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Mittal" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rohit Bhardwaj" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Priya Mishra" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Satyendra K. Rajput" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="107-112" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1874-0707" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/63118422/Antimicrobials_Misuse_Overuse_Adverse_Effect_Mechanism_Challenges_and_Strategies_to_Combat_Resistance" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are the first risk factors for the development of antibiotics resistance. Inadequate professional competence of health care physicians might worsen the complications associated with antibiotics resistance. Antibiotic" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/63118422/Antimicrobials_Misuse_Overuse_Adverse_Effect_Mechanism_Challenges_and_Strategies_to_Combat_Resistance" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are the first risk factors for the development of antibiotics resistance. Inadequate professional competence of health care physicians might worsen the complications associated with antibiotics resistance. Antibiotic" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/PriyaMishra66" /> <meta name="description" content="Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are the first risk factors for the development of antibiotics resistance. Inadequate professional competence of health care physicians might worsen the complications associated with antibiotics resistance. Antibiotic" /> <title>(PDF) Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/63118422/Antimicrobials_Misuse_Overuse_Adverse_Effect_Mechanism_Challenges_and_Strategies_to_Combat_Resistance" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739843048000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739843048000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are the first risk factors for the development of antibiotics resistance. Inadequate professional competence of health care physicians might worsen the complications associated with antibiotics resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a global issue; however, the epicenter of this misfortune is Asian regions due to the easy accessibility of the strongest antibiotics without prescriptions or diagnoses. High effectiveness and easy accessibility of antibiotics lead to overuse/misuse and encouraging bacteria to develop the resistance. The over-usage and mis-usage of antibiotics are antibiotic abuse, which increase the potentially serious impact on human health. Bestowing to WHO guidelines, the resistance has led to spread worldwide and classifying resistance is a serious health problem. Furthermore, resistance claims uncertainty to predict the future. This review summarizes the major antibiotics involved in drug resistance, mechanism, prescribed dosage with...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Priya Mishra","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PriyaMishra66"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-12-03","dateModified":"2022-10-15","headline":"Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75648147/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Technology","Biological Sciences"],"publication":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd."},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75648147/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63118422/Antimicrobials_Misuse_Overuse_Adverse_Effect_Mechanism_Challenges_and_Strategies_to_Combat_Resistance"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: 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false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":63118422,"created_at":"2021-12-03T06:57:11.665-08:00","from_world_paper_id":185668145,"updated_at":"2025-01-30T02:27:22.681-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are the first risk factors for the development of antibiotics resistance. Inadequate professional competence of health care physicians might worsen the complications associated with antibiotics resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a global issue; however, the epicenter of this misfortune is Asian regions due to the easy accessibility of the strongest antibiotics without prescriptions or diagnoses. High effectiveness and easy accessibility of antibiotics lead to overuse/misuse and encouraging bacteria to develop the resistance. The over-usage and mis-usage of antibiotics are antibiotic abuse, which increase the potentially serious impact on human health. Bestowing to WHO guidelines, the resistance has led to spread worldwide and classifying resistance is a serious health problem. Furthermore, resistance claims uncertainty to predict the future. This review summarizes the major antibiotics involved in drug resistance, mechanism, prescribed dosage with...","publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","publication_name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [66901582]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":75648147,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/75648147/mini_magick20211203-7277-1tpndhk.png?1638543475" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66901582" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PriyaMishra66"><img alt="Profile image of Priya Mishra" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Priya Mishra</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">The Open Biotechnology Journal</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">6 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 63118422; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are the first risk factors for the development of antibiotics resistance. Inadequate professional competence of health care physicians might worsen the complications associated with antibiotics resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a global issue; however, the epicenter of this misfortune is Asian regions due to the easy accessibility of the strongest antibiotics without prescriptions or diagnoses. High effectiveness and easy accessibility of antibiotics lead to overuse/misuse and encouraging bacteria to develop the resistance. The over-usage and mis-usage of antibiotics are antibiotic abuse, which increase the potentially serious impact on human health. Bestowing to WHO guidelines, the resistance has led to spread worldwide and classifying resistance is a serious health problem. Furthermore, resistance claims uncertainty to predict the future. This review summarizes the major antibiotics involved in drug resistance, mechanism, prescribed dosage with...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":75648147,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/63118422/Antimicrobials_Misuse_Overuse_Adverse_Effect_Mechanism_Challenges_and_Strategies_to_Combat_Resistance"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":75648147,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/63118422/Antimicrobials_Misuse_Overuse_Adverse_Effect_Mechanism_Challenges_and_Strategies_to_Combat_Resistance"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Clinical and economically, outcomes are harmed by the antibiotic resistance, along with consequences ranging from a patient's failure to respond treatment and the expensive and alternative drugs costs higher morbidity and mortality rates, preponderant hospital stays and the need for changes in standard therapy. The usage of antibiotic in the population as a whole a few leading sources of antibiotic resistance. Patients who do not have a prescription are frequently given 'prescription-only' medications like antibiotics by pharmacists in undeveloped nations like India. There is a lack of information on how community pharmacists use antibiotics which is critical for developing a viable and long-term intervention programmed to encourage judicious antibiotic use. Antibiotics are one of the most effective weapons to fight against life-threatening illnesses. Their discoveries have a significant impact on human as well as animal health. Consequently, because of the advent and spread of antimicrobial resistance, people all around the world including Americans are sinking due to intractable diseases. In this review, we will look at the trapping of antibiotic resistance on the general public health, community, society and health care system. Resistance to antibiotics is a danger sign that is putting strain on healthcare systems and resulting in severe health loss; we must continue to monitor and support activities aimed at preventing and controlling the infection.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibiotic Resistance: A Universal Issue of Concern","attachmentId":93995553,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90430252/Antibiotic_Resistance_A_Universal_Issue_of_Concern","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90430252/Antibiotic_Resistance_A_Universal_Issue_of_Concern"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="67728074" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67728074/Emerging_trend_in_antibiotic_resistance_Global_views_by_Health_Care_Professionals">Emerging trend in antibiotic resistance: Global views by Health Care Professionals</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="210763225" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hajrazafar10">hajra zafar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To highlight the understanding, knowledge and perceptions of health care professional towards antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance Mechanism. A search was performed on using literature and different articles from June-October 2015 to identify the studies already published on the view of antibiotics usage and resistance worldwide. It involved students of Medicine and pharm-D, Doctors, Nursing professional, general population and their knowledge, attitude towards practicing antibiotics. Sixteen studies were identified that included three from India, two from Portugal and one each from China, Malaysia, Jordan, Nigeria, France, UK, Greece, Italy, Sweden, Boston and one in several Southeast Asian Countries. Majority of the individual’s response varied widely. Most of them want quick cure rather than considering specifications. General public also showed less than average response to the use of antibiotics. The knowledge of Resistance on the part on all health care professionals was l...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Emerging trend in antibiotic resistance: Global views by Health Care Professionals","attachmentId":78447638,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67728074/Emerging_trend_in_antibiotic_resistance_Global_views_by_Health_Care_Professionals","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67728074/Emerging_trend_in_antibiotic_resistance_Global_views_by_Health_Care_Professionals"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="103381700" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103381700/Antibiotic_Resistance_A_Global_Health_Crisis">Antibiotic Resistance: A Global Health Crisis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5561475" href="https://independent.academia.edu/shaillyanand">shailly anand</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Microsphere</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has been recognized as a global health crisis. It occurs when the microbial pathogens develop mechanisms by means of which the existing antibiotics become ineffective against them and the management of infections caused by them become difficult. According to the data of World Health Organization (WHO) the most common multidrug resistant (MDR) microbes include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile, Klebsiella pneumoniae and many more. Overpopulation, globalization, misuse of antibiotics by humans, injudicious use of antibiotics in livestock, poor hygiene standards in hospitals and lack of development of new antibiotics constitute the major causes for the rise in antimicrobial resistance. Although, the development of new antibiotics is considered as a potential solution to tackle the spread of AMR; newer alternative strategies including vaccines, b...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibiotic Resistance: A Global Health Crisis","attachmentId":103403562,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103381700/Antibiotic_Resistance_A_Global_Health_Crisis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103381700/Antibiotic_Resistance_A_Global_Health_Crisis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="114328770" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114328770/Antibiotic_Resistance_Global_Threat_To_Public_Health">Antibiotic Resistance: Global Threat To Public Health</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="207818012" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IntJPharmSci">International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Antibiotics are drugs used to prevent and treat infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. The problem of antibiotic resistance is linked to the overuse and abuse of these drugs and the inability of the pharmaceutical industry to create new drugs due to difficult regulatory requirements and diminished financial incentives. Many of these bacteria currently impose a significant clinical and financial burden on patients, families, and the U.S. healthcare system. The rapid emergence of resistant bacteria throughout the world jeopardizes the effectiveness of antibiotics that have transformed medicine and saved millions of lives. The molecular mechanisms of resistance to the evolution of bacteria genetics and biochemistry prove that it is difficult to maintain effective antibiotic activity, particularly due to the resistance shown to such problems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibiotic Resistance: Global Threat To Public Health","attachmentId":111056107,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114328770/Antibiotic_Resistance_Global_Threat_To_Public_Health","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114328770/Antibiotic_Resistance_Global_Threat_To_Public_Health"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="89573851" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89573851/Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Global_Crisis">Antibiotic Resistance: The Global Crisis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="107341622" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PayelMukherjee8">Payel Mukherjee</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Antibiotics are secondary metabolites microorganism effective against other microorganisms. For decades antibiotics are used for therapeutic purpose. Excess use, inappropriate use of antibiotics causes antibiotic resistance. It affects on public health as well as economy. Positive efforts needed to minimize or overcome these global issue through studying the mechanism of action of antibiotics, awareness through healthcare system and social awareness also. Alternative approaches should be introduced like vaccines, Probiotics and antibiotics in the future to avoid antibiotic resistance.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibiotic Resistance: The Global Crisis","attachmentId":93353774,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89573851/Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Global_Crisis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89573851/Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Global_Crisis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="80332781" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80332781/Antibiotic_prescription_and_resistance_A_contemporary_literature_review">Antibiotic prescription and resistance: A contemporary literature review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55793683" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GodfreyIyalomhe">Godfrey Iyalomhe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Worldwide, antibiotics are among the most commonly used and misused drugs because of the perception in some practitioners and patients that antibiotic resistance is theoretical or only a minor risk. This review therefore aims to update knowledge and promote proper antibiotic prescription with the goal of optimizing use and halting the trend of rising resistance. A literature and internet (Medline, embase, HINARI and Cochrane data bases) search showed that prescription of antibiotics only when indicated following standard guidelines minimizes the incidence and spread of resistance. Mechanisms of resistance development include bacterial mutation or horizontal transfer from plasmids, transposons, integrons and gene cassettes between commensal organisms and potential pathogens by transduction, translocation, transposition, transformation or conjugation. Resistance may emerge following indiscriminate use of antibiotics, unhygienic conditions, poor drug handling and nonadherence. To halt resistance, priority areas include prudent use of antibiotics; development of antimicrobials with novel mechanisms of action; use of bioinformatics and genomic techniques to identify and study new targets of attack; use of alternatives to antibiotics such as bacteriophagederived therapy or chemical agents that can block or reverse resistance pathways; use of agents in natural products, vaccines and pro-biotics as well as implementing public health strategies and education of the populace. In response, initiatives at the local, national and international levels are now directed towards promoting good antibiotic stewardship, infection control, sanitation and hygiene practices.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibiotic prescription and resistance: A contemporary literature review","attachmentId":86750308,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80332781/Antibiotic_prescription_and_resistance_A_contemporary_literature_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80332781/Antibiotic_prescription_and_resistance_A_contemporary_literature_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="105388042" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105388042/_Resistance_to_antibiotic_A_serious_global_problem_">[Resistance to antibiotic: A serious global problem]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68446908" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YLopezVidal">Yolanda López-Vidal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Gaceta médica de México</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">An important piece of improvement in public health standards, medicine achievements, and development is based on the impressive effect of vaccines and antibiotics on infectious diseases. However, the last three or so decades have witnessed how an unsound use of antibiotics has resulted in antibiotic multi-resistant clones in hospitals and community environments. It also has been said that antibiotic research and the development pipeline has crashed, leading to no new antibiotic molecules to be tested at a time of treatment failure, manifest with unacceptable frequency as an increased economic and human cost in lives. Like the name of the series, antibiotic resistance is a global problem with clear evolutionary roots and a broad local impact. In that sense, this review explores the interaction among resistant mechanisms, underlying motives of expansion and actual trends in antibiotic resistance upgrade to limit the problem. Conceivably, only the involvement of players at every level,...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"[Resistance to antibiotic: A serious global problem]","attachmentId":104855147,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105388042/_Resistance_to_antibiotic_A_serious_global_problem_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105388042/_Resistance_to_antibiotic_A_serious_global_problem_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="93171092" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93171092/Factors_impacts_and_possible_solutions_of_antibiotic_resistance_Review_article">Factors, impacts and possible solutions of antibiotic resistance: Review article</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37430924" href="https://independent.academia.edu/kindugeta">kindu geta</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">World Scientific News, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The discovery of antibiotics has helped to save the lives of an uncountable number of people. Unfortunately, their misuse and other related factors have led to the emergence and development of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to public health globally and threatens the ability to treat infectious diseases. The factors that contribute for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance are complex non-prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary and human medicine is, in large part, responsible for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Inappropriate prescription practices, inadequate education, poor drug quality, limited rapid diagnostic test facilities, poor hygiene, infection prevention and control practice are also other factors contribute for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Due to the emergency of new resistant bacteria and decrease in efficiency of treating common infectious diseases, it results in failure of microbial response to standard treatment, leading to prolonged illness, higher expenditures for health care, and an immense risk of death. Considering these serious impacts of antibiotic resistance several solutions have been proposed including antibiotic stewardship, educational program, hygiene, infection prevention and control strategy, adapting rapid methods for detecting resistance bacteria as well as developing new antibiotics and alternative therapeutic agents.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Factors, impacts and possible solutions of antibiotic resistance: Review article","attachmentId":95982693,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93171092/Factors_impacts_and_possible_solutions_of_antibiotic_resistance_Review_article","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93171092/Factors_impacts_and_possible_solutions_of_antibiotic_resistance_Review_article"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="42015419" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42015419/ANTIBIOTIC_RESISTANCE_STAYING_AHEAD_of_the_GLOBAL_MENACE">ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: STAYING AHEAD of the GLOBAL MENACE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47625572" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IfemedJournal">Ifemed Journal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">INFECTIOUS DISEASE, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Antibiotic resistance is a global issue and has begun to gain rapt public attention. Its incidence is common and it has developed virtually against every class of antibiotic. It is rapidly becoming significant in Africa, where a vast proportion of infections are caused by bacteria. We hereby discuss the causes, consequences of antibiotic resistance, and how to avoid a return to the dark ages of Medicine.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: STAYING AHEAD of the GLOBAL MENACE","attachmentId":62139925,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42015419/ANTIBIOTIC_RESISTANCE_STAYING_AHEAD_of_the_GLOBAL_MENACE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42015419/ANTIBIOTIC_RESISTANCE_STAYING_AHEAD_of_the_GLOBAL_MENACE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="17165565" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17165565/Antibiotics_Overuse_Misuse_A_Dangerous_Trend_that_needs_to_be_Stopped">Antibiotics Overuse/Misuse: A Dangerous Trend that needs to be Stopped</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17124218" href="https://amu-in.academia.edu/HifzurSiddique">Hifzur Siddique</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Antibiotic is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in human medicines. In present era, we cannot live without antibiotics. Unfortunately, 25-50% of prescribed antibiotics are not essential or are not optimally eff ectual1.In the last few decades, the overuse/ misuse of antibiotics especially in the developing countries, like India is putting patients at risk. Misuse of antibiotics is a serious delicate, personal, ethical and medical issue1. Antibiotics misuse fuels the creation of deadly antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistant bacteria in turn increase infection-associated morbidity (disease state of an individual), mortality (incidence of death), and decrease utility of antibiotics for future generations2. Further, all these factors dramatically in􀏐late the cost of health care3. It has been estimated that 20%of emergency room visits in the US are the result of the misuse of antibiotics1. Astoundingly, more children cases are observed than any other group. In many hospitals across the world including India, overuse/ misuse of antibiotics is observed, which further fuels the growth of drug-resistant bacteria. In a recent report, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that doctors in some hospitals of USA prescribe three times more antibiotics than physicians in the same departments at other hospitals1. In a recent study, it has been predicted that antibiotic resistance will kill 300 million people by 20504. In this context, present drugs are in danger, and any new incoming antibitics could be lost quickly if we do not improve the way they are used and prescribed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibiotics Overuse/Misuse: A Dangerous Trend that needs to be Stopped","attachmentId":39359396,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17165565/Antibiotics_Overuse_Misuse_A_Dangerous_Trend_that_needs_to_be_Stopped","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17165565/Antibiotics_Overuse_Misuse_A_Dangerous_Trend_that_needs_to_be_Stopped"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":75648147,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":75648147,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_75648147" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="60291469" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60291469/Antibiotic_misuse_and_the_development_of_bacterial_resistance_Are_we_losing_the_battle">Antibiotic misuse and the development of bacterial resistance: Are we losing the battle</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39399385" href="https://uomosul.academia.edu/radwanalzidan">radhwan Al_Zidan</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="126807016" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/126807016/Antimicrobial_Resistance_Misuse_or_Overuse_of_Antibiotics">Antimicrobial Resistance: Misuse or Overuse of Antibiotics?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59236323" href="https://utexas.academia.edu/FortuneJournals">Fortune Journals</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Misuse or Overuse of Antibiotics?","attachmentId":120629431,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126807016/Antimicrobial_Resistance_Misuse_or_Overuse_of_Antibiotics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/126807016/Antimicrobial_Resistance_Misuse_or_Overuse_of_Antibiotics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="99504318" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" 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ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="191303913" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmmaraRiaz15">Ammara Riaz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Global and Temporal Trends in the Use of Antibiotics and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance","attachmentId":96189807,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93456140/Global_and_Temporal_Trends_in_the_Use_of_Antibiotics_and_Spread_of_Antimicrobial_Resistance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93456140/Global_and_Temporal_Trends_in_the_Use_of_Antibiotics_and_Spread_of_Antimicrobial_Resistance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="15454860" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15454860/Antimicrobial_resistance_risk_associated_with_antibiotic_overuse_and_initiatives_to_reduce_the_problem">Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34598133" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LarsBjerrum">Lars Bjerrum</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Therapeutic advances in drug safety, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem","attachmentId":43179610,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15454860/Antimicrobial_resistance_risk_associated_with_antibiotic_overuse_and_initiatives_to_reduce_the_problem","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15454860/Antimicrobial_resistance_risk_associated_with_antibiotic_overuse_and_initiatives_to_reduce_the_problem"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="118266056" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118266056/Guest_editorial_Microbiological_resistance_promoted_by_misuse_of_antibiotics_a_public_health_concern">Guest editorial. Microbiological resistance promoted by misuse of antibiotics: a public health concern</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32876999" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NielsFrimodtm%C3%B8ller">Niels Frimodt-møller</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The European Journal of Public Health, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Guest editorial. 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