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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Yao_Chang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Yao_Chang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reign of Yao Chang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Yao_Chang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_reign_of_Yao_Xing_and_zenith_of_Later_Qin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign_of_Yao_Xing_and_zenith_of_Later_Qin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early reign of Yao Xing and zenith of Later Qin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign_of_Yao_Xing_and_zenith_of_Later_Qin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline and fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Later_Qin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_of_the_Later_Qin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rulers of the Later Qin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Later_Qin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_family_tree"> <div 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class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Later Qin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C5%8D_Ch%C3%AEn" title="Hiō Chîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiō Chîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Късна Цин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Късна Цин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_dels_Jin_posteriors" title="Dinastia dels Jin posteriors – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia dels Jin posteriors" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tere_Qin" title="Spätere Qin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spätere Qin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_post%C3%A9rieur" title="Qin postérieur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qin postérieur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heu-Chh%C3%AEn" title="Heu-Chhîn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Heu-Chhîn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%A7%84_(%EC%98%A4%ED%98%B8_%EC%8B%AD%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%AD)" title="후진 (오호 십육국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후진 (오호 십육국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasniji_Qin" title="Kasniji Qin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kasniji Qin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Хожуу Цинь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хожуу Цинь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%A7%A6" title="後秦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="後秦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senere_Qin" title="Senere Qin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Senere Qin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Поздняя Цинь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поздняя Цинь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasniji_Qin" title="Kasniji Qin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kasniji Qin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senare_Qin" title="Senare Qin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Senare Qin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Династія Пізня Цінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Пізня Цінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_T%E1%BA%A7n" title="Hậu Tần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hậu Tần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%A7%A6" title="後秦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="後秦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%A7%A6" title="后秦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="后秦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%A7%A6" title="後秦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="後秦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%A7%A6" title="后秦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="后秦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1730130#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical Chinese state (384–417)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Qin</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">384–417</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Later Qin in 404 AD"><img alt="Later Qin in 404 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg/250px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg/375px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg/500px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_404_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="773" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Later Qin in 404 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emperor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 384–393 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 394–416 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 416–417 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yao_Hong" title="Yao Hong">Yao Hong</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">384</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a>'s claim of imperial title </div></th><td class="infobox-data">386</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Helian_Bobo" title="Helian Bobo">Liu Bobo</a>'s rebellion </div></th><td class="infobox-data">407</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 September<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 417</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin Dynasty (266–420)">Jin Dynasty (266–420)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Qin</b>, known in historiography as the <b>Later Qin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">后秦</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">後秦</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hòuqín</span></i>; 384–417) or <b>Yao Qin</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">姚秦</span></span>), was a <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynastic state of China</a> ruled by the Yao clan of <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> ethnicity during the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> period in northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the only Qiang-led state among the Sixteen Kingdoms, it was most known for its propagation of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> under its second ruler, <a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a>, who sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamakin</a> monk, <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a> to translate <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Buddhist text into Chinese. </p><p>All rulers of the Later Qin declared themselves <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperors</a>, but for a substantial part of Yao Xing's reign, he used the title <a href="/wiki/Tian_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tian Wang">Heavenly King</a>. Historiographers gave the state the prefix of "Later" to distinguish it with the <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a> as it was founded during the Former Qin's collapse after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a> and went on to conquer the Former Qin's power base in the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> as its capital, the Later Qin also controlled <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and vassalised the Western Qin, the four Liangs (<a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western</a>), <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiao Shu">Qiao Shu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi</a> and various tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos</a> region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Qin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Qin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yao clan was from Nan’an Commandery (南安郡; southeast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Longxi_County" title="Longxi County">Longxi County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>) and claimed descent from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaodang_Qiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaodang Qiang (page does not exist)">Shaodang Qiang</a>. Their chieftain, Yao Kehui (姚柯回), assisted <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> during their <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Shu_Han_by_Cao_Wei" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Shu Han by Cao Wei">conquest of Shu Han</a>, and was later appointed Commander of the Western Qiang for his merits. His son, <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yizhong" title="Yao Yizhong">Yao Yizhong</a> succeeded him, and during the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a> that befell the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin Dynasty">Western Jin dynasty</a>, he occupied Yumei (榆眉; east of present-day <a href="/wiki/Qianyang_County" title="Qianyang County">Qianyang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) and welcomed refugees under his wing. </p><p>Yizhong later submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao dynasty</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao dynasty</a>, where he associated himself with the commander, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a>. After Shi Hu seized power in 333, he followed Yizhong's advice of relocating the powerful <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a> and Qiang families in the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> to live around the capital, Xiangguo (襄國, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>). Yizhong and his family were relocated to Shetou (灄頭; northeast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Zaoqiang_County" title="Zaoqiang County">Zaoqiang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), where he supervised the Qiang tribes as the Grand Commander of the Western Qiang (西羌大都督). </p><p>Although Yizhong was one of Shi Hu's most trusted officials, he and many other military generals colluded to overthrow his successor, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Shi_(emperor)" title="Shi Shi (emperor)">Shi Shi</a> by supporting <a href="/wiki/Shi_Zun" title="Shi Zun">Shi Zun</a> after his death in 349. As Later Zhao descended into civil war, Yizhong tried to return west to the Guanzhong with his army, but was defeated by the Di general, <a href="/wiki/Pu_Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu Hong">Fu Hong</a>, whose family founded the <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin dynasty</a> in 351. Thus, Yizhong remained behind to aid the last emperor, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhi" title="Shi Zhi">Shi Zhi</a>, in his war against <a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a>. </p><p>After Shi Zhi's death in 351, Yizhong advised his sons to move south to join the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin dynasty</a>. His son, <a href="/wiki/Yao_Xiang" title="Yao Xiang">Yao Xiang</a> succeeded him in 352 and fulfilled his promise. He partook in the early Jin northern expeditions as a general, but due to suspicion from his superior, <a href="/wiki/Yin_Hao" title="Yin Hao">Yin Hao</a>, he later rebelled in 354. He led his army through northern China in hopes of returning to his ancestral home in <a href="/wiki/Longxi_Commandery" title="Longxi Commandery">Longxi</a>, fighting against Former Qin and Jin forces along the way. However, in 357, he was killed in an ambush by Former Qin forces, prompting his brother, <a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a> to surrender with their army. </p><p>Yao Chang became a general during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jian</a> and participated in various campaigns, but was not present at the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a> in 383. After the battle, two branches of the <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a>-<a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> rebelled, forming the <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a> in northeastern China and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a> near Former Qin's capital, Chang'an in 384. Yao Chang initially aided Fu Jian against the Western Yan, but during the course of the war, he feared punishment following a serious defeat and fled to the horse pastures north of the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Yao_Chang">Reign of Yao Chang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Qin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign of Yao Chang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the same time, many of the local <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> and tribal gentry clans had lost faith in the Former Qin and saw Yao Chang as a suitable successor. They gathered thousands of Qiang families and led them to join him. After some hesitation, he agreed to lead their coalition, taking the title of Everlasting King of Qin and proclaiming a new reign era in 384. To distinguish between the two states, historiographers refer to the Fu clan's state as Former Qin and Yao Chang's state as Later Qin. </p><p>Initially, Yao Chang avoided going straight for Chang’an, which was hotly contested between Fu Jian and Western Yan forces. He submitted to the stronger Western Yan, and after several battles with Former Qin forces, he ambushed and captured Fu Jian, who left Chang'an with his army in search of food. Yao Chang tried to force Fu Jian into formally abdicating the throne to him, but after he refused, had him killed instead. Chang’an eventually fell to Western Yan forces, who soon left to return to their homeland in the east. In 386, Yao Chang occupied the city, where he elevated himself to Emperor of (Later) Qin. </p><p>Despite Fu Jian's death, there were still pockets of Former Qin and semi-independent forces in the Guanzhong region. A distant cousin of Fu Jian, <a href="/wiki/Fu_Deng" title="Fu Deng">Fu Deng</a>, was acclaimed the new Emperor of (Former) Qin and waged war against Yao Chang. Yao Chang lost several battles to Fu Deng early on, but brought the conflict to a stalemate with a crucial victory at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dajie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dajie (page does not exist)">Battle of Dajie</a> in 389. From this point on, Fu Deng was unable to launch a major campaign, and Yao Chang soon gained the advantage by subjugating local warlords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign_of_Yao_Xing_and_zenith_of_Later_Qin">Early reign of Yao Xing and zenith of Later Qin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Qin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early reign of Yao Xing and zenith of Later Qin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maijishan_grottoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maijishan_grottoes.jpg/250px-Maijishan_grottoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maijishan_grottoes.jpg/330px-Maijishan_grottoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maijishan_grottoes.jpg/500px-Maijishan_grottoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maijishan_Grottoes" title="Maijishan Grottoes">Maijishan Grottoes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 394, Yao Chang died and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a>. Hearing news of Yao Chang's death, Fu Deng led his army to attack Later Qin. At the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Feiqiao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Feiqiao (page does not exist)">Battle of Feiqiao</a>, Later Qin won a decisive victory by crushing the main Former Qin force. No longer posing a threat, Yao Xing soon captured and executed Fu Deng, while the last ruler of Former Qin was killed in battle by <a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a> forces in 394. Yao Xing thus unified the Guanzhong, establishing Later Qin as a regional power. While he initially inherited his father's title of Emperor, he changed it to Heavenly King in 399. </p><p>Under Yao Xing, the Later Qin greatly expanded their borders, occupying areas in the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos</a>, Longxi and <a href="/wiki/Hedong_Commandery" title="Hedong Commandery">Hedong</a> regions. Most notably, in 399, they capitalized on Eastern Jin's internal turmoil to capture <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and several commanderies north of the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Hubei_and_Shaanxi)" title="Han River (Hubei and Shaanxi)">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai</a> rivers. In 400, they conquered Western Qin, and in 401, they forced the <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a> into submission after besieging their capital. Fearing Later Qin's presence, the other <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi</a> states, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a>, followed suit. Despite success in the west, Yao Xing was dissuaded from expanding east after a heavy defeat to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaibi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chaibi (page does not exist)">Battle of Chaibi</a> in 402. The Later Liang surrendered their territory in 403, and in 405, <a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi</a> also submitted, bringing Later Qin to its peak. </p><p>Yao Xing upheld <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> by inviting famous Confucian scholars to teach in Chang'an and allowing easy access to the capital for aspiring students. At the same time, he was also an avid believer in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and heavily promoted the religion in his state. In 401, he welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kuchean</a> monk, <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumarajiva</a> to his court, where he was highly honoured and became one of the most important translators of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a> into Chinese. It was also under the Later Qin in 399 when the monk <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> departed from Chang'an for <a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(India)" title="Tianzhu (India)">India</a> to acquire Buddhist texts. Yao Xing built various temples and pagodas, with construction of the <a href="/wiki/Maijishan_Grottoes" title="Maijishan Grottoes">Maijishan Grottoes</a> beginning under his reign, and records claim that around nine-tenths of the population in Later Qin practiced Buddhism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_fall">Decline and fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Qin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline and fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon reaching its peak, the Later Qin quickly declined due to pressure from its own vassals and the Eastern Jin. Yao Xing ceded twelves commaderies around the Han river at the request of Jin's paramount authority, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Liu Yu</a>, in exchange for peace, while giving up his holdings in the Hexi to the Southern Liang. In 407, he received <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Shu">Western Shu's</a> submissions, but lost Chouchi's allegicance to Jin. Worst of all, however, was the rebellion of the Xiongnu general, <a href="/wiki/Helian_Bobo" title="Helian Bobo">Helian Bobo</a>, in the Ordos. Bobo established the <a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Helian Xia</a>, and for many years, led a war against Later Qin that drained their resources and killed many key generals. In 409, the Western Qin was revived in the Longxi, further reducing Later Qin's territory. </p><p>When Liu Yu led an <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Southern_Yan_by_Jin" title="Conquest of Southern Yan by Jin">expedition to conquer Southern Yan</a> in 409, Yao Xing was powerless to stop him, leading to Southern Yan's demise in 410. He responded with an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Jingzhou (ancient China)">Jing province</a> in conjunction with Western Shu and the Jin rebel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun_(Jin_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Xun (Jin dynasty) (page does not exist)">Lu Xun</a>, but was defeated. Both Western Shu and Lu Xun were later vanquished by Jin, and Later Qin entered itself into a marriage alliance with the Northern Wei to protect itself. </p><p>Internally, Yao Xing also laid the seeds for a succession crisis. He appointed his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Yao_Hong" title="Yao Hong">Yao Hong</a> as Crown Prince, but only after much hesitation. He showed more favour to his other son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yao_Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yao Bi (page does not exist)">Yao Bi</a>, who he gave military power and assigned to guard the borders while Yao Hong oversaw matters in Chang'an. Yao Bi attempted to take the throne on three occasions, all which ended in failure. He was forgiven after the first two attempts and was finally forced to commit suicide after the third in 416. However, Yao Hong still had other younger brothers and cousins who held military command and ambitions to seize power. </p><p>After Yao Xing died in 416, Yao Hong was immediately met with rebellions by his dukes. There were also revolts by the Xiongnu and Qiang tribes, and the Helian Xia, Chouchi and Western Qin all took the chance to attack Later Qin. To deal with the threats, Yao Hong entrusted military affairs to his great-uncle, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yao_Shao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yao Shao (page does not exist)">Yao Shao</a> who had much initial success, but the chaos soon caught the attention of Liu Yu. He began an expedition to conquer Later Qin, and by late 417, Yao Shao had died while Jin forces entered the Guanzhong and reached Chang'an. In the end, Yao Hong surrendered and was sent to the Jin capital, <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a>, where he was executed. Members of the Yao clan who surrendered to Jin were exterminated, while the others who fled to Northern Wei survived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers_of_the_Later_Qin">Rulers of the Later Qin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Qin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rulers of the Later Qin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a> </th> <th>Personal name </th> <th>Durations of reign </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Era_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Era name">Era names</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Taizu </td> <td>Wuzhao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a> </td> <td>384–393 </td> <td>Baique (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白雀</span></span>) 384–386<br />Jianchu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">建初</span></span>) 386–393<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gaozu </td> <td>Wenhuan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a> </td> <td>394–416 </td> <td>Huangchu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">皇初</span></span>) 394–399<br />Hongshi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弘始</span></span>) 399–416<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yao_Hong" title="Yao Hong">Yao Hong</a> </td> <td>416–417 </td> <td>Yonghe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">永和</span></span>) 416–417<br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers_family_tree">Rulers family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Qin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rulers family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:35%; width:35%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:35%">Later Qin rulers family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:112%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Yao Kehui姚柯回</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yizhong" title="Yao Yizhong">Yao Yizhong</a> <small>(280–352</small>)</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xiang" title="Yao Xiang">Yao Xiang</a> 姚襄 <small>(331–357)</small></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap">Yao Chang 姚苌 <small>(330–393)</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Wuzhao</a></b> 武昭 <small><br />(r. 384–(386–)394)</small></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px">Yao Xing 姚兴 <small>(366–416)</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Wenhuan</a></b> 文桓<small><br />(r. 394–416)</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><b><a href="/wiki/Yao_Hong" title="Yao Hong">Houzhu(Yao Hong)</a></b> 侯主(姚泓)<br /><small>388–417; r. 416–417</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Qin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups in Chinese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Liu Song">Emperor Wu of Liu Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Bobo" title="Helian Bobo">Helian Bobo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Qin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AAF%AE%CA&king=%A6w%AB%D2&reign=%B8q%BA%B3&yy=13&ycanzi=&mm=8&dd=&dcanzi=%AC%D1%A5%E8">"中央研究院網站"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinica.edu.tw%2Fftms-bin%2Fkiwi1%2Fluso.sh%3Flstype%3D2%26dyna%3D%25AAF%25AE%25CA%26king%3D%25A6w%25AB%25D2%26reign%3D%25B8q%25BA%25B3%26yy%3D13%26ycanzi%3D%26mm%3D8%26dd%3D%26dcanzi%3D%25AC%25D1%25A5%25E8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALater+Qin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7118" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷118">vol. 118</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/59"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALater+Qin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sixteen_Kingdoms99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:16_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sixteen_Kingdoms99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Shi Le's conquest of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei%E2%80%93Later_Zhao_War" title="Ran Wei–Later Zhao War">Wei–Zhao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ran_Wei_by_Former_Yan" title="Conquest of Ran Wei by Former Yan">Conquest of Wei by Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions">Huan Wen's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Fu Jian's unification of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yu%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions">Liu Yu's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei's unification of North China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The 16 Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao (304–329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang (397–460)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia (407–431)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han (304–347)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin (351–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang (386–403)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao (319–351)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan (337–370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan (384–409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin (385–431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang (397–414)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan (398–410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Later Qin (384–417)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang (318–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang (400–421)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan (407–436)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei (350–352)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Kan" title="Duan Kan">Duan Qi (350–356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan (384–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Wei" title="Zhai Wei">Zhai Wei (388–392)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Xuan" title="Huan Xuan">Huan Chu (403–404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Shu (405–413)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi (296–580)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai (310–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei (386–535)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)">Liu Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daowu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taiwu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Liu Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of the Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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