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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples of microclimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_microclimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_influences_on_microclimate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_influences_on_microclimate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sources and influences on microclimate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_influences_on_microclimate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources and influences on microclimate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_influences_on_microclimate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_air_pool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_air_pool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cold air pool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_air_pool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Craters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Craters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Caves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_microclimate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_microclimate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Plant microclimate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_microclimate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Slopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Soil types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_regions_known_for_microclimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_regions_known_for_microclimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cities and regions known for microclimates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cities_and_regions_known_for_microclimates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cities and regions known for microclimates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_regions_known_for_microclimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Asia and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Microclimate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مناخ أصغري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناخ أصغري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroiqlim" title="Mikroiqlim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mikroiqlim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="सूक्ष्मजलवायु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सूक्ष्मजलवायु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Микроклимат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Микроклимат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclima" title="Microclima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microclima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklima" title="Mikroklima – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikroklima" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meicrohinsawdd" title="Meicrohinsawdd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meicrohinsawdd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklima" title="Mikroklima – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikroklima" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrokliima" title="Mikrokliima – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mikrokliima" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μικρόκλιμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μικρόκλιμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclima" title="Microclima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microclima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklimato" title="Mikroklimato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikroklimato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklima" title="Mikroklima – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikroklima" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="خرداقلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرداقلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimat" title="Microclimat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microclimat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrichl%C3%ADmeola%C3%ADocht" title="Micrichlímeolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Micrichlímeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclima" title="Microclima – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Microclima" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84" title="미기후 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미기후" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Միկրոկլիմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միկրոկլիմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim_mikro" title="Iklim mikro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iklim mikro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclima" title="Microclima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microclima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Микроклимат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Микроклимат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikwoklima" title="Mikwoklima – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mikwoklima" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Микроклимат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Микроклимат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrokl%C3%ADma" title="Mikroklíma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikroklíma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microklimaat" title="Microklimaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microklimaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklima" title="Mikroklima – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikroklima" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklima" title="Mikroklima – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mikroklima" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroiqlim" title="Mikroiqlim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mikroiqlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklimat" title="Mikroklimat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikroklimat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclima" title="Microclima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microclima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclim%C4%83" title="Microclimă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microclimă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Микроклимат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микроклимат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklima" title="Mikroklima – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mikroklima" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Микроклима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Микроклима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroilmasto" title="Mikroilmasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikroilmasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroklimat" title="Mikroklimat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mikroklimat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="ภูมิอากาศจุลภาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิอากาศจุลภาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroiklim" title="Mikroiklim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mikroiklim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Local set of atmospheric conditions that differ significantly from the surrounding area</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticultural</a> use of the term microclimate, see <a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels in viticulture</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Microclimate" title="Special:EditPage/Microclimate">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Microclimate" title="Talk:Microclimate">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Microclimate%22">"Microclimate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Microclimate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Microclimate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Microclimate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Microclimate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Microclimate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_extra_info plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_extra_info" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg/220px-Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg/330px-Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg/440px-Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Microclimate on rock located in <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunrise-on-Sea" title="Sunrise-on-Sea">Sunrise-on-Sea</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>microclimate</b> (or <b>micro-climate</b>) is a local set of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmospheric</a> conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas, often slightly but sometimes substantially. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or smaller (for example a <a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">garden bed</a>, underneath a rock, or a cave) or as large as many square kilometers. Because <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> is <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a>, which implies <a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">spatial</a> and temporal variation of the mean values of the describing <a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">parameters</a>, microclimates are identified as statistically distinct conditions which occur and/or persist within a region. Microclimates can be found in most places but are most pronounced in topographically dynamic zones such as mountainous areas, islands, and coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in heavy urban areas where <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and re-radiate that heat to the ambient air: the resulting <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> (UHI) is a kind of microclimate that is additionally driven by relative paucity of <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheLostGardensOfHeligan-Jungle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/TheLostGardensOfHeligan-Jungle.jpg/220px-TheLostGardensOfHeligan-Jungle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/TheLostGardensOfHeligan-Jungle.jpg/330px-TheLostGardensOfHeligan-Jungle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/TheLostGardensOfHeligan-Jungle.jpg/440px-TheLostGardensOfHeligan-Jungle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tree_fern" title="Tree fern">Tree ferns</a> thrive in a protected <a href="/wiki/Dell_(landform)" title="Dell (landform)">dell</a> area in the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Gardens_of_Heligan" title="Lost Gardens of Heligan">Lost Gardens of Heligan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England, latitude 50° 15'N.</figcaption></figure> <p>The terminology "micro-climate" first appeared in the 1950s in publications such as <i>Climates in Miniature: A Study of Micro-Climate Environment</i> (Thomas Bedford Franklin, 1955).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_microclimates">Examples of microclimates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples of microclimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area in a developed industrial park may vary greatly from a wooded park nearby, as natural <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> in parks absorb light and heat in leaves that a building roof or parking lot just radiates back into the air. Advocates of <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> argue that widespread use of solar collection can mitigate overheating of urban environments by absorbing sunlight and putting it to work instead of heating the foreign surface objects.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A microclimate can offer an opportunity as a small <a href="/wiki/Growing_region" title="Growing region">growing region</a> for crops that cannot thrive in the broader area; this concept is often used in <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a> practiced in northern temperate climates. Microclimates can be used to the advantage of gardeners who carefully choose and position their plants. Cities often raise the average temperature by <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a>, and a sheltered position can reduce the severity of winter. <a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof gardening</a>, however, exposes plants to more extreme temperatures in both summer and winter. </p><p>In an urban area, tall buildings create their own microclimate, both by overshadowing large areas and by channeling strong winds to ground level. <a href="/wiki/Wind_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind Engineering">Wind effects</a> around tall buildings are assessed as part of a microclimate study. </p><p>Microclimates can also refer to purpose-made environments, such as those in a room or other enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microclimates are commonly created and carefully maintained in museum display and storage environments. This can be done using passive methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">silica gel</a>, or with active microclimate control devices. </p><p>Usually, if the inland areas have a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>, the coastal areas stay much milder during winter months, in contrast to the hotter summers. This is the case in places such as <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> wet winter with rare frosts, but inland areas that average several degrees warmer in summer have cold and snowy winters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_influences_on_microclimate">Sources and influences on microclimate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources and influences on microclimate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two main parameters to define a microclimate within a certain area are temperature and <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>. A source of a drop in temperature and/or humidity can be attributed to different sources or influences. Often a microclimate is shaped by a conglomerate of different influences and is a subject of <a href="/wiki/Microscale_meteorology" title="Microscale meteorology">microscale meteorology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_air_pool">Cold air pool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold air pool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of the <a href="/wiki/Cold-air_pool" title="Cold-air pool">cold air pool</a> (CAP) effect are Gstettneralm Sinkhole in Austria (lowest recorded temperature −53 °C (−63 °F))<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sinks" title="Peter Sinks">Peter Sinks</a> in the US. The main criterion on the wind speed <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span> in order to create a warm air flow penetration into a CAP is the following: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} ={\frac {v}{Nh}}\geq \mathrm {Fr} _{c},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>v</mi> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≥</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} ={\frac {v}{Nh}}\geq \mathrm {Fr} _{c},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4a0e7df5ed76e93fdb3e56d9c1c37f39dda201d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.886ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} ={\frac {v}{Nh}}\geq \mathrm {Fr} _{c},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de5c7492289343fcce0dae350c8fb7bba27b0351" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.429ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} }"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Froude_number" title="Froude number">Froude number</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> — the <a href="/wiki/Brunt%E2%80%93V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4_frequency" title="Brunt–Väisälä frequency">Brunt–Väisälä frequency</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}"></span> — depth of the valley, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} _{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} _{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/071aad5e453fb95f5f8199440e2c537183696a52" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.374ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} _{c}}"></span> — Froude number at the threshold wind speed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Craters">Craters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Craters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> close to the surface in a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">crater</a> creates a unique microclimate environment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caves">Caves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Caves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves">Caves</a> are important geologic formations that can house unique and delicate geologic/biological environments. The vast majority of caves found are made of calcium carbonates such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. In these dissolution environments, many species of flora and fauna find home. The mixture of water content within the cave atmosphere, air pressure, geochemistry of the cave rock as well as the waste product from these species can combine to make unique microclimates within cave systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Dredge,_Jonathan_2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dredge,_Jonathan_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The speleogenetic effect is an observed and studied process of air circulation within cave environments brought on by convection. In <a href="/wiki/Phreatic_zone" title="Phreatic zone">phreatic</a> conditions the cave surfaces are exposed to the enclosed air (as opposed to submerged and interacting with water from the water table in <a href="/wiki/Vadose" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadose">vadose</a> conditions). This air circulates water particles that condense on cave walls and formations such as <a href="/wiki/Speleothems" class="mw-redirect" title="Speleothems">speleothems</a>. This condensing water has been found to contribute to cave wall erosion and the formation of morphological features. Some examples of this can be found in the limestone walls of <a href="/wiki/Monsummano_Terme#Main_sights" title="Monsummano Terme">Grotta Giusti</a>; a thermal cave near <a href="/wiki/Monsummano_Terme" title="Monsummano Terme">Monsummano</a>, Lucca, Italy. Any process that leads to an increase or decrease in chemical/physical processes will subsequently impact the environment within that system. Air density within caves, which directly relates to the convection processes, is determined by the air temperature, humidity, and pressure. In enclosed cave environments, the introduction of bacteria, algae, plants, animals, or human interference can change any one of these factors therefore altering the microenvironment within the cave.<sup id="cite_ref-Dredge,_Jonathan_2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dredge,_Jonathan_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are over 750 caves worldwide that are available for people to visit. The constant human traffic through these cave environments can have a negative effect on the microclimates as well as on the geological and archeological findings. Factors that play into the deterioration of these environments include nearby deforestation, agriculture operations, water exploitation, mining, and tourist operations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The speleogenetic effect of normal caves tends to show a slow circulation of air. In unique conditions where acids are present, the effects of erosion and changes to the microenvironment can be drastically enhanced. One example is the effect of the presence of hydro<a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span>). When the oxidized hydrosulfuric acid chemically alters to sulfuric acid(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>), this acid starts to react with the calcium carbonate rock at much higher rates. The water involved in this reaction tends to have a high pH of 3 which renders the water almost unlivable for many bacteria and algae. An example of this can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Frasassi_Caves#Chambers" title="Frasassi Caves">Grotta Grande del Vento cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ancona" title="Province of Ancona">Ancona, Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dredge,_Jonathan_2013_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dredge,_Jonathan_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_microclimate">Plant microclimate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plant microclimate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As pointed out by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Geiger" title="Rudolf Geiger">Rudolf Geiger</a> in his book<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not only climate influences the living plant but the opposite effect of the interaction of plants on their environment can also take place, and is known as <i>plant climate</i>. This effect has important consequences for forests in the midst of a continent; indeed, if forests were not creating their own clouds and <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle_management" title="Water cycle management">water cycle</a> with their efficient <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> activity, there would be no forest far away from coasts,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as statistically, without any other influence, rainfall occurrence would decrease from the coast towards inland. Planting trees to fight drought has also been proposed in the context of <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dams">Dams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Environmental impact of reservoirs</a></div> <p>Artificial reservoirs as well as natural ones create microclimates and often influence the macroscopic climate as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slopes">Slopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Slopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another contributing factor of microclimate is the slope or <a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a> of an area. South-facing slopes in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and north-facing slopes in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> are exposed to <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Sun_angle_on_climate" title="Effect of Sun angle on climate">more direct sunlight</a> than opposite slopes and are therefore warmer for longer periods of time, giving the slope a warmer microclimate than the areas around the slope. The lowest area of a <a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">glen</a> may sometimes <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> sooner or harder than a nearby spot uphill, because cold air sinks, a drying breeze may not reach the lowest bottom, and <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">humidity lingers and precipitates</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_types">Soil types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soil types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The type of soil found in an area can also affect microclimates. For example, soils heavy in clay can act like pavement, moderating the near ground temperature. On the other hand, if soil has many air pockets, then the heat could be trapped underneath the topsoil, resulting in the increased possibility of frost at ground level.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_and_regions_known_for_microclimates">Cities and regions known for microclimates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cities and regions known for microclimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> above the Bay Area is also well known for microclimates with significant differences of temperatures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The coastline typically has daytime temperatures of 17 and 19 °C (63 and 66 °F) during summer months along that coastline, but inland towns not far from the ocean such as <a href="/wiki/Lakeport,_California" title="Lakeport, California">Lakeport</a>, can be as hot as 34 °C (93 °F) in an average summer day, in spite of being just around 40 miles (64 km) inland. Even as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath River</a> valley around the <a href="/wiki/41st_parallel_north" title="41st parallel north">41st parallel north</a> between <a href="/wiki/Willow_Creek,_California" title="Willow Creek, California">Willow Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_California" title="Eureka, California">Eureka</a> averages such temperatures, which is extremely hot for such northerly areas. At this parallel, the temperature at the coast is so cool that Willow Creek beats <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_California" title="Eureka, California">Eureka</a>'s all-time record temperature on average 79 times per year. This is in spite of the areas being less than 50 miles (80 km) from each other. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> is a city with various microclimates. Due to the city's varied topography and influence from the prevailing summer marine layer, weather conditions can vary by as much as 9 °F (5 °C) from block to block and a full 30 °F (17 °C) between the coastal fog belt and the heat island of downtown. The <a href="/wiki/Noe_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Noe Valley">Noe Valley</a> district for example, is typically warmer and sunnier than adjacent areas because the surrounding hills block some of the cool fog from the Pacific.</li> <li>The region as a whole, known as the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bay area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> can have a wide range of extremes in temperature. In the basins and valleys adjoining the coast, climate is subject to wide variations within short distances as a result of the influence of topography on the circulation of marine air. The San Francisco Bay Area offers many varieties of climate within a few miles. In the Bay Area, for example, the average maximum temperature in July is about 64 °F (18 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Half_Moon_Bay,_California" title="Half Moon Bay, California">Half Moon Bay</a> on the coast, 87 °F (31 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California" title="Walnut Creek, California">Walnut Creek</a> only 25 mi (40 km) inland, and 95 °F (35 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Tracy,_California" title="Tracy, California">Tracy</a>, just 50 mi (80 km) inland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> areas are also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperatures can vary as much as 36 °F (20 °C)) between inland areas and the coast, with a temperature gradient of over one degree per mile (1.6 km) from the coast inland. Hills and mountains can also block coastal air masses. The <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a> is usually much warmer in summer than most of Los Angeles, because the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mountains" title="Santa Monica Mountains">Santa Monica Mountains</a> usually block the cool ocean breezes and fog. Southern California has also a weather phenomenon called "<a href="/wiki/June_Gloom" title="June Gloom">June Gloom</a>" or "May Grey", which sometimes gives overcast or foggy skies in the morning at the coast, but usually gives sunny skies by noon, during late spring and early summer.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Island_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Island of Hawaii">Big Island of Hawaii</a> is also an area known for microclimates,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Kailua-Kona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailua-Kona">Kailua-Kona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo, Hawaii</a>, experience rainfall of 18 in (460 mm) and 127 in (3,200 mm) per year, respectively, despite being just 60 mi (97 km) from each other.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary, Alberta</a>, is also known for its microclimates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Especially notable are the differences between the downtown and river valley/flood plain regions and the areas to the west and north. This is largely due to an elevation difference within the city's boundaries of over 1,000 ft (300 m), but can also be somewhat attributed to the effects of the seasonal <a href="/wiki/Chinook_wind" title="Chinook wind">Chinooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, also has numerous microclimates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Coastal temperatures and weather conditions can differ considerably from areas located just 5–15 km (3.1–9.3 mi) inland. This is true in all seasons. Varying elevations are common throughout the city, and it is even possible to experience several microclimates while traveling on a single highway due to these changing elevations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Vancouver">metro area</a> also has many microclimates.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(district_municipality)" title="North Vancouver (district municipality)">North Vancouver</a> and other regions situated on the mountain slopes get over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of precipitation a year on average, while other regions to the south get around 1,000 millimetres (39 in), although they are less than 40 kilometres (25 mi) away. Temperatures in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a> inland may be up to 10 °C (18 °F) warmer than the coast, while in winter they are several degrees colder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> is also known for its subtropical microclimate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most notable for its mild climatic effects on the area east and west of the lowlands of Maryland and Delmarva. Having over 64,000 square miles (170,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of water; (most of which is a mix of fresh and salt water) creates higher levels of humidity and heat in the spring and summer months. An example of this effect is the survival of subtropical palm trees and plants such as water hyacinths<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile_Chico" title="Chile Chico">Chile Chico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Antiguos" title="Los Antiguos">Los Antiguos</a> on the southern shores of <a href="/wiki/General_Carrera_Lake" title="General Carrera Lake">General Carrera Lake</a> have favourable conditions for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">agriculture</a> despite being in inner <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and its surrounding metro area feature an extensive urban heat island, and influence from the Atlantic Ocean. These factors cause it to be the northernmost major city in the US that <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> describes as <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a>, with the city being in the 7a/7b/8a USDA zones, compared to nearby cities south of it, which feature lower zones.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> has a microclimate in which palm trees and banana trees can grow.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a> is called "Miniature Continent" for its rich variety of microclimates.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> is known for its wide variety of microclimates.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> exhibits a multitude of distinct microclimates because of its hilly topography and maritime influences.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the city, average summer mean temperatures range from 20–24 °C (68–75 °F) depending on proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, with more significant differences on certain days. Rainfall also varies widely owing to the rain shadow of the hills in Istanbul, from around 600 millimeters (24 in) on the southern fringe at <a href="/wiki/Florya" title="Florya">Florya</a> to 1,200 millimeters (47 in) on the northern fringe at <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A7ek%C3%B6y,_Sar%C4%B1yer" title="Bahçeköy, Sarıyer">Bahçeköy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while the city itself lies in <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">USDA hardiness zones</a> 9a to 9b, its inland suburbs lie in zone 8b with isolated pockets of zone 8a, restricting the cultivation of cold-hardy <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> plants to the coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, located in Yorkshire, England, is known to have a number of microclimates because of the number of valleys surrounding the city centre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The central west coast of Portugal, similarly to California, has huge differences in summer temperatures from the surrounding inland regions. In less than 60 km (37 mi), average daily summer temperatures can vary through as much as 10 degrees Celsius/18 degrees Fahrenheit, from 21 °C (70 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Peniche,_Portugal" title="Peniche, Portugal">Peniche</a> or <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_de_Moel" title="São Pedro de Moel">São Pedro de Moel</a> to around 31 °C (88 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tomar" title="Tomar">Tomar</a>. This phenomenon is caused by local <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> created by the northern <a href="/wiki/Nortada" title="Nortada">Nortada</a> winds.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The coastal areas in the <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> has a microclimate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Further north along the coast, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> has a summer average of 27 °C (81 °F) with warm nights, whereas nearby <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a> has summer highs of 33 °C (91 °F) with inland areas further north such as <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> being even hotter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorana_(Pescia)" title="Sorana (Pescia)">Sorana</a>, a commune in Italy's Pescia Valley with a microclimate considered ideal for growing the <a href="/wiki/Sorana_bean" title="Sorana bean">Sorana bean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nizza,_Frankfurt" title="Nizza, Frankfurt">Nizza</a> (Nice) district of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a>, Germany is a small area on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="River Main">River Main</a> where wind shelter and sunlight reflected off the river produces a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> and supports one of the largest gardens of southern European plants north of the Alps.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asia and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan, has extreme examples of microclimate, and almost every neighbourhood exhibits its own weather.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known among locals that some boroughs such as the northern and western suburbs are among the coldest in the city, and can be experiencing frost or snow whilst other warmer districts such as the city centre can be at much warmer temperatures at the same time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, has a microclimate occurring prominently in the warmer months.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Inland, in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney" title="Greater Western Sydney">Sydney's western suburbs</a>, the climate is drier and significantly hotter with temperatures generally around 3–7 °C (5–13 °F) above <a href="/wiki/Sydney_CBD" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney CBD">Sydney CBD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_(Sydney)" title="Eastern Suburbs (Sydney)">Eastern Suburbs</a> (the coast), as <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">sea breezes</a> do not penetrate further inland. In summer, the coast averages at 25.9 °C (78.6 °F), while inland varies between 28 and 30 °C (82 and 86 °F), depending on the suburb.<sup id="cite_ref-acnsa_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acnsa-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In extreme occasions, the Coast would have a temperature of 24 °C (75 °F), while a suburb 20 km (12.43 mi)) inland bakes in 36 °C (97 °F) heat. However, winter lows in the West are around 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) cooler than the coastal suburbs, and may provide mild to moderate frost.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies, from around 682.5 mm (26.87 in) in the far-west to 1,213.8 mm (47.79 in) at Observatory Hill (the east or the coast).<sup id="cite_ref-acnbc_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acnbc-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories in viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_for_Climate_Protection_program" title="Cities for Climate Protection program">Cities for Climate Protection program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesonet" title="Mesonet">Mesonet</a> and micronet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels in viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.atitle=Badgerys+Creek+AWS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_067108_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicroclimate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microclimate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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