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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process that takes place in the vineyard each year</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grapes02.jpg/220px-Grapes02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grapes02.jpg/330px-Grapes02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grapes02.jpg/440px-Grapes02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>Grape vine and fruit</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>annual growth cycle of grapevines</b> is the process that takes place in the vineyard each year, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">bud</a> break in the spring and culminating in <a href="/wiki/Deciduous#Botany" title="Deciduous">leaf fall</a> in autumn followed by winter <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormancy</a>. From a <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> perspective, each step in the process plays a vital role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> with ideal characteristics for making <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Viticulturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticulturalist">Viticulturalists</a> and vineyard managers monitor the effect of climate, <a href="/wiki/Vine_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Vine disease">vine disease</a> and pests in facilitating or impeding the <a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">vine's</a> progression from bud break, <a href="/wiki/Flowering" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowering">flowering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> set, <a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">veraison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvesting</a>, leaf fall and dormancy – reacting if need be with the use of viticultural practices like <a href="/wiki/Canopy_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy management">canopy management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation (wine)">irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">vine training</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Agrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrochemicals">agrochemicals</a>. The stages of the annual growth cycle usually become observable within the first year of a vine's life. The amount of time spent at each stage of the growth cycle depends on a number of factors – most notably the type of climate (warm or cool) and the characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Grape_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape variety">grape variety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_741-742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bud_break">Bud break</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bud break"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regent_Grape_Vine_with_bud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Regent_Grape_Vine_with_bud.jpg/220px-Regent_Grape_Vine_with_bud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Regent_Grape_Vine_with_bud.jpg/330px-Regent_Grape_Vine_with_bud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Regent_Grape_Vine_with_bud.jpg/440px-Regent_Grape_Vine_with_bud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>The bud of a <a href="/wiki/Regent_(grape)" title="Regent (grape)">Regent</a> vine located between the stem and <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The grape starts its annual growth cycle in the spring with bud break. In the Northern Hemisphere, this stage begins around March while in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> it begins around September when daily temperatures begin to surpass 10 °C (50 °F). If the vine had been <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruned</a> during the winter, the start of this cycle is signaled by a "bleeding" of the vine. This bleeding occurs when the soil begins to warm and <a href="/wiki/Osmotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmotic">osmotic</a> forces pushes water, containing a low concentration of <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> and sugars, up from the <a href="/wiki/Root_system" title="Root system">root system</a> of the vine and it is expelled from the cuts (or "wounds") left over from pruning the vine. During this period a single vine can "bleed" up to 5 litres (1.3 US gal) of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_82_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_82-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiny buds on the vine start to swell and eventually <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a> begin to grow from the buds. Buds are the small part of the vine that rest between the vine's <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> (leaf stem). Inside the buds contain usually three primordial shoots. These buds appear in the summer of previous growth cycle green and covered in scales. During winter dormancy they turn brown until the spring when the vine begins the process of bud break and the first sign of green in the vineyard emerges in the form of tiny shoots.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_107_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energy to facilitate this growth comes from reserves of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> stored in roots and wood of the vine from the last growth cycle. Eventually the shoots sprout tiny leaves that can begin the process of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, producing the energy to accelerate growth. In warm climates, after about 4 weeks the growth of the shoots starts to rapidly accelerate with the shoots growing in length an average of 3 cm (1.2 in) a day.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_741-742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>, where temperatures can reach above 10 °C (50 °F) in mid-winter, some early budding varieties (such as <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>) can be at risk of premature bud break. This is a potential viticultural hazard in places like the <a href="/wiki/Margaret_River" title="Margaret River">Margaret River</a> region of Western Australia where warm currents from the Indian Ocean can coax Chardonnay vines to prematurely bud in the mid-winter month of July. After bud break, the young shoots are very vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> damage with vineyard managers going to great lengths to protect the fragile shoots should temperatures dramatically drop below freezing. This can include setting up heaters or wind circulators in the vineyard to keep cold air from settling on the vines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_107_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flowering">Flowering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flowering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg/220px-Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg/330px-Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg/440px-Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="2329" /></a><figcaption>Developing inflorescences</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on temperatures, 40–80 days after bud break the process of flowering begins with small flower clusters resembling buttons appearing on the tips of the young shoots. Flowering occurs when average daily temperatures stay between 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) which in the Northern Hemisphere wine regions is generally around May and for the Southern Hemisphere regions around November. A few weeks after the initial clusters appear, the flowers start to grow in size with individual flowers becoming observable.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_741-742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is during this stage of flowering that the <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> of the grapevine takes place with the resulting product being a grape berry, containing 1–4 <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_276_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_276-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitis_vinifera_fleur_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vitis_vinifera_fleur_1.jpg/220px-Vitis_vinifera_fleur_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vitis_vinifera_fleur_1.jpg/330px-Vitis_vinifera_fleur_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vitis_vinifera_fleur_1.jpg/440px-Vitis_vinifera_fleur_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>The calyptra is shed and <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> is transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> fertilizing the flower.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most cultivated <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> grape vines are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">hermaphroditic</a>, with both male <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> and female <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">ovaries</a>, while many wild grapes are either male, producing pollen but no fruit, or female, producing fruit only if a pollinator is nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hermaphroditic vines are preferred for cultivation because each vine is more likely to <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-pollinate</a> and produce fruit. </p><p>At the beginning of the flowering process the only part that is visible is the fused cap of petals known as the <a href="/wiki/Calyptra" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyptra">calyptra</a>. Shortly after the calyptra is shed, liberating the <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> of the stamen. Wind and insects generally play only a small role in aiding pollination, with the process being mostly self-contained within the vine. But <a href="/wiki/Cross-pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-pollination">cross-pollination</a> between vines of different varieties is possible: <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> is a cross of <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a>; <a href="/wiki/Petite_Sirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite Sirah">Petite Sirah</a> is a cross of <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloursin" title="Peloursin">Peloursin</a>. During the process of fertilization, the pollen fertilizes the ovary which produces seeds as the flower begins the transformation into a grape berry, encapsulating the seed. Detrimental weather (cold, wind & rain) can severely affect the flowering process, causing many flowers not to be fertilized and produce a group.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_276_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_276-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is during this time that the buds that will become next year's crops begin to form.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_741-742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fruit_set">Fruit set</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fruit set"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Young_grapes.jpg/220px-Young_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Young_grapes.jpg/330px-Young_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Young_grapes.jpg/440px-Young_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Following fertilization, the fruit begins to form.</figcaption></figure> <p>The stage of fruit set follows flowering almost immediately, when the fertilized flower begins to develop a seed and grape berry to protect the seed. In the Northern Hemisphere, this normally takes place in May and in the Southern Hemisphere in November.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_741-742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stage is very critical for wine production since it determines the potential crop <a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">yield</a>. Not every flower on the vine gets fertilized, with the unfertilized flowers eventually falling off the vine. The percentage of fertilized flowers averages around 30 but can get as high as 60 or be much lower. Climate and the health of the vine play an important role with low <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, high temperatures and water stress having the potential of severely reducing the percentage of flowers that get fertilized. <a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a> occurs when there is an imbalance of carbohydrate levels in the vine tissues and some berries fail to set or simply fall off the bunch. Varieties like <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a> are prone to this abnormal fruit set. <a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a> occurs when some fertilized flowers do not form seeds but only small berry clusters. Grape berry size depends on the number of seeds so berries with no seeds will be significantly smaller than berries containing seeds. On one cluster there may be berries of various sizes which can create problems during winemaking due to the varying "skin to pulp" ratio among the grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_291_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_291-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be caused by vine disease, such as <a href="/wiki/Fanleaf_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanleaf virus">fanleaf</a>, or by a <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> deficiency in the vine. <a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a> and the Chardonnay <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">clones</a> IA and Mendoza are both prone to millerandage.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_443_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_443-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veraison">Veraison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Veraison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">veraison</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness in viticulture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A9raison.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/V%C3%A9raison.JPG/220px-V%C3%A9raison.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/V%C3%A9raison.JPG/330px-V%C3%A9raison.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/V%C3%A9raison.JPG/440px-V%C3%A9raison.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A cluster of grapes undergoing véraison.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following fruit set, the grape berries are green and hard to the touch. They have very little <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and are high in organic acids. They begin to grow to about half their final size when they enter the stage of veraison. This stage signals the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Ripeness_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripeness (wine)">ripening</a> process and normally takes place around 40–50 days after fruit set. In the Northern Hemisphere this will be around the end of July and into August and between the end of January into February for the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_741-742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this stage the colors of the grape take form—red/black or yellow/green depending on the grape varieties. This color changing is due to the <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> in the berry skin being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanins" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocyanins">anthocyanins</a> (red wine grapes) and <a href="/wiki/Carotenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenoids">carotenoids</a> (white wine grapes). In a process known as <a href="/wiki/Engustment" class="mw-redirect" title="Engustment">engustment</a>, the berries start to soften as they build up <a href="/wiki/Grape_sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape sugars">sugars</a>. Within six days of the start of veraison, the berries begin to grow dramatically as they accumulate <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> and acids begin to fall.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_730_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_730-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The onset of veraison does not occur uniformly among all berries. Typically the berries and clusters that are most exposed to warmth, on the outer extents of the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (vine)">canopy</a>, undergo veraison first with the berries and clusters closer to the trunk and under the canopy shade undergoing it last. There are some factors in the vineyards that can control the onset of veraison, limited <a href="/wiki/Moisture_stress" title="Moisture stress">water stress</a> and canopy management that creates a high "fruit to leaf" ratio can encourage veraison. This is because the vine is biologically programmed to channel all its energies and resources into the berries, which houses its seedling offspring, to provide them a better chance of survival. Conversely, very vigorous vines with plentiful leaf shading for photosynthesis and water supply will delay the start of veraison due to the vines energies being directed towards continued shoot growth of new buds. For the production of high-quality wine, it is considered ideal to have an earlier veraison. During this period the cane of the vine starts to ripen as well changing from green and springing to brown and hard. The vines begins to divert some of its energy production into its reserves in preparation for its next growth cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_730_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_730-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_harvest">After harvest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After harvest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest (wine)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grape_gathering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grape_gathering.jpg/220px-Grape_gathering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grape_gathering.jpg/330px-Grape_gathering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grape_gathering.jpg/440px-Grape_gathering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting grapes</figcaption></figure> <p>In the vineyard, the antepenultimate event is the <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> in which the grapes are removed from the vine and transported to the winery to begin the wine making process. In the Northern Hemisphere this is generally between September and October while in the Southern Hemisphere it is generally between February and April. The time of harvest depends on a variety of factors – most notably the subjective determination of <a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">ripeness</a>. As the grape ripens on the vines, sugars and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> increase as acids (such as <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic acid</a>) decrease. <a href="/wiki/Grape_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape tannins">Tannins</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_in_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compounds in wine">phenolics</a> also develop, which can affect the flavors and aromas in the resulting wine. The threat of detrimental weather and vine diseases (such as <a href="/wiki/Grey_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey rot">grey rot</a>) can also play a role in the time table. The balance of all these factors contributes to when a winemaker or vineyard manager decides that it is time to harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_741-742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the harvest, the vines continue the process of photosynthesis, creating carbohydrate reserves to store in the vine's roots and trunks. It will continue doing this until an appropriate level of reserves have been stored. At that point the chlorophyll in the leaves begins to break down and the leaves change color from green to yellow. Following the first frost the leaves begin to fall as the vine starts to enter its winter dormancy period. The following spring, the cycle begins again.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_741-742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBCH-scale_(grape)" title="BBCH-scale (grape)">BBCH-scale (grape)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_741-742-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_741-742_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 741–742 Oxford University Press 2006 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_82-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_82_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 82 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_107-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_107_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_107_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 107 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_276-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_276_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_276_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 276 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReischStewart2001" class="citation web cs1">Reisch, Bruce; Stewart, Philip (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.cornell.edu/reisch/grapegenetics/breeding/crossing1.html">"Grape Breeding Procedures"</a>. <i>Cornell Grape Breeding</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Grape+Breeding&rft.atitle=Grape+Breeding+Procedures&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Reisch&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.cornell.edu%2Freisch%2Fgrapegenetics%2Fbreeding%2Fcrossing1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnual+growth+cycle+of+grapevines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_291-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_291_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 291 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_443-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_443_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 443 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_730-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_730_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_730_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 730 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.org/pages/31521/annual-cycle-of-the-grapevine">Annual Cycle of the Grapevine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/31521/annual-cycle-of-the-grapevine">Archived</a> 2015-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.org/pages/31096/stages-of-grape-berry-development">Stages of Grape Berry Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015053432/http://www.extension.org/pages/31096/stages-of-grape-berry-development">Archived</a> 2015-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, information from Cooperative Extension</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Viticulture" title="Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viticulture" title="Template talk:Viticulture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viticulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology and<br /> horticulture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking 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