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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Nitrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Phosphate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potassium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potassium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Potassium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potassium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Soil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Social factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rural_economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Rural economic development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_your_own_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_your_own_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Growing your own food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_your_own_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economic factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_and_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_and_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Challenges and debates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges_and_debates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Challenges and debates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges_and_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Barriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_viewpoints_about_the_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_viewpoints_about_the_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Different viewpoints about the definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_viewpoints_about_the_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intensification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Intensification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_and_nutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_and_nutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Soil and nutrients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_and_nutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_weeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_weeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Pests and weeds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_weeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Related concepts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Related concepts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organic_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Organic agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Ecological farming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Principles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Traditional agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Agriculture_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Agriculture_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Indigenous Agriculture in North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Agriculture_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regenerative_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regenerative_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Regenerative agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regenerative_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Alternative methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Permaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.1 Permaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.2 Polyculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_small-scale_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_small-scale_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.3 Local small-scale agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_small-scale_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydroponics_or_soil-less_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroponics_or_soil-less_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.4 Hydroponics or soil-less culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroponics_or_soil-less_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-At_the_global_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_the_global_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 At the global level </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_the_global_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sustainable agriculture</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="زراعة مستدامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زراعة مستدامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura_sostenible" title="Agricultura sostenible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agricultura sostenible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95_%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95" title="Тĕреклĕ ялхуçалăхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕреклĕ ялхуçалăхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachhaltige_Landwirtschaft" title="Nachhaltige Landwirtschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachhaltige Landwirtschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura_sostenible" title="Agricultura sostenible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agricultura sostenible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%ADripova_agrikulturo" title="Daŭripova agrikulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Daŭripova agrikulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekazaritza_jasangarri" title="Nekazaritza jasangarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nekazaritza jasangarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کشاورزی پایدار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشاورزی پایدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_durable" title="Agriculture durable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agriculture durable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmha%C3%ADocht_inmharthana" title="Talmhaíocht inmharthana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Talmhaíocht inmharthana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%86%8D%EB%86%8D%EC%97%85" title="지속농업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지속농업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="स्थाई कृषि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थाई कृषि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertanian_berkelanjutan" title="Pertanian berkelanjutan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertanian berkelanjutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricoltura_sostenibile" title="Agricoltura sostenibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agricoltura sostenibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90" title="חקלאות בת קיימא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חקלאות בת קיימא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhinzi_burambye" title="Ubuhinzi burambye – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Farming approach that balances environmental, economic and social factors in the long term</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_farm_in_Colombia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coffee_farm_in_Colombia.jpg/220px-Coffee_farm_in_Colombia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coffee_farm_in_Colombia.jpg/330px-Coffee_farm_in_Colombia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coffee_farm_in_Colombia.jpg/440px-Coffee_farm_in_Colombia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shade-grown_coffee" title="Shade-grown coffee">Shade-grown coffee</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a> (an example of sustainable agriculture) in imitation of natural ecosystems. Trees provide resources for the coffee plants such as shade, nutrients, and soil structure; the farmers harvest coffee and timber.</figcaption></figure> Sustainable agriculture is <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> ways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It can be based on an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>. There are many methods to increase the sustainability of agriculture. When developing agriculture within <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">sustainable food systems</a>, it is important to develop flexible business processes and farming practices.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Agriculture has an enormous <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">environmental footprint</a>, playing a significant role <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">in causing climate change</a> (<a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food systems</a> are responsible for one third of the anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and other processes;<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> it is simultaneously causing environmental changes and being impacted by these changes.<a href="#cite_note-Rockström-2016-6">[6]</a> Sustainable agriculture consists of <a href="/wiki/Environment_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment friendly">environment friendly</a> methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without causing damage to human or natural systems. It involves preventing adverse effects on soil, water, biodiversity, and surrounding or downstream resources, as well as to those working or living on the farm or in neighboring areas. Elements of sustainable agriculture can include <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">mixed farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_cropping" title="Multiple cropping">multiple cropping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Developing sustainable food systems contributes to the sustainability of the human population. For example, one of the best ways to mitigate climate change is to create sustainable food systems based on sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture provides a potential solution to enable agricultural systems to feed a growing population within the changing environmental conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Rockström-2016-6">[6]</a> Besides sustainable farming practices, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">dietary shifts to sustainable diets</a> are an intertwined way to substantially reduce environmental impacts.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">sustainability standards and certification</a> systems exist, including <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">organic certification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance" title="Rainforest Alliance">Rainforest Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade certification">Fair Trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTZ_Certified" title="UTZ Certified">UTZ Certified</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLOBALG.A.P" title="GLOBALG.A.P">GlobalGAP</a>, Bird Friendly, and the Common Code for the Coffee Community (4C).<a href="#cite_note-SAI-12">[12]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/250px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/375px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/500px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1337" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">On land</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrivoltaic">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">sheep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free-range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_farming" title="Natural farming">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Madeira)" title="Colonia (Madeira)">Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_steam_sterilization" title="Soil steam sterilization">Steam sterilization</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/16px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/24px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/32px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture" title="Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture" title="Template talk:Agriculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>The term "sustainable agriculture" was defined in 1977 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> as an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term:<a href="#cite_note-NARETPA-13">[13]</a> <ul><li>satisfy human food and fiber needs</li> <li>enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agriculture economy depends</li> <li>make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls</li> <li>sustain the economic viability of farm operations</li> <li>enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.</li></ul> Yet the idea of having a sustainable relationship with the land has been prevalent in indigenous communities for centuries before the term was formally added to the lexicon.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aims">Aims</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aims">edit</a>]</div> A common consensus is that sustainable farming is the most realistic way to feed growing populations. In order to successfully feed the population of the planet, farming practices must consider future costs–to both the environment and the communities they fuel.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>  The risk of not being able to provide enough resources for everyone led to the adoption of technology within the sustainability field to increase farm productivity. The ideal end result of this advancement is the ability to feed ever-growing populations across the world. The growing popularity of sustainable agriculture is connected to the wide-reaching fear that the planet's <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a>), in terms of the ability to feed humanity, has been reached or even exceeded.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2017-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_principles">Key principles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Key principles">edit</a>]</div> There are several key principles associated with sustainability in agriculture:<a href="#cite_note-Pretty2008-17">[17]</a> <ol><li>The incorporation of biological and ecological processes such as <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_regeneration" title="Soil regeneration">soil regeneration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a> into agricultural and food production practices.</li> <li>Using decreased amounts of non-renewable and unsustainable inputs, particularly environmentally harmful ones.</li> <li>Using the expertise of farmers to both productively work the land as well as to promote the self-reliance and self-sufficiency of farmers.</li> <li>Solving agricultural and natural resource problems through the cooperation and collaboration of people with different skills. The problems tackled include <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>.</li></ol> It "considers long-term as well as short-term economics because sustainability is readily defined as forever, that is, agricultural environments that are designed to promote endless regeneration".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It balances the need for resource conservation with the needs of <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a> pursuing their <a href="/wiki/Livelihood" title="Livelihood">livelihood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_ecology" title="Reconciliation ecology">reconciliation ecology</a>, accommodating biodiversity within human landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-Chrispeels_1994-20">[20]</a> Oftentimes, the execution of sustainable practices within farming comes through the adoption of technology and environmentally-focused <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_factors">Environmental factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental factors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg/220px-Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg/330px-Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg/440px-Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Traditional farming methods have a low <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Practices that can cause long-term damage to <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> include excessive <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tilling</a> of the soil (leading to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> without adequate drainage (leading to <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salinization</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservation_farming_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Conservation_farming_02.jpg/170px-Conservation_farming_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Conservation_farming_02.jpg/255px-Conservation_farming_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Conservation_farming_02.jpg/340px-Conservation_farming_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Conservation farming in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></figcaption></figure> The most important factors for a farming site are <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, soil, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>. Of the four, water and <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil conservation</a> are the most amenable to human intervention. When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some nutrients from the soil. Without replenishment, the land suffers from <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_depletion" title="Nutrient depletion">nutrient depletion</a> and becomes either unusable or suffers from reduced <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yields</a>. Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use or need of non-renewable resources, such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or mineral ores. A farm that can "produce perpetually", yet has negative effects on environmental quality elsewhere is not sustainable agriculture. An example of a case in which a global view may be warranted is the application of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, which can improve the productivity of a farm but can pollute nearby rivers and coastal waters (<a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The other extreme can also be undesirable, as the problem of low crop yields due to exhaustion of nutrients in the soil has been related to <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> destruction.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In Asia, the specific amount of land needed for sustainable farming is about 12.5 acres which include land for animal fodder, cereal production as a cash crop, and other food crops. In some cases, a small unit of aquaculture is included (AARI-1996). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nutrients">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrates">Nitrates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nitrates">edit</a>]</div> Nitrates are used widely in farming as fertilizer. Unfortunately, a major environmental problem associated with agriculture is the leaching of nitrates into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Possible sources of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> that would, in principle, be available indefinitely, include: <ol><li>recycling crop waste and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> or treated <a href="/wiki/Humanure" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanure">human manure</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>growing <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> crops and <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> that form symbioses with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen-fixing</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> called <a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">rhizobia</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>industrial production of nitrogen by the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> uses hydrogen, which is currently derived from natural gas (but this hydrogen could instead be made by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of water using renewable electricity)</li> <li>genetically engineering (non-legume) crops to form nitrogen-fixing symbioses or fix nitrogen without microbial symbionts.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li></ol> The last option was proposed in the 1970s, but is only gradually becoming feasible.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Sustainable options for replacing other nutrient inputs such as phosphorus and potassium are more limited. Other options include <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">long-term crop rotations</a>, returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients) such as the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">flooding of the Nile</a>, the long-term use of <a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a>, and use of crop and livestock <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landraces</a> that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients. Crops that require high levels of soil nutrients can be cultivated in a more sustainable manner with appropriate fertilizer management practices. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phosphate">Phosphate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phosphate">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">Phosphate</a> is a primary component in <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>. It is the second most important nutrient for plants after nitrogen,<a href="#cite_note-Atekan-2014-31">[31]</a> and is often a limiting factor.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-2007-32">[32]</a> It is important for sustainable agriculture as it can improve soil fertility and crop yields.<a href="#cite_note-Cordell-2013-33">[33]</a> Phosphorus is involved in all major metabolic processes including photosynthesis, energy transfer, signal transduction, macromolecular biosynthesis, and respiration. It is needed for root ramification and strength and seed formation, and can increase disease resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-2013-34">[34]</a> Phosphorus is found in the soil in both inorganic and organic forms<a href="#cite_note-Atekan-2014-31">[31]</a> and makes up approximately 0.05% of soil biomass.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-2013-34">[34]</a> Phosphorus fertilizers are the main input of inorganic phosphorus in agricultural soils and approximately 70%–80% of phosphorus in cultivated soils is inorganic.<a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya2019-35">[35]</a> Long-term use of phosphate-containing chemical fertilizers causes <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> and deplete soil microbial life, so people have looked to other sources.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-2013-34">[34]</a> Phosphorus fertilizers are manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Rock_phosphate#uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock phosphate">rock phosphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> However, rock phosphate is a non-renewable resource and it is being depleted by mining for agricultural use:<a href="#cite_note-Cordell-2013-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya2019-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">peak phosphorus</a> will occur within the next few hundred years,<a href="#cite_note-ifdc.org-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS2017-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-VanKauwenbergh-39">[39]</a> or perhaps earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Edixhoven2013-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potassium">Potassium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Potassium">edit</a>]</div> Potassium is a macronutrient very important for plant development and is commonly sought in fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> This nutrient is essential for agriculture because it improves water retention, nutrient value, yield, taste, color, texture and disease resistance of crops. It is often used in the cultivation of grains, fruits, vegetables, rice, wheat, millets, sugar, corn, soybeans, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and coffee.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Potassium chloride (KCl) represents the most widely source of K used in agriculture,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> accounting for 90% of all potassium produced for agricultural use.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>   The use of KCl leads to high concentrations of chloride (Clˉ) in soil harming its health due to the increase in soil salinity, imbalance in nutrient availability and this ion's biocidal effect for soil organisms. In consequences the development of plants and soil organisms is affected, putting at risk <a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">soil biodiversity</a> and agricultural productivity.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> A sustainable option for replacing KCl are chloride-free fertilizers, its use should take into account plants' nutrition needs, and the promotion of soil health.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil">Soil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soil">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walls_against_water_runoff.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Walls_against_water_runoff.JPG/220px-Walls_against_water_runoff.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Walls_against_water_runoff.JPG/330px-Walls_against_water_runoff.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Walls_against_water_runoff.JPG/440px-Walls_against_water_runoff.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Walls built to avoid water run-off, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a> is becoming a severe global problem. According to the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>: "About a quarter of the Earth's ice-free land area is subject to human-induced degradation (medium confidence). Soil erosion from agricultural fields is estimated to be currently 10 to 20 times (no tillage) to more than 100 times (conventional tillage) higher than the soil formation rate (medium confidence)."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Almost half of the land on earth is covered with dry land, which is susceptible to degradation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Over a billion tonnes of southern Africa's soil are being lost to erosion annually, which if continued will result in halving of crop yields within thirty to fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Improper <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">soil management</a> is threatening the ability to grow sufficient food. <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">Intensive agriculture</a> reduces the <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> level in soil, impairing soil structure, crop growth and ecosystem functioning,<a href="#cite_note-Powlson-2011-56">[56]</a> and accelerating <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Powlson-2011-56">[56]</a> Modification of agricultural practices is a recognized method of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> as soil can act as an effective <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Soil management techniques include <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">keyline design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Windbreaks">windbreaks</a> to reduce wind erosion, <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">reincorporation of organic matter</a> into the soil, reducing <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinization</a>, and preventing water run-off.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land">Land</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Land">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">Peak farmland</a></div> As the global population increases and demand for food increases, there is pressure on land as a resource. In land-use planning and management, considering the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">land-use changes</a> on factors such as soil erosion can support long-term agricultural sustainability, as shown by a study of Wadi Ziqlab, a dry area in the Middle East where farmers graze livestock and grow olives, vegetables, and grains.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Looking back over the 20th century shows that for people in poverty, following environmentally sound land practices has not always been a viable option due to many complex and challenging life circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Currently, increased <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a> in developing countries may be connected with rural poverty among smallholder farmers when forced into unsustainable agricultural practices out of necessity.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Converting big parts of the land surface to agriculture has severe environmental and health consequences. For example, it leads to rise in <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic disease">zoonotic disease</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">Coronavirus disease 2019</a>) due to the degradation of natural buffers between humans and animals, reducing biodiversity and creating larger groups of genetically similar animals.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Land is a finite resource on Earth. Although expansion of agricultural land can decrease <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and contribute to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, the picture is complex; for instance, a study examining the introduction of sheep by Norse settlers (Vikings) to the Faroe Islands of the North Atlantic concluded that, over time, the fine partitioning of land plots contributed more to soil erosion and degradation than grazing itself.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the United Nations estimates that in coming decades, cropland will continue to be lost to industrial and <a href="/wiki/Urban_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban development">urban development</a>, along with reclamation of wetlands, and conversion of forest to cultivation, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a> and increased soil erosion.<a href="#cite_note-fao2008-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> In modern agriculture, energy is used in on-farm mechanisation, food processing, storage, and transportation processes.<a href="#cite_note-fao2013-67">[67]</a> It has therefore been found that energy prices are closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fao-68">[68]</a> Oil is also used as an input in <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agricultural chemicals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> projects higher prices of non-renewable energy resources as a result of fossil fuel resources being depleted. It may therefore decrease global <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> unless action is taken to 'decouple' fossil fuel energy from food production, with a move towards 'energy-smart' agricultural systems including <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fao-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The use of solar powered irrigation in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> is said to be a closed system for agricultural water irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The environmental cost of transportation could be avoided if people use local products.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> In some areas sufficient <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> is available for crop growth, but many other areas require <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. For irrigation systems to be sustainable, they require proper management (to avoid <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salinization</a>) and must not use more water from their source than is naturally replenishable. Otherwise, the water source effectively becomes a <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">non-renewable resource</a>. Improvements in water <a href="/wiki/Well_drilling" title="Well drilling">well drilling</a> technology and <a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">submersible pumps</a>, combined with the development of <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a> and low-pressure pivots, have made it possible to regularly achieve high crop yields in areas where reliance on rainfall alone had previously made successful agriculture unpredictable. However, this progress has come at a price. In many areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a>, the water is being used faster than it can be replenished. According to the UC Davis Agricultural Sustainability Institute, several steps must be taken to develop drought-resistant farming systems even in "normal" years with average rainfall. These measures include both policy and management actions:<a href="#cite_note-Sarep_2013-73">[73]</a> <ol><li>improving <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">water conservation</a> and storage measures<a href="#cite_note-Sarep_2013-73">[73]</a></li> <li>providing incentives for selection of <a href="/wiki/Drought-tolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought-tolerant">drought-tolerant</a> crop species<a href="#cite_note-Sarep_2013-73">[73]</a></li> <li>using reduced-volume irrigation systems<a href="#cite_note-Sarep_2013-73">[73]</a></li> <li>managing crops to reduce water loss<a href="#cite_note-Sarep_2013-73">[73]</a></li> <li>not planting crops at all.<a href="#cite_note-Sarep_2013-73">[73]</a></li></ol> Indicators for sustainable water resource development include the average annual flow of rivers from rainfall, flows from outside a country, the percentage of water coming from outside a country, and gross water withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-faoWater-74">[74]</a> It is estimated that agricultural practices consume 69% of the world's fresh water. <a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_factors">Social factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social factors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_economic_development">Rural economic development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rural economic development">edit</a>]</div> Sustainable agriculture attempts to solve multiple problems with one broad solution. The goal of sustainable agricultural practices is to decrease <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> due to farming while increasing crop–and thus food–output. There are many varying strategies attempting to use sustainable farming practices in order to increase rural economic development within <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">small-scale farming</a> communities. Two of the most popular and opposing strategies within the modern discourse are allowing unrestricted markets to determine food production and deeming food a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human right</a>. Neither of these approaches have been proven to work without fail. A promising proposal to <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">rural poverty</a> reduction within agricultural communities is sustainable economic growth; the most important aspect of this policy is to regularly include the poorest farmers in the economy-wide development through the stabilization of small-scale agricultural economies.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> reported on "<a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic Agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food Security</a> in Africa", stating that using sustainable agriculture could be a tool in reaching global food security without expanding land usage and reducing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impacts">environmental impacts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dundon2009-77">[77]</a> There has been evidence provided by developing nations from the early 2000s stating that when people in their communities are not factored into the agricultural process that serious harm is done. The <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social scientist</a> Charles Kellogg has stated that, "In a final effort, exploited people pass their suffering to the land."<a href="#cite_note-Dundon2009-77">[77]</a> Sustainable agriculture mean the ability to permanently and continuously "feed its constituent populations".<a href="#cite_note-Dundon2009-77">[77]</a> There are a lot of opportunities that can increase farmers' profits, improve communities, and continue sustainable practices. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically Modified Organisms</a> were originally illegal. However, with the stress of banana crisis in Uganda, where <a href="/wiki/Banana_Bacterial_Wilt" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana Bacterial Wilt">Banana Bacterial Wilt</a> had the potential to wipe out 90% of yield, they decided to explore GMOs as a possible solution.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The government issued the National Biotechnology and Biosafety bill, which will allow scientists that are part of the National Banana Research Program to start experimenting with genetically modified organisms.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> This effort has the potential to help local communities because a significant portion <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">live off the food they grow themselves</a>, and it will be <a href="/wiki/Profitable" class="mw-redirect" title="Profitable">profitable</a> because the yield of their main produce will remain stable. Not all regions are suitable for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Pilgeram-2015-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-KAUR-2015-81">[81]</a> The technological advancement of the past few decades has allowed agriculture to develop in some of these regions. For example, Nepal has built <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> to deal with its high altitude and mountainous regions.<a href="#cite_note-Atekan-2014-31">[31]</a> Greenhouses allow for greater crop production and also use less water since they are closed systems.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a> techniques can turn salt water into fresh water which allows greater access to water for areas with a limited supply.<a href="#cite_note-Chaibi-2000-83">[83]</a> This allows the irrigation of crops without decreasing natural fresh water sources.<a href="#cite_note-Shaffer-2012-84">[84]</a> While desalination can be a tool to provide water to areas that need it to sustain agriculture, it requires money and resources. Regions of China have been considering large scale desalination in order to increase access to water, but the current cost of the desalination process makes it impractical.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_at_US_farmer%27s_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Woman_at_US_farmer%27s_market.jpg/220px-Woman_at_US_farmer%27s_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Woman_at_US_farmer%27s_market.jpg/330px-Woman_at_US_farmer%27s_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Woman_at_US_farmer%27s_market.jpg/440px-Woman_at_US_farmer%27s_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Selling produce at an American <a href="/wiki/Farmers_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers market">farmers market</a></figcaption></figure> Women working in sustainable agriculture come from numerous backgrounds, ranging from academia to labour.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> From 1978-2007, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the number of women farm operators has tripled.<a href="#cite_note-Pilgeram-2015-80">[80]</a> In 2007, women operated 14 percent of farms, compared to five percent in 1978. Much of the growth is due to women farming outside of the "male dominated field of conventional agriculture".<a href="#cite_note-Pilgeram-2015-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_your_own_food">Growing your own food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Growing your own food">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></div> The practice of growing food in the backyard of houses, schools, etc., by families or by communities became widespread in the US at the time of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, so that in one point of time 40% of the vegetables of the USA was produced in this way. The practice became more popular again in the time of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. This method permits to grow food in a relatively sustainable way and at the same time can make it easier for <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor people</a> to obtain food.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_factors">Economic factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economic factors">edit</a>]</div> Costs, such as environmental problems, not covered in traditional <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> systems (which take into account only the direct costs of production incurred by the farmer) are known as <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pretty2008-17">[17]</a> Netting studied sustainability and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensive agriculture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Smallholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallholder">smallholder</a> systems through history.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> There are several studies incorporating externalities such as ecosystem services, biodiversity, land degradation, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_land_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable land management">sustainable land management</a> in economic analysis. These include <a href="/wiki/The_Economics_of_Ecosystems_and_Biodiversity" title="The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity">The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity</a> study and the <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Land_Degradation_Initiative" title="Economics of Land Degradation Initiative">Economics of Land Degradation Initiative</a> which seek to establish an economic cost-benefit analysis on the practice of sustainable land management and sustainable agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Triple_bottom_line" title="Triple bottom line">Triple bottom line</a> frameworks include social and environmental alongside a financial bottom line. A sustainable future can be feasible if growth in material consumption and population is slowed down and if there is a drastic increase in the efficiency of material and energy use. To make that transition, long- and short-term goals will need to be balanced enhancing <a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">equity</a> and quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_and_debates">Challenges and debates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Challenges and debates">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barriers">Barriers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Barriers">edit</a>]</div> The barriers to sustainable agriculture can be broken down and understood through three different dimensions. These three dimensions are seen as the core pillars to <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>: social, environmental, and economic pillars.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> The social pillar addresses issues related to the conditions in which societies are born into, growing in, and learning from.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> It deals with shifting away from traditional practices of agricultural and moving into new sustainable practices that will create better societies and conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> The environmental pillar addresses climate change and focuses on agricultural practices that protect the environment for future generations.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> The economic pillar discovers ways in which sustainable agriculture can be practiced while fostering economic growth and stability, with minimal disruptions to livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> All three pillars must be addressed to determine and overcome the barriers preventing sustainable agricultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> Social barriers to sustainable agriculture include cultural shifts, the need for collaboration, incentives, and new legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> The move from conventional to sustainable agriculture will require significant behavioural changes from both farmers and consumers.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2017-91">[91]</a> Cooperation and collaboration between farmers is necessary to successfully transition to sustainable practices with minimal complications.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2017-91">[91]</a> This can be seen as a challenge for farmers who care about competition and profitability.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> There must also be an incentive for farmers to change their methods of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Grover-2017-93">[93]</a> The use of public policy, advertisements, and laws that make sustainable agriculture mandatory or desirable can be utilized to overcome these social barriers.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spraying_pesticide.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Spraying_pesticide.jpeg/220px-Spraying_pesticide.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Spraying_pesticide.jpeg/330px-Spraying_pesticide.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Spraying_pesticide.jpeg/440px-Spraying_pesticide.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Pesticide use remains a common practice in agriculture. </figcaption></figure> Environmental barriers prevent the ability to protect and conserve the natural ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> Examples of these barriers include the use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and the effects of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> Pesticides are widely used to combat pests that can devastate production and plays a significant role in keeping food prices and production costs low.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> To move toward sustainable agriculture, farmers are encouraged to utilize green pesticides, which cause less harm to both human health and habitats, but would entail a higher production cost.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is also a rapidly growing barrier, one that farmers have little control over, which can be seen through place-based barriers.<a href="#cite_note-Bhalerao-2022b-97">[97]</a> These place-based barriers include factors such as weather conditions, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a> which can cause losses in production, resulting in the reluctance to switch from conventional practices.<a href="#cite_note-Bhalerao-2022b-97">[97]</a> Many environmental benefits are also not visible or immediately evident.<a href="#cite_note-Carolan-2006-98">[98]</a> Significant changes such as lower rates of soil and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> loss, improved <a href="/wiki/Soil_structure" title="Soil structure">soil structure</a>, and higher levels of beneficial <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> take time.<a href="#cite_note-Carolan-2006-98">[98]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Conventional_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional agriculture">conventional agriculture</a>, the benefits are easily visible with no weeds, pests, etc..., but the long term costs to the soil and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> are hidden and "externalized".<a href="#cite_note-Carolan-2006-98">[98]</a> Conventional agricultural practices since the evolution of technology have caused significant damage to the environment through <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, disrupted ecosystems, poor water quality, among other harms.<a href="#cite_note-Grover-2017-93">[93]</a> The economic obstacles to implementing sustainable agricultural practices include low financial return/profitability, lack of financial incentives, and negligible capital investments.<a href="#cite_note-Acampora-2023-99">[99]</a> Financial incentives and circumstances play a large role in whether sustainable practices will be adopted.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Acampora-2023-99">[99]</a> The human and material capital required to shift to sustainable methods of agriculture requires training of the workforce and making investments in new technology and products, which comes at a high cost.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Acampora-2023-99">[99]</a> In addition to this, farmers practicing conventional agriculture can mass produce their crops, and therefore maximize their profitability.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> This would be difficult to do in sustainable agriculture which encourages low production capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_Junior-2022d-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communal_Gardening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Communal_Gardening.jpg/220px-Communal_Gardening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Communal_Gardening.jpg/330px-Communal_Gardening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Communal_Gardening.jpg/440px-Communal_Gardening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Community gardening is a promising method of sustainable agriculture.</figcaption></figure> The author <a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a> claims almost all modern technology is bad and that there cannot be sustainability unless agriculture is done in ancient traditional ways.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Efforts toward more sustainable agriculture are supported in the sustainability community, however, these are often viewed only as incremental steps and not as an end.<a href="#cite_note-Grover-2017-93">[93]</a> One promising method of encouraging sustainable agriculture is through <a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">local farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">community gardens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grover-2017-93">[93]</a> Incorporating local produce and agricultural education into schools, communities, and institutions can promote the consumption of freshly grown produce which will drive consumer demand.<a href="#cite_note-Grover-2017-93">[93]</a> Some foresee a true sustainable <a href="/wiki/Steady_state_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Steady state economy">steady state economy</a> that may be very different from today's: greatly reduced energy usage, minimal <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a>, fewer <a href="/wiki/Consumer_packaged_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer packaged goods">consumer packaged goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_purchasing" title="Local purchasing">local purchasing</a> with <a href="/wiki/Short_food_supply_chains" title="Short food supply chains">short food supply chains</a>, little <a href="/wiki/Processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Processed foods">processed foods</a>, more home and <a href="/wiki/Community_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Community garden">community gardens</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_viewpoints_about_the_definition">Different viewpoints about the definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Different viewpoints about the definition">edit</a>]</div> There is a debate on the definition of sustainability regarding agriculture. The definition could be characterized by two different approaches: <a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">an ecocentric approach and a technocentric approach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2009-102">[102]</a> The ecocentric approach emphasizes no- or low-growth levels of human development, and focuses on <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">biodynamic farming</a> techniques with the goal of changing consumption patterns, and resource allocation and usage. The technocentric approach argues that <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> can be attained through a variety of strategies, from the view that state-led modification of the industrial system like conservation-oriented farming systems should be implemented, to the argument that <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> is the best way to meet the increasing demand for food.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2009-102">[102]</a> One can look at the topic of sustainable agriculture through two different lenses: <a href="/wiki/Multifunctionality_in_agriculture" title="Multifunctionality in agriculture">multifunctional agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huang-2014-103">[103]</a> Both of approaches are similar, but look at the function of agriculture differently. Those that employ the multifunctional agriculture philosophy focus on farm-centered approaches, and define function as being the outputs of agricultural activity.<a href="#cite_note-Huang-2014-103">[103]</a> The central argument of multifunctionality is that agriculture is a multifunctional enterprise with other functions aside from the production of food and fiber. These functions include renewable resource management, landscape conservation and biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Renting-2009-104">[104]</a> The ecosystem service-centered approach posits that individuals and society as a whole receive benefits from <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, which are called "ecosystem services".<a href="#cite_note-Huang-2014-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tilman-2002-105">[105]</a> In sustainable agriculture, the services that ecosystems provide include <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedogenesis">soil formation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycling</a>, all of which are necessary functions for the production of food.<a href="#cite_note-Sandhu-2010-106">[106]</a> It is also claimed sustainable agriculture is best considered as an ecosystem approach to agriculture, called <a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">agroecology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ethics">edit</a>]</div> Most agricultural professionals agree that there is a "moral obligation to pursue [the] goal [of] sustainability."<a href="#cite_note-Dundon2009-77">[77]</a> The major debate comes from what system will provide a path to that goal because if an unsustainable method is used on a large scale it will have a massive negative effect on the environment and human population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries%E2%80%99_evaluation_of_trends_in_the_use_of_selected_management_practices_and_approaches.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Countries%E2%80%99_evaluation_of_trends_in_the_use_of_selected_management_practices_and_approaches.svg/390px-Countries%E2%80%99_evaluation_of_trends_in_the_use_of_selected_management_practices_and_approaches.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Countries%E2%80%99_evaluation_of_trends_in_the_use_of_selected_management_practices_and_approaches.svg/585px-Countries%E2%80%99_evaluation_of_trends_in_the_use_of_selected_management_practices_and_approaches.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Countries%E2%80%99_evaluation_of_trends_in_the_use_of_selected_management_practices_and_approaches.svg/780px-Countries%E2%80%99_evaluation_of_trends_in_the_use_of_selected_management_practices_and_approaches.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Countries' evaluation of trends in the use of selected management practices and approaches</figcaption></figure> Other practices include <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a>, growing a diverse number of perennial crops in a single field, each of which would grow in separate seasons so as not to compete with each other for natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> This system would result in increased resistance to diseases and decreased effects of erosion and loss of nutrients in the soil. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">Nitrogen fixation</a> from legumes, for example, used in conjunction with plants that rely on nitrate from the soil for growth, helps to allow the land to be reused annually. Legumes will grow for a season and replenish the soil with ammonium and nitrate, and the next season other plants can be seeded and grown in the field in preparation for harvest. Sustainable methods of weed management may help reduce the development of herbicide-resistant weeds.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">Crop rotation</a> may also replenish nitrogen if <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a> are used in the rotations and may also use resources more efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_(4753)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_%284753%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_%284753%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_%284753%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_%284753%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_%284753%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_%284753%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a> with pasture divided into <a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)#Paddock" title="Field (agriculture)">paddocks</a></figcaption></figure> There are also many ways to practice sustainable <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. Some of the tools to <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> management include fencing off the grazing area into smaller areas called <a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)#Paddock" title="Field (agriculture)">paddocks</a>, lowering stock density, and moving the stock between paddocks frequently.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensification">Intensification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Intensification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming#Sustainability" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming § Sustainability</a></div> An increased production is a goal of <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensification</a>. Sustainable intensification encompasses specific agriculture methods that increase production and at the same time help improve environmental outcomes. The desired outcomes of the farm are achieved without the need for more land cultivation or destruction of natural habitat; the system performance is upgraded with no net environmental cost. Sustainable Intensification has become a priority for the United Nations. Sustainable intensification differs from prior intensification methods by specifically placing importance on broader environmental outcomes. By 2018; it was predicted in 100 nations a combined total of 163 million farms used sustainable intensification. The amount of agricultural land covered by this is 453 million ha of land. That amount of land is equal to 29% of farms worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In light of concerns about <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a> growth and dwindling land suitable for agriculture, sustainable intensive farming practises are needed to maintain high <a href="/wiki/Crop_yields" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop yields">crop yields</a>, while maintaining <a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">soil health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>. The capacity for ecosystem services to be strong enough to allow a reduction in use of non-renewable inputs whilst maintaining or boosting yields has been the subject of much debate. Recent work in irrigated rice production system of east Asia has suggested that – in relation to pest management at least – promoting the ecosystem service of biological control using nectar plants can reduce the need for insecticides by 70% whilst delivering a 5% yield advantage compared with standard practice.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a> is a concept with the potential advantages of year-round production, isolation from pests and diseases, controllable resource recycling and reduced transportation costs.<a href="#cite_note-Marks2014-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_2">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Water efficiency</a> can be improved by reducing the need for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and using alternative methods. Such methods include: researching on <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> resistant crops, monitoring plant <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> and reducing soil <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Drought resistant crops have been researched extensively as a means to overcome the issue of <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water shortage</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">modified genetically</a> so they can adapt in an environment with little water. This is beneficial as it reduces the need for irrigation and helps conserve water. Although they have been extensively researched, significant results have not been achieved as most of the successful species will have no overall impact on water conservation. However, some grains like <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, for example, have been successfully genetically modified to be drought resistant.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_and_nutrients">Soil and nutrients</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Soil and nutrients">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Soil_amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil amendments">Soil amendments</a> include using compost from recycling centers. Using compost from yard and kitchen waste uses available resources in the area. Abstinence from soil <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tillage</a> before planting and leaving the plant residue after <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvesting</a> reduces soil water evaporation; It also serves to prevent soil erosion.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_55–61-117">[117]</a> Crop residues left covering the surface of the soil may result in reduced evaporation of water, a lower surface soil temperature, and reduction of wind effects.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_55–61-117">[117]</a> A way to make <a href="/wiki/Rock_phosphate#uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock phosphate">rock phosphate</a> more effective is to add microbial inoculates such as phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, known as PSMs, to the soil.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-2007-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-KAUR-2015-81">[81]</a> These solubilize phosphorus already in the soil and use processes like organic acid production and ion exchange reactions to make that phosphorus available for plants.<a href="#cite_note-KAUR-2015-81">[81]</a> Experimentally, these PSMs have been shown to increase crop growth in terms of shoot height, dry biomass and grain yield.<a href="#cite_note-KAUR-2015-81">[81]</a> Phosphorus uptake is even more efficient with the presence of <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizae</a> in the soil.<a href="#cite_note-Springer-1997-118">[118]</a> Mycorrhiza is a type of <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic symbiotic</a> association between plants and fungi,<a href="#cite_note-Springer-1997-118">[118]</a> which are well-equipped to absorb nutrients, including phosphorus, in soil.<a href="#cite_note-Shenoy-2005-119">[119]</a> These fungi can increase nutrient uptake in soil where phosphorus has been fixed by aluminum, calcium, and iron.<a href="#cite_note-Shenoy-2005-119">[119]</a> Mycorrhizae can also release organic acids that solubilize otherwise unavailable phosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-Shenoy-2005-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_weeds">Pests and weeds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pests and weeds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daempfen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Daempfen.jpg/220px-Daempfen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Daempfen.jpg/330px-Daempfen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Daempfen.jpg/440px-Daempfen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soil_steam_sterilization#Sheet_steaming" title="Soil steam sterilization">Sheet steaming</a> with a MSD/moeschle steam boiler (left side)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Soil_steam_sterilization" title="Soil steam sterilization">Soil steaming</a> can be used as an alternative to chemicals for soil sterilization. Different methods are available to induce steam into the soil to kill pests and increase soil health. Solarizing is based on the same principle, used to increase the temperature of the soil to kill pathogens and pests.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Certain plants can be cropped for use as <a href="/wiki/Biofumigation" title="Biofumigation">biofumigants</a>, "natural" <a href="/wiki/Fumigant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumigant">fumigants</a>, releasing pest suppressing compounds when crushed, ploughed into the soil, and covered in plastic for four weeks. Plants in the <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> family release large amounts of toxic compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Methyl_isothiocyanate" title="Methyl isothiocyanate">methyl isothiocyanates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Location">edit</a>]</div> Relocating current croplands to environmentally more <a href="/wiki/Optimization_problem" title="Optimization problem">optimal</a> locations, whilst allowing ecosystems in then-abandoned areas to <a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">regenerate</a> could substantially decrease the current carbon, biodiversity, and irrigation water footprint of global crop production, with relocation only within national borders also having substantial potential.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Plants">edit</a>]</div> Sustainability may also involve <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Union-125">[125]</a> Crop rotation and <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">cover crops</a> prevent <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">soil erosion</a>, by protecting <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> from wind and water.<a href="#cite_note-Atekan-2014-31">[31]</a> Effective crop rotation can reduce pest pressure on crops, provides weed control, reduces disease build up, and improves the efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant nutrient">soil nutrients</a> and nutrient cycling.<a href="#cite_note-Reganold_112–120-126">[126]</a> This reduces the need for fertilizers and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Union-125">[125]</a> Increasing the diversity of crops by introducing new <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> can increase yields by 10 to 15 percent compared to when they are grown in monoculture.<a href="#cite_note-Reganold_112–120-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perennial_grain" title="Perennial grain">Perennial crops</a> reduce the need for <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tillage</a> and thus help mitigate soil erosion, and may sometimes tolerate drought better, increase water quality and help increase soil organic matter. There are research programs attempting to develop perennial substitutes for existing annual crops, such as replacing wheat with the wild grass <a href="/wiki/Thinopyrum_intermedium" title="Thinopyrum intermedium">Thinopyrum intermedium</a>, or possible experimental hybrids of it and wheat.<a href="#cite_note-Baker2017-128">[128]</a> Being able to do all of this without the use of chemicals is one of the main goals of sustainability which is why crop rotation is a very central method of sustainable agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Reganold_112–120-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Related concepts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_agriculture">Organic agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Organic agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organic_Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Farming">Organic Farming</a></div> Organic agriculture can be defined as: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity whilst, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, and growth hormones.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></blockquote> Some claim <a href="/wiki/Organic_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic agriculture">organic agriculture</a> may produce the most sustainable products available for consumers in the US, where no other alternatives exist, although the focus of the organics industry is not sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Union-125">[125]</a> In 2018 the sales of organic products in USA reach $52.5 billion<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> According to a USDA survey two-thirds of Americans consume organic products at least occasionally.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_farming">Ecological farming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ecological farming">edit</a>]</div> Ecological farming is a concept that focused on the environmental aspects of sustainable agriculture. Ecological farming includes all methods, including organic, which regenerate <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> like: prevention of <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, water infiltration and retention, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> in the form of humus, and increased biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Many techniques are used including <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till farming</a>, multispecies cover crops, strip cropping, terrace cultivation, shelter belts, pasture cropping etc. There are a plethora of methods and techniques that are employed when practicing ecological farming, all having their own unique benefits and implementations that lead to more sustainable agriculture. Crop genetic diversity is one method that is used to reduce the risks associated with monoculture crops, which can be susceptible to a changing climate.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-136">[136]</a> This form of biodiversity causes crops to be more resilient, increasing food security and enhancing the productivity of the field on a long-term scale.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-136">[136]</a> The use of biodigestors is another method which converts organic waste into a combustible gas, which can provide several benefits to an ecological farm: it can be used as a fuel source, fertilizer for crops and fish ponds, and serves as a method for removing wastes that are rich in organic matter.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Because biodigestors can be used as fertilizer, it reduces the amount of industrial fertilizers that are needed to sustain the yields of the farm. Another technique used is aquaculture integration, which combines fish farming with agricultural farming, using the wastes from animals and crops and diverting them towards the fish farms to be used up instead of being leeched into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-:1a-138">[138]</a> Mud from the fish ponds can also be used to fertilize crops.<a href="#cite_note-:1a-138">[138]</a> Organic fertilizers can also be employed in an ecological farm, such as animal and green manure.<a href="#cite_note-:2a-139">[139]</a> This allows soil fertility to be improved and well-maintained, leads to reduced costs and increased yields, reduces the usage of non-renewable resources in industrial fertilizers (Nitrogen and Phosphorus), and reduces the environmental pressures that are posed by intensive agricultural systems.<a href="#cite_note-:2a-139">[139]</a> Precision Agriculture can also be used, which focuses on efficient removal of pests using non-chemical techniques and minimizes the amount of tilling needed to sustain the farm. An example of a precision machine is the false seedbed tiller, which can remove a great majority of small weeds while only tilling one centimeter deep.<a href="#cite_note-:3a-140">[140]</a> This minimized tilling reduces the amount of new weeds that germinate from soil disturbance.<a href="#cite_note-:3a-140">[140]</a> Other methods that reduce soil erosion include contour farming, strip cropping, and terrace cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benefits">Benefits</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ecological farming involves the introduction of symbiotic species, where possible, to support the ecological sustainability of the farm. Associated benefits include a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">ecological debt</a> and elimination of dead zones.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>Ecological farming is a pioneering, practical development which aims to create globally <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_land_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable land management">sustainable land management</a> systems, and encourages review of the importance of maintaining biodiversity in food production and farming end products.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li>One foreseeable option is to develop specialized automata to scan and respond to soil and plant situations relative to intensive care for the soil and the plants. Accordingly, conversion to ecological farming may best utilize the information age, and become recognised as a primary user of robotics and expert systems.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenges">Challenges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Challenges">edit</a>]</div> The challenge for ecological farming science is to be able to achieve a mainstream productive <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food system</a> that is sustainable or even regenerative. To enter the field of ecological farming, location relative to the consumer, can reduce the food miles factor to help minimise damage to the biosphere by combustion engine emissions involved in current food transportation. Design of the ecological farm is initially constrained by the same limitations as conventional farming: local climate, the soil's physical properties, budget for beneficial soil supplements, manpower and available automatons; however long-term water management by ecological farming methods is likely to conserve and increase water availability for the location, and require far fewer inputs to maintain fertility. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Principles">Principles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Principles">edit</a>]</div> Certain principles unique to ecological farming need to be considered. <ul><li>Food production should be ecological in both origin and destiny (the term destiny refers to the post-harvest <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> which results in getting produce to the consumer).</li> <li>Integration of species that maintain ecosystem services whilst providing a selection of alternative products.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li>Minimise food miles, packaging, energy consumption and waste.</li> <li>Define a new ecosystem to suit human needs using lessons from existing ecosystems from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>Apply the value of a knowledge-base (advanced data base) about soil microorganisms so that discoveries of the ecological benefits of having various kinds of microorganisms encouraged in productive systems such as Forest Gardens can be assessed and optimised; for example in the case of naturally occurring microorganisms called denitrifiers.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_agriculture">Traditional agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Traditional agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullocks_Plough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bullocks_Plough.jpg/220px-Bullocks_Plough.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bullocks_Plough.jpg/330px-Bullocks_Plough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bullocks_Plough.jpg/440px-Bullocks_Plough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Practice of Traditional Agriculture</figcaption></figure> Often thought of as inherently destructive, <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a> <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a> have been practiced in the Amazon for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Some traditional systems combine <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a> with sustainability. In South-East Asia, <a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">rice-fish systems</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rice_paddies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice paddies">rice paddies</a> have raised <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> as well as rice, producing an additional product and reducing <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of neighboring rivers.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> A variant in Indonesia combines rice, fish, ducks and water fern; the ducks eat the weeds that would otherwise limit rice growth, saving labour and herbicides, while the duck and fish manure substitute for fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Raised field agriculture has been recently revived in certain areas of the world, such as the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. This has resurged in the form of traditional <a href="/wiki/Waru_Waru" title="Waru Waru">Waru Waru</a> raised fields, which create nutrient-rich soil in regions where such soil is scarce. This method is extremely productive and has recently been utilized by indigenous groups in the area and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a> to make use of lands that have been historically hard to cultivate. Other forms of traditional agriculture include agro forestry, crop rotations, and water harvesting. Water harvesting is one of the largest and most common practices, particularly used in dry areas and seasons. In Ethiopia, over half of their GDP and over 80 percent of their exports are attributed to agriculture; yet, it is known for its intense droughts and dry periods.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Rain water harvesting is considered to be a low-cost alternative. This type of harvesting collects and stores water from roof tops during high-rain periods for use during droughts.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a> has been a large practice to help the country survive by focusing on runoff irrigation, roof water harvesting, and flood spreading. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_Agriculture_in_North_America">Indigenous Agriculture in North America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Indigenous Agriculture in North America">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Rice_paddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Asia_Rice_paddy.jpg/220px-Asia_Rice_paddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Asia_Rice_paddy.jpg/330px-Asia_Rice_paddy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Asia_Rice_paddy.jpg/440px-Asia_Rice_paddy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Indigenous Agriculture</figcaption></figure> Native Americans in the United States practiced sustainable agriculture through their subsistence farming techniques. Many tribes grew or harvested their own food from plants that thrived in their local ecosystems. Native American farming practices are specific to local environments and work with natural processes.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> This is a practice called <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a>, and it involves a deep understanding of the local environment.<a href="#cite_note-nfu.org-156">[156]</a> Native American farming techniques also incorporate local biodiversity into many of their practices, which helps the land remain healthy.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Many indigenous tribes incorporated <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a> into their agriculture, which is a practice where multiple crops are planted together in the same area. This strategy allows crops to help one another grow through exchanged nutrients, maintained soil moisture, and physical supports for one another. The crops that are paired in intercropping often do not heavily compete for resources, which helps them to each be successful. For example, many tribes utilized intercropping in ways such as the Three Sisters Garden. This gardening technique consists of corn, beans, and squash. These crops grow in unity as the corn stalk supports the beans, the beans produce nitrogen, and the squash retain moisture.<a href="#cite_note-Frey-2011-158">[158]</a> Intercropping also provides a natural strategy for pest management and the prevention of weed growth. Intercropping is a natural agricultural practice that often improves the overall health of the soil and plants, increases crop yield, and is sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-nfu.org-156">[156]</a> One of the most significant aspects of indigenous sustainable agriculture is their <a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">traditional ecological knowledge</a> of harvesting. The <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> tribes follow an ideology known as "the Honorable Harvest". The Honorable Harvest is a set of practices that emphasize the idea that people should "take only what you need and use everything you take."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Resources are conserved through this practice because several rules are followed when harvesting a plant. These rules are to never take the first plant, never take more than half of the plants, and never take the last plant.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> This encourages future growth of the plant and therefore leads to a sustainable use of the plants in the area. Native Americans practiced <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> by managing the forest, animals, and crops together. They also helped promote tree growth through controlled burns and <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a>. Often, the remaining ash from these burns would be used to fertilize their crops. By improving the conditions of the forest, the local wildlife populations also increased. Native Americans allowed their livestock to graze in the forest, which provided natural fertilizer for the trees as well.<a href="#cite_note-nfu.org-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regenerative_agriculture">Regenerative agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Regenerative agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_agriculture" title="Regenerative agriculture">Regenerative agriculture</a></div> Regenerative agriculture is a conservation and rehabilitation approach to food and farming systems. It focuses on <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> <a href="/wiki/Soil_regeneration" title="Soil regeneration">regeneration</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> improving the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> enhancing <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>, supporting <a href="/wiki/Biosequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosequestration">biosequestration</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">resilience to climate change</a>, and strengthening the health and vitality of farm soil. Practices include, recycling as much farm waste as possible, and adding <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composted</a> material from sources outside the farm.<a href="#cite_note-Pilgeram-2015-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3SA-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atekan-2014-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4SA-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_methods">Alternative methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Alternative methods">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permaculture">Permaculture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Permaculture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Permaculture_garden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Permaculture_garden.JPG/330px-Permaculture_garden.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Permaculture_garden.JPG/495px-Permaculture_garden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Permaculture_garden.JPG/660px-Permaculture_garden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A garden cultivated on permaculture principles</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a> is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. It includes a set of design principles derived using <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">whole-systems thinking</a>. It applies these principles in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_agriculture" title="Regenerative agriculture">regenerative agriculture</a>, town planning, <a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(conservation_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (conservation biology)">rewilding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">community resilience</a>. The term was coined in 1978 by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Mollison" title="Bill Mollison">Bill Mollison</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Holmgren" title="David Holmgren">David Holmgren</a>, who formulated the concept in opposition to modern industrialized methods, instead adopting a more traditional or "natural" approach to agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Permaculture_:3-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Permaculture_:7-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Permaculture_:4-167">[167]</a> Permaculture has been criticised as being poorly defined and unscientific.<a href="#cite_note-Permaculture_For_Sceptics_2021-168">[168]</a> Critics have pushed for less reliance on anecdote and extrapolation from ecological first principles, in favor of peer-reviewed research to substantiate productivity claims and to clarify methodology. Peter Harper from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a> suggests that most of what passes for permaculture has no relevance to real problems.<a href="#cite_note-Permaculture_:13-169">[169]</a> Defenders of permaculture reply that researchers have concluded it to be a “sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture,” that it “strongly” enhances carbon stocks, soil quality, and biodiversity, making it “an effective tool to promote sustainable agriculture, ensure sustainable production patterns, combat climate change and halt and reverse land degradation and biodiversity loss.”<a href="#cite_note-Permaculture_Reiff_1–14-170">[170]</a> They further point out that most of permaculture’s most common methods, such as agroforestry,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> polycultures,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> and water harvesting features<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> are also backed by peer-reviewed research.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polyculture">Polyculture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Polyculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a></div> There is limited evidence <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a> may contribute to sustainable agriculture. A meta-analysis of a number of polycrop studies found that predator insect biodiversity was higher at comparable yields than conventional in certain <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">two-crop systems</a> with a single <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a> combined with a cover crop.<a href="#cite_note-Iverson_2014-174">[174]</a> One approach to sustainability is to develop polyculture systems using <a href="/wiki/Perennial_crop" title="Perennial crop">perennial crop</a> varieties. Such varieties are being developed for rice, wheat, sorghum, barley, and sunflowers. If these can be combined in polyculture with a leguminous cover crop such as alfalfa, fixation of nitrogen will be added to the system, reducing the need for fertilizer and pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-Baker2017-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_small-scale_agriculture">Local small-scale agriculture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Local small-scale agriculture">edit</a>]</div> The use of available city space (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooftop gardens">rooftop gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Community gardens">community gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_sharing" title="Garden sharing">garden sharing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organop%C3%B3nicos" title="Organopónicos">organopónicos</a>, and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban agriculture</a>) may be able to contribute to sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Some consider "<a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">guerrilla gardening</a>" an example of sustainability in action<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> – in some cases seeds of edible plants have been sown in local rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydroponics_or_soil-less_culture">Hydroponics or soil-less culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Hydroponics or soil-less culture">edit</a>]</div> Hydroponics is an alternative to agriculture that creates the ideal environment for optimal growth without using a dormant medium. This innovative farming technique produces higher crop yields without compromising soil health. The most significant drawback of this sustainable farming technique is the cost associated with development.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Standards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contour_buffer_strips_NRCS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Contour_buffer_strips_NRCS.jpg/220px-Contour_buffer_strips_NRCS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Contour_buffer_strips_NRCS.jpg/330px-Contour_buffer_strips_NRCS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Contour_buffer_strips_NRCS.jpg/440px-Contour_buffer_strips_NRCS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Certification systems are important to the agriculture community and to consumers as these standards determine the sustainability of produce. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">sustainability standards and certification</a> systems exist, including <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">organic certification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance" title="Rainforest Alliance">Rainforest Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade certification">Fair Trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTZ_Certified" title="UTZ Certified">UTZ Certified</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLOBALG.A.P" title="GLOBALG.A.P">GlobalGAP</a>, Bird Friendly, and the Common Code for the Coffee Community (4C).<a href="#cite_note-SAI-12">[12]</a> These standards specify rules that producers, manufacturers and traders need to follow so that the things they do, make, or grow do not hurt people and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> These standards are also known as Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) that are private standards that require products to meet specific economic, social or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> metrics. The requirements can refer to product quality or attributes, but also to production and processing methods, as well as transportation. VSS are mostly designed and marketed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or private firms and they are adopted by actors up and down the value chain, from farmers to retailers. Certifications and labels are used to signal the successful implementation of a VSS. According to the ITC standards map the mostly covered products by standards are agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Around 500 VSS today apply to key exports of many developing countries, such as coffee, tea, bananas, cocoa, palm oil, timber, cotton, and organic agri-foods.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> VSS are found to reduce eutrophication, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, and natural ecosystem conversion.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> And thus are considered as a potential tool for sustainable agriculture. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> produces an organic label that is supported by nationalized standards of farmers and facilities. The steps for certification consist of creating an organic system plan, which determines how produce will be tilled, grazed, harvested, stored, and transported. This plan also manages and monitors the substances used around the produce, the maintenance needed to protect the produce, and any nonorganic products that may come in contact with the produce. The organic system plan is then reviewed and inspected by the USDA certifying agent. Once the certification is granted, the produce receives an approval sticker from the USDA and the produce is distributed across the U.S. In order to hold farmers accountable and ensure that Americans are receiving organic produce, these inspections are done at least once a year.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> This is just one example of sustainable certification systems through produce maintenance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy">Policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delaware_Valley_University_-_Roth_Center_for_Sustainable_Agriculture,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Delaware_Valley_University_-_Roth_Center_for_Sustainable_Agriculture%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-Delaware_Valley_University_-_Roth_Center_for_Sustainable_Agriculture%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Delaware_Valley_University_-_Roth_Center_for_Sustainable_Agriculture%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/330px-Delaware_Valley_University_-_Roth_Center_for_Sustainable_Agriculture%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Delaware_Valley_University_-_Roth_Center_for_Sustainable_Agriculture%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/440px-Delaware_Valley_University_-_Roth_Center_for_Sustainable_Agriculture%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Delaware Valley University's "Roth Center for Sustainable Agriculture", located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania</figcaption></figure> Sustainable agriculture is a topic in international policy concerning its potential to reduce environmental risks. In 2011, the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change, as part of its recommendations for policymakers on achieving food security in the face of climate change, urged that sustainable agriculture must be integrated into national and international policy.<a href="#cite_note-cgiar-184">[184]</a> The Commission stressed that increasing weather variability and climate shocks will negatively affect agricultural yields, necessitating early action to drive change in agricultural production systems towards increasing resilience.<a href="#cite_note-cgiar-184">[184]</a> It also called for dramatically increased investments in sustainable agriculture in the next decade, including in national research and development budgets, <a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">land rehabilitation</a>, economic incentives, and infrastructure improvement.<a href="#cite_note-cgiar-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_the_global_level">At the global level</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: At the global level">edit</a>]</div> During <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a>, 45 countries pledged to give more than 4 billion dollars for transition to sustainable agriculture. The organization "Slow Food" expressed concern about the effectivity of the spendings, as they concentrate on technological solutions and reforestation en place of "a holistic agroecology that transforms food from a mass-produced commodity into part of a sustainable system that works within natural boundaries."<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Additionally, the Summit consisted of negotiations that led to heavily reducing CO2 emissions, becoming carbon neutral, ending deforestation and reliance on coal, and limiting methane emissions.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In November, the Climate Action Tracker reported that global efforts are on track to for a 2.7 °C temperature increase with current policies, finding that the current targets will not meet global needs as coal and natural gas consumption are primarily responsible for the gap in progress.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Since, like-minded developing countries[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] asked for an addendum to the agreement that removed the obligation for developing countries to meet the same requirements of wealthy nations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></div> In May 2020 the European Union published a program, named "From Farm to Fork" for making its agriculture more sustainable. In the official page of the program <a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Farm_to_Fork&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Farm to Fork (page does not exist)">From Farm to Fork</a> is cited <a href="/wiki/Frans_Timmermans" title="Frans Timmermans">Frans Timmermans</a> the Executive Vice-President of the European Commission, saying that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The coronavirus crisis has shown how vulnerable we all are, and how important it is to restore the balance between human activity and nature. At the heart of the Green Deal the Biodiversity and Farm to Fork strategies point to a new and better balance of nature, food systems, and biodiversity; to protect our people's health and well-being, and at the same time to increase the EU's competitiveness and resilience. These strategies are a crucial part of the great transition we are embarking upon.<a href="#cite_note-Farm_to_Fork-190">[190]</a></blockquote> The program includes the next targets: <ul><li>Making 25% of EU agriculture organic, by 2030.</li> <li>Reduce by 50% the use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> by 2030.</li> <li>Reduce the use of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> by 20% by 2030.</li> <li>Reduce <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_loss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nutrient loss (page does not exist)">nutrient loss</a> by at least 50%.</li> <li>Reduce the use of <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimicrobials in agriculture">antimicrobials in agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">antimicrobials in aquaculture</a> by 50% by 2030.</li> <li>Create sustainable food labeling.</li> <li>Reduce <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> by 50% by 2030.</li> <li>Dedicate to R&I related to the issue €10 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Farm_to_Fork-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Policies from 1930 - 2000 The <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> implemented policies and programs that promoted sustainable agriculture. Under the Agriculture Adjustment Act of 1933, it provided farmers payments to create a supply management regime that capped production of important crops.<a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019a-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shaffer-2017-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019b-193">[193]</a> This allowed farmers to focus on growing food and not competing in the market based system. The <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> also provided a monetary incentive for farmers that left some of their fields unsown or ungrazed to order to improve the soil conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019a-191">[191]</a> The Cooperative Extension Service was also established that set up sharing funding responsibilities amongst the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a>, land-grant universities, and local communities.<a href="#cite_note-Shaffer-2017-192">[192]</a> The 1950s to 1990s was when the government switched its stance on agriculture policy which halted sustainable agriculture. The <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Act of 1954">Agricultural Act of 1954</a> passed which supported farmers with flexible price supports, but only to commodity programs.<a href="#cite_note-USDA-SCS?-1977-194">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Act_of_1965" title="Food and Agriculture Act of 1965">Food and Agricultural Act of 1965</a> had new income support payments and continued supply controls but reduced priced supports.<a href="#cite_note-USDA-SCS?-1977-194">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection_Act_of_1973" title="Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973">Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973</a> removed price supports and instead introduced target prices and deficiency payments.<a href="#cite_note-USDA-SCS?-1977-194">[194]</a> It continued to promote commodity crops by lowering interest rates. <a href="/wiki/Food_Security_Act_of_1985" title="Food Security Act of 1985">Food Security Act of 1985</a> continued commodity loan programs.<a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019b-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDA-SCS?-1977-194">[194]</a> These policies incentivized profit over sustainability because the US government was promoting farms to maximize their production output instead of placing checks.<a href="#cite_note-USDA-SCS?-1977-194">[194]</a> This meant that farms were being turned into food factories as they became bigger in size and grew more <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">commodity crops</a> like corn, wheat, and cotton. From 1900 to 2002, the number of farms in the US decreased significantly while the average size of a farm went up after 1950.<a href="#cite_note-USDA-SCS?-1977-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019b-193">[193]</a> Current Policies In the United States, the federal <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>) provides technical and financial assistance for those interested in pursuing natural resource conservation along with production agriculture. With programs like <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Agriculture_Research_and_Education" title="Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education">SARE</a> and China-UK <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Agriculture_Innovation_Network" title="Sustainable Agriculture Innovation Network">SAIN</a> to help promote research on sustainable agriculture practices and a framework for agriculture and climate change respectively. Future Policies Currently, there are policies on the table that could move the US agriculture system into a more sustainable direction with the <a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a>. This policy promotes decentralizing agrarian governance by breaking up large commodity farms that were created in the 1950s to 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019a-191">[191]</a> Decentralized governance within the farming community would allow for more adaptive management at local levels to help focus on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, and landscape-scale ecological stewardship.<a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019a-191">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a> would invest in public infrastructure to support farmers transition from industrial food regime and acquire <a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">agroecological</a> skills.<a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019a-191">[191]</a> Just like in the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, it would invest in <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a> and commons to share and redistribute resources like land, food, equipment, research facilities, personnel, and training programs.<a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019a-191">[191]</a> All of these policies and programs would break down barriers that have prevented sustainable farmers and agriculture from taking place in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-2019b-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese government">Chinese government</a> adopted a plan to reduce China's meat consumption by 50%, for achieving more sustainable and healthy food system.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In 2019, the National Basic Research Program or <a href="/wiki/Program_973" title="Program 973">Program 973</a> funded research into Science and Technology Backyard (STB). STBs are hubs often created in rural areas with significant rates of <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">small-scale farming</a> that combine knowledge of traditional practices with new innovations and technology implementation. The purpose of this program was to invest in sustainable farming throughout the country and increase food production while achieving few negative environmental effects. The program was ultimately proven to be successful, and the study found that the merging of traditional practices and appropriate technology was instrumental in higher crop yields.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> In collaboration with the Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), CEEW (council for energy, environment and water), has given an overview of the current state of sustainable agriculture practices and systems (SAPSs) in India.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> India is aiming to scale-up SAPs, through policymakers, administrators, philanthropists, and other which represent a vital alternative to conventional, input-intensive agriculture. In idea these efforts identify 16 SAPSs – including agroforestry, crop rotation, rainwater harvesting, organic farming and natural farming – using agroecology as an investigative lens. In a conclusive understanding it is realised that sustainable agriculture is far from mainstream in India. Further proposals for several measures for promoting SAPSs, including restructured government support and rigorous evidence generation for benefits and implementation of sustainable farming are ongoing progress in Indian Agriculture. An example of initiatives in India towards exploring the world of sustainable farming has been set by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sowgood_foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sowgood foundation (page does not exist)">Sowgood foundation</a> which is a nonprofit founded by educator Pragati Chaswal.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> It started by teaching primary school children about sustainable farming by helping them farm on small farm strips in suburban farmhouses and gardens. Today many government and private schools in Delhi, India have adopted the sowgood foundation curriculum for sustainable farming for their students. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture found itself at the height of the Israeli commitment to sustainable agriculture policy. A large factor of this policy was funding programs that made sustainable agriculture accessible to smaller Palestinian-Arab communities. The program was meant to create biodiversity, train farmers in sustainable agriculture methods, and hold regular meetings for agriculture stakeholders.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In 1907, the American author <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Hiram_King" title="Franklin Hiram King">Franklin H. King</a> discussed in his book Farmers of Forty Centuries the advantages of sustainable agriculture and warned that such practices would be vital to farming in the future.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The phrase 'sustainable agriculture' was reportedly coined by the Australian <a href="/wiki/Agronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomist">agronomist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_McClymont" title="Gordon McClymont">Gordon McClymont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The term became popular in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Frey-2011-158">[158]</a> There was an international symposium on sustainability in horticulture by the International Society of Horticultural Science at the International Horticultural Congress in Toronto in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> At the following conference at Seoul in 2006, the principles were discussed further.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> This potential future inability to feed the world's population has been a concern since the English political economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> in the early 1800s, but has become increasingly important recently.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Starting at the very end of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, this issue became widely discussed in the U.S. because of growing anxieties of a rapidly increasing global population. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> has long been the biggest industry worldwide and requires significant land, water, and labor inputs. At the turn of the twenty-first century, experts questioned the industry's ability to keep up with population growth.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2017-16">[16]</a> This debate led to concerns over global <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food insecurity</a> and "solving hunger".<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_agriculture&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/ucsarep/about/what-is-sustainable-agriculture">"What is sustainable agriculture | Agricultural Sustainability Institute"</a>. asi.ucdavis.edu. 11 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/Bulletins/Biomass%20Prod%20of%20Cover%20Crops_Mustard%20Radish%20Fact%20Sht_AG-782_Online_Final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2015-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soil.ncsu.edu%2Fpublications%2FBulletins%2FBiomass%2520Prod%2520of%2520Cover%2520Crops_Mustard%2520Radish%2520Fact%2520Sht_AG-782_Online_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+agriculture" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/climatechange0/methyl-bromide/alt/biofum/en/">"Plant Production and Protection Division - Biofumigation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+Production+and+Protection+Division+-+Biofumigation&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fagriculture%2Fcrops%2Fthematic-sitemap%2Ftheme%2Fclimatechange0%2Fmethyl-bromide%2Falt%2Fbiofum%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+agriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-03-relocating-farmland-clock-twenty-years.html">"Relocating farmland could turn back clock twenty years on carbon emissions, say scientists"</a>. University of Cambridge. 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The Netherlands utilizes advanced technology in precision agriculture to optimize crop production while minimizing resource use. Farmers employ GPS-guided tractors, drones for monitoring crop health, and sensors for soil moisture and nutrient levels. This data-driven approach allows for targeted interventions, reducing waste and improving efficiency. By applying water, fertilizers, and pesticides only where needed, farmers can significantly reduce environmental impacts and enhance crop yields. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, Cuba faced a severe food crisis. In response, the government promoted urban agriculture, which involves cultivating food within city limits. Community gardens, rooftop farms, and organic production in urban areas have become prevalent. The government provided support for local farmers, leading to the establishment of more than 10,000 urban gardens across the country. This practice reduces transportation costs, minimizes the carbon footprint, and increases access to fresh produce. It also engages communities and strengthens local food systems. This approach focuses on restoring and enhancing soil health, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Australian farmers employ techniques such as cover cropping, rotational grazing, and reduced tillage. These practices help build soil organic matter, improve water retention, and increase resilience to drought. Regenerative agriculture can lead to increased productivity while also sequestering carbon, thus contributing to climate change mitigation"</a>. Communications Earth & Environment. 3 (1): 49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ComEE...3...49B">2022ComEE...3...49B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-022-00360-6">10.1038/s43247-022-00360-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10810%2F61603">10810/61603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-4435">2662-4435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247322845">247322845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Relocating+croplands+could+drastically+reduce+the+environmental+impacts+of+global+food+production.+The+Netherlands+utilizes+advanced+technology+in+precision+agriculture+to+optimize+crop+production+while+minimizing+resource+use.+Farmers+employ+GPS-guided+tractors%2C+drones+for+monitoring+crop+health%2C+and+sensors+for+soil+moisture+and+nutrient+levels.+This+data-driven+approach+allows+for+targeted+interventions%2C+reducing+waste+and+improving+efficiency.+By+applying+water%2C+fertilizers%2C+and+pesticides+only+where+needed%2C+farmers+can+significantly+reduce+environmental+impacts+and+enhance+crop+yields.+After+the+collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union+in+the+1990s%2C+Cuba+faced+a+severe+food+crisis.+In+response%2C+the+government+promoted+urban+agriculture%2C+which+involves+cultivating+food+within+city+limits.+Community+gardens%2C+rooftop+farms%2C+and+organic+production+in+urban+areas+have+become+prevalent.+The+government+provided+support+for+local+farmers%2C+leading+to+the+establishment+of+more+than+10%2C000+urban+gardens+across+the+country.+This+practice+reduces+transportation+costs%2C+minimizes+the+carbon+footprint%2C+and+increases+access+to+fresh+produce.+It+also+engages+communities+and+strengthens+local+food+systems.+This+approach+focuses+on+restoring+and+enhancing+soil+health%2C+biodiversity%2C+and+ecosystem+services.+Australian+farmers+employ+techniques+such+as+cover+cropping%2C+rotational+grazing%2C+and+reduced+tillage.+These+practices+help+build+soil+organic+matter%2C+improve+water+retention%2C+and+increase+resilience+to+drought.+Regenerative+agriculture+can+lead+to+increased+productivity+while+also+sequestering+carbon%2C+thus+contributing+to+climate+change+mitigation.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10810%2F61603&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247322845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ComEE...3...49B&rft.issn=2662-4435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43247-022-00360-6&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Hua%2C+Fangyuan&rft.au=Martin%2C+Philip+A.&rft.au=Manica%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Rademacher%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs43247-022-00360-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+agriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Union-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Union_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Union_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Union_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/what-sustainable-agriculture">"What is Sustainable Agriculture?"</a>. 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Scientific American. 262 (6): 112–120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990SciAm.262f.112R">1990SciAm.262f.112R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0690-112">10.1038/scientificamerican0690-112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Agriculture&rft.volume=262&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=112-120&rft.date=1990-06&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0690-112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990SciAm.262f.112R&rft.aulast=Reganold&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft.au=Papendick%2C+Robert+I.&rft.au=Parr%2C+James+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0690-112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+agriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Global plan of action for the conservation and sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture ; and, The Leipzig declaration. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sustainable agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_technology" title="Template talk:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_smart_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate smart agriculture">Climate smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-innovation" title="Eco-innovation">Eco-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Design">Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Environmentally healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li>Sustainable (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/100px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/150px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/200px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3831" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Air pollution (<a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">dispersion modeling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies" title="List of solid waste treatment technologies">Solid waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li>Water (<a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste-water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste-water treatment technologies">waste-water treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li>Fuel (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_technologies" title="Hydrogen technologies">hydrogen technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Building (<a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Environmental remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Green computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751054#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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