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id="toc-Compounds_and_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reactivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Reactivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zinc(I)_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zinc(I)_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Zinc(I) compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zinc(I)_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zinc(II)_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zinc(II)_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Zinc(II) compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zinc(II)_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Test_for_zinc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test_for_zinc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Test for zinc </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Test_for_zinc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ancient use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_studies_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_studies_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early studies and naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_studies_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Isolation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Later work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining_and_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_and_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mining and processing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_and_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-corrosion_and_batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-corrosion_and_batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Anti-corrosion and batteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-corrosion_and_batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_industrial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_industrial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other industrial uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_industrial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Organic chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_supplement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_supplement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Dietary supplement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_supplement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gastroenteritis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastroenteritis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Gastroenteritis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastroenteritis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_cold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_cold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Common cold </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_cold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight_gain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight_gain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Weight gain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight_gain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Topical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enzymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Enzymes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signalling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signalling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Signalling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signalling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Other proteins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Dietary recommendations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Dietary intake </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Deficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_remediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_remediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Soil remediation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_remediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Precautions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Precautions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Poisoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zinc</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 166 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" > 166 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD" title="ዚንክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዚንክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%83" title="زنك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زنك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Զինկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Զինկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="জিংক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জিংক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cinc" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="जिंक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जिंक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="زینک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زینک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ng" title="Séng – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Séng" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="জিংক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-i%C3%A2n" title="A-iân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-iân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цынк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цынк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цынк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цынк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏི་ཚ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏི་ཚ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinek" title="Zinek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zinek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng%27e" title="Zeng'e – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zeng'e" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingu" title="Zingu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Zingu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc" title="Sinc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sinc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DD%A3" title="زنݣ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="زنݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%B0" title="ޒިންކް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޒިންކް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsink" title="Tsink – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsink" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ψευδάργυρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψευδάργυρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinko" title="Zinko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zinko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="روی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc" title="Sinc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sinc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinc" title="Shinc – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shinc" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc" title="Sinc – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sinc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinc" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A4" title="જસત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જસત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-y%C3%A8n" title="Â-yèn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Â-yèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цинкон – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цинкон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0" title="아연 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아연" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Ցինկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցինկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynk" title="Cynk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Cynk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinko" title="Zinko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zinko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng" title="Seng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinco" title="Zinco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zinco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A5" title="אבץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng" title="Sèng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sèng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%A9%C5%8Bk%C9%A9" title="Zɩŋkɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Zɩŋkɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81" title="ಸತುವು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸತುವು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თუთია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თუთია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Мырыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мырыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zynk" title="Zynk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zynk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinki" title="Zinki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zinki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenk" title="Zenk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zenk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%AEnko" title="Çînko – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çînko" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinch" title="Zinch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Zinch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тутия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Тутия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincum" title="Zincum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zincum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinks" title="Cinks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cinks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9nk" title="Zénk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zénk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinkas" title="Cinkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cinkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingo" title="Zingo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Zingo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinku" title="Cinku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Cinku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zinki" title="zinki – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zinki" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinch" title="Zinch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zinch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanitso" title="Fanitso – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanitso" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="നാകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konutea" title="Konutea – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konutea" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="जस्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जस्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%83" title="زنك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زنك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah_sari" title="Timah sari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Timah sari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80-i%C3%B2ng" title="Ā-iòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ā-iòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinco" title="Zinco – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Zinco" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Цайр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цайр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="သွပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သွပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink_(element)" title="Zink (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zink (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9C%E9%89%9B" title="亜鉛 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="亜鉛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦସ୍ତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦସ୍ତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rux" title="Rux – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rux" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਜਿਸਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਿਸਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="जिंक – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जिंक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%A9" title="زنک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زنک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%89%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="သဉ့် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သဉ့်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%A9_(%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BC)" title="زنک (جست/کوټ) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زنک (جست/کوټ)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinch" title="Zinch – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Zinch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynk" title="Cynk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cynk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinco" title="Zinco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zinco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цінк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Цінк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="दस्ता – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दस्ता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingu" title="Zingu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Zingu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinku" title="Zinku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zinku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincu" title="Zincu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zincu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="جست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinok" title="Zinok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zinok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinki" title="Sinki – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sinki" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="زینک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زینک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ng" title="Séng – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Séng" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkki" title="Sinkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="துத்தநாகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துத்தநாகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzeng" title="Azzeng – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azzeng" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Тутыя – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тутыя" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_spoken.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zinc_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zinc (disambiguation)">Zinc (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 30 (Zn)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Zinc, 30Zn</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3138" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Zinc</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silver-gray</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Zn)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>65.38±0.02<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>65.38±0.02 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Zinc in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Zn ↓ <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> ← zinc → <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">30</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">group 12</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d10 4s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">692.68 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (419.53 °C, 787.15 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1180 K (907 °C, 1665 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">7.140 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.57 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.32 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">115 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.470 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>610 </td> <td>670 </td> <td>750 </td> <td>852 </td> <td>990 </td> <td>1179 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2 −2,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 0,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +1<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.65 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 906.4 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1733.3 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3833 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#zinc" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 134 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">122±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">139 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Zinc_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Zinc_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Zinc_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Zinc_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Zinc_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Zinc_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of zinc</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for zinc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 266.46 pm c = 494.55 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30.08×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">116 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">59.0 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−11.4×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">108 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">43 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3850 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) (rolled)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.25 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">327–412 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-66-6 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent#Zinc" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Indian metallurgists</a> (before <a href="/wiki/1000s_BC_(decade)" title="1000s BC (decade)">1000 BCE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a> (1746)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized as a unique metal by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rasaratna_Samuccaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasaratna Samuccaya">Rasaratna Samuccaya</a> (1300)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zinc" title="Isotopes of zinc">Isotopes of zinc</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_zinc_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox zinc isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_zinc_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox zinc isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">64Zn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">49.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">65Zn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">244 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Copper-65" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper-65">65Cu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">66Zn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">27.7% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">67Zn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">68Zn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">18.5% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">69Zn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">56 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium-69" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-69">69Ga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">69mZn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">13.8 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">69Ga </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">70Zn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.6% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">71Zn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.4 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium-71" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-71">71Ga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">71mZn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">71Ga </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">72Zn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">46.5 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium-72" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-72">72Ga</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zinc" title="Category:Zinc">Category: Zinc</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_zinc" title="Template:Infobox zinc">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_zinc" title="Template talk:Infobox zinc">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_zinc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox zinc">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Zinc is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Zn and atomic number 30. It is a slightly brittle metal at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> and has a shiny-greyish appearance when oxidation is removed. It is the first element in <a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">group 12 (IIB)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. In some respects, zinc is chemically similar to <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> are of similar size.<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> Zinc is the 24th most abundant <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">element in Earth's crust</a> and has five stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>. The most common zinc <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a> (zinc blende), a <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">zinc sulfide</a> mineral. The largest workable <a href="/wiki/Lode" title="Lode">lodes</a> are in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc is refined by <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a> of the ore, <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">roasting</a>, and final <a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">extraction</a> using <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a>). Zinc is an essential <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace element</a> for humans,<a href="#cite_note-Maret-2013-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_-_brain_disorders_2015_review-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-12">[10]</a> animals,<a href="#cite_note-Prasad-2008-13">[11]</a> plants<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-14">[12]</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a><a href="#cite_note-Sugarman-1983-15">[13]</a> and is necessary for prenatal and postnatal development.<a href="#cite_note-Hambridge2007-16">[14]</a> It is the second most abundant trace metal in humans after iron and it is the only metal which appears in all <a href="/wiki/Enzyme#Classification_and_nomenclature" title="Enzyme">enzyme classes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-12">[10]</a> Zinc is also an essential nutrient element for coral growth as it is an important cofactor for many enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a> affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Prasad2003-18">[16]</a> In children, deficiency causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hambridge2007-16">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> with a zinc atom in the <a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosthetic groups">reactive center</a> are widespread in biochemistry, such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dehydrogenase" title="Alcohol dehydrogenase">alcohol dehydrogenase</a> in humans.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Consumption of excess zinc may cause <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">copper deficiency</a>. In marine biomes, notably within polar regions, a deficit of zinc can compromise the vitality of primary algal communities, potentially destabilizing the intricate marine trophic structures and consequently impacting biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and zinc in various proportions, was used as early as the third millennium BC in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> area and the region which currently includes <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. In the second millennium BC it was used in the regions currently including <a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Iraq, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1201-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-jas5-23">[21]</a> Zinc <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India, though it was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The mines of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> The oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemists</a> burned zinc in air to form what they called "<a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher's wool">philosopher's wool</a>" or "white snow". The element was probably named by the alchemist <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a> is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a>-resistant <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">zinc plating</a> of iron (<a href="/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dip galvanizing">hot-dip galvanizing</a>) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in electrical <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">batteries</a>, small non-structural castings, and alloys such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as <a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">zinc carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">zinc gluconate</a> (as dietary supplements), <a href="/wiki/Zinc_chloride" title="Zinc chloride">zinc chloride</a> (in deodorants), <a href="/wiki/Zinc_pyrithione" title="Zinc pyrithione">zinc pyrithione</a> (anti-<a href="/wiki/Dandruff" title="Dandruff">dandruff</a> shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and <a href="/wiki/Dimethylzinc" title="Dimethylzinc">dimethylzinc</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diethylzinc" title="Diethylzinc">diethylzinc</a> in the organic laboratory. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a> metal,<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a> though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish.<a href="#cite_note-Heiserman1992p123-28">[26]</a> It is somewhat less dense than <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and has a hexagonal <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>, with a distorted form of <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close packing</a>, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heiserman1992p123-28">[26]</a> Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Zinc is a fair <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">conductor of electricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a> For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C) and boiling point (907 °C).<a href="#cite_note-ZincMetalProps-31">[29]</a> The melting point is the lowest of all the <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> metals aside from <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>; for this reason among others, zinc, cadmium, and mercury are often not considered to be <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> like the rest of the d-block metals.<a href="#cite_note-ZincMetalProps-31">[29]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> contain zinc, including brass. Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, mercury, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Although neither zinc nor <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a>, their alloy, ZrZn 2, exhibits ferromagnetism below 35 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Zinc_minerals" title="Category:Zinc minerals">Zinc minerals</a></div> Zinc makes up about 75 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (0.0075%) of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, making it the 24th most abundant element.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> It also makes up 312 ppm of the solar system, where it is the 22nd most abundant element.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Typical background concentrations of zinc do not exceed 1 μg/m3 in the atmosphere; 300 mg/kg in soil; 100 mg/kg in vegetation; 20 μg/L in freshwater and 5 μg/L in seawater.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> The element is normally found in association with other <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p822-36">[34]</a> Zinc is a <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Chalcophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">chalcophile</a>, meaning the element is more likely to be found in minerals together with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and other heavy <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogens</a>, rather than with the light chalcogen <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> or with non-chalcogen electronegative elements such as the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfides</a> formed as the crust solidified under the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1202-37">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">Sphalerite</a>, which is a form of zinc sulfide, is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains 60–62% zinc.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p822-36">[34]</a> Other source minerals for zinc include <a href="/wiki/Smithsonite" title="Smithsonite">smithsonite</a> (zinc <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hemimorphite" title="Hemimorphite">hemimorphite</a> (zinc <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wurtzite" title="Wurtzite">wurtzite</a> (another zinc sulfide), and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Hydrozincite" title="Hydrozincite">hydrozincite</a> (basic <a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">zinc carbonate</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p502-38">[36]</a> With the exception of wurtzite, all these other minerals were formed by weathering of the primordial zinc sulfides.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1202-37">[35]</a> Identified world zinc resources total about 1.9–2.8 billion <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2015-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Large deposits are in Australia, Canada and the United States, with the largest reserves in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1202-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The most recent estimate of reserve base for zinc (meets specified minimum physical criteria related to current mining and production practices) was made in 2009 and calculated to be roughly 480 Mt.<a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-43">[41]</a> Zinc reserves, on the other hand, are geologically identified ore bodies whose suitability for recovery is economically based (location, grade, quality, and quantity) at the time of determination. Since exploration and mine development is an ongoing process, the amount of zinc reserves is not a fixed number and sustainability of zinc ore supplies cannot be judged by simply extrapolating the combined mine life of today's zinc mines. This concept is well supported by data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which illustrates that although refined zinc production increased 80% between 1990 and 2010, the reserve lifetime for zinc has remained unchanged. About 346 million tonnes have been extracted throughout history to 2002, and scholars have estimated that about 109–305 million tonnes are in use.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphalerite4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black shiny lump of solid with uneven surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sphalerite4.jpg/220px-Sphalerite4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sphalerite4.jpg/330px-Sphalerite4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Sphalerite4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">Sphalerite</a> (ZnS)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zinc" title="Isotopes of zinc">Isotopes of zinc</a></div> Five stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of zinc occur in nature, with 64Zn being the most abundant isotope (49.17% <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundance</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NNDC-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-48">[46]</a> The other isotopes found in nature are 66 Zn (27.73%), 67 Zn (4.04%), 68 Zn (18.45%), and 70 Zn (0.61%).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-48">[46]</a> Several dozen <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been characterized. 65 Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the least active radioisotope, followed by 72 Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours.<a href="#cite_note-NNDC-47">[45]</a> Zinc has 10 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a>, of which 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h.<a href="#cite_note-NNDC-47">[45]</a> The superscript m indicates a <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a> isotope. The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a> and will return to the <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a> by emitting a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>. 61 Zn has three excited metastable states and 73 Zn has two.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The isotopes 65 Zn, 71 Zn, 77 Zn and 78 Zn each have only one excited metastable state.<a href="#cite_note-NNDC-47">[45]</a> The most common <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a> of zinc with a <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> lower than 66 is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay product</a> resulting from electron capture is an isotope of copper.<a href="#cite_note-NNDC-47">[45]</a> <dl><dd>n 30Zn + <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron"> e− </a> → n 29Cu + <a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino"> ν e</a></dd></dl> The most common decay mode of a radioisotope of zinc with mass number higher than 66 is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> (β−), which produces an isotope of <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NNDC-47">[45]</a> <dl><dd>n 30Zn → n 31Ga + e− + <a href="/wiki/Electron_antineutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron antineutrino"> ν e</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds_and_chemistry">Compounds and chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compounds and chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zinc_compounds" title="Zinc compounds">Zinc compounds</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactivity">Reactivity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reactivity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clemmensen_reduction" title="Clemmensen reduction">Clemmensen reduction</a></div> Zinc has an <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> of [Ar]3d104s2 and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">group 12</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. It is a moderately reactive <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> and strong <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006p8-29-50">[48]</a> The surface of the pure metal <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnishes</a> quickly, eventually forming a protective <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivating</a> layer of the basic <a href="/wiki/Hydrozincite" title="Hydrozincite">zinc carbonate</a>, Zn 5(OH) 6(CO3) 2, by reaction with atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Zinc burns in air with a bright bluish-green flame, giving off fumes of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-52">[50]</a> Zinc reacts readily with <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalis</a> and other non-metals.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Extremely pure zinc reacts only slowly at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> with acids.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-52">[50]</a> Strong acids, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, can remove the passivating layer and the subsequent reaction with the acid releases hydrogen gas.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-52">[50]</a> The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed, the outer <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">shell</a> s electrons are lost, yielding a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H 2O)6]2+ is the predominant species.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Volatilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatilization">volatilization</a> of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C indicates the formation of Zn 2Cl 2, a zinc compound with a +1 oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-52">[50]</a> No compounds of zinc in positive oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of +4 is unlikely to exist.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Zn(III) is predicted to exist in the presence of strongly electronegative trianions;<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> however, there exists some doubt around this possibility.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> But in 2021 another compound was reported with more evidence that had the oxidation state of +3 with the formula ZnBeB11(CN)12.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and copper, though it has a filled d-shell and compounds are <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a> and mostly colorless.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1206-61">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic radii">ionic radii</a> of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of the equivalent salts have the same <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> and in other circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor, the chemistry of zinc has much in common with that of magnesium.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-52">[50]</a> In other respects, there is little similarity with the late first-row transition metals. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of <a href="/wiki/Covalency" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalency">covalency</a> and much more stable <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complexes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>- donors.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1206-61">[59]</a> Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bond" title="Coordinate covalent bond">coordinate</a>, although 5-coordinate complexes are known.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zinc(I)_compounds">Zinc(I) compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zinc(I) compounds">edit</a>]</div> Zinc(I) compounds are very rare. The [Zn2]2+ ion is implicated by the formation of a yellow diamagnetic glass by dissolving metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> The [Zn2]2+ core would be analogous to the [Hg2]2+ cation present in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>(I) compounds. The <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn–Zn bond, <a href="/wiki/Decamethyldizincocene" title="Decamethyldizincocene">(η5-C5Me5)2Zn2</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zinc(II)_compounds">Zinc(II) compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Zinc(II) compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_acetate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sheets of zinc acetate formed by slow evaporation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zinc_acetate.JPG/220px-Zinc_acetate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zinc_acetate.JPG/330px-Zinc_acetate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zinc_acetate.JPG/440px-Zinc_acetate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zinc_acetate" title="Zinc acetate">Zinc acetate</a>, Zn(CH 3CO 2) 2</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_chloride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White lumped powder on a glass plate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zinc_chloride.jpg/220px-Zinc_chloride.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zinc_chloride.jpg/330px-Zinc_chloride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zinc_chloride.jpg/440px-Zinc_chloride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Zinc chloride</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Binary_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compound">Binary compounds</a> of zinc are known for most of the <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloids</a> and all the <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetals</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>. The oxide <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">ZnO</a> is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a>, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-52">[50]</a> The other <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogenides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">ZnS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_selenide" title="Zinc selenide">ZnSe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_telluride" title="Zinc telluride">ZnTe</a>) have varied applications in electronics and optics.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pnictogenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictogenide">Pnictogenides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_nitride" title="Zinc nitride">Zn 3N 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_phosphide" title="Zinc phosphide">Zn 3P 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_arsenide" title="Zinc arsenide">Zn 3As 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_antimonide" title="Zinc antimonide">Zn 3Sb 2</a>),<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> the peroxide (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_peroxide" title="Zinc peroxide">ZnO 2</a>), the hydride (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydride" title="Zinc hydride">ZnH 2</a>), and the carbide (ZnC 2) are also known.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Of the four <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_fluoride" title="Zinc fluoride">ZnF 2</a> has the most ionic character, while the others (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_chloride" title="Zinc chloride">ZnCl 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_bromide" title="Zinc bromide">ZnBr 2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_iodide" title="Zinc iodide">ZnI 2</a>) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1211-68">[66]</a> In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide <a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydroxide" title="Zinc hydroxide">Zn(OH) 2</a> forms as a white <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitate</a>. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates (<a href="/wiki/Zincate" title="Zincate">[Zn(OH)4]2− </a>).<a href="#cite_note-Holl-52">[50]</a> The nitrate <a href="/wiki/Zinc_nitrate" title="Zinc nitrate">Zn(NO3) 2</a>, chlorate <a href="/wiki/Zinc_chlorate" title="Zinc chlorate">Zn(ClO3) 2</a>, sulfate <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfate" title="Zinc sulfate">ZnSO 4</a>, phosphate <a href="/wiki/Zinc_phosphate" title="Zinc phosphate">Zn 3(PO4) 2</a>, molybdate <a href="/wiki/Zinc_molybdate" title="Zinc molybdate">ZnMoO 4</a>, cyanide <a href="/wiki/Zinc_cyanide" title="Zinc cyanide">Zn(CN) 2</a>, arsenite Zn(AsO2) 2, arsenate Zn(AsO4) 2·8H 2O and the chromate <a href="/wiki/Zinc_chromate" title="Zinc chromate">ZnCrO 4</a> (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-perry-70">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organozinc_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozinc compound">Organozinc compounds</a> are those that contain zinc–<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> covalent bonds. Diethylzinc (<a href="/wiki/Diethylzinc" title="Diethylzinc">(C 2H5) 2Zn</a>) is a reagent in synthetic chemistry. It was first reported in 1848 from the reaction of zinc and <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_iodide" title="Ethyl iodide">ethyl iodide</a>, and was the first compound known to contain a metal–carbon <a href="/wiki/Sigma_bond" title="Sigma bond">sigma bond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Test_for_zinc">Test for zinc</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Test for zinc">edit</a>]</div> Cobalticyanide paper (Rinnmann's test for Zn) can be used as a chemical indicator for zinc. 4 g of K3Co(CN)6 and 1 g of KClO3 is dissolved on 100 ml of water. Paper is dipped in the solution and dried at 100 °C. One drop of the sample is dropped onto the dry paper and heated. A green disc indicates the presence of zinc.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_use">Ancient use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient use">edit</a>]</div> Various isolated examples of the use of impure zinc in ancient times have been discovered. Zinc ores were used to make the zinc–copper alloy <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> thousands of years prior to the discovery of zinc as a separate element. Judean brass from the 14th to 10th centuries BC contains 23% zinc.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1201-22">[20]</a> Knowledge of how to produce brass spread to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> by the 7th century BC, but few varieties were made.<a href="#cite_note-jas5-23">[21]</a> Ornaments made of <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> containing 80–90% zinc, with lead, iron, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, and other metals making up the remainder, have been found that are 2,500 years old.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p822-36">[34]</a> A possibly prehistoric statuette containing 87.5% zinc was found in a <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacian</a> archaeological site.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks1933p20-73">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> writing in the 1st century BC (but quoting a now lost work of the 4th century BC historian <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a>) mentions "drops of false silver" which when mixed with copper make brass. This may refer to small quantities of zinc that is a by-product of smelting <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> ores.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Zinc in such remnants in smelting ovens was usually discarded as it was thought to be worthless.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks1933p21-75">[73]</a> The manufacture of brass was known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> by about 30 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p501-76">[74]</a> They made brass by heating powdered <a href="/wiki/Calamine_(mineral)" title="Calamine (mineral)">calamine</a> (zinc <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> or carbonate), charcoal and copper together in a crucible.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p501-76">[74]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Calamine_brass" title="Calamine brass">calamine brass</a> was then either cast or hammered into shape for use in weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Some coins struck by Romans in the Christian era are made of what is probably calamine brass.<a href="#cite_note-Chambers1901p799-78">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large black bowl-shaped bucket on a stand. The bucket has incrustation around its top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg/170px-Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg/255px-Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg/340px-Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Late Roman brass bucket – the <a href="/wiki/Hemmoor" title="Hemmoor">Hemmoorer</a> Eimer from Warstade, Germany, second to third century AD</figcaption></figure> The oldest known pills were made of the zinc carbonates hydrozincite and smithsonite. The pills were used for sore eyes and were found aboard the Roman ship <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relitto_del_Pozzino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relitto del Pozzino (page does not exist)">Relitto del Pozzino</a>, wrecked in 140 BC.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Berne_zinc_tablet" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne zinc tablet">Berne zinc tablet</a> is a votive plaque dating to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> made of an alloy that is mostly zinc.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a>, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD,<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Zinc mines at Zawar, near <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a> in India, have been active since the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan period">Mauryan period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 322 and 187 BCE). The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around the 12th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-ammraja-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Craddock-85">[83]</a> One estimate is that this location produced an estimated million tonnes of metallic zinc and zinc oxide from the 12th to 16th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p502-38">[36]</a> Another estimate gives a total production of 60,000 tonnes of metallic zinc over this period.<a href="#cite_note-ammraja-84">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rasaratna_Samuccaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasaratna Samuccaya">Rasaratna Samuccaya</a>, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Craddock-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_studies_and_naming">Early studies and naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early studies and naming">edit</a>]</div> Zinc was distinctly recognized as a metal under the designation of Yasada or Jasada in the medical Lexicon ascribed to the Hindu king Madanapala (of Taka dynasty) and written about the year 1374.<a href="#cite_note-Ray1903-86">[84]</a> Smelting and extraction of impure zinc by reducing calamine with wool and other organic substances was accomplished in the 13th century in India.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-iza-87">[85]</a> The Chinese did not learn of the technique until the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-iza-87">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/220px-Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/330px-Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/440px-Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Alchemical symbol</a> for the element zinc</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemists</a> burned zinc metal in air and collected the resulting zinc oxide on a <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a>. Some alchemists called this zinc oxide lana philosophica, Latin for "philosopher's wool", because it collected in wooly tufts, whereas others thought it looked like white snow and named it nix album.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The name of the metal was probably first documented by <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as "zincum" or "zinken" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-iza-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant "tooth-like, pointed or jagged" (metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance).<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Zink could also imply "tin-like" because of its relation to German zinn meaning tin.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Yet another possibility is that the word is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word سنگ seng meaning stone.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p822-36">[34]</a> German metallurgist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a> received a quantity of what he called "calay" (from the Malay or Hindi word for tin) originating from <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> off a cargo ship captured from the Portuguese in the year 1596.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Libavius described the properties of the sample, which may have been zinc. Zinc was regularly imported to Europe from the Orient in the 17th and early 18th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-iza-87">[85]</a> but was at times very expensive.<a href="#cite_note-94">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolation">Isolation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Isolation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of an old man head (profile). The man has a long face, short hair and tall forehead." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg/170px-Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg/255px-Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a> is given credit for first isolating pure zinc</figcaption></figure> Metallic zinc was isolated in India by 1300 AD.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Before it was isolated in Europe, it was imported from India in about 1600 CE.<a href="#cite_note-zinc-eng-98">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Postlewayt" class="mw-redirect" title="Postlewayt">Postlewayt</a>'s Universal Dictionary, a contemporary source giving technological information in Europe, did not mention zinc before 1751 but the element was studied before then.<a href="#cite_note-Craddock-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Flemish <a href="/wiki/Metallurgist" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgist">metallurgist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alchemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemist">alchemist</a> <a href="/wiki/P._M._de_Respour" title="P. M. de Respour">P. M. de Respour</a> reported that he had extracted metallic zinc from zinc oxide in 1668.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p502-38">[36]</a> By the start of the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Geoffroy" title="Étienne François Geoffroy">Étienne François Geoffroy</a> described how zinc oxide condenses as yellow crystals on bars of iron placed above zinc ore that is being smelted.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p502-38">[36]</a> In Britain, <a href="/wiki/John_Lane_(metallurgist)" title="John Lane (metallurgist)">John Lane</a> is said to have carried out experiments to smelt zinc, probably at <a href="/wiki/Landore" title="Landore">Landore</a>, prior to his bankruptcy in 1726.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> In 1738 in Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/William_Champion_(metallurgist)" title="William Champion (metallurgist)">William Champion</a> patented a process to extract zinc from calamine in a vertical <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retort</a>-style smelter.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> His technique resembled that used at Zawar zinc mines in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, but no evidence suggests he visited the Orient.<a href="#cite_note-zinc-eng-98">[95]</a> Champion's process was used through 1851.<a href="#cite_note-iza-87">[85]</a> German chemist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Marggraf</a> normally gets credit for isolating pure metallic zinc in the West, even though Swedish chemist Anton von Swab had distilled zinc from calamine four years previously.<a href="#cite_note-iza-87">[85]</a> In his 1746 experiment, Marggraf heated a mixture of calamine and charcoal in a closed vessel without copper to obtain a metal.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks1933p21-75">[73]</a> This procedure became commercially practical by 1752.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_work">Later work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later work">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Galvani,_oil-painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a middle-aged man sitting by the table, wearing a wig, black jacket, white shirt and white scarf." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg/170px-Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg/255px-Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg/340px-Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">Galvanization</a> was named after <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a>.</figcaption></figure> William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for <a href="/wiki/Calcining" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcining">calcining</a> zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p822-36">[34]</a> Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Ruberg" title="Johann Christian Ruberg">Johann Christian Ruberg</a> improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Daniel_Dony" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony">Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony</a> built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium that processed even more zinc.<a href="#cite_note-iza-87">[85]</a> Italian doctor <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> discovered in 1780 that connecting the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch.<a href="#cite_note-ExcelPhysics-105">[102]</a> He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and called the effect "<a href="/wiki/Bioelectricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioelectricity">animal electricity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-IntEncyl-106">[103]</a> The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani, and his discoveries paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">electrical batteries</a>, galvanization, and <a href="/wiki/Cathodic_protection" title="Cathodic protection">cathodic protection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IntEncyl-106">[103]</a> Galvani's friend, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, continued researching the effect and invented the <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic pile</a> in 1800.<a href="#cite_note-ExcelPhysics-105">[102]</a> Volta's pile consisted of a stack of simplified <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cells</a>, each being one plate of copper and one of zinc connected by an <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>. By stacking these units in series, the Voltaic pile (or "battery") as a whole had a higher voltage, which could be used more easily than single cells. Electricity is produced because the <a href="/wiki/Volta_potential" title="Volta potential">Volta potential</a> between the two metal plates makes <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> flow from the zinc to the copper and corrode the zinc.<a href="#cite_note-ExcelPhysics-105">[102]</a> The non-magnetic character of zinc and its lack of color in solution delayed discovery of its importance to biochemistry and nutrition.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton1999p626-107">[104]</a> This changed in 1940 when <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a>, an enzyme that scrubs carbon dioxide from blood, was shown to have zinc in its <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton1999p626-107">[104]</a> The digestive enzyme <a href="/wiki/Carboxypeptidase" title="Carboxypeptidase">carboxypeptidase</a> became the second known zinc-containing enzyme in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton1999p626-107">[104]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_and_processing">Mining and processing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mining and processing">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:0.5em"> <caption>Top zinc mine production output (by countries) 2023<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6"> <th><a href="/wiki/Ranking" title="Ranking">Rank</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">Tonnes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td align="right">4,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td align="right">1,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td align="right">1,100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">860,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td align="right">750,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td align="right">690,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zinc_mining" title="Zinc mining">Zinc mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_smelting" title="Zinc smelting">Zinc smelting</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_zinc_production" title="List of countries by zinc production">List of countries by zinc production</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Price_of_Zinc.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Price_of_Zinc.webp/325px-Price_of_Zinc.webp.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Price_of_Zinc.webp/488px-Price_of_Zinc.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Price_of_Zinc.webp/650px-Price_of_Zinc.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Price of Zinc</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map revealing that about 40% of zinc is produced in China, 20% in Australia, 20% in Peru, and 5% in US, Canada and Kazakhstan each." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg/350px-World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg/525px-World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg/700px-World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of zinc output in 2006 by countries<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2008-109">[106]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Zinc_world_production.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Zinc_world_production.svg/220px-Zinc_world_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Zinc_world_production.svg/330px-Zinc_world_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Zinc_world_production.svg/440px-Zinc_world_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>World production trend</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zink_Mine_Rosh_Pinah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zink_Mine_Rosh_Pinah.jpg/220px-Zink_Mine_Rosh_Pinah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zink_Mine_Rosh_Pinah.jpg/330px-Zink_Mine_Rosh_Pinah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zink_Mine_Rosh_Pinah.jpg/440px-Zink_Mine_Rosh_Pinah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Zinc Mine Rosh Pinah, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zinc&params=27_57_17_S_016_46_00_E_region:NA_type:landmark&title=Rosh+Pinah">27°57′17″S 016°46′00″E / 27.95472°S 16.76667°E / -27.95472; 16.76667 (Rosh Pinah)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg/220px-Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg/330px-Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg/440px-Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Zinc Mine Skorpion, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zinc&params=27_49_09_S_016_36_28_E_region:NA_type:landmark&title=Skorpion">27°49′09″S 016°36′28″E / 27.81917°S 16.60778°E / -27.81917; 16.60778 (Skorpion)</a></figcaption></figure> Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> with an annual production of about 13 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2015-39">[37]</a> The world's largest zinc producer is <a href="/wiki/Nyrstar" title="Nyrstar">Nyrstar</a>, a merger of the Australian <a href="/wiki/OZ_Minerals" title="OZ Minerals">OZ Minerals</a> and the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Umicore" title="Umicore">Umicore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> About 70% of the world's zinc originates from mining, while the remaining 30% comes from recycling secondary zinc.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> Commercially pure zinc is known as Special High Grade, often abbreviated SHG, and is 99.995% pure.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Worldwide, 95% of new zinc is mined from <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfidic</a> ore deposits, in which sphalerite (ZnS) is nearly always mixed with the sulfides of copper, lead and iron.<a href="#cite_note-Zinchand-113">[110]</a>: 6  Zinc mines are scattered throughout the world, with the main areas being China, Australia, and Peru. China produced 38% of the global zinc output in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2015-39">[37]</a> Zinc metal is produced using <a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">extractive metallurgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenqvist1922-114">[111]</a>: 7  The ore is finely ground, then put through <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a> to separate minerals from <a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">gangue</a> (on the property of <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobicity">hydrophobicity</a>), to get a zinc sulfide ore concentrate<a href="#cite_note-Rosenqvist1922-114">[111]</a>: 16  consisting of about 50% zinc, 32% sulfur, 13% iron, and 5% SiO 2.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenqvist1922-114">[111]</a>: 16  <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">Roasting</a> converts the zinc sulfide concentrate to zinc oxide:<a href="#cite_note-Zinchand-113">[110]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2ZnS + 3O2 ->[t^o] 2ZnO + 2SO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>ZnS</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mi>o</mi> </msup> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>ZnO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2ZnS + 3O2 ->[t^o] 2ZnO + 2SO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/686cb2d7d73dea23bc0e3431bfab4016d5fd71ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.433ex; width:31.442ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2ZnS + 3O2 ->[t^o] 2ZnO + 2SO2}}}"></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> is used for the production of sulfuric acid, which is necessary for the leaching process. If deposits of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">zinc carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_silicate" title="Zinc silicate">zinc silicate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Zinc-spinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-spinel">zinc-spinel</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/Skorpion_Zinc" title="Skorpion Zinc">Skorpion Deposit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>) are used for zinc production, the roasting can be omitted.<a href="#cite_note-Skorpion-115">[112]</a> For further processing two basic methods are used: <a href="/wiki/Pyrometallurgy" title="Pyrometallurgy">pyrometallurgy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a>. Pyrometallurgy reduces zinc oxide with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> at 950 °C (1,740 °F) into the metal, which is distilled as zinc vapor to separate it from other metals, which are not volatile at those temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> The zinc vapor is collected in a condenser.<a href="#cite_note-Zinchand-113">[110]</a> The equations below describe this process:<a href="#cite_note-Zinchand-113">[110]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO + C ->[950^oC] Zn + CO}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ZnO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mn>950</mn> <mi>o</mi> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>Zn</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO + C ->[950^oC] Zn + CO}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1592f63fc0ae67a24850c33381264f5ca6bd1f55" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; margin-top: -0.433ex; width:25.219ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO + C ->[950^oC] Zn + CO}}}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO + CO ->[950^oC] Zn + CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ZnO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mn>950</mn> <mi>o</mi> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>Zn</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO + CO ->[950^oC] Zn + CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab85d04dfa0b8e0280b72062a5ecbe660fd247b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.433ex; width:28.082ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO + CO ->[950^oC] Zn + CO2}}}"></dd></dl> In <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a>, zinc is leached from the ore concentrate by <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and impurities are precipitated:<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO + H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ZnO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>ZnSO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO + H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dece6d8838ec01b21c572dbe4e3404d47f6aa05" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.723ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO + H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + H2O}}}"></dd></dl> Finally, the zinc is reduced by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zinchand-113">[110]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2ZnSO4 + 2H2O -> 2Zn + O2 + 2H2SO4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>ZnSO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Zn</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2ZnSO4 + 2H2O -> 2Zn + O2 + 2H2SO4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/347f94534be68e78b991b2639b79b8b2f91b90a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.816ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2ZnSO4 + 2H2O -> 2Zn + O2 + 2H2SO4}}}"></dd></dl> The sulfuric acid is regenerated and recycled to the leaching step. When galvanised feedstock is fed to an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnace</a>, the zinc is recovered from the dust by a number of processes, predominantly the <a href="/wiki/Waelz_process" title="Waelz process">Waelz process</a> (90% as of 2014).<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> Refinement of sulfidic zinc ores produces large volumes of sulfur dioxide and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> vapor. Smelter <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> and other residues contain significant quantities of metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of <a href="/wiki/Kelmis" title="Kelmis">La Calamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res" title="Plombières">Plombières</a> between 1806 and 1882.<a href="#cite_note-Kucha-119">[116]</a> The dumps of the past mining operations leach zinc and cadmium, and the sediments of the <a href="/wiki/Geul_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Geul River">Geul River</a> contain non-trivial amounts of metals.<a href="#cite_note-Kucha-119">[116]</a> About two thousand years ago, emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Man-made and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-14">[12]</a> Zinc in rivers flowing through industrial and mining areas can be as high as 20 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p504-120">[117]</a> Effective <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> greatly reduces this; treatment along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, for example, has decreased zinc levels to 50 ppb.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p504-120">[117]</a> Concentrations of zinc as low as 2 ppm adversely affects the amount of oxygen that fish can carry in their blood.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1158px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historically responsible for high metal levels in the Derwent River, the zinc works at Lutana is the largest exporter in Tasmania, generating 2.5% of the state's GDP, and producing more than 250,000 tonnes of zinc per year."><img alt="A panorama featuring a large industrial plant on a sea side, in front of mountains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg/1150px-The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg" decoding="async" width="1150" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg/1725px-The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg/2300px-The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11034" data-file-height="1462" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg" title="File:The Zinc Works and Incat.jpg"> </a></div>Historically responsible for high metal levels in the <a href="/wiki/Derwent_River_(Tasmania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derwent River (Tasmania)">Derwent River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> the zinc works at <a href="/wiki/Lutana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutana">Lutana</a> is the largest exporter in Tasmania, generating 2.5% of the state's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, and producing more than 250,000 tonnes of zinc per year.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soils contaminated</a> with zinc from mining, refining, or fertilizing with zinc-bearing sludge can contain several grams of zinc per kilogram of dry soil. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">essential metals</a>, such as iron and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>. Zinc levels of 2000 ppm to 180,000 ppm (18%) have been recorded in some soil samples.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p504-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Major applications of zinc include, with percentages given for the US<a href="#cite_note-USGS-yb2006-124">[121]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">Galvanizing</a> (55%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> (16%)</li> <li>Other alloys (21%)</li> <li>Miscellaneous (8%)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-corrosion_and_batteries">Anti-corrosion and batteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anti-corrosion and batteries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Merged elongated crystals of various shades of gray." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg/220px-Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg/330px-Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg/440px-Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hot-dip handrail <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanized</a> crystalline surface</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinkanode_neu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Zinkanode_neu.jpg/220px-Zinkanode_neu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Zinkanode_neu.jpg/330px-Zinkanode_neu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Zinkanode_neu.jpg/440px-Zinkanode_neu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Zinc <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_anode" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial anode">sacrificial anode</a></figcaption></figure> Zinc is most commonly used as an anti-<a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> agent,<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1203-125">[122]</a> and galvanization (coating of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>) is the most familiar form. In 2009 in the United States, 55% or 893,000 tons of the zinc metal was used for galvanization.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-yb2006-124">[121]</a> Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998p99-126">[123]</a> A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn 5(OH) 6(CO 3) 2) forms as the zinc corrodes.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p829-127">[124]</a> This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p829-127">[124]</a> The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by <a href="/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dip galvanizing">hot-dip galvanizing</a> or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p503-128">[125]</a> The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_anode" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial anode">sacrificial anode</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cathodic_protection" title="Cathodic protection">cathodic protection</a> (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p829-127">[124]</a> Zinc acts as the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p829-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[d]</a> Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode while the rudder stays intact.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998p99-126">[123]</a> Similarly, a zinc plug attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship provides temporary protection. With a <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potential</a> (SEP) of −0.76 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>, zinc is used as an anode material for batteries. (More reactive lithium (SEP −3.04 V) is used for anodes in <a href="/wiki/Lithium_battery" title="Lithium battery">lithium batteries</a> ). Powdered zinc is used in this way in <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">alkaline batteries</a> and the case (which also serves as the anode) of <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">zinc–carbon batteries</a> is formed from sheet zinc.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Zinc is used as the anode or fuel of the <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Zinc–air battery">zinc–air battery</a>/fuel cell.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93cerium_battery" title="Zinc–cerium battery">zinc-cerium</a> <a href="/wiki/Redox_flow_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox flow battery">redox flow battery</a> also relies on a zinc-based negative half-cell.<a href="#cite_note-Xie1-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys">Alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Alloys">edit</a>]</div> A widely used zinc alloy is brass, in which copper is alloyed with anywhere from 3% to 45% zinc, depending upon the type of brass.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p829-127">[124]</a> Brass is generally more <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> and stronger than copper, and has superior <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion resistance">corrosion resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p829-127">[124]</a> These properties make it useful in communication equipment, hardware, musical instruments, and water valves.<a href="#cite_note-Lehto1968p829-127">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass;_magnification_400X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mosaica pattern composed of components having various shapes and shades of brown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg/220px-Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg/330px-Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg/440px-Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Cast brass microstructure at magnification 400x</figcaption></figure> Other widely used zinc alloys include <a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">nickel silver</a>, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a>, and commercial <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a> Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Zinc has been the primary metal in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_cent" title="Lincoln cent">American one cent coins</a> (pennies) since 1982.<a href="#cite_note-onecent-138">[134]</a> The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the appearance of a copper coin. In 1994, 33,200 tonnes (36,600 short tons) of zinc were used to produce 13.6 billion pennies in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-yb1994-139">[135]</a> Alloys of zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in <a href="/wiki/Die_casting" title="Die casting">die casting</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Spin_casting" title="Spin casting">spin casting</a>, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a> These alloys are marketed under the name <a href="/wiki/Zamak" title="Zamak">Zamak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> An example of this is <a href="/wiki/Zinc_aluminium" title="Zinc aluminium">zinc aluminium</a>. The low melting point together with the low <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of the alloy makes possible the production of small and intricate shapes. The low working temperature leads to rapid cooling of the cast products and fast production for assembly.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Another alloy, marketed under the brand name Prestal, contains 78% zinc and 22% aluminium, and is reported to be nearly as strong as steel but as malleable as plastic.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Superplasticity" title="Superplasticity">superplasticity</a> of the alloy allows it to be molded using die casts made of ceramics and cement.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-27">[25]</a> Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive.<a href="#cite_note-samans-143">[139]</a> For building facades, roofing, and other applications for <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet metal</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Deep_drawing" title="Deep drawing">deep drawing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roll_forming" title="Roll forming">roll forming</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bending_(metalworking)" title="Bending (metalworking)">bending</a>, zinc alloys with <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> and copper are used.<a href="#cite_note-ZincCorr-144">[140]</a> Unalloyed zinc is too brittle for these manufacturing processes.<a href="#cite_note-ZincCorr-144">[140]</a> As a dense, inexpensive, easily worked material, zinc is used as a <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> replacement. In the wake of <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead concerns</a>, zinc appears in weights for various applications ranging from fishing<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tire_balance" title="Tire balance">tire balances</a> and flywheels.<a href="#cite_note-minrecall-146">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_zinc_telluride" title="Cadmium zinc telluride">Cadmium zinc telluride</a> (CZT) is a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductive</a> alloy that can be divided into an array of small sensing devices.<a href="#cite_note-Katz2002-147">[143]</a> These devices are similar to an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> and can detect the energy of incoming <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> photons.<a href="#cite_note-Katz2002-147">[143]</a> When behind an absorbing mask, the CZT sensor array can determine the direction of the rays.<a href="#cite_note-Katz2002-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_industrial_uses">Other industrial uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other industrial uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White powder on a glass plate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg/220px-Zinc_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg/330px-Zinc_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg/440px-Zinc_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Zinc oxide is used as a white <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>.</figcaption></figure> Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States in 2009 was consumed in zinc compounds;<a href="#cite_note-USGS-yb2006-124">[121]</a> a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints and as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> in the manufacture of rubber to disperse heat. Zinc oxide is used to protect rubber polymers and plastics from <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> (UV).<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p503-128">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> properties of zinc oxide make it useful in <a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">varistors</a> and photocopying products.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zinc_zinc-oxide_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc zinc-oxide cycle">zinc zinc-oxide cycle</a> is a two step <a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">thermochemical</a> process based on zinc and zinc oxide for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_chloride" title="Zinc chloride">Zinc chloride</a> is often added to lumber as a <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardant</a><a href="#cite_note-Heiserman1992p124-150">[146]</a> and sometimes as a wood <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> It is used in the manufacture of other chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-Heiserman1992p124-150">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc methyl">Zinc methyl</a> (Zn(CH3) 2) is used in a number of organic <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">syntheses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">Zinc sulfide</a> (ZnS) is used in <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescent</a> pigments such as on the hands of clocks, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> and television screens, and <a href="/wiki/Luminous_paint" title="Luminous paint">luminous paints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-42-153">[149]</a> Crystals of ZnS are used in <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> that operate in the mid-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> part of the spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfate" title="Zinc sulfate">Zinc sulfate</a> is a chemical in <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> and pigments.<a href="#cite_note-Heiserman1992p124-150">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_pyrithione" title="Zinc pyrithione">Zinc pyrithione</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Antifouling" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifouling">antifouling</a> paints.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> Zinc powder is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Model_rocket" title="Model rocket">model rockets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZnS-156">[152]</a> When a compressed mixture of 70% zinc and 30% <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> powder is ignited there is a violent chemical reaction.<a href="#cite_note-ZnS-156">[152]</a> This produces zinc sulfide, together with large amounts of hot gas, heat, and light.<a href="#cite_note-ZnS-156">[152]</a> Zinc sheet metal is used as a durable covering for roofs, walls, and countertops, the last often seen in <a href="/wiki/Bistro" title="Bistro">bistros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster_bar" title="Oyster bar">oyster bars</a>, and is known for the rustic look imparted by its surface <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> in use to a blue-gray <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a> and susceptibility to scratching.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> 64 Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron activation</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmuted</a> into the highly radioactive 65 Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma radiation</a>. Because of this, zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64 Zn before use, this is called <a href="/wiki/Depleted_zinc_oxide" title="Depleted zinc oxide">depleted zinc oxide</a>. For the same reason, zinc has been proposed as a <a href="/wiki/Salted_bomb" title="Salted bomb">salting</a> material for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> is another, better-known salting material).<a href="#cite_note-Win2003-161">[157]</a> A jacket of <a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">isotopically enriched</a> 64 Zn would be irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, forming a large amount of 65 Zn significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">fallout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Win2003-161">[157]</a> Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.<a href="#cite_note-Win2003-161">[157]</a> 65 Zn is used as a <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_tracer" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopic tracer">tracer</a> to study how alloys that contain zinc wear out, or the path and the role of zinc in organisms.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Zinc dithiocarbamate complexes are used as agricultural <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a>; these include <a href="/wiki/Zineb" title="Zineb">Zineb</a>, Metiram, Propineb and Ziram.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> Zinc naphthenate is used as wood preservative.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Zinc in the form of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_dithiophosphate" title="Zinc dithiophosphate">ZDDP</a>, is used as an anti-wear additive for metal parts in engine oil.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_chemistry">Organic chemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Organic chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png/350px-DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png/525px-DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png/700px-DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Enantioselective addition of diphenylzinc to an aldehyde<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Organozinc_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozinc compound">Organozinc</a> chemistry is the science of compounds that contain carbon-zinc bonds, describing the physical properties, synthesis, and chemical reactions. Many organozinc compounds are commercially important.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> Among important applications are: <ul><li>The Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> (ROCOCOOR) reacts with an <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_halide" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl halide">alkyl halide</a> R'X, zinc and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> to form α-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a></li> <li>Organozincs have similar reactivity to <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagents</a> but are much less nucleophilic, and they are expensive and difficult to handle. Organozincs typically perform nucleophilic addition on electrophiles such as <a href="/wiki/Aldehydes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldehydes">aldehydes</a>, which are then reduced to <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds include <a href="/wiki/Dimethylzinc" title="Dimethylzinc">dimethylzinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethylzinc" title="Diethylzinc">diethylzinc</a> and diphenylzinc. Like Grignard reagents, organozincs are commonly produced from <a href="/wiki/Organobromine_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organobromine compound">organobromine</a> precursors.</li></ul> Zinc has found many uses in catalysis in organic synthesis including <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric reaction">enantioselective synthesis</a>, being a cheap and readily available alternative to precious metal complexes. Quantitative results (yield and <a href="/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess" title="Enantiomeric excess">enantiomeric excess</a>) obtained with chiral zinc catalysts can be comparable to those achieved with palladium, ruthenium, iridium and others.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary_supplement">Dietary supplement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dietary supplement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_pills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zinc_pills.jpg/220px-Zinc_pills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zinc_pills.jpg/330px-Zinc_pills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zinc_pills.jpg/440px-Zinc_pills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a> supplement pills</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_gluconate_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal chemical formula of a planar compound featuring a Zn atom in the center, symmetrically bonded to four oxygens. Those oxygens are further connected to linear COH chains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zinc_gluconate_structure.svg/300px-Zinc_gluconate_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zinc_gluconate_structure.svg/450px-Zinc_gluconate_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zinc_gluconate_structure.svg/600px-Zinc_gluconate_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a> is one compound used for the delivery of zinc as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfate_(medical_use)" title="Zinc sulfate (medical use)">Zinc sulfate (medical use)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></div> In most single-tablet, over-the-counter, daily vitamin and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">mineral</a> supplements, zinc is included in such forms as <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_acetate" title="Zinc acetate">zinc acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">zinc gluconate</a>, or zinc amino acid chelate.<a href="#cite_note-DiSilvestro2004-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-USgov-175">[171]</a> Generally, zinc supplement is recommended where there is high risk of zinc deficiency (such as low and middle income countries) as a preventive measure.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> Although zinc sulfate is a commonly used zinc form, zinc citrate, gluconate and picolinate may be valid options as well. These forms are better absorbed than zinc oxide.<a href="#cite_note-Zincposology2019-177">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gastroenteritis">edit</a>]</div> Zinc is an inexpensive and effective part of treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> among children in the developing world. Zinc becomes depleted in the body during diarrhea and replenishing zinc with a 10- to 14-day course of treatment can reduce the duration and severity of diarrheal episodes and may also prevent future episodes for as long as three months.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a> is strongly attenuated by ingestion of zinc, possibly by direct antimicrobial action of the ions in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, or by the absorption of the zinc and re-release from immune cells (all <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">granulocytes</a> secrete zinc), or both.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_cold">Common cold</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Common cold">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Zinc_and_the_common_cold" title="Zinc and the common cold">Zinc and the common cold</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinc_and_the_common_cold&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Zinc supplements (frequently <a href="/wiki/Zinc_acetate" title="Zinc acetate">zinc acetate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">zinc gluconate</a> <a href="/wiki/Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">lozenges</a>) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary supplements">dietary supplements</a> that are commonly used in an attempt to treat the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_and_the_common_cold_NIH_Zinc-181">[177]</a> Evidence suggests that zinc does not prevent colds but may reduce their duration, with minimal or no impact on symptom severity.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_and_the_common_cold_coch2024-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_and_the_common_cold_:0-183">[179]</a> Adverse effects with zinc supplements <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a> include bad taste and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_and_the_common_cold_NIH_Zinc-181">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">intranasal use</a> of zinc-containing <a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">nasal sprays</a> has been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">loss of the sense of smell</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_and_the_common_cold_NIH_Zinc-181">[177]</a> consequently, in June 2009, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (USFDA) warned consumers to stop using intranasal zinc.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_and_the_common_cold_NIH_Zinc-181">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_rhinovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rhinovirus">human rhinovirus</a> – the most common <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral pathogen</a> in humans – is the predominant cause of the common cold.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_and_the_common_cold_CDC2015Full-184">[180]</a> The hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> and the direct inhibition of <a href="/wiki/Rhinovirus#Pathogenesis" title="Rhinovirus">rhinoviral receptor binding</a> and rhinoviral <a href="/wiki/Viral_replication" title="Viral replication">replication</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_mucosa" title="Nasal mucosa">nasal mucosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_and_the_common_cold_NIH_Zinc-181">[177]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weight_gain">Weight gain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Weight gain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency#Appetite" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency § Appetite</a></div> Zinc deficiency may lead to loss of appetite.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> The use of zinc in the treatment of anorexia has been advocated since 1979. At least 15 clinical trials have shown that zinc improved weight gain in anorexia. A 1994 trial showed that zinc doubled the rate of body mass increase in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Deficiency of other nutrients such as tyrosine, tryptophan and thiamine could contribute to this phenomenon of "malnutrition-induced malnutrition".<a href="#cite_note-Zincappetitereview-186">[182]</a> A meta-analysis of 33 prospective intervention trials regarding zinc supplementation and its effects on the growth of children in many countries showed that zinc supplementation alone had a statistically significant effect on linear growth and body weight gain, indicating that other deficiencies that may have been present were not responsible for growth retardation.<a href="#cite_note-Zincappetitereview2-187">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> People taking zinc supplements may slow down the progress to <a href="/wiki/Age-related_macular_degeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age-related macular degeneration">age-related macular degeneration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> Zinc supplement is an effective treatment for <a href="/wiki/Acrodermatitis_enteropathica" title="Acrodermatitis enteropathica">acrodermatitis enteropathica</a>, a genetic disorder affecting zinc absorption that was previously fatal to affected infants.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p501-76">[74]</a> Zinc deficiency has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> (MDD), and zinc supplements may be an effective treatment.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23567517-189">[185]</a> Zinc may help individuals sleep more.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical_use">Topical use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Topical use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide#Medicine" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide § Medicine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Topical_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical administration">Topical preparations</a> of zinc include those used on the skin, often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>. Zinc oxide is generally recognized by the FDA as safe and effective<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> and is considered a very photo-stable.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Zinc oxide is one of the most common active ingredients formulated into a sunscreen to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p501-76">[74]</a> Applied thinly to a baby's diaper area (<a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a>) with each diaper change, it can protect against <a href="/wiki/Diaper_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper rash">diaper rash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p501-76">[74]</a> Chelated zinc is used in toothpastes and mouthwashes to prevent <a href="/wiki/Halitosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Halitosis">bad breath</a>; zinc citrate helps reduce the build-up of <a href="/wiki/Calculus_(dental)" title="Calculus (dental)">calculus</a> (tartar).<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_pyrithione" title="Zinc pyrithione">Zinc pyrithione</a> is widely included in shampoos to prevent dandruff.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Topical zinc has also been shown to effectively treat, as well as prolong remission in <a href="/wiki/Genital_herpes" title="Genital herpes">genital herpes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zinc_in_biology" title="Zinc in biology">Zinc in biology</a></div> Zinc is an essential <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace element</a> for humans.<a href="#cite_note-Maret-2013-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_-_brain_disorders_2015_review-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-12">[10]</a> and other animals,<a href="#cite_note-Prasad-2008-13">[11]</a> for plants<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-14">[12]</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugarman-1983-15">[13]</a> Zinc is required for the function of over 300 <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> and 1000 <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-12">[10]</a> and is stored and transferred in <a href="/wiki/Metallothionein" title="Metallothionein">metallothioneins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton1999bio-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> It is the second most abundant trace metal in humans after iron and it is the only metal which appears in all <a href="/wiki/Enzyme#Naming_conventions" title="Enzyme">enzyme classes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-12">[10]</a> In proteins, zinc ions are often coordinated to the amino acid side chains of <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">aspartic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a>. The theoretical and computational description of this zinc binding in proteins (as well as that of other transition metals) is difficult.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> Roughly 2–4 grams of zinc<a href="#cite_note-Rink2000-199">[195]</a> are distributed throughout the human body. Most zinc is in the brain, muscle, bones, kidney, and liver, with the highest concentrations in the prostate and parts of the eye.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">Semen</a> is particularly rich in zinc, a key factor in <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a> function and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive organ">reproductive organ</a> growth.<a href="#cite_note-Berdanier2007-201">[197]</a> Zinc homeostasis of the body is mainly controlled by the intestine. Here, <a href="/wiki/SLC39A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A4">ZIP4</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/TRPM7" title="TRPM7">TRPM7</a> were linked to intestinal zinc uptake essential for postnatal survival.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> In humans, the biological roles of zinc are ubiquitous.<a href="#cite_note-Hambridge2007-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_-_brain_disorders_2015_review-11">[9]</a> It interacts with "a wide range of organic <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Hambridge2007-16">[14]</a> and has roles in the metabolism of RNA and DNA, <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>. It also regulates <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>. A review from 2015 indicated that about 10% of human proteins (~3000) bind zinc,<a href="#cite_note-pmid26055706-204">[200]</a> in addition to hundreds more that transport and traffic zinc; a similar <a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a> study in the plant <a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a> found 2367 zinc-related proteins.<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-14">[12]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, zinc is stored in specific <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic vesicles">synaptic vesicles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Glutamatergic" title="Glutamatergic">glutamatergic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> and can modulate neuronal excitability.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_-_brain_disorders_2015_review-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bitanihirwe-205">[201]</a> It plays a key role in <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">synaptic plasticity</a> and so in learning.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_-_brain_disorders_2015_review-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> Zinc <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> also plays a critical role in the functional regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_-_brain_disorders_2015_review-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bitanihirwe-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-12">[10]</a> Dysregulation of zinc homeostasis in the central nervous system that results in excessive synaptic zinc concentrations is believed to induce <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a> through mitochondrial oxidative stress (e.g., by disrupting certain enzymes involved in the <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Complex_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex I">complex I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complex_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex III">complex III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-ketoglutarate_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase">α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase</a>), the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, glutamatergic neuronal <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a>, and interference with intraneuronal <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_-_brain_disorders_2015_review-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25265815-207">[203]</a> L- and D-histidine facilitate brain zinc uptake.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/SLC30A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC30A3">SLC30A3</a> is the primary <a href="/wiki/Solute_carrier_family#Solute_carrier_family_30" title="Solute carrier family">zinc transporter</a> involved in cerebral zinc homeostasis.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_-_brain_disorders_2015_review-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enzymes">Enzymes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Enzymes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonic_anhydrase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interconnected stripes, mostly of yellow and blue color with a few red segments." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carbonic_anhydrase.png/220px-Carbonic_anhydrase.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carbonic_anhydrase.png/330px-Carbonic_anhydrase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carbonic_anhydrase.png/440px-Carbonic_anhydrase.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_diagram" title="Ribbon diagram">Ribbon diagram</a> of human <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> II, with zinc atom visible in the center</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_finger_rendered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A twisted band, with one side painted blue and another gray. Its two ends are connected through some chemical species to a green atom (zinc)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zinc_finger_rendered.png/220px-Zinc_finger_rendered.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zinc_finger_rendered.png/330px-Zinc_finger_rendered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zinc_finger_rendered.png/440px-Zinc_finger_rendered.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zinc_fingers" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc fingers">Zinc fingers</a> help read DNA sequences.</figcaption></figure> Zinc is an efficient <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acid</a>, making it a useful catalytic agent in <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">hydroxylation</a> and other enzymatic reactions.<a href="#cite_note-DRI-209">[205]</a> The metal also has a flexible <a href="/wiki/Coordination_geometry" title="Coordination geometry">coordination geometry</a>, which allows proteins using it to rapidly shift <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">conformations</a> to perform biological reactions.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Two examples of zinc-containing enzymes are <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carboxypeptidase" title="Carboxypeptidase">carboxypeptidase</a>, which are vital to the processes of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO 2) regulation and digestion of proteins, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1224—1225-211">[207]</a> In vertebrate blood, carbonic anhydrase converts CO 2 into bicarbonate and the same enzyme transforms the bicarbonate back into CO 2 for exhalation through the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> Without this enzyme, this conversion would occur about one million times slower<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1225-213">[209]</a> at the normal blood <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 7 or would require a pH of 10 or more.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton1999p627-214">[210]</a> The non-related β-carbonic anhydrase is required in plants for leaf formation, the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Indole-3-acetic_acid" title="Indole-3-acetic acid">indole acetic acid</a> (auxin) and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic fermentation">alcoholic fermentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> Carboxypeptidase cleaves peptide linkages during digestion of proteins. A <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bond" title="Coordinate covalent bond">coordinate covalent bond</a> is formed between the terminal peptide and a C=O group attached to zinc, which gives the carbon a positive charge. This helps to create a <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> pocket on the enzyme near the zinc, which attracts the non-polar part of the protein being digested.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1224—1225-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signalling">Signalling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Signalling">edit</a>]</div> Zinc has been recognized as a messenger, able to activate signalling pathways. Many of these pathways provide the driving force in aberrant cancer growth. They can be targeted through <a href="/wiki/Zinc_transporter_protein" title="Zinc transporter protein">ZIP transporters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_proteins">Other proteins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other proteins">edit</a>]</div> Zinc serves a purely structural role in <a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger" title="Zinc finger">zinc fingers</a>, twists and clusters.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton1997p628-217">[213]</a> Zinc fingers form parts of some <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a>, which are proteins that recognize <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA base sequences</a> during the replication and transcription of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> in the transcription factor.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1225-213">[209]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a>, zinc is bound to and transported by <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a> (60%, low-affinity) and <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a> (10%).<a href="#cite_note-Rink2000-199">[195]</a> Because transferrin also transports iron, excessive iron reduces zinc absorption, and vice versa. A similar antagonism exists with copper.<a href="#cite_note-Whitney2005-218">[214]</a> The concentration of zinc in blood plasma stays relatively constant regardless of zinc intake.<a href="#cite_note-DRI-209">[205]</a> Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system, and intestine use <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">zinc signaling</a> to communicate with other cells.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> Zinc may be held in <a href="/wiki/Metallothionein" title="Metallothionein">metallothionein</a> reserves within microorganisms or in the intestines or liver of animals.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton1999p629-220">[216]</a> Metallothionein in intestinal cells is capable of adjusting absorption of zinc by 15–40%.<a href="#cite_note-Blake2007-221">[217]</a> However, inadequate or excessive zinc intake can be harmful; excess zinc particularly impairs copper absorption because metallothionein absorbs both metals.<a href="#cite_note-Fosmire1990-222">[218]</a> The human <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporter</a> contains a <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">high affinity</a> extracellular zinc <a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">binding site</a> which, upon zinc binding, inhibits dopamine <a href="/wiki/Reuptake" title="Reuptake">reuptake</a> and amplifies <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>-induced <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_efflux" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter efflux">dopamine efflux</a> <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zinc_binding_sites_+_ADHD_review-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Review_-_cites_2002_amph-zinc_primary_study-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Primary_2002_amph-zinc_study-225">[221]</a> The human <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">serotonin transporter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">norepinephrine transporter</a> do not contain zinc binding sites.<a href="#cite_note-Primary_2002_amph-zinc_study-225">[221]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/EF_hand" title="EF hand">EF-hand</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium-binding_protein" title="Calcium-binding protein">calcium binding proteins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/S100_protein" title="S100 protein">S100</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neuronal_calcium_sensor-1" title="Neuronal calcium sensor-1">NCS-1</a> are also able to bind zinc ions.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dietary recommendations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Institute of Medicine">U.S. Institute of Medicine</a> (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for zinc in 2001. The current EARs for zinc for women and men ages 14 and up is 6.8 and 9.4 mg/day, respectively. The RDAs are 8 and 11 mg/day. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. RDA for pregnancy is 11 mg/day. RDA for lactation is 12 mg/day. For infants up to 12 months the RDA is 3 mg/day. For children ages 1–13 years the RDA increases with age from 3 to 8 mg/day. As for safety, the IOM sets <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">Tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of zinc the adult UL is 40 mg/day including both food and supplements combined (lower for children). Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intakes</a> (DRIs).<a href="#cite_note-DRI-209">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For people ages 18 and older the PRI calculations are complex, as the EFSA has set higher and higher values as the <a href="/wiki/Phytate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytate">phytate</a> content of the diet increases. For women, PRIs increase from 7.5 to 12.7 mg/day as phytate intake increases from 300 to 1200 mg/day; for men the range is 9.4 to 16.3 mg/day. These PRIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs.<a href="#cite_note-EFSA-227">[223]</a> The EFSA reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 25 mg/day, which is much lower than the U.S. value.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For zinc labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 15 mg, but on May 27, 2016, it was revised to 11 mg.<a href="#cite_note-FedReg-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dietary_intake">Dietary intake</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Dietary intake">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several plates full of various cereals, fruits and vegetables on a table." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg/170px-Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg/255px-Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg/340px-Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">Foods and seasonings</a> containing zinc</figcaption></figure> Animal products such as meat, fish, shellfish, fowl, eggs, and dairy contain zinc. The concentration of zinc in plants varies with the level in the soil. With adequate zinc in the soil, the food plants that contain the most zinc are wheat (germ and bran) and various seeds, including <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger1993-231">[227]</a> Zinc is also found in <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed" title="Pumpkin seed">pumpkin seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USDA_Zn-232">[228]</a> Other sources include <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortified food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a> in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body.<a href="#cite_note-Allen1998-233">[229]</a> This review cited studies that found lower plasma zinc concentrations in the subjects who consumed zinc oxide and zinc carbonate than in those who took zinc acetate and sulfate salts.<a href="#cite_note-Allen1998-233">[229]</a> For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended cereals (containing zinc oxide) as a cheap, stable source that is as easily absorbed as the more expensive forms.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Deficiency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></div> Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. Groups at risk include children in developing countries and elderly with chronic illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Prasad2003-18">[16]</a> In children, it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea and contributes to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year.<a href="#cite_note-Hambridge2007-16">[14]</a> The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2007-236">[232]</a> Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2007-236">[232]</a> However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> While zinc deficiency is usually due to insufficient dietary intake, it can be associated with <a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">malabsorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrodermatitis_enteropathica" title="Acrodermatitis enteropathica">acrodermatitis enteropathica</a>, chronic liver disease, chronic renal disease, <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">sickle cell disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignancy</a>, and other chronic illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Prasad2003-18">[16]</a> In the United States, a federal survey of food consumption determined that for women and men over the age of 19, average consumption was 9.7 and 14.2 mg/day, respectively. For women, 17% consumed less than the EAR, for men 11%. The percentages below EAR increased with age.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> The most recent published update of the survey (NHANES 2013–2014) reported lower averages – 9.3 and 13.2 mg/day – again with intake decreasing with age.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse.<a href="#cite_note-DRI-209">[205]</a> Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, <a href="/wiki/Alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopecia">alopecia</a>, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired immune functions, defects in carbohydrate use, and reproductive <a href="/wiki/Teratogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenesis">teratogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DRI-209">[205]</a> Zinc deficiency depresses immunity,<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> but excessive zinc does also.<a href="#cite_note-Rink2000-199">[195]</a> Despite some concerns,<a href="#cite_note-Canada_2003-241">[237]</a> western vegetarians and vegans do not suffer any more from overt zinc deficiency than meat-eaters.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soy foods, nuts, peas, and seeds.<a href="#cite_note-Canada_2003-241">[237]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Phytates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytates">phytates</a> in many whole-grains and fibers may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelator</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">phytate</a>, found in seeds and <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a>, can contribute to zinc malabsorption.<a href="#cite_note-Prasad2003-18">[16]</a> Some evidence suggests that more than the US RDA (8 mg/day for adult women; 11 mg/day for adult men) may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians.<a href="#cite_note-Canada_2003-241">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) guidelines attempt to compensate for this by recommending higher zinc intake when dietary phytate intake is greater.<a href="#cite_note-EFSA-227">[223]</a> These considerations must be balanced against the paucity of adequate zinc <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a>, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitivity and specificity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_remediation">Soil remediation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Soil remediation">edit</a>]</div> Species of <a href="/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna">Calluna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erica_(plant)" title="Erica (plant)">Erica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a> can grow in zinc-metalliferous soils, because translocation of toxic ions is prevented by the action of <a href="/wiki/Ericoid_mycorrhiza" title="Ericoid mycorrhiza">ericoid mycorrhizal fungi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Zinc deficiency appears to be the most common micronutrient deficiency in crop plants; it is particularly common in high-pH soils.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> Zinc-deficient <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> is <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivated</a> in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia. Substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas.<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-14">[12]</a> Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is added to the soil primarily through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_phosphide" title="Zinc phosphide">zinc phosphide</a>), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-14">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zinc_toxicity" title="Zinc toxicity">Zinc toxicity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> Although zinc is an essential requirement for good health, excess zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc suppresses copper and iron absorption.<a href="#cite_note-Fosmire1990-222">[218]</a> The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> The Free Ion Activity Model is well-established in the literature, and shows that just <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">micromolar</a> amounts of the free ion kills some organisms. A recent example showed 6 micromolar killing 93% of all <a href="/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">Daphnia</a> in water.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> The free zinc ion is a powerful <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acid</a> up to the point of being <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a>. Stomach acid contains <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, in which metallic zinc dissolves readily to give corrosive zinc chloride. Swallowing a post-1982 American one <a href="/wiki/Cent_(United_States_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cent (United States coin)">cent</a> piece (97.5% zinc) can cause damage to the stomach lining through the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> Evidence shows that people taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily may suffer induced <a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">copper deficiency</a>. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> Levels of 100–300 mg may interfere with the use of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol.<a href="#cite_note-Fosmire1990-222">[218]</a> Zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interferes with the plant absorption of other essential metals, such as iron and manganese.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p504-120">[117]</a> A condition called the <a href="/wiki/Zinc_shakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc shakes">zinc shakes</a> or "zinc chills" can be induced by inhalation of zinc fumes while <a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">brazing</a> or welding galvanized materials.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-42-153">[149]</a> Zinc is a common ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Denture" class="mw-redirect" title="Denture">denture</a> cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. Disability and even deaths from excessive use of these products have been claimed.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) states that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, causing <a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">anosmia</a>. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> infections.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> On June 16, 2009, the FDA ordered removal of zinc-based intranasal cold products from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke, and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it.<a href="#cite_note-LAT-252">[248]</a> Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat shock">heat shock</a> response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of <a href="/wiki/Poly_ADP_ribose_polymerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly ADP ribose polymerase">PARP</a>-dependent energy crisis in cultured human <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">melanocytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poisoning">Poisoning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Poisoning">edit</a>]</div> In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">US Mint</a> began minting <a href="/wiki/Cent_(United_States_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cent (United States coin)">pennies</a> coated in copper but containing primarily zinc. Zinc pennies pose a risk of zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. Another patient who ingested 12 grams of zinc showed only <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a> (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements).<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, requiring veterinary removal of the foreign objects. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, commonly fatal in dogs through severe <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">hemolytic anemia</a> and liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> Zinc is highly toxic in <a href="/wiki/Parrots" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrots">parrots</a> and poisoning can often be fatal.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p501-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_zinc_production" title="List of countries by zinc production">List of countries by zinc production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelter" title="Spelter">Spelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_storage_stain" title="Wet storage stain">Wet storage stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_alloy_electroplating" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc alloy electroplating">Zinc alloy electroplating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">Metal fume fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Steinkeller" title="Piotr Steinkeller">Piotr Steinkeller</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The thermal expansion of zinc is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion#Coefficients" title="Thermal expansion">coefficients</a> for each crystal axis are (at 20 °C): αa = 13.06×10−6/K, αc = 64.12×10−6/K, and αaverage = αvolume/3 = 30.08×10−6/K. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The elements are from different metal groups. See periodic table. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> An <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> ship carrying a cargo of nearly pure zinc metal from the Orient sank off the coast <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1745.(<a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 502) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Electric current will naturally flow between zinc and steel but in some circumstances inert anodes are used with an external DC source. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/zinc.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Zinc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Zinc&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fzinc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (May 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Zn(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in Ca5Zn3 (structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_Whangbo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSSci..10..444K">2008SSSci..10..444K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+transition+metal+anions+acting+as+p-metal+elements&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=444-449&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSSci..10..444K&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Zn(I) has been reported in <a href="/wiki/Decamethyldizincocene" title="Decamethyldizincocene">decamethyldizincocene</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResa,_I.Carmona,_E.Gutierrez-Puebla,_E.Monge,_A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 305 (5687): 1136–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305.1136R">2004Sci...305.1136R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101356">10.1126/science.1101356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15326350">15326350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38990338">38990338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Decamethyldizincocene%2C+a+Stable+Compound+of+Zn%28I%29+with+a+Zn-Zn+Bond&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5687&rft.pages=1136-8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38990338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15326350&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305.1136R&rft.au=Resa%2C+I.&rft.au=Carmona%2C+E.&rft.au=Gutierrez-Puebla%2C+E.&rft.au=Monge%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. 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International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (11): 2334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms18112334">10.3390/ijms18112334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5713303">5713303</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29113075">29113075</a>. <q>Zinc is the second most abundant trace metal in the human body, and is essential for many biological processes.  ... The trace metal zinc is an essential cofactor for more than 300 enzymes and 1000 transcription factors [16]. ... In the central nervous system, zinc is the second most abundant trace metal and is involved in many processes. In addition to its role in enzymatic activity, it also plays a major role in cell signaling and modulation of neuronal activity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Dietary+Zinc+Acts+as+a+Sleep+Modulator&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2334&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5713303%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29113075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms18112334&rft.aulast=Cherasse&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Urade%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5713303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prasad-2008-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad-2008_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad-2008_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad_A._S.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad A. 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Med. 14 (5–6): 353–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2119%2F2008-00033.Prasad">10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2277319">2277319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18385818">18385818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Med.&rft.atitle=Zinc+in+Human+Health%3A+Effect+of+Zinc+on+Immune+Cells&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=353-7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2277319%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18385818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2119%2F2008-00033.Prasad&rft.au=Prasad+A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2277319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broadley2007-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broadley2007_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadley2007_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadley2007_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadley2007_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadley2007_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadley2007_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadley2007_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadley2007_14-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadleyWhite,_P._J.Hammond,_J._P.Zelko_I.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Broadley, M. 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United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029065604/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zinc/720494.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved November 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Yearbook+1994%3A+Zinc&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Jasinski&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fzinc%2F720494.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eazall.com/diecastalloys.aspx">"Diecasting Alloys"</a>. Maybrook, NY: Eastern Alloys. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225003739/http://www.eazall.com/diecastalloys.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diecasting+Alloys&rft.place=Maybrook%2C+NY&rft.pub=Eastern+Alloys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eazall.com%2Fdiecastalloys.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApelianPaliwal,_M.Herrschaft,_D._C.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Apelian, D.; Paliwal, M.; Herrschaft, D. C. (1981). "Casting with Zinc Alloys". Journal of Metals. 33 (11): 12–19. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JOM....33k..12A">1981JOM....33k..12A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03339527">10.1007/bf03339527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Metals&rft.atitle=Casting+with+Zinc+Alloys&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=12-19&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf03339527&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981JOM....33k..12A&rft.aulast=Apelian&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Paliwal%2C+M.&rft.au=Herrschaft%2C+D.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_Geoff2003" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Geoff (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s0i32LSfrJ4C&pg=PA157">Materials for automobile bodies</a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5692-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5692-4"><bdi>978-0-7506-5692-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+for+automobile+bodies&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5692-4&rft.au=Davies%2C+Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds0i32LSfrJ4C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-samans-143"><a href="#cite_ref-samans_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamans1949" class="citation book cs1">Samans, Carl Hubert (1949). Engineering Metals and Their Alloys. Macmillan Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Metals+and+Their+Alloys&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co.&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Samans&rft.aufirst=Carl+Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZincCorr-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZincCorr_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZincCorr_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1994" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Frank (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-pAiedmqp8C">"Wrought Zinc"</a>. Corrosion Resistance of Zinc and Zinc Alloys. CRC Press. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-9213-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-9213-8"><bdi>978-0-8247-9213-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wrought+Zinc&rft.btitle=Corrosion+Resistance+of+Zinc+and+Zinc+Alloys&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-9213-8&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-pAiedmqp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClane,_Albert_JulesGardner,_Keith1987" class="citation book cs1">McClane, Albert Jules & Gardner, Keith (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3nWAAAAMAAJ">The Complete book of fishing: a guide to freshwater, saltwater & big-game fishing</a>. Gallery Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-1565-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-1565-6"><bdi>978-0-8317-1565-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115010409/http://books.google.com/books?id=b3nWAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+book+of+fishing%3A+a+guide+to+freshwater%2C+saltwater+%26+big-game+fishing&rft.pub=Gallery+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8317-1565-6&rft.au=McClane%2C+Albert+Jules&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3nWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minrecall-146"><a href="#cite_ref-minrecall_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323175731/http://www.minourausa.com/english/support-e/recall-e.html">"Cast flywheel on old Magturbo trainer has been recalled since July 2000"</a>. Minoura. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minourausa.com/english/support-e/recall-e.html">the original</a> on March 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minoura&rft.atitle=Cast+flywheel+on+old+Magturbo+trainer+has+been+recalled+since+July+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minourausa.com%2Fenglish%2Fsupport-e%2Frecall-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz2002-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2002_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2002_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2002_147-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2002" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Johnathan I. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biggestbangsmyst00katz_0/page/18">The Biggest Bangs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biggestbangsmyst00katz_0/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514570-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514570-0"><bdi>978-0-19-514570-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biggest+Bangs&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514570-0&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Johnathan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiggestbangsmyst00katz_0%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang1996" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Xiaoge Gregory (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qmf4VsriAtMC">Corrosion and Electrochemistry of Zinc</a>. Springer. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45334-2"><bdi>978-0-306-45334-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corrosion+and+Electrochemistry+of+Zinc&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-306-45334-2&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoge+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQmf4VsriAtMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeimer2006" class="citation web cs1">Weimer, Al (May 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/pd_10_weimer.pdf">"Development of Solar-powered Thermochemical Production of Hydrogen from Water"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205122514/http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/pd_10_weimer.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+Solar-powered+Thermochemical+Production+of+Hydrogen+from+Water&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft.aulast=Weimer&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogen.energy.gov%2Fpdfs%2Freview06%2Fpd_10_weimer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heiserman1992p124-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heiserman1992p124_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heiserman1992p124_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heiserman1992p124_150-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeiserman1992">Heiserman 1992</a>, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlew1953" class="citation web cs1">Blew, Joseph Oscar (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/816/FPL_D149ocr.pdf">"Wood preservatives"</a> (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1957%2F816">1957/816</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114143025/http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/816/FPL_D149ocr.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wood+preservatives&rft.pub=Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Forest+Service%2C+Forest+Products+Laboratory&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1957%2F816&rft.aulast=Blew&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Oscar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1957%2F816%2FFPL_D149ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankland1849" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Frankland, Edward</a> (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1427026">"Notiz über eine neue Reihe organischer Körper, welche Metalle, Phosphor u. s. w. enthalten"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liebigs_Annalen" title="Liebigs Annalen">Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</a> (in German). 71 (2): 213–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18490710206">10.1002/jlac.18490710206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liebig%27s+Annalen+der+Chemie+und+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Notiz+%C3%BCber+eine+neue+Reihe+organischer+K%C3%B6rper%2C+welche+Metalle%2C+Phosphor+u.+s.+w.+enthalten&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-216&rft.date=1849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18490710206&rft.aulast=Frankland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1427026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRCp4-42-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRCp4-42_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRCp4-42_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRC2006">CRC 2006</a>, p. 4-42 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaschotta2008" class="citation book cs1">Paschotta, Rüdiger (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2p9WvgAACAAJ">Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology</a>. Wiley-VCH. p. 798. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40828-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40828-3"><bdi>978-3-527-40828-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Laser+Physics+and+Technology&rft.pages=798&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-527-40828-3&rft.aulast=Paschotta&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2p9WvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstantinouAlbanis,_T._A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Konstantinou, I. K.; Albanis, T. A. (2004). 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Environment International. 30 (2): 235–248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnInt..30..235K">2004EnInt..30..235K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0160-4120%2803%2900176-4">10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00176-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14749112">14749112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Worldwide+occurrence+and+effects+of+antifouling+paint+booster+biocides+in+the+aquatic+environment%3A+a+review&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-248&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14749112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0160-4120%2803%2900176-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EnInt..30..235K&rft.aulast=Konstantinou&rft.aufirst=I.+K.&rft.au=Albanis%2C+T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZnS-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZnS_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZnS_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZnS_156-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoudreaux" class="citation web cs1">Boudreaux, Kevin A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/demos/zinc_sulfur/zinc_sulfur.htm">"Zinc + Sulfur"</a>. Angelo State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202034703/http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/demos/zinc_sulfur/zinc_sulfur.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zinc+%2B+Sulfur&rft.pub=Angelo+State+University&rft.aulast=Boudreaux&rft.aufirst=Kevin+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelo.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fkboudrea%2Fdemos%2Fzinc_sulfur%2Fzinc_sulfur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rolled.zinc.org/">"Rolled and Titanium Zinc Sheet"</a>. 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Assumption University: 199. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326001457/http://www.journal.au.edu/au_techno/2003/apr2003/aujt6-4_article07.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Assumption+University+Journal+of+Technology&rft.atitle=Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=199&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Win&rft.aufirst=David+Tin&rft.au=Masum%2C+Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal.au.edu%2Fau_techno%2F2003%2Fapr2003%2Faujt6-4_article07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Newton1999" class="citation book cs1">David E. 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Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0487-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0487-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-0487-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.edition=87th&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0487-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDll8hA006AC%26pg%3DPT893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC">"Zinc"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/499">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/499">499–505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zinc&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=499-505&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-3365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-3365-9&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiserman1992" class="citation book cs1">Heiserman, David L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24l-Cpal9oIC">"Element 30: Zinc"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis">Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds</a>. New York: TAB Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-3018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-3018-9"><bdi>978-0-8306-3018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Element+30%3A+Zinc&rft.btitle=Exploring+Chemical+Elements+and+their+Compounds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=TAB+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8306-3018-9&rft.aulast=Heiserman&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D24l-Cpal9oIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehto1968" class="citation book cs1">Lehto, R. S. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp">"Zinc"</a>. In Clifford A. Hampel (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/822">822–830</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-15598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-15598-8"><bdi>978-0-442-15598-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-29938">68-29938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zinc&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=822-830&rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-29938&rft.isbn=978-0-442-15598-8&rft.aulast=Lehto&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00hamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStwertka1998" class="citation book cs1">Stwertka, Albert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe">"Zinc"</a>. Guide to the Elements (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508083-4"><bdi>978-0-19-508083-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zinc&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508083-4&rft.aulast=Stwertka&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoelements00stwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1933). "III. Some Eighteenth-Century Metals". The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3872-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3872-8"><bdi>978-0-7661-3872-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+Some+Eighteenth-Century+Metals&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Easton%2C+PA&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3872-8&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinc" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid 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title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Zn">History & Etymology of Zinc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zinc/index.html">Statistics and Information from the U.S. Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/reductions/zinc-zn.shtm">Reducing Agents > Zinc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zinc.org">American Zinc Association</a> Information about the uses and properties of zinc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iszb.org">ISZB</a> International Society for Zinc Biology, founded in 2008. An international, nonprofit organization bringing together scientists working on the biological actions of zinc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zinc-uk.org">Zinc-UK</a> Founded in 2010 to bring together scientists in the United Kingdom working on zinc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/030.htm">Zinc</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zincbind.net">ZincBind</a> – a database of biological zinc binding sites.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zinc_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zinc_compounds" title="Template:Zinc compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zinc_compounds" title="Template talk:Zinc compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zinc_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zinc compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zinc_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zinc_compounds" title="Zinc compounds">Zinc compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zinc(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organozinc(I)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organozinc(I) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decamethyldizincocene" title="Decamethyldizincocene">Zn2(C5(CH3)5)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zinc(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_acetylacetonate" title="Zinc acetylacetonate">Zn(acac)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_azide" title="Zinc azide">Zn(N3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_bromide" title="Zinc bromide">ZnBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">ZnCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_cyanide" title="Zinc cyanide">Zn(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_chloride" title="Zinc chloride">ZnCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_chlorate" title="Zinc chlorate">Zn(ClO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_chromate" title="Zinc chromate">ZnCrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_fluoride" title="Zinc fluoride">ZnF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydride" title="Zinc hydride">ZnH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_iodide" title="Zinc iodide">ZnI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_molybdate" title="Zinc molybdate">ZnMoO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_nitrate" title="Zinc nitrate">Zn(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">ZnO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_peroxide" title="Zinc peroxide">ZnO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_perchlorate" title="Zinc perchlorate">Zn(ClO 4) 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydroxide" title="Zinc hydroxide">Zn(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">ZnS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfate" title="Zinc sulfate">ZnSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_selenide" title="Zinc selenide">ZnSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_telluride" title="Zinc telluride">ZnTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_pyrophosphate" title="Zinc pyrophosphate">Zn2P2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_antimonide" title="Zinc antimonide">Zn3Sb2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_arsenide" title="Zinc arsenide">Zn3As2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_nitride" title="Zinc nitride">Zn3N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_phosphide" title="Zinc phosphide">Zn3P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_diphosphide" title="Zinc diphosphide">ZnP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_phosphate" title="Zinc phosphate">Zn3(PO4)2</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organozinc(II)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organozinc(II) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylzinc" title="Dimethylzinc">Zn(CH3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylzinc" title="Diethylzinc">Zn(C2H5)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_acetate" title="Zinc acetate">Zn(CH3COO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropylzinc" title="Diisopropylzinc">Zn(CH(CH3)2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di-tert-butylzinc" title="Di-tert-butylzinc">Zn(C(CH3)3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylzinc" title="Diphenylzinc">Zn(C6H5)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_lactate" title="Zinc lactate">Zn(C3H5O3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodomethylzinc_iodide" title="Iodomethylzinc iodide">ZnICH2I</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_laurate" title="Zinc laurate">C 24H 46ZnO 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Ionotropic glutamate receptor">Ionotropic glutamate receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic_acid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor"><abbr title="α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor">AMPAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: Main site agonists: <a href="/wiki/5-Fluorowillardiine" title="5-Fluorowillardiine">5-Fluorowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromelic_acid_A" title="Acromelic acid A">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine (page does not exist)">BOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willardiine" title="Willardiine">Willardiine</a>; Positive allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Aniracetam" title="Aniracetam">Aniracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-516" title="CX-516">CX-516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546">CX-546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX614" title="CX614">CX-614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farampator" title="Farampator">Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX717" title="CX717">CX-717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-1739" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-1739">CX-1739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CX-1942&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CX-1942 (page does not exist)">CX-1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide" title="Hydrochlorothiazide">Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRA-21" title="IDRA-21">IDRA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-392098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-392098 (page does not exist)">LY-392098</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-395153&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-395153 (page does not exist)">LY-395153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-404187" title="LY-404187">LY-404187</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-451646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-451646 (page does not exist)">LY-451646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-503430" title="LY-503430">LY-503430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibampator" title="Mibampator">Mibampator (LY-451395)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooglutyl" title="Nooglutyl">Nooglutyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-26576" title="ORG-26576">ORG-26576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesampator" title="Pesampator">Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramiracetam" title="Pramiracetam">Pramiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-18986" title="S-18986">S-18986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulrampator" title="Tulrampator">Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPO (page does not exist)">ATPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becampanel" title="Becampanel">Becampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanapanel" title="Fanapanel">Fanapanel (MPQX)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM90K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM90K (page does not exist)">YM90K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonampanel" title="Zonampanel">Zonampanel</a>; Negative allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI_52466" title="GYKI 52466">GYKI-52466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GYKI-53655&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GYKI-53655 (page does not exist)">GYKI-53655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irampanel" title="Irampanel">Irampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talampanel" title="Talampanel">Talampanel</a>; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: <a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor"><abbr title="Kainate receptor">KAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Kainate receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: Main site agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Bromowillardiine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Bromowillardiine (page does not exist)">5-Bromowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Iodowillardiine" title="5-Iodowillardiine">5-Iodowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromelic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acromelic acid (page does not exist)">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPA (page does not exist)">ATPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainic_acid" title="Kainic acid">Kainic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-339434&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-339434 (page does not exist)">LY-339434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYM-2081" title="SYM-2081">SYM-2081</a>; Positive allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-382884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-382884 (page does not exist)">LY-382884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS102" title="NS102">NS102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBP-302" title="UBP-302">UBP-302</a>; Negative allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-3763&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-3763 (page does not exist)">NS-3763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartate_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor"><abbr title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor">NMDAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: Main site agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic acid (page does not exist)">AMAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">Aspartate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocysteic_acid" title="Homocysteic acid">Homocysteic acid (L-HCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoquinolinic_acid" title="Homoquinolinic acid">Homoquinolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid">NMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinolinic_acid" title="Quinolinic acid">Quinolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazolylglycine" title="Tetrazolylglycine">Tetrazolylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a>; Glycine site agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-Fluoro-D-alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-Fluoro-D-alanine (page does not exist)">β-Fluoro-D-alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACBD_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACBD (drug) (page does not exist)">ACBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid">ACC (ACPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPD" title="ACPD">ACPD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AK-51_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AK-51 (drug) (page does not exist)">AK-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B6B21" class="mw-redirect" title="B6B21">B6B21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxycyclopropylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxycyclopropylglycine (page does not exist)">CCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">D-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">D-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">D-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide (page does not exist)">DHPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylglycine" title="Dimethylglycine">Dimethylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HA-966" title="HA-966">HA-966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-687414&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-687414 (page does not exist)">L-687414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">L-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">L-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milacemide" title="Milacemide">Milacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboglamine" title="Neboglamine">Neboglamine (nebostinel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a>; Polyamine site agonists: <a href="/wiki/Neomycin" title="Neomycin">Neomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermidine" title="Spermidine">Spermidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermine" title="Spermine">Spermine</a>; Other positive allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/24S-Hydroxycholesterol" title="24S-Hydroxycholesterol">24S-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr> sulfate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epipregnanolone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epipregnanolone sulfate (page does not exist)">Epipregnanolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazinemdor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazinemdor (page does not exist)">Plazinemdor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-201 (page does not exist)">SAGE-201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-301&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-301 (page does not exist)">SAGE-301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE-718" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE-718">SAGE-718</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: <a href="/wiki/AP5" title="AP5">AP5 (APV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP-7_(drug)" title="AP-7 (drug)">AP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-37849" title="CGP-37849">CGP-37849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-39551" title="CGP-39551">CGP-39551</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-40116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-40116 (page does not exist)">CGP-40116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-19755" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS-19755">CGS-19755</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (page does not exist)">CPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-233053&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-233053 (page does not exist)">LY-233053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-235959" title="LY-235959">LY-235959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-274614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-274614 (page does not exist)">LY-274614</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-100453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-100453 (page does not exist)">MDL-100453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midafotel" title="Midafotel">Midafotel (d-CPPene)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-12626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-12626 (page does not exist)">NPC-12626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-17742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-17742 (page does not exist)">NPC-17742</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PBPD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBPD (page does not exist)">PBPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEAQX" title="PEAQX">PEAQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perzinfotel" title="Perzinfotel">Perzinfotel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">PPDA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ-220581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ-220581 (page does not exist)">SDZ-220581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfotel" title="Selfotel">Selfotel</a>; Glycine site antagonists: <a href="/wiki/4-Chlorokynurenine" title="4-Chlorokynurenine">4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,7-Dichlorokynurenic_acid" title="5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid">5,7-DCKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Chlorokynurenic_acid" title="7-Chlorokynurenic acid">7-CKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic_acid" title="1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid">ACC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1328 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV-101" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-101">AV-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">D-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavestinel" title="Gavestinel">Gavestinel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GV-196771&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GV-196771 (page does not exist)">GV-196771</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harkoseride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harkoseride (page does not exist)">Harkoseride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-689560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-689560 (page does not exist)">L-689560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-701324" title="L-701324">L-701324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LU-73068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LU-73068 (page does not exist)">LU-73068</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-105519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-105519 (page does not exist)">MDL-105519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRZ_2/576&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRZ 2/576 (page does not exist)">MRZ 2/576</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZD-9379" title="ZD-9379">ZD-9379</a>; Polyamine site antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcaine (page does not exist)">Arcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co_101676&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co 101676 (page does not exist)">Co 101676</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Diaminopropane" title="1,3-Diaminopropane">Diaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylenetriamine" title="Diethylenetriamine">Diethylenetriamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a>; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): <a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCE" title="3-MeO-PCE">3-MeO-PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCMo" title="3-MeO-PCMo">3-MeO-PCMo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline" class="mw-redirect" title="8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline">8A-PDHQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Endopsychosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Endopsychosin">α-Endopsychosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptiganel" title="Aptiganel">Aptiganel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argiotoxin-636&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argiotoxin-636 (page does not exist)">Argiotoxin-636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-12495 (page does not exist)">ARL-12495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL-15896-AR" class="mw-redirect" title="ARL-15896-AR">ARL-15896-AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL-16247" class="mw-redirect" title="ARL-16247">ARL-16247</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budipine" title="Budipine">Budipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine (NPS-1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexoxadrol" title="Dexoxadrol">Dexoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethadone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethadone">Dextromethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenidine" title="Diphenidine">Diphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorolintane" title="Fluorolintane">Fluorolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogamine" title="Ibogamine">Ibogamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indantadol" title="Indantadol">Indantadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanicemine" title="Lanicemine">Lanicemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">Methoxetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxphenidine" title="Methoxphenidine">Methoxphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEFA_(drug)" title="NEFA (drug)">NEFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromemantine" title="Nitromemantine">Nitromemantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCPr" title="PCPr">PCPr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-137889" title="PD-137889">PD-137889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phencyclamine">Phencyclamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxyphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propoxyphene">Propoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remacemide" title="Remacemide">Remacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabeluzole" title="Sabeluzole">Sabeluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthine" title="Tabernanthine">Tabernanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a>; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besonprodil" title="Besonprodil">Besonprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphenine" title="Buphenine">Buphenine (nylidrin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CO-101244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CO-101244 (page does not exist)">CO-101244 (PD-174494)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliprodil" title="Eliprodil">Eliprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiprodil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiprodil (page does not exist)">Radiprodil (RGH-896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rislenemdaz" title="Rislenemdaz">Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_8-4304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 8-4304 (page does not exist)">Ro 8-4304</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_25-6981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 25-6981 (page does not exist)">Ro 25-6981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaprodil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaprodil">Safaprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traxoprodil" title="Traxoprodil">Traxoprodil (CP-101606)</a>; NR2A-selective antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-004 (page does not exist)">MPX-004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-007 (page does not exist)">MPX-007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-201 (page does not exist)">TCN-201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-213 (page does not exist)">TCN-213</a>; Cations: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zinc</a>; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexanol" title="Hexanol">Hexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octanol" title="Octanol">Octanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">Trichloroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carbamate" title="Ethyl carbamate">Urethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">Xylene</a>; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARR-15896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARR-15896 (page does not exist)">ARR-15896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conantokin" title="Conantokin">Conantokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-%CE%B1-Aminoadipate" class="mw-redirect" title="D-α-Aminoadipate">D-αAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexanabinol" title="Dexanabinol">Dexanabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FPL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FPL-12495 (page does not exist)">FPL-12495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-115427&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-115427 (page does not exist)">FR-115427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipenoxazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipenoxazone (page does not exist)">Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-27266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-27266 (page does not exist)">MDL-27266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine" title="2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine">MPEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">Pentamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine_isethionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamidine isethionate">Pentamidine isethionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotridine" title="Psychotridine">Psychotridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcrocetin" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcrocetin">Transcrocetin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/AGN-241751" class="mw-redirect" title="AGN-241751">AGN-241751</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators">Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Glutamate_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators">Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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[\"CITEREFBerdanierDwyer,_Johanna_T.Feldman,_Elaine_B.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesenhard1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhuttaBirdBlackBrown2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBitanihirweCunningham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlew1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodsworth1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorgKärner,_KatrinBuxton,_MikeArmstrong,_Richard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBothwellMair,_Eric_A.Cable,_Benjamin_B.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoudreaux\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBounoughazSalhi,_E.Benzine,_K.Ghali_E.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradyHumiston,_Gerard_E.Heikkinen,_Henry1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandtHellgrenBrinckBergman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroadleyWhite,_P._J.Hammond,_J._P.Zelko_I.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrugger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBushKassel,_Richard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCRC2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastellani,_Michael\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChauhanKumarTripathiKumar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherasseUrade2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComyns2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperFleming,_D.Hargrove,_D.Koopman,_R.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotton_et_al.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraddock,_P._T.1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCraddock1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraddockGurjar_L._K.Hegde_K._T._M.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulter1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_E._Newton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies,_Geoff2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiSilvestro2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjokoOngWalkerMcEwan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnsmingerKonlande,_James_E.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansLawrenson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFangBanjadeDeepikaJena2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFathi_Habashi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernbachTucker_G._F.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFosmire1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankland,_E.1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankland1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeland-Graves_JHBodzy_PWEpright_MA1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadallah2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffrey_Michael_Gadd2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerhartz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerst2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiachiPallecchiRomualdiRibechini2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonBertram,_M.Graedel,_T._E.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuptaMukherjee,_T._K.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabashi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabib2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHambidge,_K._M.Krebs,_N._F.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHambidge2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeiserman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrmann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHershfinkelSilverman_WFSekler_I2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinds1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoover2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHotzDeHaene,_J.Woodhouse,_L._R.Villalpando,_S.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbsRink_L2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngalls1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasinski\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson_ARMunoz_AGottlieb_JLJarrard_DF2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasanaDinMaret2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaupp_M.Dolg_M.Stoll_H.Von_Schnering_H._G.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKharakwal,_J._S.Gurjar,_L._K.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimWalsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnochelJones1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohenLimbach,_Hans-Heinrich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstantinouAlbanis,_T._A.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrause2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuchaMartens,_A.Ottenburgs,_R.De_Vos,_W.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLach1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamore_SDCabello_CMWondrak_GT2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehto1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLide1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahajanDhawanSingh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaret2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarggraf1746\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarksPearse,_A._D.Walker,_A._P.1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayo-WilsonJuniorImdadDean2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClane,_Albert_JulesGardner,_Keith1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeulenbeld,_G._J.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeylan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittermeierGudermannZakharianSimmons2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoshfegh,_AlannaGoldman,_JosephCleveland,_Linda2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuyssenDe_SchamphelaereJanssen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakashima_ASDyck_RH2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvermanCarpenter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford,_J._S.Öberg,_Bo1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaschotta2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumRinkHaase2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPrakashBhartiMajeed2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad_A._S.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinovichSmadi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRappoportMarek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasmussenHeilmann,_S._M.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeceDickson,_D._B.Burrowes,_P._J.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehren1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResearch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Martin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRieuwerts2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinkGabriel_P.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoldán,_S.Winkel,_E._G.Herrera,_D.Sanz,_M.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosado2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenqvist1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSai_Srujan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamans1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamantaJena2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantosTeixeiraSchoenfeld2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlöder2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholzeNørregaardSingerFreissmuth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScoffern1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShayMangian2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrimptonGross_RDarnton-Hill_IYoung_M2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulzhenkoIgnatyevaOsipovSmirnova2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkeat,_W._W2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStipanuk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoweNelsonWerdinFangmann1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStwertka1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugarman_B1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulzer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuzukiAsakawaLiTsai2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwardfagerHerrmannMcIntyreMazereeuw2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolcin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsvetkovRomanBaksheevaNazipova2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyszka-CzocharaGrzywaczGdula-ArgasińskaLibrowski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValkoMorris,_H.Cronin,_M._T._D.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaughan1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWapnir1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeimer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhartmanBrown,_Ian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitneyRolfes,_Sharon_Rady2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiauxWaefler,_J._-P.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillies,_LynnCraddock,_P._T.Gurjar,_L._J.Hegde,_K._T._M.1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinMasum,_Al2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiaoDengWeiChen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXieLiuChangZhang2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYokel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiliottoOgleYaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŁowickiBaś,_SebastianMlynarski,_Jacek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"Commercially_pure_zinc\"] = 1,\n [\"Common_cold\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 54,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 90,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 43,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 29,\n [\"Housecroft3rd\"] = 1,\n [\"Hyphen\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox zinc\"] = 1,\n [\"Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"NUBASE 2003\"] = 1,\n [\"NUBASE2016\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Nuclide\"] = 4,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"SubatomicParticle\"] = 4,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Zinc compounds\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","900","33.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","9.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","2.9"],["(for generator)","80","2.9"],["is_alias_used \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:275\u003E","60","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.2"],["[others]","660","24.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d465dfd78-c2svr","timestamp":"20241126132915","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Zinc","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zinc","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q758","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q758","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-15T12:44:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T03:05:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f9\/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30"}</script> </body> </html>