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life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishop_of_Caesarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishop_of_Caesarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bishop of Caesarea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishop_of_Caesarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Onomasticon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onomasticon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Onomasticon</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onomasticon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_text_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_text_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Biblical text criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_text_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Chronicle</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>Church History</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_of_Constantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_of_Constantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span><i>Life of Constantine</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_of_Constantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_of_Constantine_according_to_Eusebius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_of_Constantine_according_to_Eusebius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Conversion of Constantine according to Eusebius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_of_Constantine_according_to_Eusebius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_historical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_historical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Minor historical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_historical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apologetic_and_dogmatic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apologetic_and_dogmatic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Apologetic and dogmatic works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apologetic_and_dogmatic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exegetical_and_miscellaneous_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exegetical_and_miscellaneous_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Exegetical and miscellaneous works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exegetical_and_miscellaneous_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Doctrine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nicene_Creed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicene_Creed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nicene Creed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicene_Creed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eusebius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_van_Caesarea" title="Eusebius van Caesarea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eusebius van Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_von_Caesarea" title="Eusebius von Caesarea – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eusebius von Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="يوسابيوس القيصري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوسابيوس القيصري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Եվսեբիոս Կեսարացի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եվսեբիոս Կեսարացի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebiu_de_Cesarea" title="Eusebiu de Cesarea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eusebiu de Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevsevi" title="Yevsevi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yevsevi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اوسبیوس قیصری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوسبیوس قیصری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Евсевий Кесарийски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евсевий Кесарийски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_Caesarea" title="Eusebius Caesarea – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eusebius Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebi_de_Cesarea" title="Eusebi de Cesarea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eusebi de Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebios_z_Kaisareie" title="Eusebios z Kaisareie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eusebios z Kaisareie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_af_C%C3%A6sarea" title="Eusebius af Cæsarea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eusebius af Cæsarea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_von_Caesarea" title="Eusebius von Caesarea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eusebius von Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebios_Kaisareast" title="Eusebios Kaisareast – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eusebios Kaisareast" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ευσέβιος της Καισαρείας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευσέβιος της Καισαρείας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebio_de_Cesarea" title="Eusebio de Cesarea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eusebio de Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADzebio_de_Cezareo" title="Eŭzebio de Cezareo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭzebio de Cezareo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebio_Zesareakoa" title="Eusebio Zesareakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eusebio Zesareakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="یوسبیوس قیصریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوسبیوس قیصریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A8be_de_C%C3%A9sar%C3%A9e" title="Eusèbe de Césarée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eusèbe de Césarée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebio_de_Cesarea" title="Eusebio de Cesarea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eusebio de Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="유세비우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유세비우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Եվսեբիոս Կեսարացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվսեբիոս Կեսարացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euzebije_Cezarejski" title="Euzebije Cezarejski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Euzebije Cezarejski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_dari_Kaisarea" title="Eusebius dari Kaisarea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eusebius dari Kaisarea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebio_di_Cesarea" title="Eusebio di Cesarea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eusebio di Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוסביוס מקיסריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסביוס מקיסריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ევსები კესარიელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევსები კესარიელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebi_wa_Kaisarea" title="Eusebi wa Kaisarea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eusebi wa Kaisarea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebios" title="Eusebios – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Eusebios" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_Pamphili" title="Eusebius Pamphili – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eusebius Pamphili" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93zarejas_Eisebijs" title="Cēzarejas Eisebijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cēzarejas Eisebijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebio_de_Cesarea" title="Eusebio de Cesarea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eusebio de Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiszareiai_Euszebiosz" title="Kaiszareiai Euszebiosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaiszareiai Euszebiosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Евсевиј Кесариски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евсевиј Кесариски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosebi%C3%B4sy_avy_any_Kaisarea" title="Eosebiôsy avy any Kaisarea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eosebiôsy avy any Kaisarea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കേസറിയായിലെ യൂസീബിയസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കേസറിയായിലെ യൂസീബിയസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%89" title="يوسابيوس القيصرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوسابيوس القيصرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_dari_Kaisaria" title="Eusebius dari Kaisaria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eusebius dari Kaisaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_van_Caesarea" title="Eusebius van Caesarea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eusebius van Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BB%E3%83%93%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="エウセビオス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エウセビオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_av_C%C3%A6sarea" title="Eusebius av Cæsarea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eusebius av Cæsarea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A8bi_de_Cesar%C3%A8a" title="Eusèbi de Cesarèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eusèbi de Cesarèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euzebiusz_z_Cezarei" title="Euzebiusz z Cezarei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Euzebiusz z Cezarei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Cesareia" title="Eusébio de Cesareia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eusébio de Cesareia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebiu_din_Cezareea" title="Eusebiu din Cezareea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eusebiu din Cezareea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Евсевий Кесарийскый – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Евсевий Кесарийскый" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Евсевий Кесарийский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евсевий Кесарийский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eusebius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebios_z_Kaisareie" title="Eusebios z Kaisareie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eusebios z Kaisareie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evzebij_Cezarejski" title="Evzebij Cezarejski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evzebij Cezarejski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Јевсевије Кесаријски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јевсевије Кесаријски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euzebije_iz_Cezareje" title="Euzebije iz Cezareje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Euzebije iz Cezareje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebios_Kesarealainen" title="Eusebios Kesarealainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eusebios Kesarealainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebios_av_Caesarea" title="Eusebios av Caesarea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eusebios av Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebio_ng_Caesarea" title="Eusebio ng Caesarea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eusebio ng Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebios" title="Eusebios – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eusebios" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Євсевій Кесарійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євсевій Кесарійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Eusebius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebio" title="Eusebio – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eusebio" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%A5%E6%92%92%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%AA%E4%BC%98%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E4%B9%8C" title="该撒利亚个优西比乌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="该撒利亚个优西比乌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%91%9F%E4%BC%AF" title="歐瑟伯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歐瑟伯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B2%E6%92%92%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%84%AA%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F" title="該撒利亞的優西比烏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="該撒利亞的優西比烏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q142999#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek Christian bishop and scholar (c. 260 – 339)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eusebius (disambiguation)">Eusebius (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Eusebius of Caesarea</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Rabbula_Gospels_Icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Rabbula_Gospels_Icon.jpg/220px-Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Rabbula_Gospels_Icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="527" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Rabbula_Gospels_Icon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="589" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">6th century <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a> portrait of St. Eusebius of Caesarea from the <a href="/wiki/Rabbula_Gospels" title="Rabbula Gospels">Rabbula Gospels</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">The Father of Church History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 260–265</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 339 (aged 74–79)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Caesarea Maritima, Syria Palaestina, Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>30 May (ancient Syrian Church)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>29 February (Syrian Orthodox)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>21 June (Roman Catholic; Suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Pamphilus_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Pamphilus of Caesarea">St. Pamphilus of Caesarea</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data">St. <a href="/wiki/Palladius_of_Galatia" title="Palladius of Galatia">Palladius of Galatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">St. Basil the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus of Aquileia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">St. Theodoret of Cyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus" title="Evagrius Scholasticus">Evagrius Scholasticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_of_Cyzicus" title="Gelasius of Cyzicus">Gelasius of Cyzicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jerome">St. Jerome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victorius_of_Aquitaine" title="Victorius of Aquitaine">Victorius of Aquitaine</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Pope Gelasius I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pope Pelagius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Valois" title="Henri Valois">Henri Valois</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bull" title="George Bull">George Bull</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cave" title="William Cave">William Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lee_(linguist)" title="Samuel Lee (linguist)">Samuel Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.B._Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Lightfoot">J.B. Lightfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wace_(priest)" title="Henry Wace (priest)">Henry Wace</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Writing career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a></i>, <i>On the Life of Pamphilus</i>, <i>Chronicle</i>, <i>On the Martyrs</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eusebius of Caesarea</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 260/265</span> – 30 May AD 339), also known as <b>Eusebius Pamphilius</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syro-Palestinian</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Historian_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Historian of Christianity">historian of Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exegete" class="mw-redirect" title="Exegete">exegete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Polemicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Polemicist">polemicist</a>. In about AD 314 he became the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>. </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Pamphilus_of_Caesarea" title="Pamphilus of Caesarea">Pamphilus</a>, Eusebius was a scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canon</a> and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote the <i>Demonstrations of the Gospel</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Preparation_for_the_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparation for the gospel">Preparations for the Gospel</a></i> and <i>On Discrepancies between the Gospels</i>, studies of the biblical text. His work <i><a href="/wiki/Onomasticon_(Eusebius)" title="Onomasticon (Eusebius)">Onomasticon</a></i> is an early <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">geographical lexicon</a> of places in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> mentioned in the Bible. As "Father of <a href="/wiki/Church_history" title="Church history">Church History</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (not to be confused with the title of <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a>), he produced the <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a></i>, <i>On the Life of Pamphilus</i>, the <i>Chronicle</i> and <i>On the Martyrs</i>. He also produced <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">a biographical work</a> on <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, the first Christian <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)"><i>Augustus</i></a> between AD 306 and AD 337. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known about the life of Eusebius. His successor at the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">See</a> of Caesarea, <a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Caesarea" title="Acacius of Caesarea">Acacius</a>, wrote a <i>Life of Eusebius</i>, a work that has since been lost. Eusebius's own surviving works probably only represent a small portion of his total output. Beyond notices in his extant writings, the major sources are the 5th-century ecclesiastical historians <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a>, and the 4th-century Christian author <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>. There are assorted notices of his activities in the writings of his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a>. Eusebius's pupil, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Emesa" title="Eusebius of Emesa">Eusebius of Emesa</a>, provides some incidental information.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most scholars date the birth of Eusebius to some point between AD 260 and 265.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was most likely born in or around <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing is known about his parents.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was baptized and instructed in the city, and lived in <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> in 296, when <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s army passed through the region (in the <i>Life of Constantine</i>, Eusebius recalls seeing <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> traveling with the army).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eusebius was made <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Caesarea" title="Agapius of Caesarea">Agapius of Caesarea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, like theologian and ecclesiastical historian <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, understand Eusebius's statement that he had heard <a href="/wiki/Dorotheus_of_Tyre" title="Dorotheus of Tyre">Dorotheus of Tyre</a> "expound the Scriptures wisely in the Church" to indicate that Eusebius was Dorotheus's pupil while the priest was resident in Antioch; others, like the scholar D. S. Wallace-Hadrill, deem the phrase too ambiguous to support the contention.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the activities of the theologian <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (185/6–254) and the school of his follower <a href="/wiki/Pamphilus_of_Caesarea" title="Pamphilus of Caesarea">Pamphilus</a> (later 3rd century – 309), Caesarea became a center of Christian learning. Origen was largely responsible for the collection of usage information, or which churches were using which gospels, regarding the texts which became the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The information used to create the late-fourth-century <a href="/wiki/Easter_Letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Letter">Easter Letter</a>, which declared accepted Christian writings, was probably based on the <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)"><i>Ecclesiastical History</i></a> [HE] of Eusebius of Caesarea, wherein he uses the information passed on to him by Origen to create both his list at HE 3:25 and Origen's list at HE 6:25. Eusebius got his information about what texts were accepted by the third-century churches throughout the known world, a great deal of which Origen knew of firsthand from his extensive travels, from the library and writings of Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his deathbed, Origen had made a bequest of his private library to the Christian community in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the books of his patron <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Alexandria" title="Ambrose of Alexandria">Ambrosius</a>, Origen's library (including the original manuscripts of his works<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) formed the core of the collection that Pamphilus established.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pamphilus also managed a school that was similar to (or perhaps a re-establishment of<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that of Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was compared to <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Phalerum" title="Demetrius of Phalerum">Demetrius of Phalerum</a>—as well as to another (evidently, learnèd) scholar by the name of "Pisistratus"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—for Pamphilus had gathered Bibles "from all parts of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his model Origen, Pamphilus maintained close contact with his students. Eusebius, in his history of the persecutions, alludes to the fact that many of the Caesarean martyrs lived together, presumably under Pamphilus.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after Pamphilus settled in Caesarea (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 280s), he began teaching Eusebius, who was then somewhere between twenty and twenty-five.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his close relationship with his schoolmaster, Eusebius was sometimes called <i>Eusebius Pamphili</i>: "Eusebius, son of Pamphilus".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name may also indicate that Eusebius was made Pamphilus' heir.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pamphilus gave Eusebius a strong admiration for the thought of Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither Pamphilus nor Eusebius knew Origen personally;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pamphilus probably picked up Origenist ideas during his studies under <a href="/wiki/Pierius" title="Pierius">Pierius</a> (nicknamed "Origen Junior"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eusebius's <i>Preparation for the Gospel</i> bears witness to the literary tastes of Origen: Eusebius quotes no comedy, tragedy, or lyric poetry, but makes reference to all the works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and to an extensive range of later philosophic works, largely from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonists</a> from <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> to the late 2nd century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever its secular contents, the primary aim of Origen and Pamphilus's school was to promote sacred learning. The library's biblical and theological contents were more impressive: Origen's <i><a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a></i> and <i>Tetrapla</i>; a copy of the original Aramaic version of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and many of Origen's own writings.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marginal comments in extant manuscripts note that Pamphilus and his friends and pupils, including Eusebius, corrected and revised much of the biblical text in their library.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their efforts made the hexaplaric Septuagint text increasingly popular in Syria and Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after joining Pamphilus's school, Eusebius started helping his master expand the library's collections and broaden access to its resources. At about this time Eusebius compiled a <i>Collection of Ancient Martyrdoms</i>, presumably for use as a general reference tool.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusebius_Ethiopian_Icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eusebius_Ethiopian_Icon.png/220px-Eusebius_Ethiopian_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eusebius_Ethiopian_Icon.png/330px-Eusebius_Ethiopian_Icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eusebius_Ethiopian_Icon.png/440px-Eusebius_Ethiopian_Icon.png 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2946" /></a><figcaption>Eusebius of Caesarea and Carpianus depicted as Saints in a gospel book from monastery at <a href="/wiki/Amba_Geshen" title="Amba Geshen">Amba Geshan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 290s, Eusebius began work on his most important work, the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, a narrative history of the Church and Christian community from the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> to Eusebius's own time. At about the same time, he worked on his <i>Chronicle</i>, a universal calendar of events from the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">Creation</a> to, again, Eusebius's own time. He completed the first editions of the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> and <i>Chronicle</i> before 300.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bishop_of_Caesarea">Bishop of Caesarea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bishop of Caesarea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Armenian_Gospel_Icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Armenian_Gospel_Icon.png/220px-Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Armenian_Gospel_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Armenian_Gospel_Icon.png/330px-Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Armenian_Gospel_Icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Armenian_Gospel_Icon.png/440px-Eusebius_of_Caesarea_Armenian_Gospel_Icon.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Icon of Eusebius of Caesarea as a Saint in Medieval Armenian Manuscript from Isfahan, Persia</figcaption></figure> <p>Eusebius succeeded <a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Caesarea" title="Agapius of Caesarea">Agapius</a> as Bishop of Caesarea soon after 313 and was called on by <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> who had been excommunicated by his bishop <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a>. An episcopal council in Caesarea pronounced Arius blameless.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius enjoyed the favor of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a>. Because of this he was called upon to present the <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a> of his own church to the 318 attendees of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> in 325.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the anti-Arian creed from Palestine prevailed, becoming the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theological views of Arius, that taught the subordination of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> to the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a>, continued to be controversial. <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Antioch" title="Eustathius of Antioch">Eustathius of Antioch</a> strongly opposed the growing influence of <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>'s theology as the root of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>. Eusebius, an admirer of Origen, was reproached by <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Antioch" title="Eustathius of Antioch">Eustathius</a> for deviating from the Nicene faith. Eusebius prevailed and Eustathius was deposed at a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> became a more powerful opponent and in 334 he was summoned before a synod in Caesarea (which he refused to attend). In the following year, he was again summoned before a <a href="/wiki/First_Synod_of_Tyre" title="First Synod of Tyre">synod in Tyre</a> at which Eusebius of Caesarea presided. Athanasius, foreseeing the result, went to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to bring his cause before the Emperor. Constantine called the bishops to his court, among them Eusebius. Athanasius was condemned and exiled at the end of 335. Eusebius remained in the Emperor's favour throughout this time and more than once was exonerated with the explicit approval of the Emperor Constantine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the Emperor's death (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 337</span>), Eusebius wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">Life of Constantine</a></i>, an important historical work because of eyewitness accounts and the use of primary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_translation_of_Eusebius_Chronicon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Armenian_translation_of_Eusebius_Chronicon.jpg/220px-Armenian_translation_of_Eusebius_Chronicon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Armenian_translation_of_Eusebius_Chronicon.jpg/330px-Armenian_translation_of_Eusebius_Chronicon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Armenian_translation_of_Eusebius_Chronicon.jpg/440px-Armenian_translation_of_Eusebius_Chronicon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Armenian translation of Chronicon. 13th century manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the extensive literary activity of Eusebius, a relatively large portion has been preserved. Although posterity suspected him of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, Eusebius had made himself indispensable by his method of authorship; his comprehensive and careful excerpts from original sources saved his successors the painstaking labor of original research. Hence, much has been preserved, quoted by Eusebius, which otherwise would have been lost. </p><p>The literary productions of Eusebius reflect on the whole the course of his life. At first, he occupied himself with works on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a> under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Pamphilus_of_Caesarea" title="Pamphilus of Caesarea">Pamphilus</a> and probably of <a href="/wiki/Dorotheus_of_Tyre" title="Dorotheus of Tyre">Dorotheus of Tyre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Antioch" title="School of Antioch">School of Antioch</a>. Afterward, the persecutions under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> directed his attention to the martyrs of his own time and the past, and this led him to the history of the whole Church and finally to the history of the world, which, to him, was only a preparation for ecclesiastical history. </p><p>Then followed the time of the Arian controversies, and <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatic</a> questions came into the foreground. Christianity at last found recognition by the State; and this brought new problems – apologies of a different sort had to be prepared. Lastly, Eusebius wrote eulogies in praise of Constantine. To all this activity must be added numerous writings of a miscellaneous nature, addresses, letters, and the like, and exegetical works that extended over the whole of his life and that include both commentaries and an important treatise on the location of <a href="/wiki/Onomasticon_(Eusebius)" title="Onomasticon (Eusebius)">biblical place names</a> and the distances between these cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onomasticon"><i>Onomasticon</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Onomasticon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Onomasticon_(Eusebius)" title="Onomasticon (Eusebius)">Onomasticon (Eusebius)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_text_criticism">Biblical text criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biblical text criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fol._10v-11r_Egmond_Gospels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fol._10v-11r_Egmond_Gospels.jpg/220px-Fol._10v-11r_Egmond_Gospels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fol._10v-11r_Egmond_Gospels.jpg/330px-Fol._10v-11r_Egmond_Gospels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fol._10v-11r_Egmond_Gospels.jpg/440px-Fol._10v-11r_Egmond_Gospels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Eusebius's <a href="/wiki/Canon_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon tables">canon tables</a> were often included in Early Medieval <a href="/wiki/Gospel_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel book">Gospel books</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusebius_Ethiopian_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eusebius_Ethiopian_icon.jpg/220px-Eusebius_Ethiopian_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eusebius_Ethiopian_icon.jpg/330px-Eusebius_Ethiopian_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eusebius_Ethiopian_icon.jpg/440px-Eusebius_Ethiopian_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="3324" /></a><figcaption>Eusebius depicted in the page preceding his <a href="/wiki/Eusebian_Canons" title="Eusebian Canons">Eusebian Canons</a> in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Garima_Gospels" title="Garima Gospels">Garima Gospels</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pamphilus and Eusebius occupied themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> text of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and especially of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. An edition of the Septuagint seems to have been already prepared by <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, which, according to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, was revised and circulated by Eusebius and Pamphilus. For an easier survey of the material of the four Evangelists, Eusebius divided his edition of the New Testament into paragraphs and provided it with a synoptical table so that it might be easier to find the <a href="/wiki/Pericope" title="Pericope">pericopes</a> that belong together. These <a href="/wiki/Canon_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon tables">canon tables</a> or "Eusebian canons" remained in use throughout the Middle Ages, and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> versions are important for the study of early medieval art, as they are the most elaborately decorated pages of many <a href="/wiki/Gospel_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel book">Gospel books</a>. Eusebius detailed in <i><a href="/wiki/Epistula_ad_Carpianum" title="Epistula ad Carpianum">Epistula ad Carpianum</a></i> how to use his canons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronicle"><i>Chronicle</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chronicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_(Eusebius)" title="Chronicon (Eusebius)">Chronicon (Eusebius)</a></div> <p>The <i>Chronicle</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Παντοδαπὴ Ἱστορία</span></span> (<i>Pantodape historia</i>)) is divided into two parts. The first part, the <i>Chronography</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χρονογραφία</span></span> (<i>Chronographia</i>)), gives an epitome of universal history from the sources, arranged according to nations. The second part, the <i>Canons</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χρονικοὶ Κανόνες</span></span> (<i>Chronikoi kanones</i>)), furnishes a synchronism of the historical material in parallel columns, the equivalent of a parallel timeline.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work as a whole has been lost in the original Greek, but it may be reconstructed from later chronographists of the Byzantine school who made excerpts from the work, especially <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a>. The tables of the second part have been completely preserved in a Latin translation by Jerome, and both parts are still extant in an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> translation. The loss of the Greek originals has given the Armenian translation a special importance; thus, the first part of Eusebius's <i>Chronicle</i>, of which only a few fragments exist in Greek, has been preserved entirely in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, though with lacunae. The <i>Chronicle</i> as preserved extends to the year 325.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_History"><i>Church History</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Church History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History (Eusebius)</a></div> <p>In his <i>Church History</i> or <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Eusebius wrote the first surviving history of the Christian Church as a chronologically ordered account, based on earlier sources, complete from the period of the Apostles to his own epoch.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time scheme correlated the history with the reigns of the Roman Emperors, and the scope was broad. Included were the bishops and other teachers of the Church, Christian relations with the Jews and those deemed heretical, and the Christian martyrs through 324.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although its accuracy and biases have been questioned,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remains an important source on the early church due to Eusebius's access to materials now lost.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_of_Constantine"><i>Life of Constantine</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Life of Constantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eusebius's <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">Life of Constantine</a></i> (<i>Vita Constantini</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a>, and therefore its style and selection of facts are affected by its purpose, rendering it inadequate as a continuation of the <i>Church History.</i> As the historian <a href="/wiki/Socrates_Scholasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates Scholasticus">Socrates Scholasticus</a> said, at the opening of his history which was designed as a continuation of Eusebius, "Also in writing the life of Constantine, this same author has but slightly treated of matters regarding <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>, being more intent on the rhetorical finish of his composition and the praises of the emperor than on an accurate statement of facts." The work was unfinished at Eusebius's death. Some scholars have questioned the Eusebian authorship of this work. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion_of_Constantine_according_to_Eusebius">Conversion of Constantine according to Eusebius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conversion of Constantine according to Eusebius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine the Great and Christianity</a></div> <p>Writing after Constantine had died, Eusebius claimed that the emperor himself had recounted to him that some time between the death of his father – the <i>augustus</i> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a> – and his final battle against his rival <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> as <i>augustus</i> in the West, Constantine experienced a <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">vision</a> in which he and his soldiers beheld a Christian symbol, "a cross-shaped trophy formed from light", above the sun at midday.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attached to the symbol was the phrase "by this conquer" (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐν τούτῳ νίκα</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">en toútōi níka</i></span>), a phrase often rendered into Latin as "<i><a href="/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces" title="In hoc signo vinces">in hoc signo vinces</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a dream that night "the Christ of God appeared to him with the sign which had appeared in the sky, and urged him to make himself a copy of the sign which had appeared in the sky, and to use this as a protection against the attacks of the enemy."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius relates that this happened "on a campaign he [Constantine] was conducting somewhere".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear from Eusebius's description whether the shields were marked with a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> or with a <i><a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">chi-rho</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Staurogram" title="Staurogram">staurogram</a>, or another similar symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin text <i>De mortibus persecutorum</i> contains an early account of the 28 October 312 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> probably in 313, the year following the battle. Lactantius does not mention a vision in the sky but describes a revelatory dream on the eve of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius's work of that time, his <i>Church History</i>, also makes no mention of the vision.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arch of Constantine, constructed in AD 315, neither depicts a vision nor any Christian insignia in its depiction of the battle. In his posthumous biography of Constantine, Eusebius agrees with Lactantius that Constantine received instructions in a dream to apply a Christian symbol as a <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic device">device</a> to his soldiers' shields, but unlike Lactantius and subsequent Christian tradition, Eusebius does not date the events to October 312 and does not connect Constantine's vision and dream-vision with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_historical_works">Minor historical works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Minor historical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before he compiled his church history, Eusebius edited a collection of martyrdoms of the earlier period and a biography of Pamphilus. The martyrology has not survived as a whole, but it has been preserved almost completely in parts. It contained: </p> <ul><li>an epistle of the congregation of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> concerning the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>;</li> <li>the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Pionius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pionius">Pionius</a>;</li> <li>the martyrdoms of <a href="/wiki/Carpus_and_Papylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpus and Papylus">Carpus, Papylus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carpus_and_Papylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpus and Papylus">Agathonike</a>;</li> <li>the martyrdoms in the congregations of <a href="/wiki/Vienne_(department)" title="Vienne (department)">Vienne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>;</li> <li>the martyrdom of Apollonius.</li></ul> <p>Of the life of Pamphilus, only a fragment survives. A work on the <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Palestine" title="Martyrs of Palestine">martyrs of Palestine</a> in the time of Diocletian was composed after 311; numerous fragments are scattered in legendaries which have yet to be collected. The life of Constantine was compiled after the death of the emperor and the election of his sons as Augusti (337). It is more a rhetorical eulogy on the emperor than a history but is of great value on account of numerous documents incorporated into it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apologetic_and_dogmatic_works">Apologetic and dogmatic works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Apologetic and dogmatic works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the class of <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetic</a> and dogmatic works belong: </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apology_for_Origen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apology for Origen (page does not exist)">Apology for Origen</a></i>, the first five books of which, according to the definite statement of Photius, were written by Pamphilus in prison, with the assistance of Eusebius. Eusebius added the sixth book after the death of Pamphilus. We possess only a Latin translation of the first book, made by <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>.</li> <li>A treatise against <a href="/wiki/Sossianus_Hierocles" title="Sossianus Hierocles">Hierocles</a> (a Roman governor), in which Eusebius combated the former's glorification of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a> in a work entitled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Truth-loving_Discourse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Truth-loving Discourse (page does not exist)">A Truth-loving Discourse</a></i> (Greek: <i>Philalethes logos</i>); in spite of manuscript attribution to Eusebius, however, it has been argued (by Thomas Hagg<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently, Aaron Johnson)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that this treatise "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_Hierocles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Against Hierocles (page does not exist)">Against Hierocles</a>" was written by someone other than Eusebius of Caesarea.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeparatio_evangelica" title="Praeparatio evangelica">Praeparatio evangelica</a></i> (<i>Preparation for the Gospel</i>), commonly known by its Latin title, which attempts to prove the excellence of Christianity over every pagan religion and philosophy. The <i>Praeparatio</i> consists of fifteen books which have been completely preserved. Eusebius considered it an introduction to Christianity for pagans. But its value for many later readers is more because Eusebius studded this work with so many lively fragments from historians and philosophers which are nowhere else preserved. Here alone is preserved <a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a>'s translation of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> upon which Pyrrho based <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a>. Here alone is a summary of the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Sanchuniathon" title="Sanchuniathon">Sanchuniathon</a> of which the accuracy has been shown by the mythological accounts found on the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a> tables. Here alone is the account from <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>'s sixth book of <a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a>' wondrous voyage to the island of <a href="/wiki/Panchaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchaea">Panchaea</a> where <a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a> purports to have found his true history of the gods. And here almost alone is preserved writings of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonist">neo-Platonist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Atticus_(philosopher)" title="Atticus (philosopher)">Atticus</a> along with so much else.</li> <li><i>Demonstratio evangelica</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proof_of_the_Gospel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proof of the Gospel (page does not exist)">Proof of the Gospel</a></i>) is closely connected to the <i>Praeparatio</i> and comprised originally twenty books of which ten have been completely preserved as well as a fragment of the fifteenth. Here Eusebius treats of the person of Jesus Christ. The work was probably finished before 311;</li> <li>Another work which originated in the time of the persecution, entitled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prophetic_Extracts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prophetic Extracts (page does not exist)">Prophetic Extracts</a></i> (<i>Eclogae propheticae</i>). It discusses in four books the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messianic</a> texts of Scripture. The work is merely the surviving portion (books 6–9) of the <i>General elementary introduction</i> to the Christian faith, now lost. The fragments given as the Commentary on Luke in the PG have been claimed to derive from the missing tenth book of the General Elementary Introduction (see D. S. Wallace-Hadrill); however, Aaron Johnson has argued that they cannot be associated with this work.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="On_Divine_Manifestation"></span><span class="anchor" id="Theophania"></span> </p> <ul><li>The treatise <i>On Divine Manifestation</i> or <i>On the Theophania</i> (<i>Peri theophaneias</i>), of unknown date. It treats of the incarnation of the Divine <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>, and its contents are in many cases identical with the <i>Demonstratio evangelica.</i> Only fragments are preserved in Greek, but a complete Syriac translation of the <i>Theophania</i> survives in an early 5th-century manuscript. Samuel Lee, the editor (1842) and translator (1843) of the Syriac <i>Theophania,</i> thought that the work must have been written "after the general peace restored to the Church by Constantine, and before either the 'Praeparatio,' or the 'Demonstratio Evangelica,' was written ... It appears probable ... therefore, that this was one of the first productions of Eusebius, if not the first after the persecutions ceased."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo Gressmann, noting in 1904 that the <i>Demonstratio</i> seems to be mentioned at IV. 37 and V. 1, and that II. 14 seems to mention the extant practice of temple prostitution at Hieropolis in Phoenica, concluded that the <i>Theophania</i> was probably written shortly after 324. Others have suggested a date as late as 337.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A polemical treatise against <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Ancyra" title="Marcellus of Ancyra">Marcellus of Ancyra</a>, the <i>Against Marcellus</i>, dating from about 337;</li> <li>A supplement to the last-named work, also against Marcellus, entitled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Theology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Theology (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Theology</a></i>, in which he defended the Nicene doctrine of the Logos against the party of Athanasius.</li></ul> <p>A number of writings, belonging in this category, have been entirely lost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exegetical_and_miscellaneous_works">Exegetical and miscellaneous works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Exegetical and miscellaneous works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the exegetical works of Eusebius have suffered damage in transmission. The majority of them are known to us only from long portions quoted in Byzantine catena-commentaries. However these portions are very extensive. Extant are: </p> <ul><li>An enormous Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>;</li> <li>A commentary on <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, discovered more or less complete in a manuscript in Florence early in the 20th century and published 50 years later;</li> <li>Small fragments of commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>.</li></ul> <p>Eusebius also wrote a work '<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quaestiones ad Stephanum et Marinum</i></span>, <i>On the Differences of the Gospels</i> (including solutions). This was written for the purpose of harmonizing the contradictions in the reports of the different Evangelists. This work was recently (2011) translated into the English language by David J. Miller and Adam C. McCollum and was published under the name <i>Eusebius of Caesarea: Gospel Problems and Solutions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original work was also translated into <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, and lengthy quotations exist in a <i><a href="/wiki/Catena_(biblical_commentary)" title="Catena (biblical commentary)">catena</a></i> in that language, and also in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> catenas.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eusebius also wrote treatises on the biblical past; these three treatises have been lost. They were: </p> <ul><li>A work on the Greek equivalents of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> Gentilic nouns;</li> <li>A description of old <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> with an account of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">loss of the ten tribes</a>;</li> <li>A plan of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple of Solomon</a>.</li></ul> <p>The addresses and sermons of Eusebius are mostly lost, but some have been preserved, e.g., a sermon on the consecration of the church in Tyre and an address on the thirtieth anniversary of the reign of Constantine (336). </p><p>Most of Eusebius's letters are lost. His letters to Carpianus and Flacillus exist complete. Fragments of a letter to the empress Constantia also exists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eusebius is fairly unusual in his <a href="/wiki/Preterist" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterist">preterist</a>, or fulfilled, eschatological view. Saying "the Holy Scriptures foretell that there will be unmistakable signs of the Coming of Christ. Now there were among the Hebrews three outstanding offices of dignity, which made the nation famous, firstly the kingship, secondly that of prophet, and lastly the high priesthood. The prophecies said that the abolition and complete destruction of all these three together would be the sign of the presence of the Christ. And that the proofs that the times had come, would lie in the ceasing of the Mosaic worship, the desolation of Jerusalem and its Temple, and the subjection of the whole Jewish race to its enemies. ...The holy oracles foretold that all these changes, which had not been made in the days of the prophets of old, would take place at the coming of the Christ, which I will presently shew to have been fulfilled as never before in accordance with the predictions" (<i>Demonstratio Evangelica</i> VIII). </p><p>From a <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatic</a> point of view, Eusebius is related in his views to <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>. Like Origen, he started from the fundamental thought of the absolute sovereignty (<i>monarchia</i>) of God. God is the cause of all beings. But he is not merely a cause; in him everything good is included, from him all life originates, and he is the source of all virtue. God sent Christ into the world that it may partake of the blessings included in the essence of God. Eusebius expressly distinguishes the Son as distinct from Father as a ray is also distinct from its source the sun.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Eusebius held that men were sinners by their own free choice and not by the necessity of their natures. Eusebius said: </p> <blockquote><p>The Creator of all things has impressed a natural law upon the soul of every man, as an assistant and ally in his conduct, pointing out to him the right way by this law; but, by the free liberty with which he is endowed, making the choice of what is best worthy of praise and acceptance, he has acted rightly, not by force, but from his own free-will, when he had it in his power to act otherwise, As, again, making him who chooses what is worst, deserving of blame and punishment, because he has by his own motion neglected the natural law, and becoming the origin and fountain of wickedness, and misusing himself, not from any extraneous necessity, but from free will and judgment. The fault is in him who chooses, not in God. For God has not made nature or the substance of the soul bad; for he who is good can make nothing but what is good. Everything is good which is according to nature. Every rational soul has naturally a good free-will, formed for the choice of what is good. But when a man acts wrongly, nature is not to be blamed; for what is wrong, takes place not according to nature, but contrary to nature, it being the work of choice, and not of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>A letter Eusebius is supposed to have written to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a>, refusing to fulfill her request for images of Christ, was quoted in the decrees (now lost) of the Iconoclast <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hieria" title="Council of Hieria">Council of Hieria</a> in 754, and later quoted in part in the rebuttal of the Hieria decrees in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> of 787, now the only source from which some of the text is known. The authenticity or authorship of the letter remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicene_Creed">Nicene Creed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nicene Creed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the June 2002 issue of the <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(journal)" title="Church History (journal)"><i>Church History</i></a> journal, Pier Franco Beatrice reports that Eusebius testified that the word <i><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">homoousios</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantial</a>) "was inserted in the Nicene Creed solely by the personal order of Constantine."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>According to Eusebius of Caesarea, the word <i>homoousios</i> was inserted in the Nicene Creed solely by the personal order of Constantine. But this statement is highly problematic. It is very difficult to explain the seeming paradoxical fact that this word, along with the explanation given by Constantine, was accepted by the "Arian" Eusebius, whereas it has left no traces at all in the works of his opponents, the leaders of the anti-Arian party such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hosius_of_Corduba" title="Hosius of Corduba">Ossius of Cordova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Ancyra" title="Marcellus of Ancyra">Marcellus of Ancyra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Antioch" title="Eustathius of Antioch">Eustathius of Antioch</a>, who are usually considered Constantine's theological advisers and the strongest supporters of the council. Neither before nor during Constantine's time is there any evidence of a normal, well-established Christian use of the term <i>homoousios</i> in its strictly <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarian">Trinitarian</a> meaning. Having once excluded any relationship of the Nicene <i>homoousios</i> with the Christian tradition, it becomes legitimate to propose a new explanation, based on an analysis of two pagan documents which have so far never been taken into account. The main thesis of this paper is that <i>homoousios</i> came straight from Constantine's <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermetic</a> background. As can be clearly seen in the <i><a href="/wiki/Poimandres" title="Poimandres">Poimandres</a></i>, and even more clearly in an inscription mentioned exclusively in the <i>Theosophia</i>, in the theological language of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian paganism</a> the word <i>homoousios</i> meant that the Nous-Father and the Logos-Son, who are two distinct beings, share the same perfection of the divine nature.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pier Franco Beatrice, "The Word 'Homoousios' from Hellenism to Christianity", <i>Church History</i>, Volume 71, № 2, June 2002, p. 243</cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, the council evidently did not force the insertion of the word and instead adopted a text related to the confession of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of Constantine remained uncertain during the council.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayres_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayres-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Scholasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates Scholasticus">Socrates Scholasticus</a> (a 5th-century Christian historian), writing in his own <i>Church History</i>, criticized the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">Life of Constantine</a></i>, stating that Eusebius was "more intent on the rhetorical finish of his composition and the praises of the emperor, than on an accurate statement of facts".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> openly distrusted the writings of Eusebius concerning the number of martyrs, by noting a passage in the shorter text of the <i>Martyrs of Palestine</i> attached to the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> (Book 8, Chapter 2) in which Eusebius introduces his description of the martyrs of the Great Persecution under Diocletian with: "Wherefore we have decided to relate nothing concerning them except the things in which we can vindicate the Divine judgment. ... We shall introduce into this history in general only those events which may be useful first to ourselves and afterwards to posterity." In the longer text of the same work, chapter 12, Eusebius states: "I think it best to pass by all the other events which occurred in the meantime: such as ... the lust of power on the part of many, the disorderly and unlawful ordinations, and the schisms among the confessors themselves; also the novelties which were zealously devised against the remnants of the Church by the new and factious members, who added innovation after innovation and forced them in unsparingly among the calamities of the persecution, heaping misfortune upon misfortune. I judge it more suitable to shun and avoid the account of these things, as I said at the beginning."</li> <li>When his own honesty was challenged by his contemporaries,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibbon appealed to a chapter heading in Eusebius's <i><a href="/wiki/Preparation_for_the_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparation for the Gospel">Praeparatio evangelica</a></i> (Book XII, Chapter 31)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Eusebius discussed "that it will be necessary sometimes to use falsehood as a remedy for the benefit of those who require such a mode of treatment."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Although Gibbon refers to Eusebius as the "gravest" of the ecclesiastical historians,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also suggests that Eusebius was more concerned with the passing political concerns of his time than with his duty as a reliable historian.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a> (19th century cultural historian) dismissed Eusebius as "the first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other critics of Eusebius's work cite the panegyrical tone of the <i>Vita</i>, plus the omission of internal Christian conflicts in the <i>Canones</i>, as reasons to interpret his writing with caution.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Alternate views have suggested that Gibbon's dismissal of Eusebius is inappropriate: </p> <ul><li>With reference to Gibbon's comments, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Joseph Barber Lightfoot</a> (late 19th century theologian and former <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a>) pointed out<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Eusebius's statements indicate his honesty in stating what he was not going to discuss, and also his limitations as a historian in not including such material. He also discusses the question of accuracy. "The manner in which Eusebius deals with his very numerous quotations elsewhere, where we can test his honesty, is a sufficient vindication against this unjust charge." Lightfoot also notes that Eusebius cannot always be relied on: "A far more serious drawback to his value as a historian is the loose and uncritical spirit in which he sometimes deals with his materials. This shows itself in diverse ways. He is not always to be trusted in his discrimination of genuine and spurious documents."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Averil Cameron</a> (professor at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> and Oxford) and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> (historian and theologian), in their translation of the <i>Life of Constantine</i>, point out that writers such as Burckhardt found it necessary to attack Eusebius in order to undermine the ideological legitimacy of the Habsburg empire, which based itself on the idea of Christian empire derived from Constantine, and that the most controversial letter in the <i>Life</i> has since been found among the papyri of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (periodical)">Church History</a></i> (Vol. 59, 1990), Michael J. Hollerich (assistant professor at the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara University</a>, California) replies to Burckhardt's criticism of Eusebius, that "Eusebius has been an inviting target for students of the Constantinian era. At one time or another they have characterized him as a political propagandist, a good courtier, the shrewd and worldly adviser of the Emperor Constantine, the great publicist of the first Christian emperor, the first in a long succession of ecclesiastical politicians, the herald of <a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theologian</a>, a political metaphysician, and a caesaropapist. It is obvious that these are not, in the main, neutral descriptions. Much traditional scholarship, sometimes with barely suppressed disdain, has regarded Eusebius as one who risked his orthodoxy and perhaps his character because of his zeal for the Constantinian establishment." Hollerich concludes that "the standard assessment has exaggerated the importance of political themes and political motives in Eusebius's life and writings and has failed to do justice to him as a churchman and a scholar".</li></ul> <p>While many have shared Burckhardt's assessment, particularly with reference to the <i>Life of Constantine</i>, others, while not pretending to extol his merits, have acknowledged the irreplaceable value of his works which may principally reside in the copious quotations that they contain from other sources, often lost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relic_of_St._Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Relic_of_St._Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg/220px-Relic_of_St._Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Relic_of_St._Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg/330px-Relic_of_St._Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Relic_of_St._Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg/440px-Relic_of_St._Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Relic of St. Eusebius of Caesarea from the Shrine of All Saints in St. Martha's Catholic Church in Morton Grove, Illinois</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest recorded feast day of Eusebius is found in the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Martyrology_of_411" title="Martyrology of 411">Syrian Martyrology</a> dating to the year 411 translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(orientalist)" title="William Wright (orientalist)">William Wright</a>. The Martyrology lists his feast day as May 30.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius continues to be venerated as a Saint by the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syrian Orthodox Church</a> as well, with a feast day on February 29 according to the official calendar of Saints created by Corbishop Rajan Achen.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eusebius was long venerated in the Roman Catholic Church. Bishop <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lightfoot" title="J. B. Lightfoot">J. B. Lightfoot</a> writes in his entry for St. Eusebius in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wace_(priest)" title="Henry Wace (priest)">Henry Wace</a>'s <i>Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century AD, with an Account of Principal Sects and Heresies</i> (1911) that "in the <a href="/wiki/Martyrologium_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrologium Romanum">Martyrologium Romanum</a> itself he held his place for centuries" and in "Gallican service-books the historian is commemorated as a saint." However, Lightfoot notes that in "the revision of this Martyrology under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a> his name was struck out, and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Samosata" title="Eusebius of Samosata">Eusebius of Samosata</a> was substituted, under the mistaken idea that Caesarea had been substituted for Samosata by a mistake."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Catholic author <a href="/wiki/Henri_Valois" title="Henri Valois">Henri Valois</a> includes in his translations on Eusebius's writings testimonies of ancient authors in favor and against Eusebius; in the former category he includes evidence of Eusebius in several martyrologies and being entitled "Blessed" dating back to <a href="/wiki/Victorius_of_Aquitaine" title="Victorius of Aquitaine">Victorius of Aquitaine</a>. Valois includes both <a href="/wiki/Martyrology_of_Usuard" title="Martyrology of Usuard">Usuardus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker</a>, who list his feast as June 21 in the Roman Martyrology, and a <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> breviary is included for June 21 that reads as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Of the holy Eusebius, bishop and confessor.<br /> <br /><i>Lesson 1</i>. Eusebius, bishop of Cæsarea in Palestine, on account of his friendship with Pamphilus the martyr, took from him the surname of Pamphili; inasmuch as along with this same Pamphilus he was a most diligent investigator of sacred literature. The man indeed is very worthy of being remembered in these times, both for his skill in many things, and for his wonderful genius, and by both Gentiles and Christians he was held distinguished and most noble among philosophers. This man, after having for a time labored in behalf of the Arian heresy, coming to the council of Nicæa, inspired by the Holy Spirit, followed the decision of the Fathers, and thereafter up to the time of his death lived in a most holy manner in the orthodox faith.<br /> <br /><i>Lesson 2</i>. He was, moreover, very zealous in the study of the sacred Scriptures, and along with Pamphilus the martyr was a most diligent investigator of sacred literature. At the same time he has written many things, but especially the following books: The Præparatio Evangelica, the Ecclesiastical History, Against Porphyry, a very bitter enemy of the Christians; he has also composed Six Apologies in Behalf of Origen, a Life of Pamphilus the Martyr, from whom on account of friendship he took his surname, in three books; likewise very learned Commentaries on the hundred and fifty Psalms.<br /> <br /><i>Lesson 3</i>. Moreover, as we read, after having ascertained the sufferings of many holy martyrs in all the provinces, and the lives of confessors and virgins, he has written concerning these saints twenty books; while on account of these books therefore, and especially on account of his Præparatio Evangelica, he was held most distinguished among the Gentiles, because of his love of truth he contemned the ancestral worship of the gods. He has written also a Chronicle, extending from the first year of Abraham up to the year 300 AD, which the divine Hieronymus has continued. Finally this Eusebius, after the conversion of Constantine the Great, was united to him by strong friendship as long as he lived. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>A bone fragment relic of Eusebius within its original reliquary is on display at the Shrine of All Saints located within St. Martha's Catholic Church in Morton Grove, Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Eusebius of Caesarea. <ul><li><i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i> (<i>Church History</i>) first seven books <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span>, eighth and ninth book <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 313</span>, tenth book <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 315</span>, epilogue <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 325</span>. <ul><li>Migne, J. P., ed. <i>Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta</i> (in Greek). <i>Patrologia Graeca</i> 19–24. Paris, 1857. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/">Khazar Skeptik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091228102648/http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/">Archived</a> 2009-12-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0265-0339__Eusebius_Caesariensis__Historia_Ecclesiastica__GR.pdf.html">Documenta Catholica Omnia</a>. Accessed 4 November 2009.</li> <li>McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. <i>Church History</i>. From <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm">New Advent</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.toc.html">CCEL</a>. Accessed 28 September 2009.</li> <li>Williamson, G. A., trans. <i>Church History</i>. London: Penguin, 1989.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Contra Hieroclem</i> (<i>Against Hierocles</i>).</li> <li><i>Onomasticon</i> (<i>On the Place-Names in Holy Scripture</i>). <ul><li>Klostermann, E., ed. <i>Eusebius' Werke</i> 3.1 (<i>Die griechischen christlichen Schrifsteller der ersten (drei) Jahrhunderte</i> 11.1. Leipzig and Berlin, 1904). Online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/werke00eusegoog">Internet Archive</a>. Accessed 29 January 2010.</li> <li>Wolf, Umhau, trans. <i>The Onomasticon of Eusebius Pamphili: Compared with the version of Jerome and annotated</i>. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1971. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_onomasticon_01_intro.htm">Tertullian</a>. Accessed 29 January 2010.</li> <li>Taylor, Joan E., ed. <i>Palestine in the Fourth Century. The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea,</i> translated by Greville Freeman-Grenville, and indexed by Rupert Chapman III (Jerusalem: Carta, 2003).</li></ul></li> <li><i>De Martyribus Palestinae</i> (<i>On the Martyrs of Palestine</i>). <ul><li>McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. <i>Martyrs of Palestine</i>. From <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2505.htm">New Advent</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.xiv.html">CCEL</a>. Accessed June 9, 2009.</li> <li>Cureton, William, trans. <i>History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript</i>. London: Williams & Norgate, 1861. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm">Tertullian</a>. Accessed September 28, 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Praeparatio Evangelica</i> (<i>Preparation for the Gospel</i>).</li> <li><i>Demonstratio Evangelica</i> (<i>Demonstration of the Gospel</i>).</li> <li><i>Theophania</i> (<i>Theophany</i>).</li> <li><i>Laudes Constantini</i> (<i>In Praise of Constantine</i>) 335. <ul><li>Migne, J. P., ed. <i>Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta</i> (in Greek). <i>Patrologia Graeca</i> 19–24. Paris, 1857. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/">Khazar Skeptik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091228102648/http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/">Archived</a> 2009-12-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 4 November 2009.</li> <li>Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. <i>Oration in Praise of Constantine</i>. From <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.htm">New Advent</a>. Accessed 19 October 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Vita Constantini</i> (<i>The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine</i>) <i>ca</i>. 336–39. <ul><li>Migne, J. P., ed. <i>Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta</i> (in Greek). <i>Patrologia Graeca</i> 19–24. Paris, 1857. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/">Khazar Skeptik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091228102648/http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/">Archived</a> 2009-12-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 4 November 2009.</li> <li>Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. <i>Life of Constantine</i>. From <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm">New Advent</a>. Accessed 9 June 2009.</li> <li>Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. <i>Life of Constantine</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Gregory Thaumaturgus. <i>Oratio Panegyrica</i>. <ul><li>Salmond, S. D. F., trans. From <i>Ante-Nicene Fathers</i>, Vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0604.htm">New Advent</a>. Accessed 31 January 2010.</li></ul></li> <li>Jerome. <ul><li><i>Chronicon</i> (<i>Chronicle</i>) <i>ca</i>. 380. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Knight_Fotheringham" title="John Knight Fotheringham">Fotheringham, John Knight</a>, ed. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian</a> Manuscript of Jerome's Version of the Chronicle of Eusebius</i>. Oxford: Clarendon, 1905. Online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bodleianmanuscr00jerogoog">Internet Archive</a>. Accessed 8 October 2009.</li> <li>Pearse, Roger, <i>et al</i>., trans. <i>The Chronicle of St. Jerome</i>, in <i>Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts</i>. Tertullian, 2005. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_00_eintro.htm">Tertullian</a>. Accessed 14 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><i>de Viris Illustribus</i> (<i>On Illustrious Men</i>) 392. <ul><li>Herding, W., ed. <i>De Viris Illustribus</i> (in Latin). Leipzig: Teubner, 1879. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heironymideviri00jerogoog">Internet Archive</a>. Accessed 6 October 2009.</li> <li><i>Liber de viris inlustribus</i> (in Latin). <i>Texte und Untersuchungen</i> 14. Leipzig, 1896.</li> <li>Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. <i>De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men)</i>. From <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm">New Advent</a>. Accessed 15 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Epistulae</i> (<i>Letters</i>). <ul><li>Fremantle, W. H., G. Lewis and W. G. Martley, trans. <i>Letters</i>. From <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, Second Series, Vol. 6. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1893. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001.htm">New Advent</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf05.iv.iv.html">CCEL</a>. Accessed 19 October 2009.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Origen. <ul><li><i>De Principiis</i> (<i>On First Principles</i>).</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Constantine I and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Bibles_of_Constantine" title="Fifty Bibles of Constantine">Fifty Bibles of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_century_in_Lebanon" title="4th century in Lebanon">4th century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Travelogues of Palestine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">yoo-<span style="font-size:90%">SEE</span>-bee-əs</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Εὐσέβιος τῆς Καισαρείας</span></span>, <i>Eusébios tês Kaisareías</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμφίλου</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius is considered the first historian of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pamphilus might not have obtained all of Origen's writings, however: the library's text of Origen's commentary on Isaiah broke off at 30:6, while the original commentary was said to have taken up thirty volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apparently named after—but not to be confused with—the <a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Athenian tyrant</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are three interpretations of this term: (1) that Eusebius was the "spiritual son", or favored pupil, of Pamphilus;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2) that Eusebius was literally adopted by Pamphilus;<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (3) that Eusebius was Pamphilus's biological son. The third explanation is the least popular among scholars. The scholion on the <i>Preparation for the Gospels</i> 1.3 in the <i>Codex Paris</i>. 451 is usually adduced in support of the thesis. Most reject the scholion as too late or misinformed, but E. H. Gifford, an editor and translator of the <i>Preparation</i>, believes it to have been written by <a href="/wiki/Arethas_of_Caesarea" title="Arethas of Caesarea">Arethas</a>, the tenth-century archbishop of Caesarea, who was in a position to know the truth of the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, pp. 94, 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Church Historian and Metropolitan of Caesarea for twenty five years is included, on the list, among the Syrian martyrs and those who vouched for true faith (Wace & Piercy, 1999)." from Cor-Episcopo K. Mani Rajan's 'Martyrs, Saints, and Prelates of the Syriac Orthodox Church Volume 2<i> published in 2012 on his website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rajanachen.com/download-english-books/">http://rajanachen.com/download-english-books/</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shown in the <a href="/wiki/Martyrology_of_411" title="Martyrology of 411">Martyrology of 411</a> translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(orientalist)" title="William Wright (orientalist)">William Wright</a> in 1866 where it states under May 30, "The Commemoration of Eusebius, bishop of Palestine" (p. 427) which Wright confirms in the preface is "Eusebius of Caesareia" (p. 45). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/WrightAnAncientSyrianMartyrology/page/n1/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/WrightAnAncientSyrianMartyrology/page/n1/mode/2up</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"His memory is celebrated on 29 February." from Cor-Episcopo K. Mani Rajan's 'Martyrs, Saints, and Prelates of the Syriac Orthodox Church Volume 2' published in 2012 on his website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rajanachen.com/download-english-books/">http://rajanachen.com/download-english-books/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bishop J.B. Lightfoot writes in his entry for St. Eusebius in Henry Wace's <i>Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century AD, with an Account of Principal Sects and Heresies</i> (1911) that while "in the Martyrologium Romanum itself he held his place for centuries," in "the revision of this Martyrology under Gregory XIII his name was struck out, and Eusebius of Samosata was substituted, under the mistaken idea that Caesarea had been substituted for Samosata by a mistake." (p. 536)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Multiple references for this day as the feast of St. Eusebius in multiple Roman Catholic martyrologies and lectionaries, as recorded by Henri Valois, or Valesius in his <i>Testimonies of the Ancients in Favor of Eusebius</i> and translated by Philip Schaff <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.iv.html">https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.iv.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1876" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesaria">Eusebius</a> (1876), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.toc.html"><i>Church History, Life of Constantine the Great, and Oration in Praise of Constantine</i></a>, <i>A Select Library of the Christian Church: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, 2nd ser., vol. I, translated by Schaff, Philip, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History%2C+Life+of+Constantine+the+Great%2C+and+Oration+in+Praise+of+Constantine&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=%27%27A+Select+Library+of+the+Christian+Church%3A+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%27%27%2C+2nd+ser.%2C+vol.+I&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf201.toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2007" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Anders-Christian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180106520"><i>Three Greek apologists Origen, Eusebius, and Athanasius = Drei griechische Apologeten</i></a>. Ulrich, Jörg. Frankfurt, M. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-56833-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-56833-0"><bdi>978-3-631-56833-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180106520">180106520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Greek+apologists+Origen%2C+Eusebius%2C+and+Athanasius+%3D+Drei+griechische+Apologeten&rft.place=Frankfurt%2C+M&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180106520&rft.isbn=978-3-631-56833-0&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Anders-Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F180106520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonWaceMcGiffertSchaff1890" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, E.C.; Wace, H.; McGiffert, A.C.; Schaff, P. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-mBbkoNmv8C"><i>Eusebius - Church History, Life of Constantine the Great, and Oration in Praise of Constantine</i></a>. Select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church. Parker. p. 4. <q>His birthplace cannot be determined with certainty. The fact that he is called "Eusebius the Palestinian " by <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Ancyra" title="Marcellus of Ancyra">Marcellus</a> (<i>Euseb. lib. adv. Marcell.</i> I. 4), <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil</a> (<i>Lib. ad. Amphil. de Spir. Sancto</i>, c. 29), and others, does not prove that he was a Palestinian by birth; for the epithet may be used to indicate merely his place of residence (he was bishop of Cæsarea in Palestine for many years). Moreover, the argument urged by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_von_Stein" title="Franz Joseph von Stein">Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lightfoot" title="J. B. Lightfoot">Lightfoot</a> in support of his Palestinian birth, namely, that it was customary to elect to the episcopate of any church a native of the city in preference to a native of some other place, does not count for much. All that seems to have been demanded was that a man should have been already a member of the particular church over which he was to be made bishop, and even this rule was not universal (see <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bingham" title="Joseph Bingham">Bingham</a>'s Antiquities, II. 10, 2 and 3). The fact that he was bishop of Cæsarea therefore would at most warrant us in concluding only that he had made his residence in Cæsarea for some time previous to his election to that office. Nevertheless, although neither of these arguments proves his Palestinian birth, it is very probable that he was a native of that country, or at least of that section. He was acquainted with Syriac as well as with Greek, which circumstance taken in connection with his ignorance of Latin (see below, p. 47) points to the region of Syria as his birthplace. Moreover, we learn from his own testimony that he was in Cæsarea while still a youth (<i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">Vita Constantini</a></i>, I. 19), and in his epistle to the church of Cæsarea (see below, p. 16) he says that he was taught the creed of the Cæsarean church in his childhood (or at least at the beginning of his Christian life: έν τή κατηχήσει), and that he accepted it at baptism. It would seem therefore that he must have lived while still a child either in Cæsarea itself, or in the neighborhood, where its creed was in use. Although no one therefore (except <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Metochites" title="Theodore Metochites">Theodorus Metochita</a> of the fourteenth century, in his <i>Cap. Miscell.</i> 17; <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne" title="Jacques Paul Migne">Migne</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patr. Lat.</a></i> CXLIV. 949) directly states that Eusebius was a Palestinian by birth, we have every reason to suppose him such.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius+-+Church+History%2C+Life+of+Constantine+the+Great%2C+and+Oration+in+Praise+of+Constantine&rft.series=Select+library+of+Nicene+and+post-Nicene+fathers+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Parker&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=E.C.&rft.au=Wace%2C+H.&rft.au=McGiffert%2C+A.C.&rft.au=Schaff%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-mBbkoNmv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2010" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez, Justo L. (2010-08-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQW0ACdLn6kC"><i>The Story of Christianity: Volume 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation</i></a>. Zondervan. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-185588-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-185588-7"><bdi>978-0-06-185588-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Early+Church+to+the+Dawn+of+the+Reformation&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft.isbn=978-0-06-185588-7&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQW0ACdLn6kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20070613.html">"General Audience of 13 June 2007: Eusebius of Caesarea | BENEDICT XVI"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=General+Audience+of+13+June+2007%3A+Eusebius+of+Caesarea+%7C+BENEDICT+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Faudiences%2F2007%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_aud_20070613.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace-Hadrill, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1981" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Timothy David (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGDjJK-JeSwC"><i>Constantine and Eusebius</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1"><bdi>978-0-674-16531-1</bdi></a>. <q>Between 260-265 birth of Eusebius</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+Eusebius&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-674-16531-1&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGDjJK-JeSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louth, "Birth of church history", 266; Quasten, 3.309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05617b.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Eusebius of Caesarea"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Eusebius+of+Caesarea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F05617b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace-Hadrill, 12, citing Socrates, <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i> 1.8; Theodoret, <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i> 1.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace-Hadrill, 12, citing <i>Vita Constantini</i> 1.19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> 7.32.4, qtd. and tr. D. S. Wallace-Hadrill, 12; Wallace-Hadrill cites J. H. Newman, <i>The Arians of the Fourth Century</i> (1890), 262, in 12 n. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. G. Bateman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1653073">Origen’s Role in the Formation of the New Testament Canon</a>, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quasten, 3.309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i> 6.32.3–4; Kofsky, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 333 n. 114, citing Eusebius, <i>HE</i> 6.32.1; <i>In Is</i>. pp. 195.20–21 Ziegler.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i> 6.32.3–4; Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 93; idem., "Eusebius of Caesarea", 2 col. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, 124–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kofsky, 12, citing Eusebius, <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i> 7.32.25. On Origen's school, see: Gregory, <i>Oratio Panegyrica</i>; Kofsky, 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quasten, 3.310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace-Hadrill, 12 n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace-Hadrill, 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quasten, 3.309–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 93, 95; Louth, "Birth of church history", 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome, <i>de Viris Illustribus</i> 76, qtd. and tr. Louth, "Birth of church history", 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 93, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 277; Wallace-Hadrill, 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2012" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2012). <i>Christian Beginnings from Nazareth to Nicea</i>. Allen Lane the Penguin Press. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Beginnings+from+Nazareth+to+Nicea&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Allen+Lane+the+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1959" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Williston (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNH-yAEACAAJ"><i>A History of the Christian Church</i></a>. Scribner. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Williston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNH-yAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce L. Shelley, <i>Church History in Plain Language,</i> (2nd ed. Dallas, Texas: Word Publishing, 1995.), p.102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameronHall1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Cameron, Averil</a>; Hall, Stuart G., eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KchhO8KEy3cC&q=%22Life+of+Constantine%22"><i>Eusebius' Life of Constantine</i></a>. Clarendon Ancient History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158847-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158847-1"><bdi>978-0-19-158847-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius%27+Life+of+Constantine&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Clarendon+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-158847-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKchhO8KEy3cC%26q%3D%2522Life%2Bof%2BConstantine%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, 112–13, 340 n. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesnut1986" class="citation cs2">Chesnut, Glenn F. (1986), "Introduction", <i>The First Christian Histories: Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, and Evagrius</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+First+Christian+Histories%3A+Eusebius%2C+Socrates%2C+Sozomen%2C+Theodoret%2C+and+Evagrius&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chesnut&rft.aufirst=Glenn+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2007" class="citation cs2">Maier, Paul L. (2007), <i>Eusebius: The Church History – Translation and Commentary by Paul L. Maier</i>, p. 9 and 16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius%3A+The+Church+History+%E2%80%93+Translation+and+Commentary+by+Paul+L.+Maier&rft.pages=9+and+16&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/James_the_Brother_of_Jesus_(book)" title="James the Brother of Jesus (book)">James the Brother of Jesus (book)</a> by Robert Eisenman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Ecclesiastical History", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07365a.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>, New Advent</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+History&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07365a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardillBardill2012" class="citation book cs1">Bardill, Jonathan; Bardill (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AUK5cQW2EUwC"><i>Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76423-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76423-0"><bdi>978-0-521-76423-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%2C+Divine+Emperor+of+the+Christian+Golden+Age&rft.pages=159-170&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76423-0&rft.aulast=Bardill&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Bardill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAUK5cQW2EUwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius of Caesarea, <i>Vita Constantini</i>, 1.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lactantius, <i>De mortibus persecutorum</i>, 44.5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Hagg, "Hierocles the Lover of Truth and Eusebius the Sophist," SO 67 (1992): 138–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron Johnson, "The Author of the Against Hierocles: A Response to Borzì and Jones," JTS 64 (2013): 574–594)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron Johnson, "The Tenth Book of Eusebius' General Elementary Introduction: A Critique of the Wallace-Hadrill Thesis," Journal of Theological Studies, 62.1 (2011): 144–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea <i>On the Theophania, or Divine Manifestation of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ</i> (Cambridge, 1843), pp. xxi–xxii. Lee's full passage is as follows: "As to the period at which it was written, I think it must have been, after the general peace restored to the Church by Constantine, and before either the "Praeparatio", or the "Demonstratio Evangelica", was written. My reason for the first of these suppositions is: Our author speaks repeatedly of the peace restored to the Church; of Churches and Schools restored, or then built for the first time : of the nourishing state of the Church of Caesarea; of the extended, and then successfully extending, state of Christianity : all of which could not have been said during the times of the last, and most severe persecution. My reasons for the second of these suppositions are, the considerations that whatever portions of this Work are found, either in the "Praeparatio", |22 the "Demonstratio Evangelica", or the " Oratio de laudibus Constantini", they there occur in no regular sequence of argument as they do in this Work: especially in the latter, into which they have been carried evidently for the purpose of lengthening out a speech. Besides, many of these places are amplified in these works, particularly in the two former as remarked in my notes; which seems to suggest, that such additions were made either to accommodate these to the new soil, into which they had been so transplanted, or, to supply some new matter, which had suggested itself to our author. And again, as both the "Praeparatio" and "Demonstratio Evangelica", are works which must have required very considerable time to complete them, and which would even then be unfit for general circulation; it appears probable to me, that this more popular, and more useful work, was first composed and published, and that the other two,--illustrating as they generally do, some particular points only,--argued in order in our Work,-- were reserved for the reading and occasional writing of our author during a considerable number of years, as well for the satisfaction of his own mind, as for the general reading of the learned. It appears probable to me therefore, that this was one of the first productions of Eusebius, if not the first after the persecutions ceased."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i> (Harvard, 1981), p. 367, n.176. Note that Lee (p. 285) thinks that the passage in V. 1 refers to an earlier section within the <i>Theophania</i> itself, rather than to the <i>Demonstratio</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesaeaMillerMcCollumDowner2010" class="citation book cs1">Caesaea, Eusebius of; Miller, David J. D.; McCollum, Adam C.; Downer, Carol; Zamagni, Claudio (2010-03-06). <i>Eusebius of Caesarea: Gospel Problems and Solutions (Ancient Texts in Translation): Roger Pearse, David J Miller, Adam C McCollum: 9780956654014: Amazon.com: Books</i>. Chieftain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0956654014" title="Special:BookSources/978-0956654014"><bdi>978-0956654014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius+of+Caesarea%3A+Gospel+Problems+and+Solutions+%28Ancient+Texts+in+Translation%29%3A+Roger+Pearse%2C+David+J+Miller%2C+Adam+C+McCollum%3A+9780956654014%3A+Amazon.com%3A+Books&rft.pub=Chieftain&rft.date=2010-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0956654014&rft.aulast=Caesaea&rft.aufirst=Eusebius+of&rft.au=Miller%2C+David+J.+D.&rft.au=McCollum%2C+Adam+C.&rft.au=Downer%2C+Carol&rft.au=Zamagni%2C+Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Graf, <i>Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur</i> vol. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Christian Examiner, Volume One, published by James Miller, 1824 Edition, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Gwynn, "From Iconoclasm to Arianism: The Construction of Christian Tradition in the Iconoclast Controversy" [Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 47 (2007) 225–251], p. 227-245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatrice2002" class="citation journal cs1">Beatrice, Pier Franco (June 2002). "The Word "Homoousios" from Hellenism to Christianity". <i>Church History</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 243–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009640700095688">10.1017/S0009640700095688</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4146467">4146467</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162605872">162605872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=The+Word+%22Homoousios%22+from+Hellenism+to+Christianity&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-272&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162605872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4146467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009640700095688&rft.aulast=Beatrice&rft.aufirst=Pier+Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, Everett "Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, 2nd edition" Routledge, 2013, p. 811.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayres-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayres_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayres, Lewis "Nicaea and its Legacy: An Approach to Fourth Century Trinitarian Theology" OUP Oxford, 2004, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Socrates Scholasticus, <i>Church History</i>, Book 1, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Gibbon's <i>Vindication</i> for examples of the accusations that he faced.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_12_book12.htm">"Eusebius of Caesarea: Praeparatio Evangelica (translated by E. H. Gifford)"</a>. tertullian.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eusebius+of+Caesarea%3A+Praeparatio+Evangelica+%28translated+by+E.+H.+Gifford%29&rft.pub=tertullian.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Feusebius_pe_12_book12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/eusebius/pe_data.htm">"Data for discussing the meaning of pseudos and Eusebius in PE XII, 31"</a>. tertullian.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+for+discussing+the+meaning+of+pseudos+and+Eusebius+in+PE+XII%2C+31&rft.pub=tertullian.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Frpearse%2Feusebius%2Fpe_data.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The gravest of the ecclesiastical historians, Eusebius himself, indirectly confesses, that he has related whatever might redound to the glory, and that he has suppressed all that could tend to the disgrace, of religion." (History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol II, Chapter XVI)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Such an acknowledgment will naturally excite a suspicion that a writer who has so openly violated one of the fundamental laws of history has not paid a very strict regard to the observance of the other; and the suspicion will derive additional credit from the character of Eusebius, which was less tinctured with credulity, and more practised in the arts of courts, than that of almost any of his contemporaries." (History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol II, Chapter XVI)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Devin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/harvard-theological-review/article/abs/eusebius-as-political-theologian-the-legend-continues/85D2326BD1AEDC36550AD826D9B7E42B">"Eusebius as Political Theologian: The Legend Continues"</a>. <i>Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>108</b>: 129–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816015000073">10.1017/S0017816015000073</a>. <q>...and the eminent historian Jacob Burckhardt who declared Eusebius to be "the most objectionable of all eulogists" and "first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Eusebius+as+Political+Theologian%3A+The+Legend+Continues&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=129-154&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816015000073&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fharvard-theological-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Feusebius-as-political-theologian-the-legend-continues%2F85D2326BD1AEDC36550AD826D9B7E42B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess, R. W., and Witold Witakowski. 1999. Studies in Eusebian and Post-Eusebian chronography 1.<i> The "Chronici canones" of Eusebius of Caesarea: structure, content and chronology, AD 282–325 – 2. The "Continuatio Antiochiensis Eusebii": a chronicle of Antioch and the Roman Near East during the Reigns of Constantine and Constantius II, AD 325–350.</i> Historia (Wiesbaden, Germany), Heft 135. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. Page 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/eusebius/lightfoot.htm">"J. B. Lightfoot, Eusebius of Caesarea"</a>. tertullian.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.+B.+Lightfoot%2C+Eusebius+of+Caesarea&rft.pub=tertullian.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Frpearse%2Feusebius%2Flightfoot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Averil Cameron, Stuart G. Hall, <i>Eusebius' Life of Constantine</i>. Introduction, translation and commentary. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1999. Pp. xvii + 395. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814924-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814924-7">0-19-814924-7</a>. Reviewed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-08-08.html">BMCR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"30. The commemoration of Eusebius, bishop of Palestine" (p. 427), found here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/WrightAnAncientSyrianMartyrology">https://archive.org/details/WrightAnAncientSyrianMartyrology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Church Historian and Metropolitan of Caesarea is commemorated on 29 February." As found in the All-in-One Volume of Corbp. Rajan Achen's 'Martyrs, Saints, and Prelates of the Syriac Orthodox Church," p. 151 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rajanachen.com/english-books/">https://rajanachen.com/english-books/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 333-334, the work being found: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ia800901.us.archive.org/10/items/dictionaryofchri00wacerich/dictionaryofchri00wacerich.pdf">https://ia800901.us.archive.org/10/items/dictionaryofchri00wacerich/dictionaryofchri00wacerich.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The references to Usuardus, Notker, and the Gallican breviary can all be found in Valois's "Testimonies of the Ancients in favor of Eusebius," which may be found here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://st-takla.org/books/en/ecf/201/2010025.html">https://st-takla.org/books/en/ecf/201/2010025.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A link to the shrine's list of Saints can be found here, in which Eusebius of Caesarea is included. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://shrineofallsaints.org/relics-currently-included-in-our-collection">http://shrineofallsaints.org/relics-currently-included-in-our-collection</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1981" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb00barn"><i>Constantine and Eusebius</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16530-4"><bdi>978-0-674-16530-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+Eusebius&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-674-16530-4&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstantineeuseb00barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1999" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius (1999). <i>Life of Constantine</i>. Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall, trans. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814924-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814924-8"><bdi>978-0-19-814924-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Constantine&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814924-8&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2002" class="citation book cs1">Drake, H. A. (2002). <i>Constantine and the bishops the policy of intolerance</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7104-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-7104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+the+bishops+the+policy+of+intolerance&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7104-7&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKofsky2000" class="citation book cs1">Kofsky, Aryeh (2000). <i>Eusebius of Caesarea against paganism</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11642-9"><bdi>978-90-04-11642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius+of+Caesarea+against+paganism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11642-9&rft.aulast=Kofsky&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawlor1912" class="citation book cs1">Lawlor, Hugh Jackson (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eusebianaessays00lawluoft"><i>Eusebiana: essays on the Ecclesiastical history of Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebiana%3A+essays+on+the+Ecclesiastical+history+of+Eusebius%2C+bishop+of+Caesarea&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Lawlor&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feusebianaessays00lawluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1975" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Lee I. (1975). <i>Caesarea under Roman rule</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04013-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04013-7"><bdi>978-90-04-04013-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+under+Roman+rule&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04013-7&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lee+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouth2004" class="citation book cs1">Louth, Andrew (2004). "Eusebius and the Birth of Church History". In Young, Frances; Ayres, Lewis; Louth, Andrew (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00youn"><i>The Cambridge history of early Christian literature</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00youn/page/n291">266</a>–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46083-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46083-5"><bdi>978-0-521-46083-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eusebius+and+the+Birth+of+Church+History&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+early+Christian+literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=266-274&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46083-5&rft.aulast=Louth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory00youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano1989" class="citation book cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo (1989). <i>On pagans, Jews, and Christians</i>. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6218-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6218-0"><bdi>978-0-8195-6218-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+pagans%2C+Jews%2C+and+Christians&rft.place=Middletown%2C+CT&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6218-0&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1890" class="citation book cs1">Newman, John Henry (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ariansfourthcen02newmgoog"><i>The Arians of the Fourth Century</i></a> (7th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arians+of+the+Fourth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fariansfourthcen02newmgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sabrina Inowlocki & Claudio Zamagni (eds), <i>Reconsidering Eusebius: Collected papers on literary, historical, and theological issues</i> (Leiden, Brill, 2011) (Vigiliae Christianae, Supplements, 107).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1960" class="citation book cs1">Wallace-Hadrill, D. S. (1960). <i>Eusebius of Caesarea</i>. London: A. R. Mowbray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius+of+Caesarea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+R.+Mowbray&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttridgeHata1992" class="citation book cs1">Attridge, Harold W.; Hata, Gohei, eds. (1992). <i>Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism</i>. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2361-8"><bdi>978-0-8143-2361-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Judaism&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2361-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesnut1986" class="citation book cs1">Chesnut, Glenn F. (1986). <i>The First Christian Histories: Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, and Evagrius</i> (2nd ed.). Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-164-1"><bdi>978-0-86554-164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Christian+Histories%3A+Eusebius%2C+Socrates%2C+Sozomen%2C+Theodoret%2C+and+Evagrius&rft.place=Macon%2C+GA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-164-1&rft.aulast=Chesnut&rft.aufirst=Glenn+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1976" class="citation book cs1">Drake, H. A. (1976). <i>In Praise of Constantine: A Historical Study and New Translation of Eusebius' Tricennial Orations</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09535-9"><bdi>978-0-520-09535-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Constantine%3A+A+Historical+Study+and+New+Translation+of+Eusebius%27+Tricennial+Orations&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-09535-9&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1984" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius (1984). <i>The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine</i>. G.A. Williamson, trans. New York: Dorset Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-022-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-022-7"><bdi>978-0-88029-022-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Church+from+Christ+to+Constantine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-022-7&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1980" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Robert M. (1980). <i>Eusebius as Church Historian</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826441-5"><bdi>978-0-19-826441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius+as+Church+Historian&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Pr.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826441-5&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValois1833" class="citation book cs1">Valois, Henri de (1833). "Annotations on the Life and Writings of Eusebius Pamphilus". <i>The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus</i>. S. E. Parker, trans. Philadelphia: Davis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annotations+on+the+Life+and+Writings+of+Eusebius+Pamphilus&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+Eusebius+Pamphilus&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Davis&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Valois&rft.aufirst=Henri+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Eusebius" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Eusebius">Eusebius</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.toc.html"><i>Church History</i> (Eusebius); <i>The Life of Constantine</i> (Eusebius)</a>, online at ccel.org.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm"><i>History of the Martyrs in Palestine</i> (Eusebius)</a>, English translation (1861) William Cureton. Website <i>tertullian.org</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_canon_tables_01.htm">Eusebius of Caesarea, The Gospel Canon Tables</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2019/05/11/eusebius-of-caesarea-six-extracts-from-the-commentary-on-the-psalms-in-english/">Eusebius, Six extracts from the <i>Commentary on the Psalms</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0265-0339-_Eusebius_Caesariensis,_Sanctus.html"><i>Opera Omnia</i> by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes</a> complete Greek text of Eusebius's works</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Eusebius%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eusebius%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eusebius%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Eusebius%22%29%20OR%20%28%22265-340%22%20AND%20Eusebius%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Eusebius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4926">Works by Eusebius</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05617b.htm">"Eusebius"</a> in <i>New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (1917)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/eusebius/">"Eusebius of Caesarea"</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org"><i>Tertullian Project</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/eusebius.php">Extensive bibliography</a> at <i>EarlyChurch.org</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/eusebius-chart">Chronological list of Eusebius's writings</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Titles of the Great Christian Church</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Caesarea" title="Agapius of Caesarea">Agapius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Caesarea">Bishop of Caesarea</a> </b><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 313–339 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Caesarea" title="Acacius of Caesarea">Acacius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142999#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6961167867523023060000">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315683163">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1817708/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjM4jDWbcWggHWPrgTCh9C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118531425">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79150225">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11902007r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11902007r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439047">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eusebius : Caesariensis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV017618">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35070710">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20000075401&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1065081">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/44405">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068596642">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90605452">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000072691&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000064942&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=18385">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvvst0314g3kj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810566800005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/18769">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260951805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523394006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14696604">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00969223?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/817855">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118531425.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118531425">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/088843734">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cn787w">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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