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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinot_Gris_close.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pinot_Gris_close.JPG/220px-Pinot_Gris_close.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Pinot_Gris_close.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>The IGGP's main goals are to improve control, yield and quality in wine grape production via <a href="/wiki/Genetic_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic modification">genetic modification</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>International Grape Genomics Program</b> (<b>IGGP</b>) is a collaborative <a href="/wiki/Genome_project" title="Genome project">genome project</a> dedicated to determining the <a href="/wiki/Genome_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome sequence">genome sequence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapevine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>. It is a multinational project involving research centers in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>The project was established on the premise that whereas the <i>Vitis</i> family provides the world's most economically important <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> is still poorly understood. Many centuries of <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> have provided many well-informed wine-producing centres throughout the world, yet exactly how a grapevine plant responds and interacts with the physical <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> and deals with <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic</a> stresses, <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> is currently unknown. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> surrounding <i>Vitis</i> has been traditionally based upon specific <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotypes</a>, which in the main have relied on "vegetative multiplication" and control of growing conditions to improve <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">quality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yield</a>. While advances in quality have certainly been achieved, it has involved increased costs and is in danger of incurring unsustainable <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture#Criticism" title="Industrial agriculture">environmental overheads</a>. The argument is that the relatively unknown biology of <i>Vitis</i> is capable of delivering desired viticultural improvements without the associated ongoing costs, and establishing its genome sequence will examine the role individual genes play in <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>, improving <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> characteristics and quality in a predictable way.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_discoveries">Initial discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Grape_Genome_Program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Initial discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of March 2007, the project has mapped over half of the grapevine genome. In the course of their research, the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Research_Centre" title="Cooperative Research Centre">Cooperative Research Centre</a> for Viticulture (CRCV), based at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</a> Plant Industry Horticulture Unit in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, Australia (one of the IGGP collaborating centres) discovered that white grapes only exist today as a result of a rare <a href="/wiki/Genetic_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mutation">genetic mutation</a> which took place thousands of years ago. White grapes are believed to have arisen due to the extremely rare and independent mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a>, <i>VvMYBA1</i> and <i>VvMYBA2</i>, in a red grape parent. </p><p>Most grapevine cultivars can be divided into two groups – red and white – based on the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a> in the skin of the fruit, which the geneticists discovered to be controlled by these two genes. Although either can dictate colour, the <i>VvMYBA1</i> gene, which activates the anthocyanin <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> necessary to produce red grapes, was shown not to be <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcribed</a> in white grape berries. The white berry <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> of <i>VvMYBA2</i> was inactivated by two mutations, one leading to an <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> substitution and the other to a <a href="/wiki/Frameshift" class="mw-redirect" title="Frameshift">frameshift</a> mutation. Tests showed that either mutation removes the ability of the <a href="/wiki/Regulator_gene" title="Regulator gene">regulator</a> to switch on anthocyanin biosynthesis, and when both are switched off it results in a white cultivar. Sequence analyses of the <i>VvMYBA2</i> gene confirmed that all of the 55 white <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> tested contained the white berry allele, but not red berry alleles – and all displayed exactly the same double mutation, pointing to a single, common <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assuming this to be true of all white cultivars, without this single parent vine there would be no white grapes today. White wine residues discovered in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> pottery remains suggest that this mutation occurred at least three thousand years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in lieu of testing against a known white grape genome, the possibility remains that the mutation could have occurred more recently. </p><p>A similar dual mutation occurred during the last decade. Viticultor Jesús Galilea Esteban, of the vineyard Murillo de Rio Leza in <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a>, Spain, noticed a <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo#Tempranillo_in_white" title="Tempranillo">white grape mutation</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a> grapevines growing on his estate. After the white vine was <a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagated</a> and the mutation did not revert, the new <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> was granted outline permission to apply for approved grape status by the Rioja <a href="/wiki/Denominacion_de_origen" class="mw-redirect" title="Denominacion de origen">D.O.</a> and the first hectare of white Tempranillo was planted in the region in the year 2000. Both white and red vines share identical leaves, clusters and berry shape, as well as the short ripening cycles and sensitivity to pests and diseases typical of the red Tempranillo. The mutation is thought to have occurred as a result of environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Grape_Genome_Program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo_blanco" title="Tempranillo blanco">White Tempranillo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Grape_Genome_Program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitaceae.org/">"International Grape Genome Program"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Grape+Genome+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitaceae.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Grape+Genome+Program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerLeeBogsMcDavid2007" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Amanda R.; Lee, Elizabeth; Bogs, Jochen; McDavid, Debra A. J.; Thomas, Mark R.; Robinson, Simon P. (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2006.02997.x">"White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes"</a>. <i>The Plant Journal</i>. <b>49</b> (5): 772–785. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2006.02997.x">10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02997.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17316172">17316172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+Journal&rft.atitle=White+grapes+arose+through+the+mutation+of+two+similar+and+adjacent+regulatory+genes&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=772-785&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2006.02997.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17316172&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Amanda+R.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Bogs%2C+Jochen&rft.au=McDavid%2C+Debra+A.+J.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Mark+R.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Simon+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-313X.2006.02997.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Grape+Genome+Program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070521183634/http://www.a2mediagroup.com/?c=138">"First white wine was a happy accident"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a2mediagroup.com/?c=138&a=13871">the original</a> on May 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+white+wine+was+a+happy+accident&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a2mediagroup.com%2F%3Fc%3D138%26a%3D13871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Grape+Genome+Program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González, Rosa María. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106004756/http://vinosalmundo.com/Ver_Articulo.asp?id=272">"Tempranillo en blanco y negro"</a>. <i>Vinos al Mundo.com</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vinosalmundo.com/Ver_articulo.asp?id=272">the original</a> on 2007-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vinos+al+Mundo.com&rft.atitle=Tempranillo+en+blanco+y+negro&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Rosa+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinosalmundo.com%2FVer_articulo.asp%3Fid%3D272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Grape+Genome+Program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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selflink">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Viticulture" title="Category:Viticulture">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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