CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="RmW2/bNMvRCqH9srrJ528BZFvxccdE1WHTgmDBOAuZoozaL0VS9NoH5bDhqODInCfSTkWeVcSL1SNvpxJDvQig==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Complex Determinants Influencing Inappropriate Antibiotic Use - A Systematic Review" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2020/12/31" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Health Sciences and Pharmacy (IJHSP)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Srinivas Publication" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/45010586/Complex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Complex Determinants Influencing Inappropriate Antibiotic Use - A Systematic Review" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Antibiotic medicine is a kind of antimicrobial substance used to fight against the bacteria entered tothe human body and hence is considered as a most important category of antibacterial agents to fightagainst bacterial infections either by killing" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/64969069/16899658/18340226/s200_srinivas.publication.png" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/45010586/Complex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Complex Determinants Influencing Inappropriate Antibiotic Use - A Systematic Review" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Antibiotic medicine is a kind of antimicrobial substance used to fight against the bacteria entered tothe human body and hence is considered as a most important category of antibacterial agents to fightagainst bacterial infections either by killing" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/SrinivasPublication" /> <meta name="description" content="Antibiotic medicine is a kind of antimicrobial substance used to fight against the bacteria entered tothe human body and hence is considered as a most important category of antibacterial agents to fightagainst bacterial infections either by killing" /> <title>(PDF) Complex Determinants Influencing Inappropriate Antibiotic Use - A Systematic Review | Srinivas Publication - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/45010586/Complex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732502355000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732502355000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Antibiotic medicine is a kind of antimicrobial substance used to fight against the bacteria entered tothe human body and hence is considered as a most important category of antibacterial agents to fightagainst bacterial infections either by killing them or inhibiting their growth. Antibiotic medicationsare widely used both for preventing and curing infections in human beings, animals, and agricultural plants but are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold, flu, coughs, sorethroats, etc. Even though antibiotics found their importance in fighting against bacterial infections,inappropriate use of them in humans, animals, and agricultural plants has considered as one of thereasons for developing antimicrobial resistance in them and which has several negative effects fromdifferent stakeholders’ points of view. In this paper, through a systematic review, we made anattempt to study the determinant issues and complex affecting factors whic influence the inappropriate antibiotic use and its consequences in controlling bacterial infections. The study focuson identifying and analyzing misuse of antibiotics including challenges involved in the inappropriate use of Antibiotics, the determinant factors influencing the inappropriate use of antibiotics through a systematic review, predict the determinant factors affecting the process of inappropriate use of antibiotics in an ideal situation which is the final goal of antibiotics research, developing a model by identifying the determinant factors which affects the decision of inappropriate use of antibiotics in society by various stakeholders. It also includes identifying the research gap which is the difference between current status and future anticipated optimistic ideal state and to develop research agendas based on identified research gap on inappropriate use of antibiotics and its effect on human health.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Srinivas Publication"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-01-30","dateModified":"2021-01-30","datePublished":"2020-12-31","headline":"Complex Determinants Influencing Inappropriate Antibiotic Use - A Systematic Review","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Antibiotics"],"locationCreated":"Mangalore, India","publication":"International Journal of Health Sciences and Pharmacy (IJHSP)","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/45010586/Complex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "6819f39772b74e455fc18a0e77e390c207a7b9e71594d6a24605245390bad7c4", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="SzMxQDeyIApszuOjWXuq0IHfLGHBhpsD6gzADaFTjXslmyVJ0dHQuriKNpJ76VXi6r53LziunuilAhxwlujkaw==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/45010586/Complex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="8FqJf4jWl80nTpxX/wCHI7EmkHQl0Xs4BJ25phPiSq+e8p12brVnffMKSWbdkngR2kfLOtz5ftNLk2XbJFkjvw==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-bf3d831cde46cd0e142f29f81a3fc4ce5ab45a404c10c12a480e83de68aff851.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 64969069; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45010586%2FComplex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45010586%2FComplex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":65556281,"identifier":"Attachment_65556281","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":45010586,"created_at":"2021-01-30T03:10:39.515-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-06-17T17:28:45.897-07:00","_data":{"doi":"10.5281/zenodo.4381270","issue":"2","volume":"4","abstract":"Antibiotic medicine is a kind of antimicrobial substance used to fight against the bacteria entered tothe human body and hence is considered as a most important category of antibacterial agents to fightagainst bacterial infections either by killing them or inhibiting their growth. Antibiotic medicationsare widely used both for preventing and curing infections in human beings, animals, and agricultural\nplants but are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold, flu, coughs, sorethroats, etc. Even though antibiotics found their importance in fighting against bacterial infections,inappropriate use of them in humans, animals, and agricultural plants has considered as one of thereasons for developing antimicrobial resistance in them and which has several negative effects fromdifferent stakeholders’ points of view. In this paper, through a systematic review, we made anattempt to study the determinant issues and complex affecting factors whic influence the\ninappropriate antibiotic use and its consequences in controlling bacterial infections. The study focuson identifying and analyzing misuse of antibiotics including challenges involved in the inappropriate\nuse of Antibiotics, the determinant factors influencing the inappropriate use of antibiotics through a\nsystematic review, predict the determinant factors affecting the process of inappropriate use of\nantibiotics in an ideal situation which is the final goal of antibiotics research, developing a model by\nidentifying the determinant factors which affects the decision of inappropriate use of antibiotics in\nsociety by various stakeholders. It also includes identifying the research gap which is the difference\nbetween current status and future anticipated optimistic ideal state and to develop research agendas\nbased on identified research gap on inappropriate use of antibiotics and its effect on human health. ","location":"Mangalore, India","journal_name":"International Journal of Health Sciences and Pharmacy (IJHSP)","organization":"Srinivas University","page_numbers":"34-53","publication_date":"2020,12,31","publication_name":"International Journal of Health Sciences and Pharmacy (IJHSP)"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Complex Determinants Influencing Inappropriate\nAntibiotic Use - A Systematic Review","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [64969069]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":65556281,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Complex Determinants Influencing Inappropriate Antibiotic Use - A Systematic Review”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/65556281/mini_magick20210130-13548-1n51hmq.png?1612006571" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Complex Determinants Influencing Inappropriate Antibiotic Use - A Systematic Review</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="64969069" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SrinivasPublication"><img alt="Profile image of Srinivas Publication" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/64969069/16899658/18340226/s65_srinivas.publication.png" />Srinivas Publication</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020, International Journal of Health Sciences and Pharmacy (IJHSP)</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Antibiotic medicine is a kind of antimicrobial substance used to fight against the bacteria entered tothe human body and hence is considered as a most important category of antibacterial agents to fightagainst bacterial infections either by killing them or inhibiting their growth. Antibiotic medicationsare widely used both for preventing and curing infections in human beings, animals, and agricultural plants but are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold, flu, coughs, sorethroats, etc. Even though antibiotics found their importance in fighting against bacterial infections,inappropriate use of them in humans, animals, and agricultural plants has considered as one of thereasons for developing antimicrobial resistance in them and which has several negative effects fromdifferent stakeholders’ points of view. In this paper, through a systematic review, we made anattempt to study the determinant issues and complex affecting factors whic influence the inappropriate antibiotic use and its consequences in controlling bacterial infections. The study focuson identifying and analyzing misuse of antibiotics including challenges involved in the inappropriate use of Antibiotics, the determinant factors influencing the inappropriate use of antibiotics through a systematic review, predict the determinant factors affecting the process of inappropriate use of antibiotics in an ideal situation which is the final goal of antibiotics research, developing a model by identifying the determinant factors which affects the decision of inappropriate use of antibiotics in society by various stakeholders. It also includes identifying the research gap which is the difference between current status and future anticipated optimistic ideal state and to develop research agendas based on identified research gap on inappropriate use of antibiotics and its effect on human health. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":65556281,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/45010586/Complex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":65556281,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/45010586/Complex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="65556281" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/45010586/Complex_Determinants_Influencing_Inappropriate_Antibiotic_Use_A_Systematic_Review" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="100917496" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100917496/Rational_Use_of_Antibiotics_An_Area_of_Concern">Rational Use of Antibiotics: An Area of Concern</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="267556376" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrChaitaliPattanayak">Dr. Chaitali Pattanayak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Young Pharmacists</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rational Use of Antibiotics: An Area of Concern","attachmentId":101602693,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100917496/Rational_Use_of_Antibiotics_An_Area_of_Concern","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100917496/Rational_Use_of_Antibiotics_An_Area_of_Concern"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="17165565" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17165565/Antibiotics_Overuse_Misuse_A_Dangerous_Trend_that_needs_to_be_Stopped">Antibiotics Overuse/Misuse: A Dangerous Trend that needs to be Stopped</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17124218" href="https://amu-in.academia.edu/HifzurSiddique">Hifzur Siddique</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Antibiotic is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in human medicines. In present era, we cannot live without antibiotics. Unfortunately, 25-50% of prescribed antibiotics are not essential or are not optimally eff ectual1.In the last few decades, the overuse/ misuse of antibiotics especially in the developing countries, like India is putting patients at risk. Misuse of antibiotics is a serious delicate, personal, ethical and medical issue1. Antibiotics misuse fuels the creation of deadly antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistant bacteria in turn increase infection-associated morbidity (disease state of an individual), mortality (incidence of death), and decrease utility of antibiotics for future generations2. Further, all these factors dramatically in􀏐late the cost of health care3. It has been estimated that 20%of emergency room visits in the US are the result of the misuse of antibiotics1. Astoundingly, more children cases are observed than any other group. In many hospitals across the world including India, overuse/ misuse of antibiotics is observed, which further fuels the growth of drug-resistant bacteria. In a recent report, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that doctors in some hospitals of USA prescribe three times more antibiotics than physicians in the same departments at other hospitals1. In a recent study, it has been predicted that antibiotic resistance will kill 300 million people by 20504. In this context, present drugs are in danger, and any new incoming antibitics could be lost quickly if we do not improve the way they are used and prescribed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibiotics Overuse/Misuse: A Dangerous Trend that needs to be Stopped","attachmentId":39359396,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17165565/Antibiotics_Overuse_Misuse_A_Dangerous_Trend_that_needs_to_be_Stopped","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17165565/Antibiotics_Overuse_Misuse_A_Dangerous_Trend_that_needs_to_be_Stopped"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="38073635" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38073635/Knowledge_and_Practices_about_the_Rational_Use_of_Antibiotics">Knowledge and Practices about the Rational Use of Antibiotics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9917783" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ReazulKarim">Reazul Karim</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="100144270" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MasudRana454">Masud Rana</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40712652" href="https://mdmbirati.academia.edu/SumanChakrabarty">Suman Chakrabarty</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Decreasing antibiotic effectiveness due to inadequate knowledge and misconceptions on antibiotic usages has been a big threat all over the world including Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to determine the level of knowledge and practice about the rational use of antibiotics among adults in rural area of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. A Community Clinic (CC) based study was performed by involving 600 rural adults. Data were collected from different CC areas in the Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Knowledge and practice were measured by using composite index. Multistage random sampling and binary logistic regression were used. The study revealed that only 17.2% rural adults had good knowledge about the rational use of antibiotics. The knowledge of proper usages of antibiotics was higher among the young adult compared to older age groups. Adults with primary, secondary and higher educational levels were more likely to have a good knowledge about the rational use of antibiotics compared to illiterate groups. In case of the rural adults, who were secondary and higher educated were more likely to have good practices about the rational use of antibiotics compared with their counterparts. However, majority of the participants (91.0%) had very poor practices in rational use of antibiotic. In this study we found that there was a vast gap of knowledge and practices about the rational use of antibiotics among rural adults in Bangladesh. Consequently, our findings can be considered to make awareness programme about rational use of antibiotic among rural adults in Bangladesh.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Knowledge and Practices about the Rational Use of Antibiotics","attachmentId":58099645,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38073635/Knowledge_and_Practices_about_the_Rational_Use_of_Antibiotics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38073635/Knowledge_and_Practices_about_the_Rational_Use_of_Antibiotics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="43793148" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43793148/DECISION_ANALYSIS_OF_ANTIBIOTIC_USE">DECISION ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC USE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27831239" href="https://umfcv.academia.edu/AdinaTurcuStiolica">Adina Turcu-Stiolica</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Farmacia, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The research objectives have been analysing the profile of the antibiotics consumers in Romania, the causes and risks of the irrational use of antibiotics, the way of their purchasing from community pharmacies in the country and the proposal of a correct and efficient information modality of the population on the risks of irrational antibiotics consumption. An instrumental marketing research has been conducted, based on a survey using a questionnaire distributed to a representative sample, the evaluation being achieved in all counties in Romania. The obtained results have highlighted the main causes of the irrational use of antibiotics: their administration in conditions that don't require such a treatment, population's inability to clearly and accurately associate the antibiotic with the affections that it treats, sometimes the insufficient counselling provided by physicians and pharmacists regarding the posology and the risks of antibiotics consumption, and getting antibiotics from community pharmacies, in some cases, without presenting a medical prescription. In order to educate the population, an original, interactive and suggestive booklet has been accomplished, to correctly inform patients about antibiotics and the treated diseases, so they would understand the risks implied by the irrational use of antibiotics. The study results have indicated a series of problems related to the antibiotics' use in Romania. It is very important to be aware of the risks associated with an irrational consumption of antibiotics, which is the main factor of the emergence of the bacterial resistance. One proposed solution has aimed to inform the public including through the elaboration and dissemination of concludent informative materials. Rezumat Obiectivele cercetării au constat în analizarea profilului consumatorului de antibiotice din România, a cauzelor şi riscurilor aferente utilizării iraționale de antibiotice, a modului de procurare a acestora din farmaciile comunitare din țară, precum şi propunerea unei modalităţi de informare corectă şi eficientă a populaţiei privind riscurile consumului iraţional de antibiotice. S-a realizat o cercetare de marketing instrumentală, având la bază o anchetă efectuată cu ajutorul unui chestionar distribuit unui eşantion reprezentativ, cadrul de selecţie fiind la nivelul tuturor judeţelor din România. Rezultatele obținute au reliefat că principalele cauze ale consumului irațional de antibiotice sunt: administrarea lor în afecțiuni care nu necesită un astfel de tratament, incapacitatea populaţiei de a asocia clar şi corect termenul de antibiotic cu afecțiunile pe care acesta le tratează, uneori consilierea insuficientă oferită de medici și farmaciști privind posologia și riscurile aferente consumului de antibiotice, precum şi procurarea acestora din farmaciile comunitare, în unele cazuri, în lipsa prezentării unei prescripții medicale. În vederea educării populaţiei, s-a realizat o broşură originală, interactivă și sugestivă, care să ajute pacienții să înțeleagă ce este un antibiotic, care sunt afecțiunile pe care le tratează și să conștientizeze riscul la care se expun în urma consumului irațional de antibiotice. Rezultatele studiului au indicat o serie de probleme corelate cu utilizarea antibioticelor în România. Este foarte importantă conștientizarea riscurilor asociate consumului irațional de antibiotice, acesta reprezentând principalul factor al dezvoltării rezistenței bacteriene. O soluţie propusă vizează educarea populaţiei, inclusiv prin elaborarea şi distribuirea către pacienţi a unor materiale informative concludente.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DECISION ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC USE","attachmentId":64109215,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43793148/DECISION_ANALYSIS_OF_ANTIBIOTIC_USE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43793148/DECISION_ANALYSIS_OF_ANTIBIOTIC_USE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="67314118" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67314118/Survey_on_Antibiotics_Usage_Patterns_Perceptions_Common_Side_Effects_and_Knowledge_and_General_Awareness_on_Antibiotic_Resistance">Survey on Antibiotics - Usage Patterns, Perceptions, Common Side Effects and Knowledge and General Awareness on Antibiotic Resistance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34585077" href="https://technoscienceacademy.academia.edu/IJSRST">International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology IJSRST</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Antibiotic use in India has risen sharply, with about a 30% increase in their per capita use during the past decade. There is a significant amount of antibiotic abuse, self-medication, myths, and so on among the locals, which has led to the global problem of antibiotic resistance. As a result, the aim of this study was to assess the general public's level of knowledge and general awareness about antibiotics and its resistance. Questionnaire was designed as per our aim and was circulated randomly between 11th of February, 2021 and the 4th of March, 2021. The responses provided in the spreadsheet were later classified based on the demographic factors considered in our analysis. Later, feedback for proper practices was sent via email to their provided email address. Response rate: 95% (n=380/400) was achieved. According to the outcomes we obtained, the majority of respondents (290 out of 380) had learned of an antibiotic from a doctor or other medical professional. When asked to choose antibiotics from a list of medications, the Science stream had a higher proportion of correct responses. A substantial portion of the population had the misconceptions that taking antibiotics would weaken their bodies (n=142/380) or that antibiotics could differentiate between beneficial and harmful bacteria (n=136/380). The majority of allergies in the general population were caused by Sulpha-containing antibiotics, accounting for 55% of all allergy cases. According to the report, more than half of the population, or 69%, decided to discontinue after experiencing side effects. Respondents were asked if they knew about the antibiotic resistance to evaluate whether they are having the correct knowledge. Out of n=380 respondents, n=273 chose the correct choice. When asked whether acne medication causes resistance, only 19% chose the correct response, i.e. ‘Yes.' When asked about their views on preventing antibiotic resistance, n=244/380 responded to 'Safe food consumption and preparation,' n=152/380 responded to 'Know the signs,' and n=160/380 responded to 'Prevent infections’, all of which are right practices. Considerable part of the population is unaware about the antibiotic resistance problem which is now a global issue. Substantial part of the population is unaware about the practices to be followed to control this problem. Hence, there is dire need to spread awareness regarding the same.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Survey on Antibiotics - Usage Patterns, Perceptions, Common Side Effects and Knowledge and General Awareness on Antibiotic Resistance","attachmentId":78177466,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67314118/Survey_on_Antibiotics_Usage_Patterns_Perceptions_Common_Side_Effects_and_Knowledge_and_General_Awareness_on_Antibiotic_Resistance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67314118/Survey_on_Antibiotics_Usage_Patterns_Perceptions_Common_Side_Effects_and_Knowledge_and_General_Awareness_on_Antibiotic_Resistance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="33025328" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33025328/EDITORIAL_THE_CONSEQUENCES_OF_OVERUSE_MISUSE_AND_ABUSE_OF_ANTIBIOTICS">EDITORIAL THE CONSEQUENCES OF OVERUSE, MISUSE AND ABUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1747666" href="https://buk.academia.edu/LAWALDAHIRUROGO">LAWAL DAHIRU ROGO</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1780066" href="https://buk.academia.edu/ABDULHADISALEKUMURYA">ABDULHADI SALE KUMURYA</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"EDITORIAL THE CONSEQUENCES OF OVERUSE, MISUSE AND ABUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS","attachmentId":53135924,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33025328/EDITORIAL_THE_CONSEQUENCES_OF_OVERUSE_MISUSE_AND_ABUSE_OF_ANTIBIOTICS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33025328/EDITORIAL_THE_CONSEQUENCES_OF_OVERUSE_MISUSE_AND_ABUSE_OF_ANTIBIOTICS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="65234309" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65234309/Irrational_Use_of_Antibiotics_and_Associated_Health_Risks_in_District_Charsadda_Pakistan">Irrational Use of Antibiotics and Associated Health Risks in District Charsadda, Pakistan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="188120851" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AsmaQudrat">Asma Qudrat</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Antibiotics are drugs used for the treatment most of the bacterial infections. The rapid and irrational use of antibiotics presents a high risk of developing health complications and also leads to antibiotic resistance. The current study is designed to know about the ratio of irrational use of antibiotics and associated risks with it. Antibiotics remain an integral part of the prescriptions at DHQ Hospital Charsadda. Our study was based mainly on antibiotic prescriptions. A total of 500 prescriptions were examined in which 62% of the prescriptions were examined thoroughly and found rational whereas 38% were irrational. 26.98% of these irrational prescriptions were due to inaccurate doses. Additionally, 25.39% of them were prescribed for incorrect durations, indicating basic misconceptions in the prescriptions. Among the total irrational prescriptions, the frequency of antibiotics-drug interactions, drug-food interactions, and contraindications were 18.51%, 14.5%, and 14.81% respecti...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Irrational Use of Antibiotics and Associated Health Risks in District Charsadda, Pakistan","attachmentId":76925460,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65234309/Irrational_Use_of_Antibiotics_and_Associated_Health_Risks_in_District_Charsadda_Pakistan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65234309/Irrational_Use_of_Antibiotics_and_Associated_Health_Risks_in_District_Charsadda_Pakistan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="105304079" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105304079/An_Epidemiological_Observation_of_Judicious_use_of_Antibiotics_in_Dhar_District_M_P_India_">An Epidemiological Observation of Judicious use of Antibiotics in Dhar District, M.P. (India)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="259889565" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbhishekVishwakarma186">Abhishek Vishwakarma</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Epidemiological Observation of Judicious use of Antibiotics in Dhar District, M.P. (India)","attachmentId":104793985,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105304079/An_Epidemiological_Observation_of_Judicious_use_of_Antibiotics_in_Dhar_District_M_P_India_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105304079/An_Epidemiological_Observation_of_Judicious_use_of_Antibiotics_in_Dhar_District_M_P_India_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="79391843" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79391843/Appropriate_use_of_antibiotics_an_unmet_need">Appropriate use of antibiotics: an unmet need</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33101910" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RodolfoQuiros">Rodolfo Quiros</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Therapeutic Advances in Urology, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Increasing bacterial resistance combined with a steady decline in the discovery of new antibiotics has resulted in a global healthcare crisis. Overuse of antibiotics, for example, in the poultry and cattle industry, and misuse and improper prescription of antibiotics are leading causes of multidrug resistance (MDR). The increasing use of antibiotics, particularly in developing countries, is a big concern for antibiotic resistance and can cause other health threats such as increased risk of recurrent infections and increased risk of cardiovascular death with chronic use of macrolides. Carbapenems are the last line of defense in many cases of resistant infection, but trends show that resistance against these agents is also increasing. This narrative review is based on relevant literature according to the experience and expertise of the authors and presents an overview of the current knowledge on antibiotic resistance, the key driving factors, and possible strategies to tackle antibiot...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Appropriate use of antibiotics: an unmet need","attachmentId":86122647,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79391843/Appropriate_use_of_antibiotics_an_unmet_need","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79391843/Appropriate_use_of_antibiotics_an_unmet_need"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="59863061" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59863061/Physicians_knowledge_perceptions_and_behaviour_towards_antibiotic_prescribing_a_systematic_review_of_the_literature">Physicians’ knowledge, perceptions and behaviour towards antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review of the literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36454680" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FaridahAryani1">Faridah Aryani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Physicians’ knowledge, perceptions and behaviour towards antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review of the literature","attachmentId":73567122,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59863061/Physicians_knowledge_perceptions_and_behaviour_towards_antibiotic_prescribing_a_systematic_review_of_the_literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59863061/Physicians_knowledge_perceptions_and_behaviour_towards_antibiotic_prescribing_a_systematic_review_of_the_literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":65556281,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":65556281,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_65556281" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="58530143" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58530143/_p_What_drives_inappropriate_use_of_antibiotics_A_mixed_methods_study_from_Bahawalpur_Pakistan_p_"><p>What drives inappropriate use of antibiotics? A mixed methods study from Bahawalpur, Pakistan</p></a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="193949954" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnumAmin13">Anum Amin</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\u003cp\u003eWhat drives inappropriate use of antibiotics? A mixed methods study from Bahawalpur, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e","attachmentId":72895998,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58530143/_p_What_drives_inappropriate_use_of_antibiotics_A_mixed_methods_study_from_Bahawalpur_Pakistan_p_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58530143/_p_What_drives_inappropriate_use_of_antibiotics_A_mixed_methods_study_from_Bahawalpur_Pakistan_p_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="23541221" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23541221/Prevalence_and_Consequences_of_Misuse_of_Antibiotics_Survey_Based_Study_in_Karachi">Prevalence and Consequences of Misuse of Antibiotics, Survey Based Study in Karachi</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11808804" href="https://juw.academia.edu/AsraHameed">Asra Hameed</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prevalence and Consequences of Misuse of Antibiotics, Survey Based Study in Karachi","attachmentId":43971512,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23541221/Prevalence_and_Consequences_of_Misuse_of_Antibiotics_Survey_Based_Study_in_Karachi","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23541221/Prevalence_and_Consequences_of_Misuse_of_Antibiotics_Survey_Based_Study_in_Karachi"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="88166604" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88166604/A_questionnaire_based_survey_to_ascertain_the_views_of_clinicians_regarding_rational_use_of_antibiotics_in_teaching_hospitals_of_Kolkata">A questionnaire-based survey to ascertain the views of clinicians regarding rational use of antibiotics in teaching hospitals of Kolkata</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98840086" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SabnamBegum">Sabnam Begum</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A questionnaire-based survey to ascertain the views of clinicians regarding rational use of antibiotics in teaching hospitals of Kolkata","attachmentId":92193824,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88166604/A_questionnaire_based_survey_to_ascertain_the_views_of_clinicians_regarding_rational_use_of_antibiotics_in_teaching_hospitals_of_Kolkata","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88166604/A_questionnaire_based_survey_to_ascertain_the_views_of_clinicians_regarding_rational_use_of_antibiotics_in_teaching_hospitals_of_Kolkata"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="30556741" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30556741/_Glimpse_of_usage_of_antimicrobial_agents_and_its_unwanted_effects">‘Glimpse of usage of antimicrobial agents and its unwanted effects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33503143" href="https://wub.academia.edu/ZubairKhalidLabu">Zubair Khalid Labu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"‘Glimpse of usage of antimicrobial agents and its unwanted effects","attachmentId":50998821,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30556741/_Glimpse_of_usage_of_antimicrobial_agents_and_its_unwanted_effects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30556741/_Glimpse_of_usage_of_antimicrobial_agents_and_its_unwanted_effects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="11661325" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11661325/Effects_of_intervention_measures_on_irrational_antibiotics_antibacterial_drug_use_in_developing_countries_A_systematic_review">Effects of intervention measures on irrational antibiotics/antibacterial drug use in developing countries: A systematic review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2094182" href="https://independent.academia.edu/scientificresearchpublishing">Scientific Research Publishing</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of intervention measures on irrational antibiotics/antibacterial drug use in developing countries: A systematic review","attachmentId":37116600,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11661325/Effects_of_intervention_measures_on_irrational_antibiotics_antibacterial_drug_use_in_developing_countries_A_systematic_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11661325/Effects_of_intervention_measures_on_irrational_antibiotics_antibacterial_drug_use_in_developing_countries_A_systematic_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="63118422" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63118422/Antimicrobials_Misuse_Overuse_Adverse_Effect_Mechanism_Challenges_and_Strategies_to_Combat_Resistance">Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66901582" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PriyaMishra66">Priya Mishra</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Open Biotechnology Journal</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance","attachmentId":75648147,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63118422/Antimicrobials_Misuse_Overuse_Adverse_Effect_Mechanism_Challenges_and_Strategies_to_Combat_Resistance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63118422/Antimicrobials_Misuse_Overuse_Adverse_Effect_Mechanism_Challenges_and_Strategies_to_Combat_Resistance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="125194705" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125194705/Rational_Use_of_Antibiotics_and_Requisition_of_Pharmacist">Rational Use of Antibiotics and Requisition of Pharmacist</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="322539551" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SoaibSaid1">Soaib Said</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Natural Medicine and Health Sciences</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rational Use of Antibiotics and Requisition of Pharmacist","attachmentId":119281006,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125194705/Rational_Use_of_Antibiotics_and_Requisition_of_Pharmacist","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125194705/Rational_Use_of_Antibiotics_and_Requisition_of_Pharmacist"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="18776123" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18776123/Societys_failure_to_protect_a_precious_resource_antibiotics">Society's failure to protect a precious resource: antibiotics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38849493" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterCollignon">Peter Collignon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Lancet, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Society's failure to protect a precious resource: antibiotics","attachmentId":40248830,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18776123/Societys_failure_to_protect_a_precious_resource_antibiotics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18776123/Societys_failure_to_protect_a_precious_resource_antibiotics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="108694399" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108694399/Irrational_use_of_antibiotics_among_university_students">Irrational use of antibiotics among university students</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25515861" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Meltem%C3%87i%C3%A7eklio%C4%9Flu">Meltem Çiçeklioğlu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Infection, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Irrational use of antibiotics among university students","attachmentId":107010978,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108694399/Irrational_use_of_antibiotics_among_university_students","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108694399/Irrational_use_of_antibiotics_among_university_students"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="90037881" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90037881/To_Assess_Knowledge_Attitude_and_Practices_of_Medical_Professionals_toward_Antibiotics">To Assess Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Medical Professionals toward Antibiotics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="230868958" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrAnmolikaWatal">Dr. Anmolika Watal</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="248582220" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PalkaMittal1">Palka Mittal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"To Assess Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Medical Professionals toward Antibiotics","attachmentId":93712131,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90037881/To_Assess_Knowledge_Attitude_and_Practices_of_Medical_Professionals_toward_Antibiotics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90037881/To_Assess_Knowledge_Attitude_and_Practices_of_Medical_Professionals_toward_Antibiotics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="78623388" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78623388/Investigation_of_the_knowledge_attitude_and_performance_of_the_physicians_in_regard_to_rational_antibiotic_prescription">Investigation of the knowledge, attitude and performance of the physicians in regard to rational antibiotic prescription</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="140375055" href="https://independent.academia.edu/behzadmohsenpour">behzad mohsenpour</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Investigation of the knowledge, attitude and performance of the physicians in regard to rational antibiotic prescription","attachmentId":85607191,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78623388/Investigation_of_the_knowledge_attitude_and_performance_of_the_physicians_in_regard_to_rational_antibiotic_prescription","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78623388/Investigation_of_the_knowledge_attitude_and_performance_of_the_physicians_in_regard_to_rational_antibiotic_prescription"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="66103088" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66103088/Overuse_of_antibiotics_in_high_income_middle_income_and_low_income_countries_patients_knowledge_attitude_behaviour_and_factors_affecting_doctor_s_prescription_behaviour_and_attitude_of_prohibiting_antibiotics_prescription_A_Systematic_Review">Overuse of antibiotics in high-income, middle -income, and low-income countries: patients' knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and factors affecting doctor’s prescription behaviour and attitude of prohibiting antibiotics prescription. A Systematic Review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="144344491" href="https://gre.academia.edu/SABITASHAHA">SABITA SHAHA</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Overuse of antibiotics in high-income, middle -income, and low-income countries: patients' knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and factors affecting doctor’s prescription behaviour and attitude of prohibiting antibiotics prescription. A Systematic Review","attachmentId":77427077,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66103088/Overuse_of_antibiotics_in_high_income_middle_income_and_low_income_countries_patients_knowledge_attitude_behaviour_and_factors_affecting_doctor_s_prescription_behaviour_and_attitude_of_prohibiting_antibiotics_prescription_A_Systematic_Review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66103088/Overuse_of_antibiotics_in_high_income_middle_income_and_low_income_countries_patients_knowledge_attitude_behaviour_and_factors_affecting_doctor_s_prescription_behaviour_and_attitude_of_prohibiting_antibiotics_prescription_A_Systematic_Review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="48058038" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48058038/The_knowledge_attitude_and_the_perception_of_prescribers_on_the_rational_use_of_antibiotics_and_the_need_for_an_antibiotic_policy_a_cross_sectional_survey_in_a_tertiary_care_hospital">The knowledge, attitude and the perception of prescribers on the rational use of antibiotics and the need for an antibiotic policy-a cross sectional survey in a tertiary care hospital</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13034797" href="https://kuhs.academia.edu/AmbiliRemesh">Ambili Remesh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The knowledge, attitude and the perception of prescribers on the rational use of antibiotics and the need for an antibiotic policy-a cross sectional survey in a tertiary care hospital","attachmentId":66867350,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48058038/The_knowledge_attitude_and_the_perception_of_prescribers_on_the_rational_use_of_antibiotics_and_the_need_for_an_antibiotic_policy_a_cross_sectional_survey_in_a_tertiary_care_hospital","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48058038/The_knowledge_attitude_and_the_perception_of_prescribers_on_the_rational_use_of_antibiotics_and_the_need_for_an_antibiotic_policy_a_cross_sectional_survey_in_a_tertiary_care_hospital"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="100763983" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100763983/What_drives_inappropriate_use_of_antibiotics_A_mixed_methods_study_from_Bahawalpur_Pakistan">What drives inappropriate use of antibiotics? A mixed methods study from Bahawalpur, Pakistan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="152785936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/iremmushtaq">irem mushtaq</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Infection and Drug Resistance, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What drives inappropriate use of antibiotics? A mixed methods study from Bahawalpur, Pakistan","attachmentId":101492989,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100763983/What_drives_inappropriate_use_of_antibiotics_A_mixed_methods_study_from_Bahawalpur_Pakistan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100763983/What_drives_inappropriate_use_of_antibiotics_A_mixed_methods_study_from_Bahawalpur_Pakistan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="31364748" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31364748/EVALUATION_OF_KNOWLEDGE_ABOUT_THE_DANGEROUS_EFFECT_OF_EXCESSIVE_USE_OF_ANTIBIOTICS_IN_ASIR_CITY">EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE DANGEROUS EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN ASIR CITY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39246530" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIJAR">IJAR Indexing</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE DANGEROUS EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN ASIR CITY","attachmentId":51743471,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31364748/EVALUATION_OF_KNOWLEDGE_ABOUT_THE_DANGEROUS_EFFECT_OF_EXCESSIVE_USE_OF_ANTIBIOTICS_IN_ASIR_CITY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31364748/EVALUATION_OF_KNOWLEDGE_ABOUT_THE_DANGEROUS_EFFECT_OF_EXCESSIVE_USE_OF_ANTIBIOTICS_IN_ASIR_CITY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="113954586" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113954586/Inappropriate_use_of_antibiotics_its_reasons_and_contributing_factors_among_communities_of_Yirgalem_town_Sidama_regional_state_Ethiopia_A_cross_sectional_study">Inappropriate use of antibiotics, its reasons and contributing factors among communities of Yirgalem town, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="206939911" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AregahegnDona">Aregahegn Dona</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sage Open Medicine, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Inappropriate use of antibiotics, its reasons and contributing factors among communities of Yirgalem town, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study","attachmentId":110781682,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113954586/Inappropriate_use_of_antibiotics_its_reasons_and_contributing_factors_among_communities_of_Yirgalem_town_Sidama_regional_state_Ethiopia_A_cross_sectional_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113954586/Inappropriate_use_of_antibiotics_its_reasons_and_contributing_factors_among_communities_of_Yirgalem_town_Sidama_regional_state_Ethiopia_A_cross_sectional_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="251655" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>