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class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_historical_capitals_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of historical capitals of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_historical_capitals_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historick%C3%A1_hlavn%C3%AD_m%C4%9Bsta_v_%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C4%9B" title="Historická hlavní města v Číně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Historická hlavní města v Číně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historische_Hauptst%C3%A4dte_Chinas" title="Historische Hauptstädte Chinas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Historische Hauptstädte Chinas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitales_hist%C3%B3ricas_de_China" title="Capitales históricas de China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capitales históricas de China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitales_historiques_de_la_Chine" title="Capitales historiques de la Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capitales historiques de la Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%98%9B_%EC%88%98%EB%8F%84" title="중국의 옛 수도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국의 옛 수도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Չինաստանի մայրաքաղաքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաստանի մայրաքաղաքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibu_kota_kuno_di_Tiongkok" title="Ibu kota kuno di Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibu kota kuno di Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitali_storiche_della_Cina" title="Capitali storiche della Cina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capitali storiche della Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqua_capita_Sinensia" title="Antiqua capita Sinensia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antiqua capita Sinensia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="中国の首都 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国の首都" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%DA%AF%DA%91%DA%BE" title="چین دے تریخی راجگڑھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چین دے تریخی راجگڑھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Исторические столицы Китая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исторические столицы Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_historiska_huvudst%C3%A4der" title="Kinas historiska huvudstäder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinas historiska huvudstäder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เมืองหลวงเก่าของจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมืองหลวงเก่าของจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E" title="Історичні столиці Китаю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історичні столиці Китаю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="چین کے تاریخی دارالحکومت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چین کے تاریخی دارالحکومت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%C3%B4_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Thủ đô Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủ đô Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="中国首都 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中国首都" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%AC%E5%9F%8E" title="中國京城 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國京城" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="中国首都 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中国首都" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_capitals_of_China&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former capitals in the history of China</div> <p>This is a list of <b>historical capitals of China</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Four_Great_Ancient_Capitals">Four Great Ancient Capitals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_capitals_of_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Four Great Ancient Capitals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are traditionally four major historical capitals of China referred to as the "Four Great Ancient Capitals of China" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">中国四大古都</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中國四大古都</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔ Dū</span></i>). The four are <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_historical_capitals_of_China">List of historical capitals of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_capitals_of_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of historical capitals of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historicalcapitalsofchina_ancient.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Historicalcapitalsofchina_ancient.png/250px-Historicalcapitalsofchina_ancient.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Historicalcapitalsofchina_ancient.png/330px-Historicalcapitalsofchina_ancient.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Historicalcapitalsofchina_ancient.png/500px-Historicalcapitalsofchina_ancient.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Plot of major historical capitals of China prior to the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i>Sorted in alphabetical order</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Acheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheng District">Acheng District</a></b> of the city of <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115-1234)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (1115-1234)">Jin dynasty</a> from 1115 to 1153. It was called <b>Shangjing</b> (<span lang="zh">上京</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shàngjīng</span></i>; 'Upper Capital') or <b><a href="/wiki/Huining_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Huining Prefecture">Huining Prefecture</a></b> at the time. It was destroyed in 1157 and reestablished as a secondary capital in 1173.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a></b> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (1600 BC – 1046 BC) at its peak. It was called <b><a href="/wiki/Yin_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yin (city)">Yin</a></b> (<span lang="zh">殷</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yīn</span></i>) by the Zhou.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></b> in modern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao dynasty</a> from 1134 to 1218.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b> (also romanized <b>Peking</b>), literally meaning "Northern Capital", previously also known as <b>Beiping</b>, was the capital of various dynasties and regional regimes, including:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>The state of <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> (11th century BC – 222 BC) in the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, when it was called <b>Ji</b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">蓟</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">薊</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jì</span></i>).</li> <li>The short-lived regional kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a> (911–914) established by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shouguang" title="Liu Shouguang">Liu Shouguang</a> during <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties">Five Dynasties</a> period.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> (907–1125), when it was a secondary capital called <b>Yanjing</b> (<span lang="zh">燕京</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yānjīng</span></i>; 'Capital of <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>'). (Liao Lang is used as another name for Dadu during Yuan dynasty. The city is called Nanjing (南京, not to be confused with city in Jiangsu) in Liao dynasty due to the southerly location.)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, from the 1160s to 1215, when it was called <b><a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a></b> (<span lang="zh">中都</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngdū</span></i>; 'Central Capital').</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), when it was called <b>Dadu</b> (<span lang="zh">大都</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàdū</span></i>; 'Great Capital') in Chinese,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Daidu</b> (direct translation from Chinese) in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></b> ("city of the <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a>") in <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a>, Mongolian and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> called it <b>Cambuluc</b>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, from 1403 to 1644, when it was called <b>Shuntian Prefecture</b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">顺天府</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">順天府</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shùntiān Fǔ</span></i>) and then later simply as <b>Jingshi</b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">京师</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">京師</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jīngshī</span></i>; 'Capital').</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, from 1644 to 1912.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>, from 1912 to 1927.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> since 1949.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></b> was the capital of Japanese puppet state <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> during the Japanese occupation in WWII, then named <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Xinjing</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">新京</span></span>; Japanese: <i>Shinkyō</i>, Mandarin: <i>Xīnjīng</i>, literally "New Capital").</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a></b> was the summer residence and capital of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> from 1703 to 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></b> was the capital city of various regional kingdoms in ancient China:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (state)">State of Shu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu Han</a> (AD 221–263) during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kingdoms period">Three Kingdoms period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng Han">Kingdom of Cheng-Han</a> during <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin">Eastern Jin</a> period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Shu</a>, a short-lived kingdom during <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin">Eastern Jin</a> period</li> <li>The kingdom of Li Shu, a short-lived regime established by Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun during <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a> between <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a> between <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Xi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Xi">Da Xi</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xianzhong" title="Zhang Xianzhong">Zhang Xianzhong</a> during the transition between <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties</li> <li>It was also briefly the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> in late 1949 towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></b> was the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba State</a> during <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ming_Yuzhen" title="Ming Yuzhen">Ming Yuzhen</a>, the rebellion leader during the transition time between <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> dynasties, established the Xia kingdom and set the capital city in Chongqing. Chongqing was also the provisional capital of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945), and briefly the seat of the Nationalist government in late 1949 towards the end of the Chinese Civil War.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a></b> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei dynasty</a> from 398 to 493.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Emin_County" title="Emin County">Emin</a></b> was briefly the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao dynasty</a> from 1132 to 1134.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fenghao" title="Fenghao">Fenghao</a></b>, located near present-day <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Western Zhou dynasty</a> from 1046 BC to 771 BC.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a></b> was briefly the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming dynasty</a> from 1645 to 1646.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></b> (also romanized <b>Canton</b>) was the capital of:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue Kingdom</a> (204–111 BC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming dynasty</a> from 1646 to 1647.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>, before 1928 and in 1949 towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></b> was the capital of:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue Kingdom</a> (907–978) during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>, from 1127<sup id="cite_ref-:Ma&Kang_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Ma&Kang-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 67">: 67 </span></sup> to 1276, when it was called <b>Lin'an</b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">临安</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">臨安</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lín'ān</span></i>).</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haojing" title="Haojing">Haojing</a> was capital of <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></b> was the capital of various dynasties, including:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>The state of <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a> (443 BC – 225 BC) in the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, when it was called <b>Daliang</b>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang dynasty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>, from AD 913 to 923.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin dynasty</a> during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, in AD 937.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han dynasty</a> (AD 947–951) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou dynasty</a> (AD 951–960) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a> (960–1127), when it was called <b>Bianjing</b> (<span lang="zh">汴京</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Biànjīng</span></i>).</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></b> in modern <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a> from 1371 to 1388.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></b> was the capital of various dynasties, including:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Eastern Zhou dynasty</a>, from 510 BC to 314 BC.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> from AD 25 to 190 and then briefly in AD 196.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> (AD 220–265) during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266-420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (266-420)">Western Jin dynasty</a>, from AD 265 to 311.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei dynasty</a> from AD 493 to 534.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_(690%E2%80%93705)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou dynasty (690–705)">Wu Zhou</a> from AD 690 to 705.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang dynasty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>, from AD 923 to 936.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang dynasty</a> during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, from AD 907 to 913.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></b> (also romanized <b>Nanking</b>), literally meaning "Southern Capital", was the capital of various dynasties and governments, including:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>All the <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a> from AD 220 to 589, when Nanjing was called <b>Jianye</b> (<span lang="zh-Hant">建業</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiànyè</span></i>) or <b><a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a></b> (<span lang="zh">建康</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiànkāng</span></i>). The Six Dynasties were:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period, from AD 229 to 265, and then from AD 266 to 280.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Eastern Jin dynasty</a>, from AD 317 to 420.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a> (AD 420–479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi dynasty</a> (AD 479–502)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a>, from AD 502 to 552, and then from AD 555 to 557.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen dynasty</a> (AD 557–589)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang dynasty</a> (AD 937–976) during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>, when it was called <b>Jiangning Prefecture</b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">江宁府</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">江寧府</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiāngníng Fǔ</span></i>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, from 1368 to 1644, when it was also called <b>Yingtian Prefecture</b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">应天府</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">應天府</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yìngtiān Fǔ</span></i>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming dynasty</a> from 1644 to 1645.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a> (1851–1864) during the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, when it was called <b>Tianjing</b> (<span lang="zh">天京</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tiānjīng</span></i>; 'Heavenly Capital').</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> from 1928 to 1949.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China">Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China</a> (1940–1945), a pro-Japanese collaborationist government headed by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a></b> in Jiangxi was the capital of the self-declared <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> from 1931 to 1934, the start of the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan" title="Shaoguan">Shaoguan</a></b>, then known in English as Kukong, was the temporary capital of Nationalist controlled areas of Guangdong (then known as Kwangtung) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese war</a>, after the fall of Guangzhou (Canton).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a></b> in the northern state of <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> briefly served as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a>, the predecessor of the Qing dynasty (who referred to it as Mukden) from 1625 until <a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall#The_Wall_and_the_fall_of_the_Ming" title="Ming Great Wall">Qing takeover of Beijing</a> in 1644.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was referred to as <b>Shengjing</b> (<span lang="zh">盛京</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shèngjīng</span></i>; 'Prosperous Capital')</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b> in Taiwan has been the <i>de facto</i> capital and the seat of government of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> since 1949.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tongwancheng" title="Tongwancheng">Tongwancheng</a></b> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Hu Xia dynasty</a> from 419 to 427.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></b> was the capital of a <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Nationalist_government" title="Wuhan Nationalist government">government</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> and leftist members of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> in 1927. It opposed the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> led by Kuomintang leader <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. It was also briefly "provisional wartime capital" in 1937 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese war</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Xanadu / Shangdu</a></b> (<span lang="zh">上都</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shàngdū</span></i>; 'Upper Capital'), located northwest of present-day <a href="/wiki/Dolon_Nor" title="Dolon Nor">Dolon Nor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Summer_capital" title="Summer capital">summer capital</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty, it briefly became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a> between 1368 and 1369. It was destroyed in 1369.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></b> (also romanized <b>Sian</b>), previously usually called <b><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a></b>, and including its surrounding areas in present-day <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi Province</a>, was the capital of various dynasties, including:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Western Zhou dynasty</a>, from around 1046 BC to 771 BC. See also <a href="/wiki/Fenghao" title="Fenghao">Fenghao</a>.</li> <li>The state of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> (9th century BC – 221 BC) and the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (221–206 BC). The Qin capital, called <b><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">咸阳</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">咸陽</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiányáng</span></i>), was located near present-day Xi'an. It was destroyed by fire in 206 BC by <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Shiji,_Xiang_Yu_Benji_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiji,_Xiang_Yu_Benji-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>, from 206 BC to AD 9.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a> (AD 9–23), referred as <b>Chang'an</b> (<span lang="zh">常安</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Cháng'ān</span></i>; 'perpetually safe')</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>, from AD 190 to 195.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Western Jin dynasty</a>, from AD 312 to 316.</li> <li>The state of <a href="/wiki/Former_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Zhao">Former Zhao</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> period, from AD 318 to 329.</li> <li>The State of <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, from AD 351 to 385.</li> <li>The State of <a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a> during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, from AD 384 to 417.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei dynasty</a> (AD 535–557)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou dynasty</a> (AD 557–581)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>, from AD 581 to 605, referred to as <b>Daxing</b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">大兴</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">大興</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàxīng</span></i>; 'Great Prosperity')</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, from AD 618 to 684, and then from AD 705 to 904.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ye_(ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye (ancient China)">Ye</a></b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">邺</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">鄴</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yè</span></i>), located within the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a>, was one of secondary capital cities of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> (220–265), and the capital city of several regional kingdoms during <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin">Eastern Jin</a> period: <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> (319–351), <a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a> (350–352) and <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> (337–370). It was also the capital city of two major dynasties in <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern dynasties">Southern and Northern dynasties</a> period: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei dynasty</a> (534–550), and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi dynasty</a> (550–577).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a></b> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> from 1038 to 1227, when it was called <b>Xingqing</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">兴庆</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">興慶</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xīngqìng</span></i>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yingchang" title="Yingchang">Yingchang</a></b> was briefly the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a> from 1369 to 1370.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhaoge" title="Zhaoge">Zhaoge</a></b> was the secondary capital city during last years of <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> when it was ruled by <a href="/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang" title="King Zhou of Shang">King Zhou</a>. Later, it was the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a> period.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a></b> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming dynasty</a> from 1646 to 1662.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_capitals_of_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasty</a> / Government</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Period</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="17"><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCwa" title="Nüwa">Nüwa</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Youchao" title="Youchao">Youchao</a></b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Suiren" title="Suiren">Suiren</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Zhurong" title="Zhurong">Zhurong</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Fuxi" title="Fuxi">Fuxi</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huaiyang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyang County">Chen</a><br />陳</td> <td>c. 2852–2737 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Yan_Emperor" title="Yan Emperor">Yan Emperor</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Lu</a><br />魯</td> <td>c. 2737–2699 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng">Xuanyuan</a><br />軒轅</td> <td>c. 2699–2588 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Taihao" class="mw-redirect" title="Taihao">Taihao</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huaiyang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyang County">Wanqiu</a><br />宛丘</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shaohao" title="Shaohao">Shaohao</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qiongsang</a><br />窮桑</td> <td>c. 2587–2491 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Gonggong" title="Gonggong">Gonggong</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Zhuanxu" title="Zhuanxu">Zhuanxu</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaoyang_County" title="Gaoyang County">Gaoyang</a><br />高陽</td> <td>c. 2490 BC – 25th century BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Diqiu</a><br />帝丘</td> <td>c. 25th century BC – 2413 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ku" title="Emperor Ku">Ku</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Diqiu</a><br />帝丘</td> <td>c. 2412 BC – 24th century BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Bo</a><br />亳</td> <td>c. 24th century BC – 2343 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhi" title="Emperor Zhi">Zhi</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bo%27ai_County" title="Bo'ai County">Qinghua</a><br />清化</td> <td>c. 2343–2333 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Yao</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Pingyang</a><br />平陽</td> <td>c. 2333–2234 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Shun</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yongji,_Shanxi" title="Yongji, Shanxi">Puban</a><br />蒲坂</td> <td>c. 2233–2184 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xia_County" title="Xia County">Daxia</a><br />大夏</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gun_(Chinese_mythology)" title="Gun (Chinese mythology)">Gun</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_County" title="Song County">Song</a><br />崇</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yangcheng_(historical_city)" title="Yangcheng (historical city)">Yangcheng</a><br />陽城</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuzhou,,_Henan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuzhou,, Henan (page does not exist)">Yangzhai</a><br />陽翟</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qi_of_Xia" title="Qi of Xia">Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Kang" title="Tai Kang">Taikang</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chu<br />鉏</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Qiongshi</a><br />窮石</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanzhuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanzhuo (page does not exist)">Hanzhuo</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhenxun" title="Zhenxun">Zhen</a><br />斟</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_Kang" title="Tai Kang">Taikang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Kang" title="Zhong Kang">Zhongkang</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Diqiu</a><br />帝丘</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiang_of_Xia" title="Xiang of Xia">Xiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shao_Kang" title="Shao Kang">Shaokang</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan">Yuan</a><br />原</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhu_of_Xia" title="Zhu of Xia">Zhu</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Laoqiu</a><br />老丘</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhu_of_Xia" title="Zhu of Xia">Zhu</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jiong_of_Xia" title="Jiong of Xia">Jiong</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Xihe</a><br />西河</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jin_of_Xia" title="Jin of Xia">Jin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fa_of_Xia" title="Fa of Xia">Fa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhenxun" title="Zhenxun">Zhen</a><br />斟</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">Jie</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henan<br />河南</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">Jie</a><sup id="cite_ref-ba_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ba-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a></b></td> <td>Bo<br />亳</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tang</a><sup id="cite_ref-ba_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ba-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fan<br />蕃</td> <td>Xie</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dishi<br />砥石</td> <td>Zhaoming</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shang<br />商</td> <td>Zhaoming</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shangqiu<br />商邱</td> <td>Xiangtu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a><br />泰山麓</td> <td>Xiangtu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shangqiu<br />商邱</td> <td>Xiangtu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yin</a><br />殷</td> <td>Shanghou</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shangqiu<br />商邱</td> <td>Yinhou</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bo<br />"西"亳</td> <td>Tang</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xiao<br />囂</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Ding" title="Zhong Ding">Zhongding</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neihuang_County" title="Neihuang County">Xiang</a><br />相</td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_Dan_Jia" title="He Dan Jia">Hedanjia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xing</a><br />邢</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zu_Yi" title="Zu Yi">Zuyi</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuncheng_County" title="Yuncheng County">Bi</a><br />庇</td> <td>Zuyi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Yan</a><br />奄</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nan_Geng" title="Nan Geng">Nangeng</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yin</a><br />殷</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan_Geng" title="Pan Geng">Pangeng</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Zongzhou</a><br />宗周</td> <td>1046 BC – 771 BC</td> <td>Western capital </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Chengzhou</a><br />成周</td> <td>1039 BC – 771 BC</td> <td>Eastern capital(auxiliary capital) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Chengzhou</a><br />成周</td> <td>770 BC – 367 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henan<br />河南</td> <td>367 BC – 256 BC</td> <td>capital of the <b>Western Zhou State</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gong<br />鞏</td> <td>367 BC – 249 BC</td> <td>capital of the <b>Eastern Zhou State</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Xiquanqiu</a><br />西犬丘</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Pingyang</a><br />平陽</td> <td>– 677 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fengxiang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengxiang County">Yong</a><br />雍</td> <td>677 BC –</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jingyang_County" title="Jingyang County">Jingyang</a><br />涇陽</td> <td>– 383 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yueyang_(Qin)" title="Yueyang (Qin)">Yueyang</a><br />櫟陽</td> <td>383 BC – 250 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a><br />咸陽</td> <td>350 BC – 207 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>Western Han</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />雒陽</td> <td>202 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yueyang_(Qin)" title="Yueyang (Qin)">Yueyang</a><br />櫟陽</td> <td>202 BC – 200 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a><br />長安</td> <td>200 BC – 8 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a><br />常安</td> <td>AD 8–23</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></b></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>Eastern Han</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />雒陽</td> <td>AD 25–190</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a><br />長安</td> <td>191–195</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xu</a><br />許</td> <td>196–220</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms period</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />洛陽</td> <td>220–265</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu Han</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a><br />成都</td> <td>221–263</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jianye</a><br />建業</td> <td>227–279</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Western Jin</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />洛陽</td> <td>265–313</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a><br />長安</td> <td>313–316</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Eastern Jin</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a><br />建康</td> <td>317–420</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern dynasties">Northern dynasties</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Pingcheng</a><br />平城</td> <td>386–493</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />洛陽</td> <td>493–534</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ye,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye, China">Ye</a><br />鄴</td> <td>534–550</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a><br />長安</td> <td>535–557</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ye_(ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye (ancient China)">Ye</a><br />鄴</td> <td>550–577</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a><br />長安</td> <td>557–581</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern dynasties">Southern dynasties</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a><br />建康</td> <td>420–479</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a><br />建康</td> <td>479–502</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a><br />建康</td> <td>502–557</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a><br />建康</td> <td>557–589</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Daxing</a><br />大興</td> <td>581–618</td> <td>auxiliary capital (605–618) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Dongdu</a><br />東都</td> <td>605–618</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a><br />長安</td> <td>618–690</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />洛陽</td> <td>657–690</td> <td>auxiliary capital </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_(690%E2%80%93705)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou dynasty (690–705)">Wu Zhou</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />洛陽</td> <td>690–705</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></b><br />(restored)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a><br />長安</td> <td>705–904</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />洛陽</td> <td>705–736</td> <td>auxiliary capital </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />洛陽</td> <td>904–907</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Dongdu</a><br />東都</td> <td>907–923</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Dongdu</a><br />東都</td> <td>923–936</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Dongjing</a><br />東京</td> <td>936–947</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Dongjing</a><br />東京</td> <td>947–950</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Dongjing</a><br />東京</td> <td>951–960</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="17"><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song Dynasty">Northern Song</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Dongjing</a><br />東京</td> <td>960–1127</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16"><b>Southern Song</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Nanjing</a><br />南京</td> <td>1127–1129 </td> <td>After the fall of Dongjing, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gaozong of Song">Zhao Gou</a> declares himself emperor in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a><br />揚州</td> <td rowspan="9">1129–1130</td> <td rowspan="9">Flight of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gaozong of Song">Emperor Gaozong</a> during the Jin invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta</a> in 1129–1130. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a><br />鎮江 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Lin'an</a><br />臨安 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Yuezhou</a><br />越州 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Mingzhou</a><br />明州 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinghai">Dinghai</a><br />定海 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Off the coast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taizhou,_Zhejiang,_Eastern_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taizhou, Zhejiang, Eastern China (page does not exist)">Taizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a><br />"海上朝廷" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang" title="Taizhou, Zhejiang">Zhang'an</a><br />章安 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Yuezhou</a><br />越州 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Lin'an</a><br />臨安</td> <td>1130–1276</td> <td>Song court settles in Lin'an for 146 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a><br />福州</td> <td>1276–1277</td> <td rowspan="3">Flight of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Duanzong_of_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Duanzong of Song">Emperor Duanzong</a> along the southeast coast following the fall of Lin'an in 1276. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><br />廣州</td> <td>1277–1278 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sung_Wong_Toi" title="Sung Wong Toi">Guanfuchang</a><br />官富場</td> <td rowspan="2">1278 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mui_Wo" title="Mui Wo">Gangzhou</a><br />碙州</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Bing_of_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Bing of Song">Emperor Bingzong</a> succeeds Duanzong on <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamen (town)">Yashan</a><br />崖山</td> <td>1278–1279</td> <td>Song court makes <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">last stand</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Yamen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamen (town)">Yashan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linhuangfu" title="Linhuangfu">Shangjing</a><br />上京</td> <td>907–1120</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Nanjing</a><br />南京</td> <td>1122–1123</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emin_County" title="Emin County">Emin</a><br />葉密立</td> <td>1132–1134</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a><br />虎思斡耳朵</td> <td>1134–1218</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huining_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Huining Prefecture">Shangjing</a><br />上京</td> <td>1115–1153</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a><br />中都</td> <td>1153–1214</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Nanjing</a><br />南京</td> <td>1214–1234</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Xingqing</a><br />興慶</td> <td>1038–1227</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a><br />上都</td> <td>May 1264 – 1267</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a><br />大都</td> <td>1267<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – August 1368</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a><br />上都</td> <td>August 1368 – 1369</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yingchang" title="Yingchang">Yingchang</a><br />應昌</td> <td>1369–1370</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a><br />哈拉和林</td> <td>1371–1388</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><br />南京</td> <td>23 January 1368 – 2 February 1421</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><br />北京</td> <td>2 February 1421 – 25 April 1644</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><br />南京</td> <td>1644 – 1645</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a><br />福州</td> <td>1645 – 1646</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><br />廣州</td> <td>1646 – 1647</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a><br />肇慶</td> <td>1646 – 25 April 1662</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fe_Ala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fe Ala (page does not exist)">Fe Ala</a><br />費阿拉</td> <td>1587–1603</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a><br />赫圖阿拉</td> <td>1603–1619</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiefan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiefan (page does not exist)">Jiefan</a><br />界凡</td> <td>1619 – September 1620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarhu">Sarhu</a><br />薩爾滸</td> <td>September 1620 – April 1621</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Dongjing</a><br />東京</td> <td>April 1621 – 11 April 1625</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shengjing</a><br />盛京</td> <td>11 April 1625 – 1636</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shengjing</a><br />盛京</td> <td>1636 – 30 October 1644</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><br />北京</td> <td>30 October 1644<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 12 February 1912<sup id="cite_ref-Esherick_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esherick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="18"><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><br />南京</td> <td>1 January 1912 – 2 April 1912</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><br />北京</td> <td>2 April 1912 – 30 May 1928</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a><sup id="cite_ref-Esherick_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esherick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Fengtian</a><br />奉天</td> <td>30 May 1928 – 29 December 1928</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><br />廣州</td> <td>1 July 1925 – 21 February 1927</td> <td>Guangzhou Nationalist Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a><br />武漢</td> <td>21 February 1927 – 19 August 1927</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan Nationalist Government">Wuhan Nationalist Government</a><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><br />南京</td> <td>18 April 1927 – 20 November 1937</td> <td>the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a><sup id="cite_ref-Esherick_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esherick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a><br />洛陽</td> <td>29 Jan 1932 – 1 December 1932</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><br />北平</td> <td>9 September 1930 – 23 September 1930</td> <td>Beiping Nationalist Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a><br />太原</td> <td>23 September 1930 – 4 November 1930</td> <td>Beiping Nationalist Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><br />廣州</td> <td>28 May 1931 – 22 December 1931</td> <td>Guangzhou Nationalist Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a><br />重慶</td> <td>21 November 1937 – 5 May 1946</td> <td>during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a><sup id="cite_ref-Esherick_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esherick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><br />南京</td> <td>30 March 1940 – 10 August 1945</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Jingwei Government">Wang Jingwei Government</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><br />南京</td> <td>5 May 1946 – <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_against_the_Communist_Rebellion" title="Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion">1 May 1991</a></td> <td>From 23 April 1949 to 1 May 1991, Nanjing was the claimed capital of the Republic of China </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><br />廣州</td> <td>23 April 1949 – 14 October 1949</td> <td>during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a><br />重慶</td> <td>14 October 1949 – 30 November 1949</td> <td>during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a><br />成都</td> <td>30 November 1949 – 27 December 1949</td> <td>during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xichang" title="Xichang">Xichang</a><br />西昌</td> <td>27 December 1949 – 27 March 1950</td> <td>during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a><br />台北</td> <td>10 December 1949 – Present</td> <td>Established as capital following the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_retreat_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China retreat to Taiwan">Republic of China retreat to Taiwan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a><br />瑞金</td> <td>7 November 1931 – 10 October 1934</td> <td>Establishments of the Chinese Soviet Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhidan">Bao'an</a><br />保安</td> <td>July 1936 – January 1937</td> <td>From 1934 to 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> occurred. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a><br />延安</td> <td>January 1937 – 22 September 1937</td> <td>CSR dissolves in the midst of the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><br />北京</td> <td>1 October 1949 – Present</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_capitals_of_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroads.org.cn/portal.php?mod=view&aid=7031">"中国四大古都的前世之谜-深度阅读 -"</a>. <i>www.silkroads.org.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.silkroads.org.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%A4%E9%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%8B%E8%B0%9C-%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E9%98%85%E8%AF%BB+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroads.org.cn%2Fportal.php%3Fmod%3Dview%26aid%3D7031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+capitals+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank, in <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millward, J. A. (2013). New Qing imperial history the making of inner Asian empire at Qing Chengde. Taylor and Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://suss.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=200446">http://suss.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=200446</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Ma&Kang-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Ma&Kang_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaKang2024" class="citation book cs1">Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024). <i>Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations</i>. Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55597-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55597-5"><bdi>978-0-231-55597-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Power+Transitions%3A+The+Lessons+of+East+Asian+History+and+the+Future+of+U.S.-China+Relations&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Columbia+Studies+in+International+Order+and+Politics&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-231-55597-5&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rft.au=Kang%2C+David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+capitals+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbrey2010" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia (2010). <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">220–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12433-1"><bdi>978-0-521-12433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12433-1&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+capitals+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shiji,_Xiang_Yu_Benji-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shiji,_Xiang_Yu_Benji_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShiji,_Xiang_Yu_Benji" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a> (1739) [90s BCE]. "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7007#項羽" class="extiw" title="zh:s:史記/卷007">7: 項羽本紀</a>". <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji"><i>Shiji</i> <bdi lang="zh">史記</bdi></a> [<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>] (in Literary Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+%E9%A0%85%E7%BE%BD%E6%9C%AC%E7%B4%80&rft.btitle=Shiji+%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=punctuated&rft.pub=Imperial+Household+Department&rft.date=1739&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rft.au=Sima+Tan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+capitals+of+China" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">李玉潔. [2003] (2003). 中國早期國家性質. 知書房出版集團. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/986-7938-17-8" title="Special:BookSources/986-7938-17-8">986-7938-17-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-7938-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-7938-17-6">978-986-7938-17-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ba-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ba_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ba_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bamboo annals Xia chapter on Xia Jie under the name Gui (癸).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Pletcher (2010) ”The History of China”, page 173 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1615301097" title="Special:BookSources/1615301097">1615301097</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William T. Rowe (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&q=anhui+1919+mongolia+xu+shuzheng">”China's Last Empire: The Great Qing”</a>, page 19 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674036123" title="Special:BookSources/0674036123">0674036123</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esherick-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esherick_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esherick_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esherick_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esherick_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Esherick, Joseph. [2000] (2000). Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950. University of Hawaii Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2518-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2518-7">0-8248-2518-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Anne Biller. Clark, Anne Bolling. Klein, Donald. Klein, Donald Walker. [1971] (1971). Harvard Univ. Biographic Dictionary of Chinese communism. Original from the University of Michigan v.1. Digitized Dec 21, 2006. p 134.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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title="Chinese Empire">Imperial China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">Nobility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_cycle" title="Dynastic cycle">Cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm">Heirloom Seal of the Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_empresses_and_queens" title="List of Chinese empresses and queens">Empress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consort_kin" title="Consort kin">Consort kin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_harem_system" title="Imperial Chinese harem system">Harem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">Grand Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Scholar-official</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine-rank_system" title="Nine-rank system">Nine-rank system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Courts" title="Nine Courts">Nine Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Directorates" title="Five Directorates">Five Directorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examinations">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixue" title="Taixue">Taixue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academies_(Shuyuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Academies (Shuyuan)">Academies (Shuyuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Territorial administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">Yamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Lords_and_Nine_Ministers" title="Three Lords and Nine Ministers">Three Lords and Nine Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ministers" title="Nine Ministers">Nine Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_Han_dynasty_titles" title="Translation of Han dynasty titles">Translated titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Bureau of Military Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shumishi" title="Shumishi">Shumishi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangshu_Sheng" title="Shangshu Sheng">Shangshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Menxia Sheng</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bureaus" title="Three Bureaus">Three Bureaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrance_Bureau" title="Remonstrance Bureau">Remonstrance Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator and provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_square" title="Mandarin square">Mandarin square</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qing4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Qing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Imperial guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Tang Imperial Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Qing Imperial Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Government of the Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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