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It is a multinational project involving research centers in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], and the [[United States]]. The project was established on the premise that whereas the ''Vitis'' family provides the world's most economically important [[fruit]], its [[biology]] is still poorly understood. Many centuries of [[viticulture]] have provided many well-informed wine-producing centres throughout the world, yet exactly how a grapevine plant responds and interacts with the physical [[Natural environment|environment]] and deals with [[Abiotic component|abiotic]] stresses, [[Pest (organism)|pests]] and [[disease]]s is currently unknown. [[Agricultural technology]] surrounding ''Vitis'' has been traditionally based upon specific [[genotype]]s, which in the main have relied on "vegetative multiplication" and control of growing conditions to improve [[Quality (business)|quality]] and [[crop yield|yield]]. While advances in quality have certainly been achieved, it has involved increased costs and is in danger of incurring unsustainable [[Industrial agriculture#Criticism|environmental overheads]]. The argument is that the relatively unknown biology of ''Vitis'' is capable of delivering desired viticultural improvements without the associated ongoing costs, and establishing its genome sequence will examine the role individual genes play in [[viticulture]], improving [[grape]] characteristics and quality in a predictable way.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vitaceae.org/ | title = International Grape Genome Program}}</ref> == Initial discoveries == As of March 2007, the project has mapped over half of the grapevine genome. In the course of their research, the [[Cooperative Research Centre]] for Viticulture (CRCV), based at the [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation|CSIRO]] Plant Industry Horticulture Unit in [[Adelaide]], Australia (one of the IGGP collaborating centres) discovered that white grapes only exist today as a result of a rare [[genetic mutation]] which took place thousands of years ago. White grapes are believed to have arisen due to the extremely rare and independent mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory [[genes]], ''VvMYBA1'' and ''VvMYBA2'', in a red grape parent. Most grapevine cultivars can be divided into two groups – red and white – based on the presence or absence of [[anthocyanin]] in the skin of the fruit, which the geneticists discovered to be controlled by these two genes. Although either can dictate colour, the ''VvMYBA1'' gene, which activates the anthocyanin [[biosynthesis]] necessary to produce red grapes, was shown not to be [[Transcription (genetics)|transcribed]] in white grape berries. The white berry [[allele]] of ''VvMYBA2'' was inactivated by two mutations, one leading to an [[amino acid]] substitution and the other to a [[frameshift]] mutation. Tests showed that either mutation removes the ability of the [[Regulator gene|regulator]] to switch on anthocyanin biosynthesis, and when both are switched off it results in a white cultivar. Sequence analyses of the ''VvMYBA2'' gene confirmed that all of the 55 white [[cultivar]]s tested contained the white berry allele, but not red berry alleles – and all displayed exactly the same double mutation, pointing to a single, common [[ancestor]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02997.x | first1 = Amanda R. | last1 = Walker | first2 = Elizabeth | last2 = Lee | first3 = Jochen | last3 = Bogs | pmid = 17316172 | first4 = Debra A. J. | last4 = McDavid | first5 = Mark R. | last5 = Thomas | first6 = Simon P. | last6 = Robinson | date = March 2007 | title = White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes | journal = The Plant Journal | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 772–785 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Assuming this to be true of all white cultivars, without this single parent vine there would be no white grapes today. White wine residues discovered in [[ancient Egypt]]ian pottery remains suggest that this mutation occurred at least three thousand years ago,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2mediagroup.com/?c=138&a=13871 |title=First white wine was a happy accident |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521183634/http://www.a2mediagroup.com/?c=138 |archivedate=May 21, 2007 }}</ref> although in lieu of testing against a known white grape genome, the possibility remains that the mutation could have occurred more recently. A similar dual mutation occurred during the last decade. Viticultor Jesús Galilea Esteban, of the vineyard Murillo de Rio Leza in [[Rioja (wine)|Rioja]], Spain, noticed a [[Tempranillo#Tempranillo in white|white grape mutation]] in some [[Tempranillo]] grapevines growing on his estate. After the white vine was [[plant propagation|propagated]] and the mutation did not revert, the new [[varietal]] was granted outline permission to apply for approved grape status by the Rioja [[Denominacion de origen|D.O.]] and the first hectare of white Tempranillo was planted in the region in the year 2000. Both white and red vines share identical leaves, clusters and berry shape, as well as the short ripening cycles and sensitivity to pests and diseases typical of the red Tempranillo. The mutation is thought to have occurred as a result of environmental factors.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vinosalmundo.com/Ver_articulo.asp?id=272 | title = Tempranillo en blanco y negro | work = Vinos al Mundo.com | language = Spanish | first = Rosa María | last = González | access-date = 2007-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070106004756/http://vinosalmundo.com/Ver_Articulo.asp?id=272 | archive-date = 2007-01-06 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == See also == * [[Genomics]] * [[Tempranillo blanco|White Tempranillo]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Viticulture}} [[Category:Viticulture]] [[Category:Genome projects]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" 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