-716-0&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F843228659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriscoe2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Briscoe, John (2012). "Livy". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). <i>The Oxford classical dictionary</i> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 852–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246">959667246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Livy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+classical+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=852-53&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959667246&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Briscoe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton" title="Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton">Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon</a> (1951). <i>The magistrates of the Roman republic</i>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13535">10.1093/ref:odnb/13535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holland%2C+Philemon+%281552%E2%80%931637%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13535&rft.aulast=Considine&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1986" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Tim (1986). 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgoOD2XDpzIC"><i>The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC)</i></a>. Routledge history of the ancient world. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01596-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01596-7"><bdi>978-0-415-01596-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Rome%3A+Italy+and+Rome+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Punic+Wars+%28c.+1000-264+BC%29&rft.series=Routledge+history+of+the+ancient+world&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01596-7&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgoOD2XDpzIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2005" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70728478"><i>A critical history of early Rome: from prehistory to the first Punic War</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1"><bdi>978-0-520-94029-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70728478">70728478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+history+of+early+Rome%3A+from+prehistory+to+the+first+Punic+War&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70728478&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94029-1&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70728478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2008" class="citation book cs1">Foster, B.O. (2008) [1874]. <i>Livy</i>. Trollope Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy&rft.pub=Trollope+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=B.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielli2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gabrielli, C. (2003). "Lucius Postumius Megellus at Gabii: A New Fragment of Livy". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>53</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: 247–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F53.1.247">10.1093/cq/53.1.247</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2158%2F431091">2158/431091</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6844">1471-6844</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556494">3556494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Lucius+Postumius+Megellus+at+Gabii%3A+A+New+Fragment+of+Livy&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=247-259&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2158%2F431091&rft.issn=1471-6844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3556494%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F53.1.247&rft.aulast=Gabrielli&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowing2005" class="citation book cs1">Gowing, Alain M (2005). <i>Empire and Memory: The Representation of the Roman Republic in Imperial Culture</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Antiquit%C3%A9+Classique&rft.atitle=Who+Were+the+%22Tribuni+Militum+Consulari+Potestate%3F%22&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=107-125&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0770-2817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41812945%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fantiq.2008.3716&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=R+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41812945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy1905" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> (1905) [1st century AD]. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:en:From the Founding of the City"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:From_the_Founding_of_the_City"><i>History of Rome</i> </a></span>. Translated by Roberts, Canon – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Rome&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDevitte1862" class="citation book cs1">McDevitte, William A (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofromelit04livyuoft/page/2212/mode/2up">"Fragments of the History of Livy"</a>. <i>History of Rome</i>. 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Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lea+%26+Blanchard&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Barthold+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelham1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Francis_Pelham" title="Henry Francis Pelham">Pelham, Henry Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Livy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Livy">"Livy" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 817–823.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Livy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=817-823&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pelham&rft.aufirst=Henry+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeley1881" class="citation book cs1">Seeley, J.R. (1881). <i>Livy, Book I, with Introduction, Historical Examination and Notes</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy%2C+Book+I%2C+with+Introduction%2C+Historical+Examination+and+Notes&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Seeley&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Ungern-Sternberg2015" class="citation book cs1">von Ungern-Sternberg, Jürgen (2015). "Livy and the annalistic tradition". In Mineo, Bernard (ed.). <i>A companion to Livy</i>. Wiley. pp. 167–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-30128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-30128-9"><bdi>978-1-118-30128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Livy+and+the+annalistic+tradition&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Livy&rft.pages=167-177&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-30128-9&rft.aulast=von+Ungern-Sternberg&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Briscoe, John <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Commentary on Livy Books XXXI-XXXIII</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Livy+Books+XXXI-XXXIII&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Commentary on Livy Books XXXIV-XXXVII</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Livy+Books+XXXIV-XXXVII&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Commentary on Livy Books XXXVIII-XL</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Livy+Books+XXXVIII-XL&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurck1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burck, Erich (1934). <i>Die Erzählungskunst des T. Livius</i>. Problemata; Forschungen zur klassischen Philologie, Heft 11 (in German). Berlin: Weidmann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Erz%C3%A4hlungskunst+des+T.+Livius&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Problemata%3B+Forschungen+zur+klassischen+Philologie%2C+Heft+11&rft.pub=Weidmann&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Burck&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaplin2001" class="citation book cs1">Chaplin, Jane (2001). <i>Livy's Exemplary History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815274-3"><bdi>978-0-19-815274-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy%27s+Exemplary+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815274-3&rft.aulast=Chaplin&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldherr1998" class="citation book cs1">Feldherr, Andrew (1998). <i>Spectacle and Society in Livy's History</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21027-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21027-1"><bdi>978-0-520-21027-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spectacle+and+Society+in+Livy%27s+History&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21027-1&rft.aulast=Feldherr&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger1997" class="citation book cs1">Jaeger, Mary (1997). <i>Livy's Written Rome</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000S73SBI">B000S73SBI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy%27s+Written+Rome&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000S73SBI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipovsky1984" class="citation book cs1">Lipovsky, James (1984). <i>A Historiographical Study of Livy: Books VI-X</i>. New Hampshire: Ayer Company. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006YIJN0">B0006YIJN0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historiographical+Study+of+Livy%3A+Books+VI-X&rft.place=New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Ayer+Company&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006YIJN0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Lipovsky&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuce1977" class="citation book cs1">Luce, T. James (1977). <i>Livy: The Composition of his History</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03552-9"><bdi>978-0-691-03552-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy%3A+The+Composition+of+his+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03552-9&rft.aulast=Luce&rft.aufirst=T.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackail2008" class="citation book cs1">Mackail, J. W. (2008). <i>Latin Literature</i>. BiblioLife. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-554-32199-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-554-32199-8"><bdi>978-0-554-32199-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Literature&rft.pub=BiblioLife&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-554-32199-8&rft.aulast=Mackail&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1995" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Gary B. (1995). <i>Livy: Reconstructing Early Rome</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8426-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-8426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy%3A+Reconstructing+Early+Rome&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8426-1&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley2008" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, S. P. (2008). <i>A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923785-2"><bdi>978-0-19-923785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Livy%2C+Books+VI-X&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923785-2&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvie1965" class="citation book cs1">Ogilvie, R. M. (1965). <i>A Commentary on Livy Books 1 to 5</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CMI9B">B0000CMI9B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Livy+Books+1+to+5&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CMI9B%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadice1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Radice" title="Betty Radice">Radice, Betty</a> (1982). <i>Rome and Italy: Books VI-X of the History of Rome from its Foundation</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044388-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044388-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Italy%3A+Books+VI-X+of+the+History+of+Rome+from+its+Foundation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044388-2&rft.aulast=Radice&rft.aufirst=Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1996" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, P. G. (1996) [1967]. <i>Livy, his historical aims and methods</i>. Bristol Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853991301" title="Special:BookSources/9781853991301"><bdi>9781853991301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy%2C+his+historical+aims+and+methods&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781853991301&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="la" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Ab_Urbe_Condita" class="extiw" title="s:la:Ab Urbe Condita"><i>Ab Urbe Condita</i></a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Livius, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liv.html">"Ab Urbe Condita Libri"</a> (in Latin). The Latin Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ab+Urbe+Condita+Libri&rft.pub=The+Latin+Library&rft.aulast=Livius&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fliv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius1823" class="citation book cs1">Livius, Titus (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606232427/https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/livy-the-history-of-rome-by-titus-livius-in-6-vols"><i>The History of Rome... in Six Volumes</i></a>. Baker, George (Translator). New York: Peter A. Mesier et al; The Online Library of Liberty. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome...+in+Six+Volumes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+A.+Mesier+et+al%3B+The+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Livius&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2Flivy-the-history-of-rome-by-titus-livius-in-6-vols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> (Contains books I–CXL, with full text of extant books and the preserved summaries of the contents of lost books.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius2004" class="citation book cs1">Livius, Titus (2004) [1904]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10828">"Books I-III"</a>. <i>Roman History</i>. Freese, John Henry (Translator); Church, Alfred John (Translator); Brodribb, William Jackson (Translator); Osborne, Duffield (Contributor). Project Gutenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240524044448/https://www.webcitation.org/5QCnula6E?url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10828">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+I-III&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Livius&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F10828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius1853" class="citation book cs1">Livius, Titus (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19725/19725-h/19725-h.htm"><i>The History of Rome by Titus Livius: The First Eight Books</i></a>. Spillan, D. (Translator). London: Henry G. Bohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome+by+Titus+Livius%3A+The+First+Eight+Books&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Livius&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F19725%2F19725-h%2F19725-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius1868" class="citation book cs1">Livius, Titus (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10907/10907-h/10907-h.htm"><i>The History of Rome by Titus Livius: Books Nine to Twenty-Six</i></a>. Spillan, D. (Translator); Edmonds, Cyrus (Translator).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome+by+Titus+Livius%3A+Books+Nine+to+Twenty-Six&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Livius&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F10907%2F10907-h%2F10907-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius2004" class="citation book cs1">Livius, Titus (2004) [1850]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12582/12582-h/12582-h.htm"><i>The History of Rome by Titus Livius: Books Twenty-Seven to Thirty-Six</i></a>. Edmunds, Cyrus (Translator).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome+by+Titus+Livius%3A+Books+Twenty-Seven+to+Thirty-Six&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Livius&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F12582%2F12582-h%2F12582-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius_(Livy)" class="citation book cs1">Livius (Livy), Titus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=2ABD0601A22FD637D396DC4A096DD4EC?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0150%3Abook%3D46">"Book XLVI"</a>. In McDevitte, William A. (ed.). <i>The History of Rome by Titus Livius, with the epitomes and fragments of the lost books, literally translated, with notes and illustrations</i>. London, Medford: George Bell and Sons, Tufts University: the Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+XLVI&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome+by+Titus+Livius%2C+with+the+epitomes+and+fragments+of+the+lost+books%2C+literally+translated%2C+with+notes+and+illustrations&rft.place=London%2C+Medford&rft.pub=George+Bell+and+Sons%2C+Tufts+University%3A+the+Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.aulast=Livius+%28Livy%29&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Bjsessionid%3D2ABD0601A22FD637D396DC4A096DD4EC%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0150%253Abook%253D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy" class="citation web cs1">Livy. Lendering, Jona (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/livy/livy-the-periochae/">"The Periochae"</a>. <i>Livius</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius&rft.atitle=The+Periochae&rft.au=Livy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fperson%2Flivy%2Flivy-the-periochae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=From+the+Foundation+of+the+City&author=Livius&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>From the Foundation of the City</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+History+of+Rome+Volume+4&author=Livius&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The History of Rome Volume 4</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasselbarth1889" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hasselbarth, Hermann (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historischkriti00hessgoog"><i>Historisch-kritische Untersuchungen zur dritten Dekade des Livius</i></a> (in German). Halle, San Francisco: Verlag der Büchhandlung des Waisenhauses, Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historisch-kritische+Untersuchungen+zur+dritten+Dekade+des+Livius&rft.place=Halle%2C+San+Francisco&rft.pub=Verlag+der+B%C3%BCchhandlung+des+Waisenhauses%2C+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Hasselbarth&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorischkriti00hessgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissen2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nissen, Heinrich (2001) [1863]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kritischeuntersu00nissuoft"><i>Kritische Untersuchungen über die Quellen der vierten und fünften Dekade des Livius</i></a> (in German). Berlin, San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Weidmannsche_Buchhandlung" title="Weidmannsche Buchhandlung">Weidmannsche Buchhandlung</a>, Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kritische+Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+Quellen+der+vierten+und+f%C3%BCnften+Dekade+des+Livius&rft.place=Berlin%2C+San+Francisco&rft.pub=Weidmannsche+Buchhandlung%2C+Internet+Archive&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Nissen&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkritischeuntersu00nissuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2007" class="citation web cs1">Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/~bsaylor/classics/livy1to5.html">"Outline of Early Books of Livy"</a>. University of Vermont<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outline+of+Early+Books+of+Livy&rft.pub=University+of+Vermont&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Saylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2F~bsaylor%2Fclassics%2Flivy1to5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rome+%28Livy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>History of Rome (Livy)</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ab_urbe_condita" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ab urbe condita">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Livy" class="extiw" title="q:Livy">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155892#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155892#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155892#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125765-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81025971">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008346h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008346h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36567357">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2006373132&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3383695">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=93578">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810627836205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/14917">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007590318705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tite-Live (0059? av. J.-C.-0017). Histoire romaine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028452135">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Histoire romaine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028200020">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&oldid=1258653069">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rome_(Livy)&oldid=1258653069</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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