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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Textual history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Basic_Annals"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Basic_Annals""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Basic Annals"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Basic_Annals"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Tables"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Tables""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"Tables"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Tables"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Treatises"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Treatises""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>"Treatises"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Treatises"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Hereditary_Houses"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Hereditary_Houses""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>"Hereditary Houses"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Hereditary_Houses"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Ranked_Biographies"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Ranked_Biographies""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>"Ranked Biographies"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Ranked_Biographies"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Source_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Source materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability_and_accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability_and_accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reliability and accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability_and_accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission_and_supplementation_by_other_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_and_supplementation_by_other_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transmission and supplementation by other writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission_and_supplementation_by_other_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Non-English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Shiji</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="سجلات المؤرخ الكبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سجلات المؤرخ الكبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BA-k%C3%AC" title="Sú-kì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sú-kì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Записки на великия историк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Записки на великия историк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registres_del_Gran_Historiador" title="Registres del Gran Historiador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Registres del Gran Historiador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Ши цзи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ши цзи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1pisky_historika" title="Zápisky historika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zápisky historika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Αρχεία του Μεγάλου Ιστορικού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχεία του Μεγάλου Ιστορικού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorias_hist%C3%B3ricas" title="Memorias históricas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Memorias históricas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registroj_de_la_Granda_Historiisto" title="Registroj de la Granda Historiisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Registroj de la Granda Historiisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="شیجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%81-ki" title="Sṳ́-ki – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ́-ki" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B8%B0_(%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%84%9C)" title="사기 (역사서) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사기 (역사서)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title="महान इतिहासकार के अभिलेख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महान इतिहासकार के अभिलेख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatan_Sejarawan_Agung" title="Catatan Sejarawan Agung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Catatan Sejarawan Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="רשומות ההיסטוריון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשומות ההיסטוריון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8-%D1%86%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Ши-цзи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ши-цзи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_chronographicum" title="Opus chronographicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opus chronographicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net%C3%ADr%C3%B3_feljegyz%C3%A9sei" title="A történetíró feljegyzései – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A történetíró feljegyzései" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="റെക്കോഡ്സ് ഓഫ് ദ ഗ്രാൻ്റ് ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെക്കോഡ്സ് ഓഫ് ദ ഗ്രാൻ്റ് ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF" title="शिजि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शिजि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" title="史記 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="史記" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="مہان اتہاسکار دے ریکارڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مہان اتہاسکار دے ریکارڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapiski_historyka" title="Zapiski historyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zapiski historyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registros_do_Historiador" title="Registros do Historiador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Registros do Historiador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Ши цзи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ши цзи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A5%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="මහා ඉතිහාසඥයාගේ වාර්තා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහා ඉතිහාසඥයාගේ වාර්තා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" title="Records of the Grand Historian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Records of the Grand Historian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapisi_velikega_zgodovinarja" title="Zapisi velikega zgodovinarja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zapisi velikega zgodovinarja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="شیجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapisi_Velikog_Histori%C4%8Dara" title="Zapisi Velikog Historičara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapisi Velikog Historičara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மதிப்புக்குரிய வரலாற்றாளரின் ஆவணப் பதிவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதிப்புக்குரிய வரலாற்றாளரின் ஆவணப் பதிவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89" title="ฉื่อจี้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฉื่อจี้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Shiji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Історичні записи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історичні записи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AE%D9%89_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="تارىخى خاتىرىلەر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تارىخى خاتىرىلەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sij_Geiq" title="Sij Geiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sij Geiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD" title="Sử ký – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sử ký" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" title="史記 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="史記" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0" title="史记 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="史记" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shi Ji" redirects here. For the Three Kingdoms period general, see <a href="/wiki/Shi_Ji_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Shi Ji (Eastern Wu)">Shi Ji (Eastern Wu)</a>. For the goddess, see <a href="/wiki/Shiji_Niangniang" title="Shiji Niangniang">Shiji Niangniang</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Shiji <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shiji&rft.author=%5B%5BSima+Qian%5D%5D&rft.date=%3Cabbr+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B91%26nbsp%3BBC%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.place=China"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0.jpg/220px-%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0.jpg/330px-%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0.jpg/440px-%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1982 printed edition by the <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company" title="Zhonghua Book Company">Zhonghua Book Company</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">History</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 91 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:史">史</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:記">記</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:史">史</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AE%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:记">记</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shǐjì</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Scribal Records"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shǐjì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Shih<sup>3</sup>-chi<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʂɻ̩̀.tɕî]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Sy-ci</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sí-gei</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Si2-gei3</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[si˧˥ kej˧]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Sú-kì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">ʂí-kì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">s-rəʔ C.krəʔ-s</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">太史公書</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tàishǐgōng shū</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Book of the Grand Historian"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tàishǐgōng shū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>T'ai<sup>4</sup>-shih<sup>3</sup>-kung<sup>1</sup> shu<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʰâɪ.ʂɻ̩̀.kʊ́ŋ ʂú]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Taisígōng syū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Tai3-si2-gong1 syu1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Thài-sú-kong su</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">Tʰài ʂí kuwng sho</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*l̥ˤat-s s-rəʔ C.qˤung s-ta</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Sử ký</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">史記</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">사기</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Sagi</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">史記</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Shiki</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Shiji</b></i>, often known in English as <i><b>Records of the Grand Historian</b></i> or <i><b>The Grand Scribe's Records</b></i>, is a Chinese historical text that is the first of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Twenty-Four Histories">Twenty-Four Histories</a> of imperial China. It was written during the late 2nd and early 1st centuries BC by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, building upon work begun by his father <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a>. The work covers a 2,500-year period from the age of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> in the author's own time, and describes the world as it was known to the Chinese of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENienhauser2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpYM3AwAAQBAJpgPA486_463–464]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENienhauser2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpYM3AwAAQBAJpgPA486_463–464]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Shiji</i> has been called a "foundational text in Chinese civilization".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, "Sima Qian was one of the creators of Imperial China, not least because by providing definitive biographies, he virtually created the two earlier figures."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii,_3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii,_3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Shiji</i> set the model for all subsequent dynastic histories of China. In contrast to Western historiographical conventions, the <i>Shiji</i> does not treat history as "a continuous, sweeping narrative", but rather breaks it up into smaller, overlapping units dealing with famous leaders, individuals, and major topics of significance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrant1986689_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrant1986689-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title">Title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original title of the work, as given by the author in the postface, is <i>Taishigongshu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太史公書</span></span>), or <i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>. However, the book was also known by a variety of other titles, including <i>Taishigongji</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太史公記</span></span>) and <i>Taishigongzhuan</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太史公傳</span></span>) in ancient times. Eventually, <i>Shiji</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史記</span></span>), or <i>Historical Records</i> became the most commonly used title in Chinese. This title was originally used to refer to any general historical text, although after the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shiji</i> gradually began to be used exclusively to refer to Sima Qian's work. In English, the title is variously translated as <i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-translated-Watson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translated-Watson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Historical Records</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Grand Scribe's Records</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Records of the Historian</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other titles are sometimes used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_history">Textual history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Textual history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese historiography</a></div> <p>The work that became the <i>Shiji</i> was begun by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was Grand Historian (<span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">Tàishǐ</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太史</span></span>, also translated "Grand Scribe") of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> court during the late 2nd <span class="nowrap">century BC.</span> Sima Tan drafted plans for the ambitious work and left behind some fragments and notes that may have been incorporated into the final text. After Sima's death in <span class="nowrap">110 BC,</span> the <i>Shiji</i> was continued and completed by his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, who is generally credited as the work's author.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact date of the <em>Shiji</em>'s completion is unknown. It is certain that Sima Qian completed it before his death in approximately <span class="nowrap">86 BC,</span> with one copy residing in the imperial capital of <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>) and the other copy probably being stored in Sima's home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known about the <i>Shiji</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s early reception and circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKern2010102_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern2010102-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several 1st-century BC authors, such as the scholar Chu Shaosun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%9A%E5%B0%91%E5%AD%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:褚少孫">褚少孫</a></span></span>; <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 32–7 BC), added interpolations to it. Ten of the <i>Shiji</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> original 130 chapters were lost in the Eastern Han period (AD 25–220) and seem to have been reconstructed later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commentaries to the <i>Shiji</i> date from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> (420–589) and the early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most historical editions of the <i>Shiji</i> included the commentaries of Pei Yin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B4%E9%A7%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:裴駰">裴駰</a></span></span>, 5th century), <a href="/wiki/Sima_Zhen" title="Sima Zhen">Sima Zhen</a> (early 8th century), and Zhang Shoujie (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">張守節</span></span>, early 8th century).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary modern edition of the <i>Shiji</i> is the ten-volume <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company" title="Zhonghua Book Company">Zhonghua Book Company</a> edition published in 1959 (revised in 1982), which is based on an edition created in the early 1930s by the Chinese historian <a href="/wiki/Gu_Jiegang" title="Gu Jiegang">Gu Jiegang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1993409_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1993409-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only two fragments of pre-Tang dynasty <i>Shiji</i> manuscripts have survived to the present, and both are held by the <a href="/wiki/Ishiyama-dera" title="Ishiyama-dera">Ishiyama-dera</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu" title="Ōtsu">Ōtsu</a>, Japan. Portions of nine Tang dynasty manuscripts survive: three fragments discovered among the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a> in the early 20th century, and six manuscripts preserved in Japanese temples and museums such as the <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzan-ji" title="Kōzan-ji">Kōzan-ji</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_Bunko" title="Tōyō Bunko">Tōyō Bunko</a> museum in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printed</a> editions of the <i>Shiji</i> survive, the earliest of which date to the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014898_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014898-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Harvard_drs_18839193_%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98_v.11.pdf&page=24" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Harvard_drs_18839193_%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98_v.11.pdf/page24-170px-Harvard_drs_18839193_%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98_v.11.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Harvard_drs_18839193_%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98_v.11.pdf/page24-255px-Harvard_drs_18839193_%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98_v.11.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Harvard_drs_18839193_%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98_v.11.pdf/page24-340px-Harvard_drs_18839193_%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98_v.11.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption>Pages from a Ming dynasty (1457-1464) printed edition of the <i>Shiji</i>, volume eleven</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Records_of_the_Grand_Historian_chapters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Records of the Grand Historian chapters">List of Records of the Grand Historian chapters</a></div> <p>The <i>Shiji</i> is about 526,500 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> long, making it four times longer than <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i> and longer than the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012708_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012708-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sima Qian conceived and composed his work in self-contained units, with a good deal of repetition between them. His manuscript was written on <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_slips" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo slips">bamboo slips</a> with about 24 to 36 characters each, and assembled into bundles of around 30 slips. Even after the manuscript was allowed to circulate or be copied, the work would have circulated as bundles of bamboo slips or small groups. <a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Endymion Wilkinson</a> calculates that there were probably between 466 and 700 bundles, whose total weight would have been 88–132 pounds (40–60 kg), which would have been difficult to access and hard to transport. Later copies on silk would have been much lighter, but also expensive and rare. Until the work was transferred to paper many centuries later, circulation would have been difficult and piecemeal, which accounts for many of the errors and variations in the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012708_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012708-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sima Qian organized the chapters of the <i>Shiji</i> into five categories, which each comprise a section of the book. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Basic_Annals""><span id=".22Basic_Annals.22"></span>"Basic Annals"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Basic Annals""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Basic Annals" (<i>běnjì</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">本紀</span></span>) make up the first 12 chapters of the <i>Shiji</i>, and are largely similar to records from the ancient Chinese court chronicle tradition, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first five cover either periods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors#Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Five Emperors</a>, or individual dynasties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last seven cover individual rulers, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">First Emperor of Qin</a> and progressing through the first emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this section, Sima chose to also include <i>de facto</i> rulers of China, such as <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Lü Zhi">Empress Dowager Lü</a>, while excluding rulers who never held any real power, such as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu" title="Emperor Yi of Chu">Emperor Yi of Chu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Emperor Hui of Han</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1958111–112_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958111–112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Tables""><span id=".22Tables.22"></span>"Tables"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Tables""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapters 13 to 22 are the "Tables" (<i>biǎo</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">表</span></span>), which comprise one genealogical table and nine other chronological tables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They show reigns, important events, and royal lineages in table form, which Sima Qian stated that he did because "the chronologies are difficult to follow when different genealogical lines exist at the same time."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each table except the last one begins with an introduction to the period it covers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Treatises""><span id=".22Treatises.22"></span>"Treatises"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Treatises""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Treatises" (<i>shū</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">書</span></span>, sometimes called "Monographs") is the shortest of the five <i>Shiji</i> sections, and contains eight chapters (23–30) on the historical evolution of ritual, music, <a href="/wiki/Pitch_pipe" title="Pitch pipe">pitch pipes</a>, the calendar, astronomy, sacrifices, rivers and waterways, and financial administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Hereditary_Houses""><span id=".22Hereditary_Houses.22"></span>"Hereditary Houses"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "Hereditary Houses""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Hereditary Houses" (<i>shìjiā</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">世家</span></span>) is the second largest of the five <i>Shiji</i> sections, and spans chapters 31 to 60. Within this section, the earlier chapters are very different in nature than the later chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the earlier chapters are chronicle-like accounts of the leading states of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, such as the states of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>, and two of the chapters go back as far as the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later chapters, which cover the Han dynasty, contain biographies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Ranked_Biographies""><span id=".22Ranked_Biographies.22"></span>"Ranked Biographies"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Ranked Biographies""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Ranked Biographies" (<i>lièzhuàn</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">列傳</span></span>, usually shortened to "Biographies") is the largest of the five <i>Shiji</i> sections, covering chapters 61 to 130, and accounts for 42% of the entire work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 69 "Biographies" chapters mostly contain biographical profiles of about 130 outstanding ancient Chinese men, ranging from the moral paragon <a href="/wiki/Boyi_and_Shuqi" title="Boyi and Shuqi">Boyi</a> from the end of the Shang dynasty to some of Sima Qian's near contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 40 of the chapters are dedicated to one particular man, but some are about two related figures, while others cover small groups of figures who shared certain roles, such as assassins, caring officials, or Confucian scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most modern biographies, the accounts in the "Biographies" give profiles using anecdotes to depict morals and character, with "unforgettably lively impressions of people of many different kinds and of the age in which they lived."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Biographies" have been popular throughout Chinese history, and have provided a large number of set phrases still used in modern Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sima_Qian_(painted_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/220px-Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/330px-Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/440px-Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Sima Qian</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike subsequent official historical texts that adopted <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> doctrine, proclaimed the divine rights of the emperors, and degraded any failed claimant to the throne, Sima Qian's more liberal and objective prose has been renowned and followed by poets and novelists. Most volumes of <i>Liezhuan</i> are vivid descriptions of events and persons. Sima Qian sought out stories from those who might have closer knowledge of certain historical events, using them as sources to balance the reliability and accuracy of historical records. For instance, the material on <a href="/wiki/Jing_Ke" title="Jing Ke">Jing Ke</a>'s attempt at assassinating the <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">King of Qin</a> incorporates an eye-witness account by Xia Wuju (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夏無且</span></span>), a physician to the king of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> who happened to be attending the diplomatic ceremony for Jing Ke, and this account was passed on to Sima Qian by those who knew Xia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1958191,_240_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958191,_240-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Sima_Qian's_historiography"></span>It has been observed that the diplomatic Sima Qian has a way of accentuating the positive in his treatment of rulers in the Basic Annals, but slipping negative information into other chapters, and so his work must be read as a whole to obtain full information. For example, the information that <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Liu Bang</a> (later Emperor Gaozu of Han), in a desperate attempt to escape in a chase from <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a>'s men, pushed his own children off his carriage to lighten it, is not given in the emperor's biography, but in the biography of Xiang Yu. He is also careful to balance the negative with the positive, for example, in the biography of <a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Lü Zhi">Empress Dowager Lu</a> which contains startling accounts of her cruelty, he points out at the end that, despite whatever her personal life may have been, her rule brought peace and prosperity to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195895–98_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195895–98-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_materials">Source materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Source materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sima's family were hereditary historians to the Han emperor. Sima Qian's father <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a> served as Grand Historian, and Sima Qian succeeded to his position. Thus he had access to the early Han dynasty archives, edicts, and records. Sima Qian was a methodical, skeptical historian who had access to ancient books, written on <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips" title="Bamboo and wooden slips">bamboo and wooden slips</a>, from before the time of the Han dynasty. Many of the sources he used did not survive. He not only used archives and imperial records, but also interviewed people and traveled around China to verify information. In his first chapter, "Annals of the Five Emperors", he writes,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-size: 110%;">余嘗西至空桐，北過涿鹿，東漸於海，南浮江淮矣，至長老皆各往往稱黃帝、堯、舜之處，風教固殊焉，總之不離古文者近是。</span></span><br /> <br /> I myself have travelled west as far as <a href="/wiki/Kongtong_Mountains" title="Kongtong Mountains">Kongtong</a>, north past <a href="/wiki/Zhuolu_Town" title="Zhuolu Town">Zhuolu</a>, east to the sea, and in the south I have sailed the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai Rivers</a>. The elders and old men of these various lands frequently pointed out to me the places where the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Yao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shun_(Chinese_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun (Chinese leader)">Shun</a> had lived, and in these places the manners and customs seemed quite different. In general those of their accounts which do not differ from the ancient texts seem to be near to the truth. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sima Qian, translation by <a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Burton Watson</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1958183_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958183-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Grand Historian used <i>The Annals of the Five Emperors</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">五帝系諜</span></span>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic of History">Classic of History</a></i> as source materials to make genealogies from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> until that of the <a href="/wiki/Gonghe_regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonghe regency">Gonghe regency</a> (841–828 BC). Sima Qian often cites his sources. For example, in the first chapter, "Annals of the Five Emperors", he writes, "I have read the <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Guoyu_(book)" title="Guoyu (book)">Guoyu</a></i>." In his 13th chapter, "Genealogical Table of the Three Ages", Sima Qian writes, "I have read all the genealogies of the kings (<i>dieji</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">諜記</span></span>) that exist since the time of the Yellow Emperor." In his 14th chapter, "Yearly Chronicle of the Feudal Lords", he writes, "I have read all the royal annals (<i>chunqiu li pudie</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">春秋曆譜諜</span></span>) up until the time of <a href="/wiki/King_Li_of_Zhou" title="King Li of Zhou">King Li of Zhou</a>." In his 15th chapter, "Yearly Chronicle of the Six States", he writes, "I have read the Annals of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> (<i>qin ji</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦記</span></span>), and they say that the <a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a> [a barbarian tribe] defeated <a href="/wiki/King_You_of_Zhou" title="King You of Zhou">King You of Zhou</a> [ca 771 BC]." </p><p>In the 19th chapter, he writes, "I have occasion to read over the records of enfeoffment and come to the case of Wu Qian, the marquis of Bian...." (The father of Marquis Bian, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Rui" title="Wu Rui">Wu Rui</a>, was named prince (<span lang="zh">王</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">wáng</span></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Kingdom" title="Changsha Kingdom">Changsha</a> for his loyalty to <a href="/wiki/Han_Gaozu" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Gaozu">Gaozu</a>.) In his chapter on the patriotic minister and poet <a href="/wiki/Qu_Yuan" title="Qu Yuan">Qu Yuan</a>, Sima Qian writes, "I have read [Qu Yuan's works] <i><a href="/wiki/Li_Sao" title="Li Sao">Li Sao</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianwen">Tianwen</a></i> ("Heaven Asking"), <i>Zhaohun</i> (summoning the soul), and <i>Ai Ying</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lament_for_Ying" title="Lament for Ying">Lament for Ying</a>)". In the 62nd chapter, "Biography of Guan and of Yan", he writes, "I have read Guan's <i>Mu Min</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">牧民</span></span> - "Government of the People", a chapter in the <i><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a></i>), <i>Shan Gao</i> ("The Mountains Are High"), <i>Chengma</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> and horses; a long section on war and economics), <i>Qingzhong</i> (Light and Heavy; i.e. "what is important"), and <i>Jiufu</i> (Nine Houses), as well as the <i>Spring and Autumn Annals of Yanzi</i>." In his 64th chapter, "Biography of <a href="/wiki/Sima_Rangju" title="Sima Rangju">Sima Rangju</a>", the Grand Historian writes, "I have read Sima's Art of War." In the 121st chapter, "Biographies of Scholars", he writes, "I read the Imperial Decrees that encouraged education officials." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg/170px-Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg/255px-Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg/340px-Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Chapter 2, <i>Annals of Xia</i> (Ming dynasty edition, 1598)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sima Qian wrote of the problems with incomplete, fragmentary and contradictory sources. For example, he mentioned in the preface to chapter 15 that the chronicle records of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">Zhou dynasty states</a> kept in the royal archive were <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang%27s_biblioclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shi Huang's biblioclasm">burnt by Qin Shi Huang</a> because they contained criticisms and ridicule of the Qin state, and that the Qin annals were brief and incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th chapter he mentioned that the chronologies and genealogies of different ancient texts "disagree and contradict each other throughout". In his 18th chapter, Sima Qian writes, "I have set down only what is certain, and in doubtful cases left a blank."<sup id="cite_ref-translated-Watson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translated-Watson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliability_and_accuracy">Reliability and accuracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reliability and accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have questioned the historicity of legendary kings of the ancient periods given by Sima Qian. Sima Qian began the <i>Shiji</i> with an account of the five rulers of supreme virtue, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Five Emperors</a>, who modern scholars, such as those from the <a href="/wiki/Doubting_Antiquity_School" title="Doubting Antiquity School">Doubting Antiquity School</a>, believe to be originally local deities of the peoples of ancient China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195816–17_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195816–17-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sima Qian sifted out elements of the supernatural and fantastic which seemed to contradict their existence as actual human monarchs, and was therefore criticized for turning myths and folklore into sober history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195816–17_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195816–17-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>, who wrote in 1954 on Sima Qian's accounts of the kings of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BC): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was commonly maintained that Ssuma Chhien [Sima Qian] could not have adequate historical materials for his account of what had happened more than a thousand years earlier. One may judge of the astonishment of many, therefore, when it appeared that no less than twenty-three of the thirty rulers' names were to be clearly found on the indisputably genuine <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a> <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bones">bones</a>. It must be, therefore, that [Sima Qian] did have fairly reliable materials at his disposal—a fact which underlines once more the deep historical-mindedness of the Chinese—and that the Shang dynasty is perfectly acceptable.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joseph Needham<sup id="cite_ref-needham_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>While the king names in Sima Qian's history of the Shang dynasty are supported by inscriptions on the oracle bones, there is, as yet, no archaeological corroboration of Sima Qian's history of the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a>. </p><p>There are also discrepancies of fact such as dates between various portions of the work. This may be a result of Sima Qian's use of different source texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1958113_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958113-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission_and_supplementation_by_other_writers">Transmission and supplementation by other writers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transmission and supplementation by other writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After ca. 91 BC, the more-or-less completed manuscript was hidden in the residence of the author's daughter, Sima Ying (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">司馬英</span></span>), to avoid destruction under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a> and his immediate successor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhao_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhao of Han">Emperor Zhao</a>. The <i>Shiji</i> was finally disseminated during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Xuan of Han">Emperor Xuan</a> by Sima Qian's grandson (through his daughter), Yang Yun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楊惲</span></span>), after a hiatus of around twenty years. </p><p>The changes in the manuscript of the <i>Shiji</i> during this hiatus have always been disputed among scholars. That the text was more or less complete by ca. 91 BC is established in the Letter to Ren An (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">報任安書</span></span>), composed in the Zhenghe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">征和</span></span>) era of Emperor Wu's reign. In this letter, Sima Qian describes his work as "spanning from the time of the Yellow Emperor to the present age and consisting of ten tables, twelve basic annals, eight treatises, thirty chapters on hereditary houses, and seventy biographies, together totaling 130 chapters."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers are likewise given in the postface to <i>Shiji</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195856–67_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195856–67-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death (presumably only a few years later), few people had the opportunity to see the whole work. However, various additions were still made to it. The historian <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiji" title="Liu Zhiji">Liu Zhiji</a> reported the names of a total of fifteen scholars supposed to have added material to the <i>Shiji</i> during the period after the death of Sima Qian. Only the additions by Chu Shaosun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">褚少孫</span></span>, c. 105 – c. 30 BC) are clearly indicated by adding "Mr Chu said," (Chu xiansheng yue, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">褚先生曰</span></span>). Already in the first century AD, <a href="/wiki/Ban_Biao" title="Ban Biao">Ban Biao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a> claimed that ten chapters in <i>Shiji</i> were lacking. A large number of chapters dealing with the first century of the Han dynasty (i.e. the 2nd century BC) correspond exactly to the relevant chapters from the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> (<i>Hanshu</i>). It is unclear whether those chapters initially came from the <i>Shiji</i> or from the <i>Hanshu</i>. Researchers Yves Hervouet (1921–1999) and <a href="/wiki/A._F._P._Hulsew%C3%A9" title="A. F. P. Hulsewé">A. F. P. Hulsewé</a> argued that the originals of those chapters of the <i>Shiji</i> were lost and they were later reconstructed using the corresponding chapters from the <i>Hanshu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest extant copy of the <i>Shiji</i>, handwritten, was made during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties">Southern and Northern Dynasties</a> period (420–589 AD). The earliest printed edition, called <i>Shiji jijie</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史記集解</span></span>, literally <i>Scribal Records, Collected Annotations</i>), was published during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Shanfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Shanfu (page does not exist)">Huang Shanfu</a>'s edition, printed under the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>, is the earliest collection of the <i>Sanjiazhu</i> commentaries on the <i>Shiji</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">三家注</span></span>, literally: <i>The Combined Annotations of the Three Experts</i>). </p><p>In modern times, the <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company" title="Zhonghua Book Company">Zhonghua Book Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> has published the book in both <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">simplified Chinese</a> for mass consumption and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">traditional Chinese</a> for scholarly study. The 1959 (2nd ed., 1982) <i>Sanjiazhu</i> edition in traditional Chinese (based upon the Jinling Publishing House edition, see below) contains commentaries interspersed among the main text and is considered to be an authoritative modern edition. </p><p>The most well-known <a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">editions</a> of the <i>Shiji</i> (all <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printed</a>) are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Publisher </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> (1127–1279) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Shanfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Shanfu (page does not exist)">Huang Shanfu</a> </td> <td>Abbreviated as the Huang Shanfu edition (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黄善夫本</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, between the times of the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli</a> Emperors (between 1521 and 1620) </td> <td>The Northern and Southern <a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Imperial Academy</a> </td> <td>Published in <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories#Books_of_the_Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Twenty-Four Histories">21 Shi</a>. Abbreviated as the Jian edition (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">监本</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> </td> <td>Bibliophile <a href="/wiki/Mao_Jin" title="Mao Jin">Mao Jin</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毛晋</span></span>), 1599–1659) and his studio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji_Gu_Ge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji Gu Ge (page does not exist)">Ji Gu Ge</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">汲古閣</span></span> or the Drawing from Ancient Times Studio) </td> <td>Published in <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories#Books_of_the_Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Twenty-Four Histories">17 Shi</a>. Abbreviated as the Mao Ke edition (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毛刻本</span></span>) or the Ji Gu Ge edition (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">汲古閣本</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> (1711–1799) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Yingdian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Yingdian (page does not exist)">Wu Yingdian</a> </td> <td>Published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Twenty-Four Histories">Twenty-Four Histories</a></i>, abbreviated as the Wu Yingdian edition (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">武英殿本</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Tongzhi Emperor</a> (1856–1875) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinling_Publishing_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinling Publishing House (page does not exist)">Jinling Publishing House</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>) </td> <td>Proofreading and copy editing done by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Wenhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Wenhu (page does not exist)">Zhang Wenhu</a>. Published with the <i>Sanjiazhu</i> commentaries, 130 volumes in total. Abbreviated as the Jinling Ju or Jinling Publishing edition (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金陵局本</span></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_translations">Notable translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_J._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert J. Allen (page does not exist)">Herbert J. Allen</a>, <i>Ssŭma Ch‘ien's Historical Records</i>, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1894, p. 269-294; 1895, p. 93-110, 601-611, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/smc/index.htm">available online</a>. (The first English translation of the first three chapters).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton</a>, trans. (1961). <i>Records of the Grand Historian of China</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <ul><li>Second edition, 1993 (<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>). Translates roughly 90 out of 130 chapters. <ul><li><i>Qin Dynasty</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08169-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08169-6">978-0-231-08169-6</a>.</li> <li><i>Han Dynasty, Volume 1</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08165-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08165-8">978-0-231-08165-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Han Dynasty, Volume 2</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08167-2">978-0-231-08167-2</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xianyi" title="Yang Xianyi">Yang Hsien-yi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Yang" title="Gladys Yang">Gladys Yang</a> (1974), <i>Records of the Historians</i>. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. <ul><li>Reprinted by University Press of the Pacific, 2002. Contains biographies of Confucius and Laozi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0835106184" title="Special:BookSources/978-0835106184">978-0835106184</a></li></ul></li> <li>Raymond Stanley Dawson (1994). <i>Historical Records</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <ul><li>Reprinted, 2007 (<i>The First Emperor : Selections from the Historical Records</i>). Translates only Qin-related material. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199574391" title="Special:BookSources/9780199574391">9780199574391</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Nienhauser,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Nienhauser, Jr.">William H. Nienhauser, Jr.</a>, ed. (1994– ). <i>The Grand Scribe's Records</i>, 9 vols. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Ongoing translation, and being translated out of order. As of 2020, translates 92 out of 130 chapters. <ul><li><i>I. The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China</i> (2018), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03855-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03855-5">978-0-253-03855-5</a>.</li> <li><i>II. The Basic Annals of the Han Dynasty</i> (2018), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03909-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03909-5">978-0-253-03909-5</a>.</li> <li><i>V. part 1. The Hereditary Houses of Pre-Han China</i> (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34025-2">978-0-253-34025-2</a>.</li> <li><i>VI. The Hereditary Houses, III</i> (2022), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06418-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06418-9">978-0-253-06418-9</a>. (edited with Masha Kobzeva)</li> <li><i>VII. The Memoirs of Pre-Han China</i> (1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34027-6">978-0-253-34027-6</a>.</li> <li><i>VIII. The Memoirs of Han China, Part I</i> (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34028-3">978-0-253-34028-3</a>.</li> <li><i>IX. The Memoirs of Han China, Part II</i> (2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35590-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35590-4">978-0-253-35590-4</a>.</li> <li><i>X. The Memoirs of Han China, Part III</i> (2016), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01931-8">978-0-253-01931-8</a>.</li> <li><i>XI. The Memoirs of Han China, Part IV</i> (2019), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04610-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04610-9">978-0-253-04610-9</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English">Non-English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>(in French) <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chavannes" title="Édouard Chavannes">Chavannes, Édouard</a>, trans. (1895–1905). <i>Les Mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien</i> <i>[The Historical Memoirs of Sima Qian]</i>, 6 vols.; rpt. (1967–1969) 7 vols., Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve. Left uncompleted at Chavannes' death. William Nienhauser calls it a "landmark" and "the standard by which all subsequent renditions... must be measured.".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accessible online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chineancienne.fr/traductions/se-ma-ts-ien-les-m%C3%A9moires-historiques/">Se-ma Ts'ien: Les Mémoires Historiques - Bibliothèque Chine ancienne</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/chine_ancienne/auteurs_chinois.html">La bibliothèque numérique Les Classiques des sciences sociales - Collection «Les auteur(e)s classiques» - La Chine ancienne - Les auteurs chinois</a>.</li> <li>(in French) <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chavannes" title="Édouard Chavannes">Chavannes, Édouard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Kaltenmark" title="Maxime Kaltenmark">Maxime Kaltenmark</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Pimpaneau" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Pimpaneau">Jacques Pimpaneau</a>, translators. (2015) <i>Les Mémoires historiques de Se-Ma Ts'ien</i> <i>[The Historical Memoirs of Sima Qian]</i>, 9 vols.; Éditions You Feng, Paris. This is the completed full translation of the <i>Shiji</i></li> <li>(in Russian) full translation in 9 vols: Vyatkin, Rudolf V., trans. <i>Istoricheskie Zapiski (Shi-czi) <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">[Исторические записки (Ши-цзи)]</span></span></i>, 8 vols. Moscow: Nauka (1972–2002); 9th volume: Vyatkin, Anatoly R., trans. (2010), Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura. This is the first complete translation into any European language. Full text available online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/I/Syma_Tsjan/index.htm">Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки (Ши цзи)</a>.</li> <li>(in Modern Chinese) Yang Zhongxian <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">杨钟贤</span></span>; Hao Zhida <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郝志达</span></span>, eds. (1997). <i>Quanjiao quanzhu quanyi quanping Shiji</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">全校全注全译全评史记</span></span> <i>[Shiji: Fully Collated, Annotated, Translated, and Evaluated]</i>, 6 vols. Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe.</li> <li>(in Modern Chinese) Yang Yanqi 杨燕起; ed. (2001). “Shi Ji Quan Yi" 史记全译, 12 vols. Guiyang: Guizhou renmin chubanshe 贵州人民出版社.</li> <li>(in Modern Chinese) Xu Jialu 许嘉璐; An Pingqiu 安平秋, eds. (2003). <i>Ershisishi</i> <i>quanyi: Shiji</i> 二十四史全译：史记, 2 vols. Beijing: Hanyudacidian chubanshe.</li> <li>(in Japanese) Mizusawa, Toshitada <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">水澤利忠</span></span>; Yoshida, Kenkō <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吉田賢抗</span></span>, trans. (1996–1998). <i>Shiki</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史記</span></span> <i>[Shiji]</i>, 12 vols. Tokyo: Kyūko.</li> <li>(in Polish) Mieczysław J. Künstler, trans. (2000). Sy-ma Ts'ien, <i>Syn smoka. Fragmenty Zapisków historyka</i>, Warszawa: Czytelnik; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-07-02780-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-07-02780-2">83-07-02780-2</a>. Selected chapters only.</li> <li>(in Danish) Svane, Gunnar O., trans. (2007). <i>Historiske Optegnelser: Kapitlerne 61-130, Biografier 1-70</i>. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.</li> <li>(in German) Gregor Kneussel, Alexander Saechtig, trans. (2016). <i>Aus den Aufzeichnungen des Chronisten</i>, 3 vols. Beijing: Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur (Foreign Languages Press); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-09676-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-09676-6">978-7-119-09676-6</a>.</li> <li>(in Italian) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Cannata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincenzo Cannata (page does not exist)">Cannata, Vincenzo</a>, translator. (2024) <i>Memorie Storiche di Sima Qian</i> <i>[Historical Memoirs of Sima Qian]</i>, 4 vols.; Luni Editrice, Milano This is the completed full translation of the <i>Shiji</i>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-788879-848220" title="Special:BookSources/9-788879-848220">9-788879-848220</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Twenty-Four Histories">Twenty-Four Histories</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Three Kingdoms period scholar <a href="/wiki/Wang_Su_(Cao_Wei)" title="Wang Su (Cao Wei)">Wang Su</a> (AD 195–256) appears to be among the earliest to apply the name <i>Shiji</i> to Sima Qian's work.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENienhauser2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpYM3AwAAQBAJpgPA486_463–464]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENienhauser2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpYM3AwAAQBAJpgPA486_463–464]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNienhauser2011">Nienhauser (2011)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYM3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA486">463–464</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1999">Hardy (1999)</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii,_3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii,_3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1999">Hardy (1999)</a>, pp. xiii, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrant1986689-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrant1986689_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurrant1986">Durrant (1986)</a>, p. 689.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-translated-Watson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-translated-Watson_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translated-Watson_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima1992" class="citation book cs1">Sima, Qian (December 1992). <i>Records of the grand historian. Han dynasty</i>. Translated by Watson, Burton (Rev. ed.). Hong Kong: Columbia University Press (published 1993). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231081642" title="Special:BookSources/0231081642"><bdi>0231081642</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26674054">26674054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+grand+historian.+Han+dynasty&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26674054&rft.isbn=0231081642&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima1994" class="citation book cs1">Sima, Qian (1994). <i>Historical records</i>. Translated by Dawson, Raymond Stanley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192831151" title="Special:BookSources/0192831151"><bdi>0192831151</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28799204">28799204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+records&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28799204&rft.isbn=0192831151&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima1994" class="citation book cs1">Sima, Qian (1994). <i>The grand scribe's records</i>. Translated by Nienhauser, William H.; Cheng, Tsai Fa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253340217" title="Special:BookSources/0253340217"><bdi>0253340217</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30508745">30508745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grand+scribe%27s+records&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30508745&rft.isbn=0253340217&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima1969" class="citation book cs1">Sima, Qian (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordsofhistori0000ssum"><i>Records of the historian; chapters from the Shih chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien </i></a></span>. Translated by Watson, Burton; Takigawa, Kametarō. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231033214" title="Special:BookSources/0231033214"><bdi>0231033214</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/332024">332024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+historian%3B+chapters+from+the+Shih+chi+of+Ssu-ma+Ch%27ien+.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F332024&rft.isbn=0231033214&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Qian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecordsofhistori0000ssum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnechtges2014">Knechtges (2014)</a>, p. 897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulsewé1993">Hulsewé (1993)</a>, pp. 405–06; <a href="#CITEREFDurrant2001">Durrant (2001)</a>, pp. 502–03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern2010102-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKern2010102_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKern2010">Kern (2010)</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnechtges2014">Knechtges (2014)</a>, p. 898; <a href="#CITEREFHulsewé1993">Hulsewé (1993)</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1993409-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1993409_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulsewé1993">Hulsewé (1993)</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014898-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014898_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnechtges2014">Knechtges (2014)</a>, p. 898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Grant (1994). "Can an Ancient Chinese Historian Contribute to Modern Western Theory? The Multiple Narratives of Ssu-Ma Ch'ien". <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 20–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2505650">10.2307/2505650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2505650">2505650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Can+an+Ancient+Chinese+Historian+Contribute+to+Modern+Western+Theory%3F+The+Multiple+Narratives+of+Ssu-Ma+Ch%27ien&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-38&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2505650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2505650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012708-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012708_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012708_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2012">Wilkinson (2012)</a>, p. 708.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2012">Wilkinson (2012)</a>, p. 706.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958111–112-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1958111–112_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1958">Watson (1958)</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shiji</i> 130: 3319, cited in <a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2012">Wilkinson (2012)</a>, p. 706.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958191,_240-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1958191,_240_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1958">Watson (1958)</a>, pp. 191, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195895–98-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195895–98_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1958">Watson (1958)</a>, pp. 95–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/shiji/wu-di-ben-ji">"Annals of the Five Emperors" <bdi lang="zh">五帝本紀</bdi></a>. <i>ctext.org</i>. Chinese Text Project. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">余嘗西至空桐，北過涿鹿，東漸於海，南浮江淮矣，至長老皆各往往稱黃帝、堯、舜之處，風教固殊焉，總之不離古文者近是。</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctext.org&rft.atitle=Annals+of+the+Five+Emperors+%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%AC%E7%B4%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fshiji%2Fwu-di-ben-ji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958183-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1958183_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1958">Watson (1958)</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shiji/liu-guo-nian-biao#n5146"><bdi lang="zh">六國年表</bdi></a> [Chronological table of the six kingdoms]. <i>ctext.org</i>. Chinese Text Project. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦既得意，燒天下詩書，諸侯史記尤甚，為其有所刺譏也。詩書所以復見者，多藏人家，而史記獨藏周室，以故滅。惜哉，惜哉！獨有秦記，又不載日月，其文略不具。</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctext.org&rft.atitle=%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fshiji%2Fliu-guo-nian-biao%23n5146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195816–17-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195816–17_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195816–17_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1958">Watson (1958)</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1954). <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Civilization_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Civilization in China"><i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNXZGQVdz_gC&pg=PA88">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-05799-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-05799-X"><bdi>0-521-05799-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China%3A+Volume+1%2C+Introductory+Orientations&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-521-05799-X&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958113-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1958113_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1958">Watson (1958)</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima_Qian1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (1977) [531]. "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%A0%B1%E4%BB%BB%E5%B0%91%E5%8D%BF%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:s:報任少卿書">41: Letter to Ren An</a>" <bdi lang="zh">報任少卿書</bdi>. In <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Tong" title="Xiao Tong">Xiao Tong</a>; Li Shan (李善) (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan"><i>Wenxuan</i> <bdi lang="zh">文選</bdi></a>. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">報任少卿書：『上計軒轅，下至于茲，為十表，本紀十二，書八章，世家三十，列傳七十，凡百三十篇。』</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=41%3A+Letter+to+Ren+An+%E5%A0%B1%E4%BB%BB%E5%B0%91%E5%8D%BF%E6%9B%B8&rft.btitle=Wenxuan+%E6%96%87%E9%81%B8&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Publishing&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195856–67-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195856–67_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1958">Watson (1958)</a>, pp. 56–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulsewé,_A._F._P.1979" class="citation book cs1">Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8"><i>China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty</i></a>. E. Brill, Leiden. pp. 8–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2"><bdi>90-04-05884-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+Central+Asia%3A+The+Early+Stage+125+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+23%3A+an+annotated+translation+of+chapters+61+and+96+of+the+History+of+the+Former+Han+Dynasty&rft.pages=8-25&rft.pub=E.+Brill%2C+Leiden&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=90-04-05884-2&rft.au=Hulsew%C3%A9%2C+A.+F.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzhCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClasse2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Classe, Olive, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&q=Shi+Ji+Chavannes&pg=PA1283"><i>Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English</i></a>. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 1282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964367" title="Special:BookSources/9781884964367"><bdi>9781884964367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Literary+Translation+into+English&rft.pages=1282&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781884964367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC1uXah12nHgC%26q%3DShi%2BJi%2BChavannes%26pg%3DPA1283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Works cited</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurrant1986" class="citation book cs1">Durrant, Stephen (1986). "<i>Shih-chi</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">史記</span></span>". In William H. Nienhauser Jr. (ed.). <i>The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, Vol. 1</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32983-7"><bdi>978-0-253-32983-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11841260">11841260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shih-chi+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Hant%22%3E%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text&rft.btitle=The+Indiana+Companion+to+Traditional+Chinese+Literature%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11841260&rft.isbn=978-0-253-32983-7&rft.aulast=Durrant&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurrant2001" class="citation book cs1">Durrant, Stephen (2001). "The Literary Features of Historical Writing". In <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryc00mair"><i>The Columbia History of Chinese Literature</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryc00mair/page/n519">493</a>–510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10984-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10984-9"><bdi>0-231-10984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Literary+Features+of+Historical+Writing&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+History+of+Chinese+Literature&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=493-510&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-231-10984-9&rft.aulast=Durrant&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiahistoryc00mair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1999" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Grant (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BeVS1n4iTmcC"><i>Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo: Sima Qian's Conquest of History</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11304-5"><bdi>978-0-231-11304-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+of+Bronze+and+Bamboo%3A+Sima+Qian%27s+Conquest+of+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11304-5&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBeVS1n4iTmcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulsewé1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A.F.P._Hulsew%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="A.F.P. Hulsewé">Hulsewé, A. F. P.</a> (1993). "<i>Shih chi</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史記</span></span>". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). <i>Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide</i>. Berkeley, CA: Society for the Study of Early China; University of California, Berkeley. pp. 405–414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55729-043-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55729-043-1"><bdi>1-55729-043-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shih+chi+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text&rft.btitle=Early+Chinese+Texts%3A+A+Bibliographical+Guide&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=405-414&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Early+China%3B+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-55729-043-1&rft.aulast=Hulsew%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=A.+F.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern2010" class="citation book cs1">Kern, Martin (2010). "Early Chinese literature, Beginnings through Western Han". In Owen, Stephen (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11677-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11677-0"><bdi>978-0-521-11677-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Chinese+literature%2C+Beginnings+through+Western+Han&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Chinese+Literature%2C+Volume+1%3A+To+1375&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=1-115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11677-0&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnechtges2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Knechtges" title="David R. Knechtges">Knechtges, David R.</a> (2014). "<i>Shi ji</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">史記</span></span>". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Tai-ping (eds.). <i>Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature, A Reference Guide: Part Two</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 897–904. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19240-9"><bdi>978-90-04-19240-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shi+ji+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Hant%22%3E%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+Chinese+Literature%2C+A+Reference+Guide%3A+Part+Two&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=897-904&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19240-9&rft.aulast=Knechtges&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNienhauser2011" class="citation book cs1">Nienhauser, William (2011). "Sima Qian and the Shiji". In Feldherr, Andrew; Hardy, Grant (eds.). <i>The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 1: Beginnings to AD 600</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 463–484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103678-1"><bdi>978-0-19-103678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sima+Qian+and+the+Shiji&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Historical+Writing%3A+Volume+1%3A+Beginnings+to+AD+600&rft.pages=463-484&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103678-1&rft.aulast=Nienhauser&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1958" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Burton (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ssumachiengrandh012602mbp"><i>Ssu Ma Ch'ien Grand Historian Of China</i></a>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ssu+Ma+Ch%27ien+Grand+Historian+Of+China&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fssumachiengrandh012602mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Chinese_History:_A_New_Manual" title="Chinese History: A New Manual"><i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i></a>. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series <b>84</b>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute; Harvard University Asia Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8"><bdi>978-0-674-06715-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=Harvard-Yenching+Institute+Monograph+Series+%27%27%2784%27%27%27&rft.pub=Harvard-Yenching+Institute%3B+Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06715-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schaab-Hanke, Dorothee. Review of 'Politik und Geschichtsschreibung im alten China: Pan-ma i-t’ung 班馬異同' by Hans van Ess (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2014). <i>T’oung Pao</i> 102-1-3 (2016), pp. 225–235.</li> <li>Yap, Joseph P, (2019). The Western Regions, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and Han, from the Shiji, <a href="/wiki/Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanshu">Hanshu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hou_Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou Hanshu">Hou Hanshu</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1792829154" title="Special:BookSources/978-1792829154">978-1792829154</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiji&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="zh" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="s:zh:史記"><i>Records of the Grand Historian</i> (in Chinese)</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu_Jialu_(許嘉璐Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)An_Pingqiu_(安平秋Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Xu Jialu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">許嘉璐</span></span>); An Pingqiu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安平秋</span></span>), eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShijiClassicalAndVernacular"><i>Records of the Grand Historian, Original and Modern Chinese Translation</i></a> (in Chinese). Century Publishing Group – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian%2C+Original+and+Modern+Chinese+Translation&rft.pub=Century+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShijiClassicalAndVernacular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/shiji">"Shiji" <bdi lang="zh">史記</bdi></a> (in Chinese and English). Chinese Text Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shiji+%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98&rft.pub=Chinese+Text+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fshiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/shiji/ens">"Shiji (Simplified Chinese version)" <bdi lang="zh">史记</bdi></a> (in Chinese and English). Chinese Text Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shiji+%28Simplified+Chinese+version%29+%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0&rft.pub=Chinese+Text+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fshiji%2Fens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShiji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/shiji/sjml.htm">The Original Text in its Entirety (Chinese)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/shiji.html">CHINAKNOWLEDGE <i>Shiji</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史記</span></span> <i>Records of the Grand Scribe</i>.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/smc/index.htm"><i>Ssuma Ch'ien</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Sacred_Text_Archive" title="Internet Sacred Text Archive">Internet Sacred Text Archive</a>. Chapters 1–3, <i>Ssuma Ch'ien's Historical Records</i>, translated by Herbert J. Allen: <ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalroyalasi71irelgoog#page/n287">"Introductory Chapter"</a> (1894), <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i> <b>26</b> (2): 269–295. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00143916">10.1017/S0035869X00143916</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/jras/1894-10.htm">text</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalroyalasi74irelgoog#page/n109">"The Hsia Dynasty"</a> (1895), <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i> <b>27</b> (1): 93–110. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00022784">10.1017/S0035869X00022784</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/jras/1895-03.htm">text</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalroyalasi74irelgoog#page/n633">"The Yin Dynasty"</a> (1895), <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i> <b>27</b> (3): 601–615. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00145083">10.1017/S0035869X00145083</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/jras/1895-17.htm">text</a>)</li></ol></li> <li>Part of chapter 63 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredbooksearly12hornuoft"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredbooksearly12hornuoft">The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East<i>, Volume XII: Medieval China</i></a>, ed. Charles F. Horne, 1917, pp. 396–398.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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Histories</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shiji</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chen_Shou" title="Chen Shou">Chen Shou</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fang_Xuanling" title="Fang Xuanling">Fang Xuanling</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Shen_Yue" title="Shen Yue">Shen Yue</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Qi" title="Book of Qi">Book of Qi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zixian" title="Xiao Zixian">Xiao Zixian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chen" title="Book of Chen">Book of Chen</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wei_Shou" title="Wei Shou">Wei Shou</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Northern_Qi" title="Book of Northern Qi">Book of Northern Qi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Li_Baiyao" title="Li Baiyao">Li Baiyao</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Linghu_Defen" title="Linghu Defen">Linghu Defen</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wei_Zheng" title="Wei Zheng">Wei Zheng</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_Dynasties" title="History of the Southern Dynasties">History of the Southern Dynasties</a></i> (Li Yanshou)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a></i> (Li Yanshou)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i> (Liu Xu et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_Qi" title="Song Qi">Song Qi</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Xue_Juzheng" title="Xue Juzheng">Xue Juzheng</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(book)" title="History of Song (book)">History of Song</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">History of Jin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Song_Lian" title="Song Lian">Song Lian</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tingyu" title="Zhang Tingyu">Zhang Tingyu</a> et al.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Han_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Han_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Han dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Han_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Han dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Han_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Han dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Han_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="History of the Han dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a> (<a href="/wiki/Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate" title="Feast at Swan Goose Gate">Feast at Swan Goose Gate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Clan_disturbance" title="Lü Clan disturbance">Lü Clan disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States" title="Rebellion of the Seven States">Rebellion of the Seven States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">Han–Xiongnu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Heavenly_Horses" title="War of the Heavenly Horses">War of the Heavenly Horses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Gojoseon" title="Han conquest of Gojoseon">Han conquest of Gojoseon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">Southward expansion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Han_campaigns_against_Minyue" title="Han campaigns against Minyue">Han–Minyue War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue" title="Han conquest of Nanyue">Han conquest of Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Dian" title="Han conquest of Dian">Han conquest of Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">First Chinese domination of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese domination of Vietnam">Second Chinese domination of Vietnam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Eyebrows" title="Red Eyebrows">Red Eyebrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lulin" title="Lulin">Lulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengjia" title="Chengjia">Chengjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disasters_of_the_Partisan_Prohibitions" title="Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions">Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice" title="Way of the Five Pecks of Rice">Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="End of the Han dynasty">End of the Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs" title="Battle of Red Cliffs">Battle of Red Cliffs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman,_horse_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of a Han Dynasty ceramic horse"><img alt="Close-up of a Han Dynasty ceramic horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg/100px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg/150px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg/200px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Society and culture of the Han dynasty">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Horse_of_Gansu" title="Flying Horse of Gansu">Flying Horse of Gansu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals_of_Huainan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Immortals of Huainan">Eight Immortals of Huainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawangdui_Silk_Texts" title="Mawangdui Silk Texts">Mawangdui Silk Texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luxuriant_Dew_of_the_Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals">Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yiwu_Zhi" title="Yiwu Zhi">Yiwu Zhi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Texts">Old Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_poetry" title="Han poetry">Han poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(poetry)" title="Fu (poetry)">Fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Military of the Han dynasty">military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_dynasty)" title="Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Han dynasty">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(early)#Han_Dynasty,_Xin_Dynasty_and_Shu_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (early)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Lords_and_Nine_Ministers" title="Three Lords and Nine Ministers">Three Lords and Nine Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ministers" title="Nine Ministers">Nine Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provinces_and_commanderies_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of provinces and commanderies of the Han dynasty">Provinces and commanderies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_Han_dynasty_titles" title="Translation of Han dynasty titles">Translation of government titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_coinage" title="Han dynasty coinage">Coinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Sino-Roman relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Han dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yong" title="Cai Yong">Cai Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Huan" title="Ding Huan">Ding Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Shi" title="Du Shi">Du Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tuo" title="Hua Tuo">Hua Tuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xin_(scholar)" title="Liu Xin (scholar)">Liu Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoxia_Hong" title="Luoxia Hong">Luoxia Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang Zhongjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Script_Texts" title="Ancient Script Texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunheng" title="Lunheng">Balanced Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiben" title="Shiben">Book of Origins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation" title="Book on Numbers and Computation">Book on Numbers and Computation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fangyan_(book)" title="Fangyan (book)">Fangyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingui_Yaol%C3%BCe" title="Jingui Yaolüe">Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art" title="The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art">The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huangdi_Neijing" title="Huangdi Neijing">Huangdi Neijing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi" title="Shuowen Jiezi">Shuowen Jiezi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanghan_Lun" title="Shanghan Lun">Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhoubi_Suanjing" title="Zhoubi Suanjing">Zhoubi Suanjing</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_mythology" title="Template:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_mythology" title="Template talk:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_creation_myths" title="Chinese creation myths">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spiritual_world_concepts" title="Chinese spiritual world concepts">Godly world concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major personages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youchao" title="Youchao">Youchao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Emperor" title="Yan Emperor">Yan Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiyou" title="Chiyou">Chiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuafu" title="Kuafu">Kuafu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythological creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Tortoise">Black Tortoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)" title="White Tiger (mythology)">White Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Vermilion Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dragon" title="Yellow Dragon">Yellow Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">Qilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">Fenghuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglong" title="Yinglong">Yinglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_turtle" title="Spirit turtle">Spirit turtle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixi" title="Bixi">Bixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Huli jing</a> (Fox spirit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lions" title="Chinese guardian lions">Chinese guardian lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixiu" title="Pixiu">Pixiu</a> (Bixie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian" title="Nian">Nian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Horses in Chinese mythology">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundun" title="Hundun">Hundun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiezhi" title="Xiezhi">Xiezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhiqi" title="Wuzhiqi">Wuzhiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeren" title="Yeren">Yeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Fox spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Perils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Evildoers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_(mythology)" title="Peng (mythology)">Peng (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-headed_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine-headed Bird">Nine-headed Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianma" title="Tianma">Tianma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-tailed_fox" title="Nine-tailed fox">Nine-tailed fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_China" title="List of legendary creatures from China"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Buzhou" title="Mount Buzhou">Buzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Pillars" title="Eight Pillars">Eight Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Ghosts" title="Gate of the Ghosts">Gate of the Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusang" title="Fusang">Fusang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mountain_(mythology)" title="Jade Mountain (mythology)">Jade Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Kunlun Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_(mythology)" title="Longmen (mythology)">Longmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Sands" title="Moving Sands">Moving Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(mythology)" title="Red River (mythology)">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_River_(mythology)" title="Weak River (mythology)">Weak River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youdu" title="Youdu">Youdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gu_(poison)" title="Gu (poison)">Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaches_of_Immortality" title="Peaches of Immortality">Peaches of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirang" title="Xirang">Xirang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yi_Ji" title="Shi Yi Ji">Shi Yi Ji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowuzhi" title="Bowuzhi">Bowuzhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liexian_Zhuan" title="Liexian Zhuan">Liexian Zhuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenxian_Zhuan" title="Shenxian Zhuan">Shenxian Zhuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gods_and_Strange_Things" title="Book of Gods and Strange Things">Shenyi Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peach_Blossom_Spring" title="The Peach Blossom Spring">The Peach Blossom Spring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Journeys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Four Journeys">The Four Journeys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods" title="Investiture of the Gods">Investiture of the Gods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Sui_Quash_the_Demons%27_Revolt" title="The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt">The Sorcerer's Revolt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Tales_from_a_Chinese_Studio" title="Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio">Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Supernatural" title="In Search of the Supernatural">In Search of the Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Master_Would_Not_Discuss" title="What the Master Would Not Discuss">What the Master Would Not Discuss</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Questions" title="Heavenly Questions">Heavenly Questions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chu_Ci" title="Chu Ci">Chu Ci</a>)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_the_Thatched_Abode_of_Close_Observations" title="Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations">Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other folk tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_White_Snake" title="Legend of the White Snake">Legend of the White Snake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yong_and_the_Seventh_Fairy" title="Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy">Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cowherd_and_the_Weaver_Girl" title="The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl">The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Lotus_Lantern" title="The Magic Lotus Lantern">The Magic Lotus Lantern</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mulian_Rescues_His_Mother" title="Mulian Rescues His Mother">Mulian Rescues His Mother</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272530#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272530#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272530#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/175869244">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4251775-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sima, Qian, approximately 145 B.C.-approximately 86 B.C. Shi ji"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081033">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00627329">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2012736139&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6090172">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/16623">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987008982889805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/174411898">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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