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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Meitnerium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meitnerium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biological role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Group 9 element</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="عناصر المجموعة التاسعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر المجموعة التاسعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_9_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Grupo 9 d'a tabla periodica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo 9 d'a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupu_9" title="Elementos del grupu 9 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del grupu 9" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_sistemin_9-cu_qrupu" title="Dövri sistemin 9-cu qrupu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri sistemin 9-cu qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_golongan_9" title="Datu golongan 9 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Datu golongan 9" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="নবম শ্রেণীর মৌল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নবম শ্রেণীর মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 9 на периодичната система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група 9 на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="9. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="9. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_9_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grup 9 de la taula periòdica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup 9 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._skupina" title="9. skupina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="9. skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_Gr%C5%B5p_9" title="Elfen Grŵp 9 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen Grŵp 9" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobaltgruppe" title="Cobaltgruppe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cobaltgruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupo_9" title="Elementos del grupo 9 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos del grupo 9" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_grupo_9" title="Elemento de grupo 9 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de grupo 9" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._taldeko_elementu" title="9. taldeko elementu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="9. taldeko elementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%B9_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="گروه ۹ جدول تناوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه ۹ جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_9_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 9 du tableau périodique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe 9 du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="9족 원소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="9족 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="समूह ९ तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समूह ९ तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unsur golongan 9" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_9" title="Elementi del gruppo 9 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del gruppo 9" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_9_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grupp 9 de la taula periòdica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp 9 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Група 9 на периодниот систем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Група 9 на периодниот систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_9" title="Unsur kumpulan 9 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur kumpulan 9" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第9族元素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第9族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koobaltsk%C3%B6%C3%B6l" title="Koobaltskööl – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Koobaltskööl" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA_9_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 9 ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 9 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobaltowce" title="Kobaltowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kobaltowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_9" title="Elementos do Grupo 9 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elementos do Grupo 9" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_Cobaltului" title="Grupa Cobaltului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupa Cobaltului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Подгруппа кобальта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подгруппа кобальта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_n%C3%ABnt%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i nëntë i elementeve kimike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i nëntë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group 9 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._skupina" title="9. skupina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="9. skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobaltova_skupina" title="Kobaltova skupina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kobaltova skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruubka_9" title="Guruubka 9 – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Guruubka 9" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="9. група хемијских елемената – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="9. група хемијских елемената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/9._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="9. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="9. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4n_9_alkuaine" title="Ryhmän 9 alkuaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmän 9 alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_9-element" title="Grupp 9-element – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grupp 9-element" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_9_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நெடுங்குழு 9 தனிமங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங்குழு 9 தனிமங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_9_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రూప్ 9 మూలకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రూప్ 9 మూలకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_9" title="ธาตุหมู่ 9 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุหมู่ 9" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Група 9 періодичної системи елементів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Група 9 періодичної системи елементів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_9" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 9 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm nguyên tố 9" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="9族元素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="9族元素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of chemical elements</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; background:#f8f8f8; padding:2px; width:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8;">Group 9 <span class="nowrap">in the periodic table</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:1em; margin-top:1px; background:transparent; border:1px solid #a9a9a9;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hydrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Beryllium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Carbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oxygen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Sodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span 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style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Chlorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Calcium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Scandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Manganese</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nickel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copper</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zinc</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsenic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Krypton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="nowrap" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8</a> ← <span style="width:8px; border:1px solid black" title="">  </span> → <a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">group 10</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; margin=0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">IUPAC group number</a></th> <th>9 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Name by element</td> <td><span class="nowrap">cobalt group</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" title="Group (periodic table)">CAS group number</a><br /><small>(US, pattern A-B-A)</small></div></td> <td>part of VIIIB </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" title="Group (periodic table)">old IUPAC number</a><br /><small>(Europe, pattern A-B)</small></div></td> <td>part of VIII </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">↓ <small><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cobalt, electrolytic made, 99,9%"><img alt="Image: Cobalt, electrolytic made, 99,9%" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> (Co)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">27</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhodium, powder, pressed, remelted 99,99%"><img alt="Image: Rhodium, powder, pressed, remelted 99,99%" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg/210px-Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg/315px-Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg/420px-Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5280" data-file-height="2704" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> (Rh)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">45</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iridium-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieces of pure iridium"><img alt="Image: Pieces of pure iridium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg/210px-Iridium-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg/315px-Iridium-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg/420px-Iridium-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> (Ir)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">77</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> (Mt)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">109</span> <small>unknown chemical properties</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> <p><i>Legend</i> </p> <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align:center; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">primordial element</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic element</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Group 9</b>, by modern <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC_numbering_(A/B)" title="Group (periodic table)">IUPAC</a> numbering,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a group (column) of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. Members of Group 9 include <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> (Co), <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> (Rh), <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> (Ir) and <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a> (Mt).<sup id="cite_ref-leigh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leigh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These elements are among the rarest of the <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a>, especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior; however, rhodium deviates from the pattern. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Group 9" is the modern standard designation for this group, adopted by the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-leigh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leigh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">older group naming systems</a>, this group was combined with group 8 (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a>) and group 10 (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a>) and called group "VIIIB" in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service</a> (CAS) "U.S. system", or "VIII" in the old IUPAC (pre-1990) "European system" (and in <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a>'s original table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cobalt">Cobalt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cobalt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics (art)">ceramics</a>. Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture, Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC, in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, destroyed in 79 AD, and in China, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907 AD) and the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandt" title="Georg Brandt">Georg Brandt</a> (1694–1768) is credited with discovering cobalt <abbr>c.</abbr> 1735, showing it to be a previously unknown element, distinct from bismuth and other traditional metals. Brandt called it a new "semi-metal".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed that compounds of cobalt metal were the source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. Cobalt became the first metal to be discovered since the pre-historical period. All other known metals (iron, copper, silver, gold, zinc, mercury, tin, lead and bismuth) had no recorded discoverers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodium">Rhodium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rhodium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg/170px-Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg/255px-Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg/340px-Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rhodium was discovered in 1803 by <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soon after he discovered <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used crude <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> ore presumably obtained from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His procedure dissolved the ore in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> and neutralized the acid with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> (NaOH). He then precipitated the platinum as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloroplatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium chloroplatinate">ammonium chloroplatinate</a> by adding <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>Cl</span>). Most other metals like <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, and rhodium were precipitated with <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. Diluted <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> dissolved all but palladium and rhodium. Of these, palladium dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> but rhodium did not,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rhodium was precipitated by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> as <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>[RhCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]·<i>n</i>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>. After being washed with ethanol, the rose-red precipitate was reacted with zinc, which <a href="/wiki/Displacement_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Displacement reaction">displaced</a> the rhodium in the ionic compound and thereby released the rhodium as free metal.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iridium">Iridium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iridium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemists who studied platinum dissolved it in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> (a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acids</a>) to create soluble salts. They always observed a small amount of a dark, insoluble residue.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1803, British scientist <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> (1761–1815) analyzed the insoluble residue and concluded that it must contain a new metal. Vauquelin treated the powder alternately with alkali and acids<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and obtained a volatile new oxide, which he believed to be of this new metal—which he named <i>ptene</i>, from the Greek word <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">πτηνός</span></span> <i>ptēnós</i>, "winged".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-griffith_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tennant, who had the advantage of a much greater amount of residue, continued his research and identified the two previously undiscovered elements in the black residue, iridium and osmium.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained dark red crystals (probably of <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>[IrCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span>]·<i>n</i><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>) by a sequence of reactions with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named iridium after <a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ἶρις</span></span>), the Greek winged goddess of the rainbow and the messenger of the Olympian gods, because many of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> he obtained were strongly colored.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discovery of the new elements was documented in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> on June 21, 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meitnerium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meitnerium was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">first synthesized</a> on August 29, 1982, by a German research team led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Armbruster" title="Peter Armbruster">Peter Armbruster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Gottfried Münzenberg">Gottfried Münzenberg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung">Institute for Heavy Ion Research</a> (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82Mu01_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82Mu01-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team bombarded a target of <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">bismuth-209</a> with accelerated nuclei of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>-58 and detected a single atom of the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> meitnerium-266:<sup id="cite_ref-93TWG_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93TWG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">209</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">83</sub></span></span>Bi<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">58</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">26</sub></span></span>Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">266</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">109</sub></span></span>Mt<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>n<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>This work was confirmed three years later at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a> (then in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-93TWG_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93TWG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Element</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">No. of electrons<br />per shell</a></th> <th>M.P.</th> <th>B.P.</th> <th>Year of<br />Discovery</th> <th>Discoverer </th></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a></td> <td>2, 8, 15, 2</td> <td>1768 K<br />1495 °C</td> <td>3200 K<br />2927 °C</td> <td>~1735</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandt" title="Georg Brandt">Georg Brandt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 16, 1</td> <td>2237 K<br />1964 °C</td> <td>3968 K<br />3695 °C</td> <td>1803</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">W. H. Wollaston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2</td> <td>2719 K<br />2446 °C</td> <td>4403 K<br />4130 °C</td> <td>1803</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">S. Tennant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2<sup>[*]</sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>1982</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Armbruster" title="Peter Armbruster">P. Armbruster</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Gottfried Münzenberg">G. Münzenberg</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>[*] Predicted. </p><p>The first three elements are hard silvery-white metals: </p> <ul><li>Cobalt is a metallic element that can be used to turn glass a deep blue color. Cobalt is primarily used in <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a>, and in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic">magnetic</a>, wear-resistant and high-strength <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>. The compounds cobalt silicate and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt(II) aluminate</a> (CoAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnishes</a>. Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, cobalt-59. <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">Cobalt-60</a> is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_tracer" title="Radioactive tracer">radioactive tracer</a> and for the production of high-energy <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>. Cobalt is also used in the petroleum industry as a catalyst when refining crude oil. This is to clean it of its sulfur content, which is very polluting when burned and causes acid rain.</li> <li>Rhodium can be used in jewelry as a shiny metal. Rhodium is a hard, silvery, durable metal that has a high <a href="/wiki/Reflectance" title="Reflectance">reflectance</a>. Rhodium metal does not normally form an <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>, even when heated. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> is absorbed from the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> only at the <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of rhodium but is released on solidification. Rhodium has both a higher melting point and lower <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> than <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>. It is not attacked by most <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> as it is completely insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and dissolves slightly in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>.</li> <li>Iridium is mainly used as a hardening agent for platinum alloys. Iridium is the most <a href="/wiki/Corrosion-resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion-resistant">corrosion-resistant</a> metal known as it is not attacked by <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>. In the presence of oxygen, it reacts with <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> salts. Traditional oxidants also react, including the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> and oxygen at higher temperatures. Iridium also reacts directly with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> at atmospheric pressure to yield <a href="/wiki/Iridium_disulfide" title="Iridium disulfide">iridium disulfide</a>.</li></ul> <p>All known <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a> of meitnerium are radioactive with short half-lives. Only minute quantities have been synthesized in laboratories. It has not been isolated in pure form, and its physical and chemical properties have not been determined yet. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Based on what is known, meitnerium is considered a homologue to iridium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biological role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cobalt#Biological_role" title="Cobalt">Cobalt § Biological role</a></div> <p>Of the group 9 elements, only cobalt has a biological role. It is a key constituent of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">cobalamin</a>, also known as vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an <a href="/wiki/Ultratrace_element" title="Ultratrace element">ultratrace element</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> in the stomachs of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>. A minimal presence of cobalt in soils therefore markedly improves the health of <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> animals, and an uptake of 0.20 mg/kg a day is recommended, because they have no other source of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proteins based on cobalamin use <a href="/wiki/Corrin" title="Corrin">corrin</a> to hold the cobalt. Coenzyme B<sub>12</sub> features a reactive C-Co bond that participates in the reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, B<sub>12</sub> has two types of <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a>: <a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">methyl</a> and adenosyl. <a href="/wiki/Methylcobalamin" title="Methylcobalamin">MeB<sub>12</sub></a> promotes methyl (−CH<sub>3</sub>) group transfers. The adenosyl version of B<sub>12</sub> catalyzes rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine. <a href="/wiki/Methylmalonyl_coenzyme_A_mutase" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase">Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase</a> (MUT) converts <a href="/wiki/L-methylmalonyl-CoA" class="mw-redirect" title="L-methylmalonyl-CoA">MMl-CoA</a> to <a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">Su-CoA</a>, an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_group" title="Iron group">Iron group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum group</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iridium</i> literally means "of rainbows".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFluck1988" class="citation journal cs1">Fluck, E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">"New Notations in the Periodic Table"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure Appl. Chem.</a></i> <b>60</b> (3): 431–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac198860030431">10.1351/pac198860030431</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96704008">96704008</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=New+Notations+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-436&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac198860030431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96704008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fluck&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F1988%2Fpdf%2F6003x0431.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leigh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leigh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leigh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leigh, G. J. <i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: Recommendations 1990</i>. Blackwell Science, <b>1990</b>. p. 283. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-02494-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-02494-1">0-632-02494-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals">"Group 9: Transition Metals"</a>. <i>Chemistry LibreTexts</i>. 2020-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=Group+9%3A+Transition+Metals&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FInorganic_Chemistry%2FSupplemental_Modules_and_Websites_%28Inorganic_Chemistry%29%2FDescriptive_Chemistry%2FElements_Organized_by_Block%2F3_d-Block_Elements%2FGroup_09%253A_Transition_Metals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/123235/cobalt-Co">Cobalt</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Brandt first showed cobalt to be a new metal in: G. Brandt (1735) "Dissertatio de semimetallis" (Dissertation on semi-metals), <i>Acta Literaria et Scientiarum Sveciae</i> (Journal of Swedish literature and sciences), vol. 4, pages 1–10.<br />See also: <b>(1)</b> G. Brandt (1746) "Rön och anmärkningar angäende en synnerlig färg—cobolt" (Observations and remarks concerning an extraordinary pigment—cobalt), <i>Kongliga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar</i> (Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science), vol. 7, pp. 119–130; <b>(2)</b> G. Brandt (1748) "Cobalti nova species examinata et descripta" (Cobalt, a new element examined and described), <i>Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis</i> (Journal of the Royal Scientific Society of Uppsala), 1st series, vol. 3, pp. 33–41; <b>(3)</b> James L. Marshall and Virginia R. Marshall (Spring 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703175508/http://www.chem.unt.edu/Rediscovery/Riddarhyttan.pdf">"Rediscovery of the Elements: Riddarhyttan, Sweden"</a>. <i>The Hexagon</i> (official journal of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Sigma" title="Alpha Chi Sigma">Alpha Chi Sigma</a> fraternity of chemists), vol. 94, no. 1, pages 3–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Shijie (2006). "Cobalt—Its recovery, recycling, and application". <i>Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society</i>. <b>58</b> (10): 47–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JOM....58j..47W">2006JOM....58j..47W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-006-0201-y">10.1007/s11837-006-0201-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137613322">137613322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Minerals%2C+Metals+and+Materials+Society&rft.atitle=Cobalt%E2%80%94Its+recovery%2C+recycling%2C+and+application&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=47-50&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137613322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11837-006-0201-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JOM....58j..47W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Shijie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollaston1804" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">Wollaston, W. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/47-4-175-183">"Rhodium and Palladium – Events Surrounding Its Discovery"</a>. <i>Platinum Metals Review</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 175–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214003X474175183">10.1595/003214003X474175183</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Rhodium+and+Palladium+%E2%80%93+Events+Surrounding+Its+Discovery&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=175-183&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214003X474175183&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=W.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fdynamic%2Farticle%2Fview%2F47-4-175-183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollaston1805" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">Wollaston, W. H.</a> (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1805.0024">"On the Discovery of Palladium; With Observations on Other Substances Found with Platina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</a></i>. <b>95</b>: 316–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1805.0024">10.1098/rstl.1805.0024</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+Discovery+of+Palladium%3B+With+Observations+on+Other+Substances+Found+with+Platina&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=316-330&rft.date=1805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1805.0024&rft.aulast=Wollaston&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1805.0024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-contr-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-contr_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsselman1978" class="citation journal cs1">Usselman, Melvyn (1978). "The Wollaston/Chenevix controversy over the elemental nature of palladium: A curious episode in the history of chemistry". <i>Annals of Science</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 551–579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033797800200431">10.1080/00033797800200431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Wollaston%2FChenevix+controversy+over+the+elemental+nature+of+palladium%3A+A+curious+episode+in+the+history+of+chemistry&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=551-579&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033797800200431&rft.aulast=Usselman&rft.aufirst=Melvyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_David_R.2004" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide/page/4"><i>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data</i></a></span>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide/page/4">4–26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-0485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+handbook+of+chemistry+and+physics%3A+a+ready-reference+book+of+chemical+and+physical+data&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=4-26&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&rft.au=Lide%2C+David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 1113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=1113&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffith-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith,_W._P.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith, W. 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B. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929092320/https://technology.matthey.com/documents/496120/626258/pmr-v31-i1-032-041.pdf/">"A History of Iridium"</a>. <i>Platinum Metals Review</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 32–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214087X3113241">10.1595/003214087X3113241</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.matthey.com/documents/496120/626258/pmr-v31-i1-032-041.pdf/">the original</a> on 2022-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/201">"Iridium"</a>. <i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements</i>. Oxford, England, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/201">201–204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iridium&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=201-204&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl%2Fpage%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_T.1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomson, T.</a> (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asystemchemistr07thomgoog"><i>A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies</i></a>. Vol. 1. Baldwin & Cradock, London; and William Blackwood, Edinburgh. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32266/page/n721/mode/2up">693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+System+of+Chemistry+of+Inorganic+Bodies&rft.pages=693&rft.pub=Baldwin+%26+Cradock%2C+London%3B+and+William+Blackwood%2C+Edinburgh&rft.date=1831&rft.au=Thomson%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasystemchemistr07thomgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M._E.1968" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, M. E. 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Journal of Chemical Education. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme0000week/page/414">414–418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8486-8579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8486-8579-9"><bdi>978-0-8486-8579-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23991202">23991202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=414-418&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23991202&rft.isbn=978-0-8486-8579-9&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofeleme0000week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant1804" class="citation journal cs1">Tennant, S. (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432312">"On Two Metals, Found in the Black Powder Remaining after the Solution of Platina"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>94</b>: 411–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0018">10.1098/rstl.1804.0018</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/107152">107152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+Two+Metals%2C+Found+in+the+Black+Powder+Remaining+after+the+Solution+of+Platina&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=411-418&rft.date=1804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F107152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82Mu01-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82Mu01_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMünzenbergArmbrusterHeßbergerHofmann1982" class="citation journal cs1">Münzenberg, G.; Armbruster, P.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Poppensieker, K.; Reisdorf, W.; Schneider, J. H. R.; Schneider, W. F. W.; Schmidt, K.-H.; Sahm, C.-C.; Vermeulen, D. (1982). "Observation of one correlated α-decay in the reaction <sup>58</sup>Fe on <sup>209</sup>Bi→<sup>267</sup>109". <i>Zeitschrift für Physik A</i>. <b>309</b> (1): 89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ZPhyA.309...89M">1982ZPhyA.309...89M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01420157">10.1007/BF01420157</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120062541">120062541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik+A&rft.atitle=Observation+of+one+correlated+%CE%B1-decay+in+the+reaction+%3Csup%3E58%3C%2Fsup%3EFe+on+%3Csup%3E209%3C%2Fsup%3EBi%E2%86%92%3Csup%3E267%3C%2Fsup%3E109&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120062541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01420157&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982ZPhyA.309...89M&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCnzenberg&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Armbruster%2C+P.&rft.au=He%C3%9Fberger%2C+F.+P.&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+S.&rft.au=Poppensieker%2C+K.&rft.au=Reisdorf%2C+W.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+J.+H.+R.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+W.+F.+W.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+K.-H.&rft.au=Sahm%2C+C.-C.&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93TWG-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-93TWG_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-93TWG_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber,_R._C.GreenwoodHrynkiewiczJeannin1993" class="citation journal cs1">Barber, R. C.; Greenwood, N. N.; Hrynkiewicz, A. Z.; Jeannin, Y. P.; Lefort, M.; Sakai, M.; Ulehla, I.; Wapstra, A. P.; Wilkinson, D. H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199365081757">"Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements"</a>. <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. <b>65</b> (8): 1757. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199365081757">10.1351/pac199365081757</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195819585">195819585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+transfermium+elements.+Part+II%3A+Introduction+to+discovery+profiles.+Part+III%3A+Discovery+profiles+of+the+transfermium+elements&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1757&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac199365081757&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195819585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Barber%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+N.+N.&rft.au=Hrynkiewicz%2C+A.+Z.&rft.au=Jeannin%2C+Y.+P.&rft.au=Lefort%2C+M.&rft.au=Sakai%2C+M.&rft.au=Ulehla%2C+I.&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+A.+P.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1351%252Fpac199365081757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span> (Note: for Part I see Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 879–886, 1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamada2013" class="citation book cs1">Yamada, Kazuhiro (2013). "Chapter 9. Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.). <i>Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 295–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7500-8_9">10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7499-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7499-5"><bdi>978-94-007-7499-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24470095">24470095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9.+Cobalt%3A+Its+Role+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.btitle=Interrelations+between+Essential+Metal+Ions+and+Human+Diseases&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=295-320&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24470095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-7500-8_9&rft.isbn=978-94-007-7499-5&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCracanBanerjee2013" class="citation book cs1">Cracan, Valentin; Banerjee, Ruma (2013). "Chapter 10 Cobalt and Corrinoid Transport and Biochemistry". In Banci, Lucia (ed.). <i>Metallomics and the Cell</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 333–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_10">10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4"><bdi>978-94-007-5560-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23595677">23595677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10+Cobalt+and+Corrinoid+Transport+and+Biochemistry&rft.btitle=Metallomics+and+the+Cell&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=333-374&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23595677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_10&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5560-4&rft.aulast=Cracan&rft.aufirst=Valentin&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Ruma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span> electronic-book <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1">978-94-007-5561-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1559-0836">1559-0836</a> electronic-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1868-0402">1868-0402</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzKirchgessnerStangl2000" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarz, F. J.; Kirchgessner, M.; Stangl, G. I. (2000). "Cobalt requirement of beef cattle – feed intake and growth at different levels of cobalt supply". <i>Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 121–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1439-0396.2000.00258.x">10.1046/j.1439-0396.2000.00258.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Physiology+and+Animal+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Cobalt+requirement+of+beef+cattle+%E2%80%93+feed+intake+and+growth+at+different+levels+of+cobalt+supply&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=121-131&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1439-0396.2000.00258.x&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=Kirchgessner%2C+M.&rft.au=Stangl%2C+G.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoet,_Judith_G.Voet,_Donald1995" class="citation book cs1">Voet, Judith G.; Voet, Donald (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/675"><i>Biochemistry</i></a></span>. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/675">675</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-58651-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-58651-X"><bdi>0-471-58651-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31819701">31819701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31819701&rft.isbn=0-471-58651-X&rft.au=Voet%2C+Judith+G.&rft.au=Voet%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiochemistry00voet_0%2Fpage%2F675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+9+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithGoldingRadom1999" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, David M.; Golding, Bernard T.; Radom, Leo (1999). 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a></span> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a></span> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a></span> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a></span> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block">F</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a></span> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a></span> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block">S</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a></span> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a></span> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a></span> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a></span> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a></span> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a></span> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a></span> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a></span> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Group_9_elements" title="Template:Group 9 elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Group_9_elements" title="Template talk:Group 9 elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Group_9_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Group 9 elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_9_elements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Group 9 elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> <br /> <b>Co</b> <br /> <small>Atomic Number: 27 <br /> Atomic Weight: 58.933195 <br /> Melting Point: 1768.15 K<br />Boiling Point: 3200 K<br />Specific mass: 8.86 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br /> Electronegativity: 1.88</small> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a><br /> <b>Rh</b> <br /> <small>Atomic Number: 45 <br /> Atomic Weight: 102.90550 <br /> Melting Point: 2239.15 K<br /> Boiling Point: 3968 K<br />Specific mass: 12.41 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br /> Electronegativity: 2.28</small> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> <br /> <b>Ir</b> <br /> <small>Atomic Number: 77 <br /> Atomic Weight: 192.217 <br /> Melting Point: 2716.15 K<br /> Boiling Point: 4701 K<br />Specific mass: 22.56 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br /> Electronegativity: 2.2</small> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> <br /> <b>Mt</b> <br /> <small>Atomic Number: 109 <br /> Atomic Weight: [278] <br /> Melting Point: ? K<br /> Boiling Point: ? K<br />Specific mass: ? 37.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br /> Electronegativity: ?</small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&oldid=1255785099">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_9_element&oldid=1255785099</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Groups_(periodic_table)" title="Category:Groups (periodic table)">Groups (periodic table)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 17:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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