CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Xia dynasty - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"52a996b0-8a86-4f64-af66-9017de336b99","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Xia_dynasty","wgTitle":"Xia dynasty","wgCurRevisionId":1275177127,"wgRevisionId":1275177127,"wgArticleId":43467,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2024","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)","Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Pages with plain IPA","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from March 2024", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","Xia dynasty","Dynasties of China","Former countries in Chinese history","States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC","States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Xia_dynasty","wgRelevantArticleId":43467,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q169705","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Xia_dynasty.svg/1200px-Xia_dynasty.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1033"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Xia_dynasty.svg/800px-Xia_dynasty.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="689"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Xia_dynasty.svg/640px-Xia_dynasty.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="551"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Xia dynasty - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Xia_dynasty rootpage-Xia_dynasty skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Xia+dynasty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Xia+dynasty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Xia+dynasty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Xia+dynasty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Traditional historiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional historiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Story_of_the_Founding_of_the_Xia_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Story_of_the_Founding_of_the_Xia_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Story of the Founding of the Xia dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Story_of_the_Founding_of_the_Xia_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interregnum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interregnum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Interregnum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interregnum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overthrow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overthrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Overthrow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overthrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nine_Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine_Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nine Provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nine_Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Capital cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fangguo_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fangguo_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Fangguo</i> tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fangguo_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geopolitical_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopolitical_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Geopolitical system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geopolitical_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Economic status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Population estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeological discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sovereigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sovereigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sovereigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sovereigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xia dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة شيا الحاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة شيا الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="শ্বিয়া ৰাজবংশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্বিয়া ৰাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Xia" title="Dinastía Xia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Xia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sya_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Sya sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sya sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="شیا سولا‌له‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیا سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6_(%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8)" title="শিয়া রাজবংশ (চীন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিয়া রাজবংশ (চীন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81-ti%C3%A2u" title="Hā-tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hā-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ся (династия) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ся (династия)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F_(%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Ся (дынастыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ся (дынастыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F" title="Ся – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ся" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Xia" title="Tierniezh Xia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Xia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Xia" title="Dinastia Xia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Xia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia" title="Sia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia-dynastiet" title="Xia-dynastiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xia-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia-Dynastie" title="Xia-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xia-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Xia dünastia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Xia dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Δυναστεία Χσιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Χσιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Xia" title="Dinastía Xia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Xia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Xia" title="Dinastio Xia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Xia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dinastia" title="Xia dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xia dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دودمان شیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان شیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Xia" title="Dynastie Xia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Xia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Xia" title="Dinastía Xia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Xia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0-chh%C3%A8u" title="Hà-chhèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hà-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="하나라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="शिया राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिया राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Xia" title="Dinastija Xia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Xia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Xia" title="Dinasti Xia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Xia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Xia" title="Dinastia Xia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Xia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94" title="שושלת שיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת שיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სიას დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიას დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Xia" title="Xanedana Xia – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Xia" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Hia" title="Familia Hia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Hia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sja_dinastija" title="Sja dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sja dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia_dinastija" title="Sia dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sia dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Xia" title="Dinastia Xia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Xia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hszia-dinasztia" title="Hszia-dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hszia-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="शिया राजवंश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शिया राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="സിയ രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിയ രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Xia" title="Dinasti Xia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Xia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2-di%C3%A8u" title="Hâ-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hâ-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Ся улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ся улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="ကျားတိုင်းပြည် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျားတိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia-dynastie" title="Xia-dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xia-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="स्या वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्या वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="शिया राजवंश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शिया राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3)" title="夏 (三代) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="夏 (三代)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia-dynastiet" title="Xia-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xia-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia-dynastiet" title="Xia-dynastiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Xia-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Xia" title="Dinastia Xia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Xia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sya_sulolasi" title="Sya sulolasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sya sulolasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸ਼ਿਆ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਆ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="شیا راجٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیا راجٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%98%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="د ژيا کورنۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ژيا کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%80" title="រាជវង្សសៀ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សសៀ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Xia" title="Dynastia Xia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Xia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Xia" title="Dinastia Xia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Xia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Xia" title="Dinastia Xia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Xia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ся (династия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ся (династия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Xia" title="Dinastia Xia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Xia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="ෂියා රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෂියා රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xia dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia_(dynastia)" title="Sia (dynastia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sia (dynastia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_%C5%A0ja" title="Dinastija Šja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Šja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی سیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی سیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Династија Сја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Сја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Xia" title="Dinastija Xia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Xia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia-dynastia" title="Xia-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Xia-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiadynastin" title="Xiadynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xiadynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Hsia" title="Dinastiyang Hsia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Hsia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சியா அரசமரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியா அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชวงศ์เซี่ย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์เซี่ย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eia_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Şia Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şia Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8F" title="Династія Ся – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Ся" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="شیا شاہی سلسلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیا شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="شيا سۇلالىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شيا سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahciuz" title="Hahciuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hahciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_H%E1%BA%A1" title="Nhà Hạ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Hạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%90%8E%E6%B0%8F" title="夏后氏 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="夏后氏" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Xia" title="Dinastiya Xia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Xia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D" title="夏朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夏朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6)" title="夏 (先秦) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏 (先秦)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D" title="夏朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169705#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Xia_dynasty" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Xia_dynasty" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Xia_dynasty" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&oldid=1275177127" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Xia_dynasty&id=1275177127&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXia_dynasty"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXia_dynasty"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Xia_dynasty&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169705" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional first dynasty in Chinese history</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other dynasties with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Xia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Xia (disambiguation)">Xia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Xi_dynasty" title="Xi dynasty">Xi dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Xia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xia_dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proposed location of the Xia dynasty"><img alt="Proposed location of the Xia dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Xia_dynasty.svg/250px-Xia_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Xia_dynasty.svg/375px-Xia_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Xia_dynasty.svg/500px-Xia_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Proposed location of the Xia dynasty</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Anyi (<span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安邑</span></span></span>) (during Yu the Great's reign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangcheng_(historical_city)" title="Yangcheng (historical city)">Yangcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenxun" title="Zhenxun">Zhenxun</a> (from Tai Kang's reign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a> (from Xiang of Xia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-XSZ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSZ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-XSZ_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSZ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Xia</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:夏">夏</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xià</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Xià</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄒㄧㄚˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Hsia<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sià</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Syà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shià</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjâ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Gho</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hah</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Haa6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[ha˨]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hē (<a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">col.</a>)<br />Hā (<a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">lit.</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">/ɦˠaX/</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɢ]ˤraʔ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Zhengzhang_(1981–1995)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Zhengzhang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">/*ɡraːʔ/</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BC)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BC)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BC</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BC)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BC)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BC – 220 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BC – 9 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 AD)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Xia dynasty</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">夏朝</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xià cháo</i></span>) is the first dynasty in traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese historiography</a>. According to tradition, it was established by the legendary figure <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Shun</a>, the last of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Five Emperors</a>, gave the throne to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMungello2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMungello2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional historiography, the Xia was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>. </p><p>There are no contemporaneous records of the Xia, and they are not mentioned in the oldest Chinese texts, the earliest <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bone</a> inscriptions dating from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a> period (13th century BC). The earliest mentions occur in the oldest chapters of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i>, which report speeches from the early <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> period and are accepted by most scholars as dating from that time. The speeches justify the Zhou conquest of the Shang as the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> and liken it to the succession of the Xia by the Shang. That political philosophy was promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> school in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a> period. The succession of dynasties was incorporated into the <i><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Annals" title="Bamboo Annals">Bamboo Annals</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> and became the official position of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">imperial historiography</a> and ideology. Some scholars consider the Xia dynasty legendary or at least unsubstantiated, but others identify it with the archaeological <a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900–1700 BC</span>). </p><p>According to the traditional chronology, based upon calculations by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xin_(scholar)" title="Liu Xin (scholar)">Liu Xin</a>, the Xia ruled between 2205 and 1766 BC. According to the chronology based on the "current text" <i>Bamboo Annals</i>, it ruled between 1989 and 1558 BC. Comparing the same text with dates of five-planet <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunctions</a>, David Pankenier, supported by <a href="/wiki/David_Nivison" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nivison">David Nivison</a>, proposed dates of 1953 and 1555 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankenier198123_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankenier198123-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankenier1985180_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankenier1985180-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivison2018165_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivison2018165-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Xia%E2%80%93Shang%E2%80%93Zhou_Chronology_Project" title="Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project">Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project</a>, commissioned by the Chinese government in 1996, proposed that the Xia existed between 2070 and 1600 BC. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_historiography">Traditional historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Xia dynasty was described in several <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a>, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Annals" title="Bamboo Annals">Bamboo Annals</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i>. These sources make clear that the Xia was considered a historical dynasty in the first millennium BCE. The <i>Shiji</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i> say that <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>, the founder of the Xia dynasty, was the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Zhuanxu" title="Zhuanxu">Zhuanxu</a>, who was the grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>. But there are also other records, like <a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a>'s, that say Yu's father was a fifth generation descendant of Zhuanxu. Other sources such as <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i> mention Yu's father <a href="/wiki/Gun_(Chinese_mythology)" title="Gun (Chinese mythology)">Gun</a> was the son of Luoming, who was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>. Sima Qian traced the origin of the dynasty to the name of a fief granted to Yu, who would use it as his own surname and his state's name.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Sima Qian and other early texts, <a href="/wiki/Gun_(Chinese_mythology)" title="Gun (Chinese mythology)">Gun</a>, the father of Yu the Great, is the earliest recorded member of the Xia clan. He describes how when the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> flooded, many tribes united together to control and stop the flooding and Gun was appointed by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yao_(ruler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yao (ruler)">Yao</a> to stop the flooding. He ordered the construction of large <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> to block the path of the water. The attempts of Gun to stop the flooding lasted for nine years, but ultimately failed because the floods strengthened. After nine years, Yao had already given his throne to <a href="/wiki/Shun_(Chinese_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun (Chinese leader)">Shun</a>. Shun ordered that Gun be imprisoned for life at Yushan (<span lang="zh">羽山</span>, 'Feather Mountain'), a mountain located between modern <a href="/wiki/Donghai_County" title="Donghai County">Donghai County</a> in Jiangsu, and <a href="/wiki/Linshu_County" title="Linshu County">Linshu County</a> in Shandong.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_(China)" title="Great Flood (China)">Great Flood (China)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/170px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/255px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/340px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> stone relief rendering of Yu the Great</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nine_Provinces_of_China.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nine_Provinces_of_China.png/300px-Nine_Provinces_of_China.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nine_Provinces_of_China.png/450px-Nine_Provinces_of_China.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nine_Provinces_of_China.png/600px-Nine_Provinces_of_China.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Approximate location of Xia dynasty (in pink) in traditional Chinese historiography. Because of the lack of written records, the existence of Xia cannot be proven.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to traditional accounts, Shun trusted Yu and appointed him to stop the flooding, which he did by organizing people from different tribes and ordered them to help him dig channels in all the major rivers and lead the water out to the sea. This was considered to have established the layout of the world's rivers. Legend says that in the 13 years it took him to successfully complete the work to stop the floods, he never went back to his home village to stop and rest, even though he passed by his house three times.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Story_of_the_Founding_of_the_Xia_dynasty">Story of the Founding of the Xia dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Story of the Founding of the Xia dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to traditional texts, Yu's success in stopping the flooding increased agricultural production. The Xia tribe's power increased and Yu became the leader of the surrounding tribes. Soon afterwards <a href="/wiki/Shun_(Chinese_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun (Chinese leader)">Shun</a> sent Yu to lead an army to suppress the Sanmiao tribe, which continuously abused the border tribes. After defeating them, he exiled them south to the <a href="/wiki/Hanshui" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanshui">Han River</a> area. This victory strengthened the Xia tribe's power even more. As Shun aged, he thought of a successor and relinquished the throne to <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu</a>, whom he deemed worthy. Yu's succession marks the start of the Xia dynasty. As Yu neared death he passed the throne to his son, <a href="/wiki/Qi_of_Xia" title="Qi of Xia">Qi</a>, instead of passing it to the most capable candidate, thus setting the precedent for dynastic rule or the Hereditary System. The Xia dynasty began a period of family or clan control.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Zhenxun" title="Zhenxun">Zhenxun</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Gongyi" title="Gongyi">Gongyi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Yangcheng_(historical_city)" title="Yangcheng (historical city)">Yangcheng</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Gaocheng,_Henan" title="Gaocheng, Henan">Gaocheng</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were two of the capitals of the dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interregnum">Interregnum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interregnum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Zhuo" title="Han Zhuo">Han Zhuo</a></div> <p>According to Sima Qian, the third Xia king was <a href="/wiki/Tai_Kang" title="Tai Kang">Tai Kang</a>, described as an avid hunter but ineffective ruler. The <i><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Annals" title="Bamboo Annals">Bamboo Annals</a></i> describe the Xia capital at <a href="/wiki/Zhenxun" title="Zhenxun">Zhenxun</a> being attacked by <a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a> while Tai Kang was on a hunt beyond the <a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Henan)" title="Luo River (Henan)">Luo River</a>. The occupation of Zhenxun marked the beginning of a significant interregnum. In the eighth year of the reign of Tai Kang's nephew <a href="/wiki/Xiang_of_Xia" title="Xiang of Xia">Xiang</a>, Hou Yi was killed by his former chief minister <a href="/wiki/Han_Zhuo" title="Han Zhuo">Han Zhuo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 years later, Han Zhuo's forces killed King Xiang and usurped the throne, but the royal family escaped. </p><p>Xiang's son <a href="/wiki/Shao_Kang" title="Shao Kang">Shao Kang</a> was sheltered by a tribal chief, surviving for years as a fugitive despite the efforts of Han Zhuo to eliminate him and prevent any reemergence of the Xia. Upon reaching adulthood, Shao Kang began organizing with local lords who hated Han Zhuo's rule. Shao Kang emerged victorious in the military confrontation that followed, and Han Zhuo committed suicide. The reign of Shao Kang and his son <a href="/wiki/Zhu_of_Xia" title="Zhu of Xia">Zhu</a> is traditionally characterized as one of the most prosperous periods in the Xia's history.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overthrow">Overthrow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overthrow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">Jie</a> is recorded as the final King of Xia, and as with many last rulers in Chinese historiography, he was said to be immoral, lascivious, and tyrannical. He was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tang</a>, who inaugurated the new <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>. King Tang is said to have given the remnants of the Xia clan a fief comprising the small state of <a href="/wiki/Qi_(Henan)" title="Qi (Henan)">Qi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice was referred to as "the two crownings and the three respects". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_structure">Traditional structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traditional structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nine_Provinces">Nine Provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nine Provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Book of Documents</i>, Yu the Great divided his state into <a href="/wiki/Nine_Provinces" title="Nine Provinces">nine provinces</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">九州</span></span>). These are Ji (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">冀</span></span>), Yan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兗</span></span>), Qing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青</span></span>), Xu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">徐</span></span>), Yang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">揚</span></span>), Jing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">荊</span></span>), Yu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">豫</span></span>), Liang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梁</span></span>) and Yong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雍</span></span>). Each province was briefly described by the <i>Book of Documents</i> in terms of their soil quality, their productivity and other geographical characteristics. According to the chapter "Tribute of Yu" in the text, the Nine Provinces respectively correspond to modern regions of China as:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ji Province corresponds to modern <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and a part of <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>;</li> <li>Yan Province corresponds to parts of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and Hebei;</li> <li>Qing Province corresponds to the part of Shandong to the east of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a>;</li> <li>Xu Province corresponds to northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, and the southern parts of Shandong;</li> <li>Yang Province corresponds to southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui, northern <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>;</li> <li>Jing Province corresponds to parts of <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, and northwestern Jiangxi;</li> <li>Yu Province corresponds to Henan, northern <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, and southwestern Shandong;</li> <li>Liang Province corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, and Shaanxi;</li> <li>Yong Province corresponds to parts of Shaanxi, Gansu, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_cities">Capital cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capital cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Xia dynasty moved the capital many times. According to traditional records, these capitals are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Capital cities of the Xia<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>King</th> <th>Capital city</th> <th>Present location </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gun_(Chinese_mythology)" title="Gun (Chinese mythology)">Gun</a></td> <td>Daxia</td> <td>Part of Shanxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">崇</span></span>)</td> <td>Chong, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu</a></td> <td>Gaomi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">密都</span></span>)</td> <td>Xin'an, Henan<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yangcheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">阳城阳翟</span></span>)</td> <td>Gaocheng, Dengfeng, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yangzhai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">阳城阳翟</span></span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jinyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">晋阳平阳</span></span>)</td> <td>Jinyuan, <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pingyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">晋阳平阳</span></span>)</td> <td>Southwest of Linfen, Shanxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anyi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安邑</span></span>)</td> <td>Xia County, <a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a>, Shanxi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qi_of_Xia" title="Qi of Xia">Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Kang" title="Tai Kang">Tai Kang</a></td> <td>Yangzhai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陽翟</span></span>)</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_Kang" title="Tai Kang">Tai Kang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Kang" title="Zhong Kang">Zhong Kang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhenxun" title="Zhenxun">Zhenxun</a></td> <td>Speculated to be an Erlitou site 18 kilometers east of <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_of_Xia" title="Xiang of Xia">Xiang</a></td> <td>Diqiu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">商丘</span></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a></td> <td>Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Puyang</a>, Henan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">简明中国历史地图集</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhenxun</td> <td><div class="display-none" style="display:none;">{{{1}}}</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Shao_Kang" title="Shao Kang">Shao Kang</a></td> <td>Lun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">纶邑</span></span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yucheng_County" title="Yucheng County">Yucheng</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xiayi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xia_County" title="Xia County">Xia County</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shangqiu</td> <td><div class="display-none" style="display:none;">{{{1}}}</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhu_of_Xia" title="Zhu of Xia">Zhu</a></td> <td>Yuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">原</span></span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan">Jiyuan</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhu, <a href="/wiki/Huai_of_Xia" title="Huai of Xia">Huai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mang_of_Xia" title="Mang of Xia">Mang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xie_of_Xia" title="Xie of Xia">Xie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bu_Jiang" title="Bu Jiang">Bu Jiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiong_of_Xia" title="Jiong of Xia">Jiong</a></td> <td>Laoqiu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jin_of_Xia" title="Jin of Xia">Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kong_Jia" title="Kong Jia">Kong Jia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gao_of_Xia" title="Gao of Xia">Gao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fa_of_Xia" title="Fa of Xia">Fa</a></td> <td>Xihe</td> <td>Speculated to have been in <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">Jie</a></td> <td>Zhenxun</td> <td><div class="display-none" style="display:none;">{{{1}}}</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fangguo_tribes"><i>Fangguo</i> tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fangguo tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to traditional Chinese records, the <i>fangguo</i> tribes were polities outside the Xia clan's direct rule. They were mostly large tribal peoples, but some were massive enough to become small states with more complex social structures, rivaling that of the Xia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the tribes were described as in regular relationships with the Xia court, being either allies or enemies. Eventually, some of the tribal chiefs joined the force of <a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tang</a> to overthrow Jie's regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geopolitical_system">Geopolitical system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geopolitical system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the "Tribute of Yu" chapter of the <i>Book of Documents,</i> the scope of direct jurisdiction of the Xia state was limited to a small area controlled by the ruling clan. Beyond the Xia's own tribe, other tribal leaders enjoyed relatively independent management and ruling rights in their own territories; for the Xia Hou, they expressed their mutual relations in the form of submission and tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Book of Documents</i> says that Yu the Great determined the relationships between Xia and Fangguo tribes, dividing them into 5 categories according to the tribes' relative locations from the Xia clan's residence: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>He [Yu] conferred lands and surnames. (He said), 'Let me set the example of a reverent attention to my virtue, and none will act contrary to my conduct, Five hundred <i>li</i> formed the Domain of the Sovereign. From the first hundred they brought as revenue the whole plant of the grain; from the second, the cars, with a portion of the stalk; from the third, the straw, but the people had to perform various services; from the fourth, the grain in the husk; and from the fifth, the grain cleaned. </p><p>Five hundred <i>li</i> (beyond) constituted the Domain of the Nobles. The first hundred <i>li</i> was occupied by the cities and lands of the (sovereign's) high ministers and great officers; the second, by the principalities of the barons; and the (other) three hundred, by the various other princes. </p><p>Five hundred <i>li</i> (still beyond) formed the Peace−securing Domain. In the first three hundred, they cultivated the lessons of learning and moral duties; in the other two, they showed the energies of war and defence. </p><p>Five hundred <i>li</i> (remoter still) formed the Domain of Restraint. The (first) three hundred were occupied by the tribes of the Yi; the (other) two hundred, by criminals undergoing the lesser banishment. </p><p> Five hundred <i>li</i> (the most remote) constituted the Wild Domain. The (first) three hundred were occupied by the tribes of the Man; the (other) two hundred, by criminals undergoing the greater banishment.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Texts like the <i>Book of Documents</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i> describe that the Xia had already established a distinguished official system with positions helping the Xia clan in managing the state. There were also laws set forth to maintain social stability within the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_status">Economic status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional narratives describe the Xia as enjoying prosperity in agriculture. The <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i> contends that Yu the Great devoted himself to irrigation, improving the drainage system for cultivating crops. The texts also say that the people of Xia was gifted in producing alcohol, with the notable legendary figure of <a href="/wiki/Du_Kang" title="Du Kang">Du Kang</a> who is usually identified with Shao Kang. The population was described to have had vegetables and rice as the staple crop, and meat was usually reserved for sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, manufacture of goods and trade with outside tribes flourished. The site at Erlitou contains many metallic fragments, suggesting that the time assigned to the Xia was characterized by bronze metallurgy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Yu the Great's controlling of the floods, he renewed the transportation system. Sima Qian wrote in his <i>Records of the Grand Historian</i> that Yu used carriages to travel on land, boats to travel on rivers, sleds to travel on mud, and horses to cross the mountains. He surveyed the lands and opened up routes through geographical locations so that tributes from tribal chiefs to the Xia would be more convenient. He organized people to build roads connecting the Nine Provinces, helping to improve tributary and economic relations between the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional texts record that the transport system of the Xia clan extended at least 500 – 600 <i>li</i> horizontally and 300 – 400 <i>li</i> vertically.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Guoyu_(book)" title="Guoyu (book)">Guoyu</a></i> also records that the Xia dynasty ordered the roads to be opened up in the 9th month, the bridges to be finished in the 10th month. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_estimates">Population estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Population estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the existence of the Xia dynasty remains unproven and we have no population records from the Bronze Age, scholars have attempted to estimate its population by projecting backwards from known populations 1500 years later. The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i> quotes <a href="/wiki/Huangfu_Mi" title="Huangfu Mi">Huangfu Mi</a>'s work Diwang Shiji, which claims that when Yu the Great finished establishing the Nine Provinces, the total population was 13,553,923 individuals;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this number is highly speculative because Huangfu Mi reached his conclusion by extrapolating from demographic statuses of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasties</a>. Modern Chinese scholars estimated the Xia's population by employing records from ancient texts. Records have it that when Tai Kang established Lun as his capital, the settlement had about one <i>lu</i>, which was 500 people according to Du Yu, and this number includes only soldiers. Modifying the figures and adding other types of people, Song Zhenhao postulated that this supposed city had between 1500 and 2500 individuals by the time of Tai Kang,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number he classified as medium. Estimating the number of populous cities, Song finally calculated the result of over 2 million. Wang Yumin, using description of demography during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Emperor Shun</a> who directly preceded the Xia, concluded that the population of the dynasty was around 2.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_studies">Modern studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_Jiegang_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gu_Jiegang_1954.jpg/170px-Gu_Jiegang_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gu_Jiegang_1954.jpg/255px-Gu_Jiegang_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gu_Jiegang_1954.jpg/340px-Gu_Jiegang_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gu_Jiegang" title="Gu Jiegang">Gu Jiegang</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Doubting_Antiquity_School" title="Doubting Antiquity School">Doubting Antiquity School</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The time gap between the supposed time of the Xia and the first written references to it have meant that the historicity of the Xia dynasty itself and the traditional narrative of its history are at best uncertain. The <a href="/wiki/Doubting_Antiquity_School" title="Doubting Antiquity School">Doubting Antiquity School</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Gu_Jiegang" title="Gu Jiegang">Gu Jiegang</a> in the 1920s were the first scholars within China to systematically question the traditional story of its early history. By critically examining the development of the narrative of early Chinese history throughout history, Gu concluded, "the later the time, the longer the legendary period of earlier history [...] early Chinese history is a tale told and retold for generations, during which new elements were added to the front end".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200221_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200221-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians have suggested that the Zhou rulers invented the Xia as a pretext, to justify their conquest of the Shang, by noting that just as the Shang had supplanted the Xia, they had supplanted the Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuXu2007897_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuXu2007897-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of the Xia remains unproven, despite efforts by Chinese archaeologists to link them with the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuXu2007898_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuXu2007898-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among other points, Gu and other historians note certain parallels between the traditional narrative of Xia history and Shang history that would suggest probable Zhou-era fabrication or at least embellishment of Xia history. Yun Kuen Lee's criticism of nationalist sentiment in developing an explanation of Three Dynasties chronology focuses on the dichotomy of evidence provided by archaeological versus historical research, in particular, the claim that the archaeological Erlitou culture is also the historical Xia dynasty. "How to fuse the archaeological dates with historical dates is a challenge to all chronological studies of early civilization."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200216_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200216-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Allan" title="Sarah Allan">Sarah Allan</a> noted that many aspects of the Xia are simply the opposite of traits held to be emblematic of the Shang. The implied dualism of the Shang myth system, Allan argues, is that while the Shang represent the suns, sky, birds, east and life, the Xia represent the moons, watery underworld, dragons, west and death. Allan argues that this mythical Xia was re-interpreted by the Zhou as a ruling dynasty replaced by the Shang, a parallel with their own replacement of the Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan199173_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan199173-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars also argue that Shang political class's remnants still existed during the early Zhou dynasty, Zhou rulers could not simply justify their succession to pacify Shang remnants if it had been entirely fabricated since the Shang remnants, who remembered prior histories, would not believe it in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i> preserves the "Eulogies of Shang" (商頌 <i>Shāng sòng</i>) which represents the powerful <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">state of Song</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose rulers were the direct descendants of Shang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Among those eulogies, the eulogy <i>Chang Fa</i> (<span lang="zh">長發</span>) celebrated victories by the "martial king" <a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tang of Shang</a> against Wei (<span lang="zh">韋</span>), Gu (<span lang="zh">顧</span>), Kunwu (<span lang="zh">昆吾</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">Jie of Xia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the later <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279 AD), an ancient bronze artifact, <i>Shu Yi Zhong</i> (<span lang="zh">叔夷鐘</span>), was unearthed with an inscription describing how the founder of the Shang dynasty, Tang, overthrew the Xia dynasty. Shu Yi, the owner of this artifact, was a high officer of the <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">state of Qi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span>), was actually a direct descendant of the Song rulers, which means he himself was a descendant of Shang people. This bronze artifact was used to memorialize his Shang ancestors. The inscription contradicts the hypothesis that the Zhou manufactured the existence of the Xia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Shang <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bone</a> inscriptions contain no mention of the Xia, some scholars have suggested that polities they mention might be remnants of the Xia. <a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a> suggested that an enemy state called Tufang state of the Fang states mentioned in many inscriptions might be identified with the Xia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Shen Changyun points to four inscriptions mentioning Qi, the same name as the state of Qi, which according to traditional accounts was established by the defeated royal house of Xia.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_discoveries">Archaeological discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Archaeological discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Xia%E2%80%93Shang%E2%80%93Zhou_Chronology_Project" title="Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project">Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erlitou_sites_and_Xia_capitals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Erlitou_sites_and_Xia_capitals.svg/300px-Erlitou_sites_and_Xia_capitals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Erlitou_sites_and_Xia_capitals.svg/450px-Erlitou_sites_and_Xia_capitals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Erlitou_sites_and_Xia_capitals.svg/600px-Erlitou_sites_and_Xia_capitals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou</a> sites (black) and Xia capitals identified in traditional sources (red, with numbers for those from the "current text" <i>Bamboo Annals</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Inspired by the discovery of the late Shang capital (<a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a>) near modern <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, Chinese archaeologists searched the Yellow River basin for earlier capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen201210_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen201210-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xusheng" title="Xu Xusheng">Xu Xusheng</a> conducted a survey of the <a href="/wiki/Yi_River_(Henan)" title="Yi River (Henan)">Yi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Henan)" title="Luo River (Henan)">Luo</a> basin, which he had identified from received texts as a possible location of Xia capitals. Among his discoveries was the large Bronze Age site of <a href="/wiki/Erlitou" title="Erlitou">Erlitou</a> near modern <a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Yanshi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012259_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012259-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was an urban centre, with <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed-earth</a> foundations of several buildings, which were interpreted as palaces or temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200223_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200223-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> in the late 20th century had wide error margins, and placed the Erlitou culture between 2100 and 1300 BC, which fit well with the traditional dates of the Xia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014200_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014200-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Chinese archaeologists identify the Xia with Erlitou, while many western archaeologists argue that the identification, and indeed the very existence of Xia, is unprovable, due to the lack of testable detail in the traditional accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012260_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012260-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelach-Lavi2015164_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelach-Lavi2015164-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time, archaeologists debated which of the four phases of Erlitou should be interpreted as Xia and which as Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200223_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200223-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The refined dating techniques used by the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project produced a narrower range for the Erlitou culture of 1880 to 1520 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014200_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014200-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project assigned all four phases of Erlitou to the Xia, and identified the transition to the Shang with the construction of walled cities at Yanshi and <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou</a> around 1600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2002332_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2002332-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the project had settled on a start date for the Xia of 2070 BC, based on received texts, this forced them to designate the late part of the Henan <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Xinzhai" title="Xinzhai">Xinzhai</a> phase, as the early part of the Xia period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelach-Lavi2015164_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelach-Lavi2015164-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No corresponding cultural transition in the archaeological record has yet been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerTarasov200876_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerTarasov200876-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even more refined carbon dating in 2005 and 2006 produced more tightly defined ranges, dating Xinzhai at 1870–1720 BC and Erlitou at 1735–1530 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014202–203,_206_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014202–203,_206-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xia_Dynasty_pottery_jue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Xia_Dynasty_pottery_jue.jpg/170px-Xia_Dynasty_pottery_jue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Xia_Dynasty_pottery_jue.jpg/255px-Xia_Dynasty_pottery_jue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Xia_Dynasty_pottery_jue.jpg/340px-Xia_Dynasty_pottery_jue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Erlitou <i><a href="/wiki/Jue_(vessel)" title="Jue (vessel)">jue</a></i> vessel</figcaption></figure> <p>The only <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> found at Erlitou are a <i><a href="/wiki/Sounding_stone" title="Sounding stone">qing</a></i> sounding stone, two small clapper bells (one <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a>, one bronze) and a <i><a href="/wiki/Xun_(instrument)" title="Xun (instrument)">xun</a></i> with one finger hole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETong1983a78_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETong1983a78-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETong1983b105,_156_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETong1983b105,_156-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this extreme scarcity of surviving instruments and the general uncertainty surrounding most of the Xia, creating a musical narrative of the period is impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETong1983a23_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETong1983a23-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Jishi_Gorge_outburst_flood" title="Jishi Gorge outburst flood">large outburst flood at Jishi Gorge</a> that destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a> site on the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920 BC</span>. This date is shortly before the rise of the Erlitou culture in the middle Yellow River valley and the <a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi culture</a> in Shandong, following the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a>. The authors suggest that this flood may have been the basis for the later myth of Yu the Great, and contributed to the cultural transition into the Erlitou period. They further argue that the timing is further evidence for the identification of the Xia with the Erlitou culture.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no evidence of contemporaneous widespread flooding in the North China Plain has yet been found.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cambridge History of Ancient China">The Cambridge History of Ancient China</a></i> (1999) takes the beginning of Chinese history as the Xia's successor Shang dynasty (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>). Xie Weiyang responded to this standpoint unfavorably towards efforts in China to link archaeological research to historical records: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The Cambridge History of Ancient China adopted this standpoint with the promise of providing a commonly accepted synthesis based on an exhaustive discussion of the latest pre-Qin material available at the end of the 1990s. This is of extraordinary significance, because if this book aims to provide a commonly accepted synthesis, then the blood, sweat, and tears of Chinese scholars over the past decade that brought about countless achievements in Xia period research will become a joke, and many Chinese scholars in the field will lose all sense of direction and not know how to get back on the right track.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, as Chen Chun and Gong Xin point out, the debate upon the Xia dynasty's historical existence stems from different research orientations between Chinese and Western scholars. The authors assert that overseas scientific communities are hesitant to accept the results of Chinese researchers because their studies used traditional narratives of the Xia as a guide that instructed them on what to find, and because they quickly linked newly discovered artifacts, constructions and other evidences as representing the proof for the Xia's actual existence. They claim that mainland Chinese scholars focused mainly on extrapolations of excavated evidence to establish a historical perspective, and overlooked other complex factors in ancient human activities. This method, according to the two authors, resulted in high levels of subjectivity and contradicted the common trend among Western researchers, which took the physical discoveries as not necessarily representing real social or political units.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sovereigns">Sovereigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sovereigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table lists the rulers of Xia according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>. Unlike Sima's list of Shang kings, which is closely matched by inscriptions on <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bones">oracle bones</a> from late in that period, records of Xia rulers have not yet been found in archaeological excavations of contemporary sites, or records on later Shang dynasty oracle bones. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Posthumous names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col">Years</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td>45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu</a> <span lang="zh">禹</span> </td> <td>Founder of the Xia </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qi_of_Xia" title="Qi of Xia">Qi of Xia</a> <span lang="zh">啟</span> </td> <td>Son of Yu </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_Kang" title="Tai Kang">Tai Kang</a> <span lang="zh">太康</span> </td> <td>Son of Qi </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Kang" title="Zhong Kang">Zhong Kang</a> <span lang="zh">仲康</span> </td> <td>Son of Qi, younger brother of Tai Kang </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5 </th> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiang_of_Xia" title="Xiang of Xia">Xiang</a> <span lang="zh">相</span> </td> <td>Son of Zhong Kang </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6 </th> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shao_Kang" title="Shao Kang">Shao Kang</a> <span lang="zh">少康</span> </td> <td>Son of Xiang. Restored the Xia. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">7 </th> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhu_of_Xia" title="Zhu of Xia">Zhu</a> <span lang="zh">杼</span> </td> <td>Son of Shao Kang </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">8 </th> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huai_of_Xia" title="Huai of Xia">Huai</a> <span lang="zh">槐</span> </td> <td>Son of Zhu </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">9 </th> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mang_of_Xia" title="Mang of Xia">Mang</a> <span lang="zh">芒</span> </td> <td>Son of Huai </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">10 </th> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xie_of_Xia" title="Xie of Xia">Xie</a> <span lang="zh">泄</span> </td> <td>Son of Mang </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">11 </th> <td>59 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bu_Jiang" title="Bu Jiang">Bu Jiang</a> <span lang="zh">不降</span> </td> <td>Son of Xie </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">12 </th> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiong_of_Xia" title="Jiong of Xia">Jiong</a> <span lang="zh">扃</span> </td> <td>Son of Xie, younger brother of Bu Jiang </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">13 </th> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jin_of_Xia" title="Jin of Xia">Jin</a> <span lang="zh">廑</span> </td> <td>Son of Jiong </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">14 </th> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kong_Jia" title="Kong Jia">Kong Jia</a> <span lang="zh">孔甲</span> </td> <td>Son of Bu Jiang, nephew of Jiong, cousin of Jin </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">15 </th> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gao_of_Xia" title="Gao of Xia">Gao</a> <span lang="zh">皋</span> </td> <td>Son of Kong Jia </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">16 </th> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fa_of_Xia" title="Fa of Xia">Fa</a> <span lang="zh">發</span> </td> <td>Son of Gao </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">17 </th> <td>52 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jie_(ruler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jie (ruler)">Jie</a> <span lang="zh">桀</span> </td> <td>Son of Fa. Also known as Lu Gui (<span lang="zh">履癸</span>). </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:39%; width:39%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:39%">Xia dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:105%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><sup>(1)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 大禹</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(2)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Qi_of_Xia" title="Qi of Xia">Qi</a> 啟</b><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(3)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Tai_Kang" title="Tai Kang">Tai Kang</a> <br />太康</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(4)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Kang" title="Zhong Kang">Zhong Kang</a> <br />仲康</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(5)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Xiang_of_Xia" title="Xiang of Xia">Xiang</a> 相</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(6)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Shao_Kang" title="Shao Kang">Shao Kang</a><br /> 少康</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(7)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Zhu_of_Xia" title="Zhu of Xia">Zhu</a> 杼</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(8)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Huai_of_Xia" title="Huai of Xia">Huai</a> 槐</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(9)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Mang_of_Xia" title="Mang of Xia">Mang</a> 芒</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(10)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Xie_of_Xia" title="Xie of Xia">Xie</a> 泄</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(11)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Bu_Jiang" title="Bu Jiang">Bu Jiang</a> <br />不降</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(12)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Jiong_of_Xia" title="Jiong of Xia">Jiong</a> 扃</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(14)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Kong_Jia" title="Kong Jia">Kong Jia</a> <br />孔甲</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(13)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Jin_of_Xia" title="Jin of Xia">Jin</a> 廑</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(15)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Gao_of_Xia" title="Gao of Xia">Gao</a> 皋</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(16)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Fa_of_Xia" title="Fa of Xia">Fa</a> 發</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup>(17)</sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">Jie</a> 桀</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Shang" title="Predynastic Shang">Predynastic Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">List of Neolithic cultures of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-XSZ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XSZ_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-XSZ_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/Xia%E2%80%93Shang%E2%80%93Zhou_Chronology_Project" title="Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project">Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMungello2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMungello2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMungello2009">Mungello (2009)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankenier198123-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankenier198123_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankenier1981">Pankenier (1981)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankenier1985180-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankenier1985180_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPankenier1985">Pankenier (1985)</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivison2018165-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivison2018165_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivison2018">Nivison (2018)</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSima" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Sima, Qian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shiji"><bdi lang="zh">史記</bdi></a> [<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>] (in Literary Chinese and English) – via <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Text_Project" title="Chinese Text Project">Chinese Text Project</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Qian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fshiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation cs2">Mark, Joshua J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/china/">"Ancient China"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+China&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fchina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/273749">Xia dynasty</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/7/The%20Dating%20of%20the%20Wangchenggang%20Walled-site%20in%20Dengfeng%20County%20and%20Related%20Issues.pdf"><i>The Dating of the Wangchenggang Walled-site in Dengfeng County and Related Issues</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Chinese Archaeology<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dating+of+the+Wangchenggang+Walled-site+in+Dengfeng+County+and+Related+Issues&rft.pub=Chinese+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fuploads%2Fsoft%2FChinese%2520Archaeology%2F7%2FThe%2520Dating%2520of%2520the%2520Wangchenggang%2520Walled-site%2520in%2520Dengfeng%2520County%2520and%2520Related%2520Issues.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan1993" class="citation cs2">Yuan, Ke (1993), <i>Dragons and Dynasties: An Introduction to Chinese Mythology</i>, Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-5865-34" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-5865-34"><bdi>978-0-140-5865-34</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragons+and+Dynasties%3A+An+Introduction+to+Chinese+Mythology&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-140-5865-34&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K._C._Wu" title="K. C. Wu">Wu, Kuo-chen</a> (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseheritage00wuku"><i>The Chinese Heritage</i></a>, New York: Crown, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54475-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54475-4"><bdi>978-0-517-54475-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Heritage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-517-54475-4&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Kuo-chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseheritage00wuku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zonghe.17xie.com/book/10826459/597233.html">"夏朝遗民流布情况概说"</a>. Zonghe.17xie.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D%E9%81%97%E6%B0%91%E6%B5%81%E5%B8%83%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E6%A6%82%E8%AF%B4&rft.pub=Zonghe.17xie.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzonghe.17xie.com%2Fbook%2F10826459%2F597233.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HBSS200503017.htm">"夏代是杜撰的吗——与陈淳先生商榷沈长云"</a> (in Chinese). Cnki.com.cn. 2013-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%8F%E4%BB%A3%E6%98%AF%E6%9D%9C%E6%92%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%97%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%8E%E9%99%88%E6%B7%B3%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E5%95%86%E6%A6%B7+%E6%B2%88%E9%95%BF%E4%BA%91&rft.pub=Cnki.com.cn&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTOTAL-HBSS200503017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">王孝通 (1936). 《中国商业史》 (in traditional Chinese). 上海书店. p. 第14页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1996" class="citation cs2">Chao, Fulin (June 1996), <i>Social Changes in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties</i>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> Press., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-303-04144-3" title="Special:BookSources/7-303-04144-3"><bdi>7-303-04144-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Changes+in+Xia%2C+Shang+and+Western+Zhou+Dynasties&rft.pub=Beijing+Normal+University+Press.&rft.date=1996-06&rft.isbn=7-303-04144-3&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Fulin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan1991" class="citation cs2">Tan, Qixiang (1 October 1991), <i>Concise Chinese Historical Atlas</i>, China Map Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7503110155" title="Special:BookSources/7503110155"><bdi>7503110155</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Chinese+Historical+Atlas&rft.pub=China+Map+Publishing+House&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft.isbn=7503110155&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Qixiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHe1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">He Guangyue (何光岳) (1992), <bdi lang="zh">夏源流史</bdi> [<i>Origins of the Xia</i>] (in Chinese), Jiangxi Education Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5392-1337-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-5392-1337-X"><bdi>7-5392-1337-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%8F%E6%BA%90%E6%B5%81%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=Jiangxi+Education+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=7-5392-1337-X&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Guangyue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQian2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Qian Mu (錢穆) (2001), <bdi lang="zh">史记地名考</bdi> [<i>Examination of the toponyms in the </i>Records of the Grand Historian<i><span></span></i>], The Commercial Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-100-03240-7" title="Special:BookSources/7-100-03240-7"><bdi>7-100-03240-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E8%80%83&rft.pub=The+Commercial+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=7-100-03240-7&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Mu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF徐旭生2003年" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">徐旭生 (2003年). <i>中国古史的传说时代</i> (in Chinese). 广西师范大学出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787563342273" title="Special:BookSources/9787563342273"><bdi>9787563342273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&rft.pub=%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9787563342273&rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E6%97%AD%E7%94%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF佟柱臣1991" class="citation book cs1">佟柱臣 (1991). <i>中国夏商王国文明与方国文明试论. 《考古》</i>. 中国北京: 中国社会科学院考古研究所考古杂志社.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%8F%E5%95%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%B9%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E8%AF%95%E8%AE%BA.+%E3%80%8A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%3A+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1991&rft.au=%E4%BD%9F%E6%9F%B1%E8%87%A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Yujie1999" class="citation book cs1">Li Yujie (October 1999). <i>The Nature of Early Chinese States</i>. Henan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-81041-690-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-81041-690-1"><bdi>7-81041-690-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Early+Chinese+States&rft.pub=Henan+University+Press&rft.date=1999-10&rft.isbn=7-81041-690-1&rft.au=Li+Yujie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The Tribute of Yu". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public-library.uk/ebooks/87/29.pdf"><i>Book of Documents</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tribute+of+Yu&rft.btitle=Book+of+Documents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public-library.uk%2Febooks%2F87%2F29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF徐海荣1999" class="citation book cs1">徐海荣 (1 October 1999). <i>中国饮食史</i>. 华夏出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5080-1958-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-5080-1958-X"><bdi>7-5080-1958-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%8F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft.isbn=7-5080-1958-X&rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E6%B5%B7%E8%8D%A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF蒲坚1999" class="citation book cs1">蒲坚 (January 1999). <i>中国法制通史•夏商周 (in Chinese)</i>. 法律出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5036-2373-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-5036-2373-X"><bdi>7-5036-2373-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%88%B6%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E2%80%A2%E5%A4%8F%E5%95%86%E5%91%A8+%28in+Chinese%29&rft.pub=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=7-5036-2373-X&rft.au=%E8%92%B2%E5%9D%9A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"中国公路交通史编审委员会". <i>中国古代道路交通史</i>. 人民交通出版社. January 1994. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E7%BC%96%E5%AE%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1994-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF白寿彝1937" class="citation book cs1">白寿彝 (1937). <i>中国交通史. 上海书店</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2.+%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%A6%E5%BA%97&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1937&rft.au=%E7%99%BD%E5%AF%BF%E5%BD%9D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">南朝梁·劉昭注解晋·司马彪之《续汉书·郡国志一》引自晋·皇甫谧之《帝王世紀》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF宋镇豪1994" class="citation book cs1">宋镇豪 (September 1994). <i>夏商社会生活史</i>. 中国社会科学出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5004-1448-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-5004-1448-X"><bdi>7-5004-1448-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%8F%E5%95%86%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1994-09&rft.isbn=7-5004-1448-X&rft.au=%E5%AE%8B%E9%95%87%E8%B1%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF王育民1995" class="citation book cs1">王育民 (November 1995). <i>中国人口史</i>. 江苏人民出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-214-01580-3" title="Special:BookSources/7-214-01580-3"><bdi>7-214-01580-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1995-11&rft.isbn=7-214-01580-3&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E8%82%B2%E6%B0%91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200221-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200221_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2002">Lee (2002)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuXu2007897-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuXu2007897_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuXu2007">Liu & Xu (2007)</a>, p. 897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuXu2007898-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuXu2007898_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuXu2007">Liu & Xu (2007)</a>, p. 898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200216-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200216_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2002">Lee (2002)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan199173-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan199173_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllan1991">Allan (1991)</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">李宏飛. 「夏商世系探索」. 《甲骨學110年：回顧與展望——王宇信教授師友國際學術研討會論文集》 (中國北京: 中國社會科學出版社). 2009年11月1日（中文（中國大陸））.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">Baxter, William</a> (1992). <i>A Handbook of Old Chinese phonology</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheobald2018" class="citation web cs1">Theobald, Ulrich (Nov 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/rulers-song.html">"The Regional State of Song 宋"</a>. <i>ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChinaKnowledge.de+-+An+Encyclopaedia+on+Chinese+History%2C+Literature+and+Art&rft.atitle=The+Regional+State+of+Song+%E5%AE%8B&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FZhou%2Frulers-song.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i>, "Eulogies of Shang - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/book-of-poetry/chang-fa">Chang Fa</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhang Zhenglang (张政烺), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/xstj/gxjl/gx_syeg.htm"><bdi lang="zh">"十又二公"及其相关问题</bdi></a> [<i>"Ten plus two dukes" and related issues</i>] (in Chinese)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%E5%8D%81%E5%8F%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%AC%22%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Zhenglang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guoxue.com%2Fxstj%2Fgxjl%2Fgx_syeg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gmrxk201601011">"再论卜辞"土方"与夏人的相关问题"</a>. 郭沫若学刊.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%86%8D%E8%AE%BA%E5%8D%9C%E8%BE%9E%22%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%B9%22%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%8F%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.pub=%E9%83%AD%E6%B2%AB%E8%8B%A5%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wanfangdata.com.cn%2Fdetails%2Fdetail.do%3F_type%3Dperio%26id%3Dgmrxk201601011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Shen Changyun (沈长云) (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xianqin.org/xr_html/articles/qydt/286.html"><bdi lang="zh">夏代是杜撰的吗——与陈淳先生商榷</bdi></a> [Is the Xia dynasty fabricated – a response to Chen Chun].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%8F%E4%BB%A3%E6%98%AF%E6%9D%9C%E6%92%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%97%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%8E%E9%99%88%E6%B7%B3%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E5%95%86%E6%A6%B7&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Changyun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xianqin.org%2Fxr_html%2Farticles%2Fqydt%2F286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen201210-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen201210_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuChen2012">Liu & Chen (2012)</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012259-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012259_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuChen2012">Liu & Chen (2012)</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200223-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200223_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200223_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2002">Lee (2002)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014200-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014200_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014200_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhangQiuCaiBo2014">Zhang et al. (2014)</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012260-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012260_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuChen2012">Liu & Chen (2012)</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelach-Lavi2015164-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelach-Lavi2015164_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelach-Lavi2015164_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelach-Lavi2015">Shelach-Lavi (2015)</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2002332-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2002332_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2002">Li (2002)</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerTarasov200876-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerTarasov200876_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagnerTarasov2008">Wagner & Tarasov (2008)</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014202–203,_206-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangQiuCaiBo2014202–203,_206_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhangQiuCaiBo2014">Zhang et al. (2014)</a>, pp. 202–203, 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETong1983a78-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETong1983a78_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTong1983a">Tong (1983a)</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETong1983b105,_156-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETong1983b105,_156_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTong1983b">Tong (1983b)</a>, pp. 105, 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETong1983a23-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETong1983a23_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTong1983a">Tong (1983a)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuZhaoLiuGranger2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Qinglong; Zhao, Zhijun; Liu, Li; Granger, Darryl E.; Wang, Hui; Cohen, David J.; Wu, Xiaohong; Ye, Maolin; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Lu, Bin; Zhang, Jin; Zhang, Peizhen; Yuan, Daoyang; Qi, Wuyun; Cai, Linhai; Bai, Shibiao; et al. (2016). "Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China's Great Flood and the Xia dynasty". <i>Science</i>. <b>353</b> (6299): <span class="nowrap">579–</span>582. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...353..579W">2016Sci...353..579W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf0842">10.1126/science.aaf0842</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27493183">27493183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206646492">206646492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Outburst+flood+at+1920+BCE+supports+historicity+of+China%27s+Great+Flood+and+the+Xia+dynasty&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=6299&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E579-%3C%2Fspan%3E582&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaf0842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206646492%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27493183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...353..579W&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Qinglong&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Zhijun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Li&rft.au=Granger%2C+Darryl+E.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hui&rft.au=Cohen%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Ye%2C+Maolin&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+Ofer&rft.au=Lu%2C+Bin&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jin&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Peizhen&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Daoyang&rft.au=Qi%2C+Wuyun&rft.au=Cai%2C+Linhai&rft.au=Bai%2C+Shibiao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormile2016" class="citation cs2">Normile, Dennis (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/massive-flood-may-have-led-chinas-earliest-empire">"Massive flood may have led to China's earliest empire"</a>, <i>News</i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=Massive+flood+may+have+led+to+China%27s+earliest+empire&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Normile&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fmassive-flood-may-have-led-chinas-earliest-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXie_Weiyang_謝維揚2001" class="citation journal cs1">Xie Weiyang 謝維揚 (April 21, 2001). "Shui shi Lushan zhenmianmu: Jianqiao Zhongguo shanggushi duhou 誰識廬山真面目—〈劍橋中國上古史〉讀後 [Who Can Recognize the True Face of Mount Lu? Impressions on The Cambridge History of Ancient China]". <i>Wen Hui Bao 文匯報</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wen+Hui+Bao+%E6%96%87%E5%8C%AF%E5%A0%B1&rft.atitle=Shui+shi+Lushan+zhenmianmu%3A+Jianqiao+Zhongguo+shanggushi+duhou+%E8%AA%B0%E8%AD%98%E5%BB%AC%E5%B1%B1%E7%9C%9F%E9%9D%A2%E7%9B%AE%E2%80%94%E3%80%88%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%89%E8%AE%80%E5%BE%8C+%5BWho+Can+Recognize+the+True+Face+of+Mount+Lu%3F+Impressions+on+The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%5D&rft.date=2001-04-21&rft.au=Xie+Weiyang+%E8%AC%9D%E7%B6%AD%E6%8F%9A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen_ChunGong_Xin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chen Chun; Gong Xin (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sociostudies.org/upload/sociostudies.org/journal/seh/2018_2/235-257.pdf">"Erlitou and Xia: A Dispute between Chinese and Overseas Scholars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Evolution & History</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30884%2Fseh%2F2018.02.13">10.30884/seh/2018.02.13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Evolution+%26+History&rft.atitle=Erlitou+and+Xia%3A+A+Dispute+between+Chinese+and+Overseas+Scholars&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30884%2Fseh%2F2018.02.13&rft.au=Chen+Chun&rft.au=Gong+Xin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sociostudies.org%2Fupload%2Fsociostudies.org%2Fjournal%2Fseh%2F2018_2%2F235-257.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungello2009" class="citation book cs1">Mungello, David Emil (2009). <i>The great encounter of China and the West, 1500-1800</i>. Critical issues in history (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5798-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-5798-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/317504474">317504474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+encounter+of+China+and+the+West%2C+1500-1800&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.series=Critical+issues+in+history&rft.pages=97&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F317504474&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5798-7&rft.aulast=Mungello&rft.aufirst=David+Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang Quangen 王泉根, (1993). <i>Huaxia Quming Yishu</i> 華夏取名藝術. (Taipei: <i>Zhishu-fang Chuban Jituan</i> 知書房出版集團), 42.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan1991" class="citation cs2">Sarah Allan (1991), <i>The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China</i>, <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0459-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0459-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-0459-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+the+Turtle%3A+Myth%2C+Art%2C+and+Cosmos+in+Early+China&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0459-1&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan2007" class="citation cs2">——— (2007), "Erlitou and the Formation of Chinese Civilization: Toward a New Paradigm", <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, <b>66</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">461–</span>496, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002191180700054X">10.1017/S002191180700054X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162264919">162264919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Erlitou+and+the+Formation+of+Chinese+Civilization%3A+Toward+a+New+Paradigm&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002191180700054X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162264919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1999" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Keightley" title="David Keightley">Keightley, David N.</a> (1999), "The Shang: China's first historical dynasty", in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy" title="Edward L. Shaughnessy">Shaughnessy, Edward L.</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC"><i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i></a>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">232–</span>291, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shang%3A+China%27s+first+historical+dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+221+BC&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47030-8&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHA7Ey0-pbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2002" class="citation cs2">Lee, Yun Kuen (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/17161">"Building the chronology of early Chinese history"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Perspectives" title="Asian Perspectives">Asian Perspectives</a></i>, <b>41</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>42, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2002.0006">10.1353/asi.2002.0006</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17161">10125/17161</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67818363">67818363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Building+the+chronology+of+early+Chinese+history&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67818363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2002.0006&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yun+Kuen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fhandle%2F10125%2F17161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2012" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Mark Edward (2012), <i>The Flood Myths of Early China</i>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8222-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8222-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flood+Myths+of+Early+China&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8222-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xueqin" title="Li Xueqin">Li, Xueqin</a> (2002), "The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results", <i>Journal of East Asian Archaeology</i>, <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">321–</span>333, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852302322454585">10.1163/156852302322454585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Xia-Shang-Zhou+Chronology+Project%3A+Methodology+and+Results&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852302322454585&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xueqin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2013" class="citation cs2">Li, Feng (2013), <i>Early China: A Social and Cultural History</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89552-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+China%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89552-1&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2009" class="citation cs2">Liu, Li (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/22201480">"Academic freedom, political correctness, and early civilisation in Chinese archaeology: the debate on Xia-Erlitou relations"</a>, <i>Antiquity</i>, <b>83</b> (321): <span class="nowrap">831–</span>843, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X0009904X">10.1017/S0003598X0009904X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.9%2F470918">1959.9/470918</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153335285">153335285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Academic+freedom%2C+political+correctness%2C+and+early+civilisation+in+Chinese+archaeology%3A+the+debate+on+Xia-Erlitou+relations&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=321&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E831-%3C%2Fspan%3E843&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.9%2F470918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153335285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X0009904X&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F22201480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuChen2012" class="citation cs2">Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012), <i>The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64310-8"><bdi>978-0-521-64310-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+China%3A+From+the+Late+Paleolithic+to+the+Early+Bronze+Age&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64310-8&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingcan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuXu2007" class="citation cs2">Liu, Li; Xu, Hong (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/22200901">"Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology"</a>, <i>Antiquity</i>, <b>81</b> (314): <span class="nowrap">886–</span>901, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00095983">10.1017/S0003598X00095983</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.9%2F58390">1959.9/58390</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162644060">162644060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Erlitou%3A+legend%2C+history+and+Chinese+archaeology&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=314&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E886-%3C%2Fspan%3E901&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.9%2F58390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162644060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00095983&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Xu%2C+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F22200901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairBrooks2013" class="citation cs2">Mair, Victor; Brooks, E. Bruce (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp238_xia_dynasty_china.pdf">"Was There a Xià Dynasty?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>, <b>238</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Was+There+a+Xi%C3%A0+Dynasty%3F&rft.volume=238&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Brooks%2C+E.+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp238_xia_dynasty_china.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNivison2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Shepherd_Nivison" title="David Shepherd Nivison">Nivison, David S.</a> (2018), Schwartz, Adam C. (ed.), <i>The Nivison Annals</i>, De Gruyter Mouton, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501505393">10.1515/9781501505393</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-1454-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-1454-8"><bdi>978-1-5015-1454-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nivison+Annals&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501505393&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-1454-8&rft.aulast=Nivison&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNylan2001" class="citation cs2">Nylan, Michael (2001), <i>The Five "Confucian" Classics</i>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08185-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08185-5"><bdi>978-0-300-08185-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five+%22Confucian%22+Classics&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08185-5&rft.aulast=Nylan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankenier1981" class="citation cs2">Pankenier, David W. (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehigh.edu/~dwp0/Assets/images/astronomicaldates.pdf">"Astronomical Dates in Shang and Western Zhou"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Early China</i>, <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>37, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362502800005599">10.1017/S0362502800005599</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23351672">23351672</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163543848">163543848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+China&rft.atitle=Astronomical+Dates+in+Shang+and+Western+Zhou&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163543848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23351672%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362502800005599&rft.aulast=Pankenier&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehigh.edu%2F~dwp0%2FAssets%2Fimages%2Fastronomicaldates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankenier1985" class="citation cs2">——— (1985), "<i>Mozi</i> and the Dates of Xia, Shang, and Zhou: A Research Note", <i>Early China</i>, <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>183, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362502800006349">10.1017/S0362502800006349</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23351600">23351600</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163461600">163461600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+China&rft.atitle=Mozi+and+the+Dates+of+Xia%2C+Shang%2C+and+Zhou%3A+A+Research+Note&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163461600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23351600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362502800006349&rft.aulast=Pankenier&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelach-Lavi2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Shelach-Lavi" title="Gideon Shelach-Lavi">Shelach-Lavi, Gideon</a> (2015), <i>The Archaeology of Early China</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19689-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19689-5"><bdi>978-0-521-19689-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Early+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19689-5&rft.aulast=Shelach-Lavi&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTong1983a" class="citation cs2">Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a), "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One", <i>Asian Music</i>, <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>182, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F833936">10.2307/833936</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/833936">833936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.atitle=Shang+Musical+Instruments%3A+Part+One&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F833936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F833936%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Kin-Woon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTong1983b" class="citation cs2">——— (1983b), "Shang Musical Instruments: Part Two", <i>Asian Music</i>, <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>182, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F833918">10.2307/833918</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/833918">833918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.atitle=Shang+Musical+Instruments%3A+Part+Two&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F833918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F833918%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Kin-Woon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerTarasov2008" class="citation cs2">Wagner, Mayke; Tarasov, Pavel E. (2008), "The present perception of the origin of Chinese civilization", in Kuhn, Dieter; Stuhl, Helga (eds.), <i>Perceptions of Antiquity in Chinese Civilization</i>, Heidelberg: Edition forum, pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>84, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-927943-29-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-927943-29-2"><bdi>978-3-927943-29-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+present+perception+of+the+origin+of+Chinese+civilization&rft.btitle=Perceptions+of+Antiquity+in+Chinese+Civilization&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Edition+forum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-927943-29-2&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Mayke&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Pavel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2014" class="citation cs2">Wang, Haicheng (2014), <i>Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-78587-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-78587-8"><bdi>978-1-107-78587-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+the+Ancient+State%3A+Early+China+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-78587-8&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Haicheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangQiuCaiBo2014" class="citation cs2">Zhang, Xuelian; Qiu, Shihua; Cai, Lianzhen; Bo, Guancheng; Wang, Jinxia; Zhong, Jian (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Research_work/Other_topics/2014/0728/46977.html">"Establishing and refining the archaeological chronologies of Xinzhai, Erlitou and Erligang cultures"</a>, <i>Chinese Archaeology</i>, <b>8</b> (1), translated by Zhang, Xuelian; Lee, Yun Kuen: <span class="nowrap">197–</span>210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Establishing+and+refining+the+archaeological+chronologies+of+Xinzhai%2C+Erlitou+and+Erligang+cultures&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xuelian&rft.au=Qiu%2C+Shihua&rft.au=Cai%2C+Lianzhen&rft.au=Bo%2C+Guancheng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jinxia&rft.au=Zhong%2C+Jian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fen%2FResearch_work%2FOther_topics%2F2014%2F0728%2F46977.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> Original article in <i><a href="/wiki/Kaogu" title="Kaogu">Kaogu</a></i> 2007.8: 74–84.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xia_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xia Dynasty">Xia Dynasty</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="zh" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="s:zh:史記">Shiji (in Chinese)</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/jras/1895-03.htm">"Ssŭma Ch'ien's <i>Historical Records</i>, Chapter II – The Hsia Dynasty"</a>, <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, <b>27</b> (1), translated by Allen, Herbert J.: <span class="nowrap">93–</span>110, 1895, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00022784">10.1017/S0035869X00022784</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250351018">250351018</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Ss%C5%ADma+Ch%27ien%27s+Historical+Records%2C+Chapter+II+%E2%80%93+The+Hsia+Dynasty&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00022784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250351018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjournals%2Fjras%2F1895-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/chineseclassics07legggoog#page/n135/mode/2up">"The Annals of the Bamboo Books: The Dynasty of Hea"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseclassics07legggoog"><i>The Chinese Classics, volume 3, part 1</i></a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">Legge, James</a>, 1865, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseclassics07legggoog/page/n135">117</a>–127</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Annals+of+the+Bamboo+Books%3A+The+Dynasty+of+Hea&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Classics%2C+volume+3%2C+part+1&rft.pages=117-127&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchineseclassics07legggoog%23page%2Fn135%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXia+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties in Chinese history</a> </b><br />2070–1600 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_the_Xia_dynasty1057" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template talk:Kings of Xia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Xia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_the_Xia_dynasty1057" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xia dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_of_Xia" title="Qi of Xia">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Kang" title="Tai Kang">Tai Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Kang" title="Zhong Kang">Zhong Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_of_Xia" title="Xiang of Xia">Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Kang" title="Shao Kang">Shao Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_of_Xia" title="Zhu of Xia">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_of_Xia" title="Huai of Xia">Huai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_of_Xia" title="Mang of Xia">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_of_Xia" title="Xie of Xia">Xie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Jiang" title="Bu Jiang">Bu Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiong_of_Xia" title="Jiong of Xia">Jiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_of_Xia" title="Jin of Xia">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Jia" title="Kong Jia">Kong Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_of_Xia" title="Gao of Xia">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa_of_Xia" title="Fa of Xia">Fa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">Jie</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">夏</span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>The Xia rulers are semi-legendary</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169705#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata496" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169705#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata496" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169705#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4215150325580810090008">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1101487100">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&oldid=1275177127">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&oldid=1275177127</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Xia_dynasty" title="Category:Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynasties_of_China" title="Category:Dynasties of China">Dynasties of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Chinese_history" title="Category:Former countries in Chinese history">Former countries in Chinese history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_3rd_millennium_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC">States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_16th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC">States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)">CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_links" title="Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links">Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 14:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xia_dynasty&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xia dynasty</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>83 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7d695944bd-p4jd9","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.910","walltime":"2.273","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12616,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":275950,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15823,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":270509,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2036.772 1 -total"," 16.27% 331.333 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 15.91% 324.101 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.68% 299.094 33 Template:Citation"," 9.97% 203.068 24 Template:Sfnp"," 9.43% 192.166 23 Template:Lang"," 8.39% 170.784 1 Template:Plainlist"," 8.25% 168.034 1 Template:History_of_China"," 8.04% 163.674 1 Template:Langn"," 8.03% 163.534 2 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.199","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19820177,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen_ChunGong_Xin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHe1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeightley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi_Yujie1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuChen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuXu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMairBrooks2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNivison2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNormile2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNylan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPankenier1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPankenier1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQian2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelach-Lavi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSima\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheobald2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTong1983a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTong1983b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerTarasov2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuZhaoLiuGranger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXie_Weiyang_謝維揚2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangQiuCaiBo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF佟柱臣1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF宋镇豪1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF徐旭生2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF徐海荣1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF王育民1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF白寿彝1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF蒲坚1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite Cambridge History of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"History of China\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Kings of Xia\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 22,\n [\"Langn\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"None\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Numero\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 24,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Tonesup\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n [\"Xia dynasty family tree\"] = 1,\n [\"Zhi\"] = 24,\n [\"Zhwb\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFMungello2009\"] = 1,\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","33.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","17.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.9"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","60","4.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::lc","40","2.9"],["[others]","180","13.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-886587594-4qvh9","timestamp":"20250225191913","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Xia dynasty","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xia_dynasty","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169705","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169705","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-09T07:26:37Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T14:36:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/45\/Xia_dynasty.svg","headline":"the first hereditary dynasty recorded in the Chinese dynasties (ca. 2100 BCE--1916 BCE), house of Xiahou"}</script> </body> </html>