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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_fission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_fission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Nuclear fission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_fission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Natural occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_and_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_and_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Synthesis and extraction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis_and_extraction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Synthesis and extraction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_and_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Laboratory synthesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_in_nuclear_explosions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_in_nuclear_explosions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Synthesis in nuclear explosions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_in_nuclear_explosions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Separation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_of_the_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_of_the_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Preparation of the metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_of_the_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Chemical compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemical compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organoeinsteinium_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organoeinsteinium_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Organoeinsteinium compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organoeinsteinium_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Einsteinium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" > 131 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B4%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኤይንስቴኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤይንስቴኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="आइंस्टीनियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आइंस्टीनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أينشتاينيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أينشتاينيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Einsteiniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteniu" title="Einsteniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Einsteniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyn%C5%9Fteynium" title="Eynşteynium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eynşteynium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89insteinium" title="Éinsteinium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Éinsteinium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="আইনস্টাইনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইনস্টাইনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Эйнштэйній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эйнштэйній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Айнштайн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Айнштайн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="आइंस्टाइनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आइंस्टाइनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinyo" title="Einsteinyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Einsteinyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Айнщайний – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Айнщайний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajn%C5%A1tajnij" title="Ajnštajnij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ajnštajnij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniom" title="Einsteiniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Einsteiniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteini" title="Einsteini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Einsteini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эйнштейний – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эйнштейний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinyo" title="Einsteinyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Einsteinyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Einsteiniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniwm" title="Einsteiniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Einsteiniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أينشطاينيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أينشطاينيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%8A%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%90%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αϊνσταΐνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αϊνσταΐνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstenio" title="Einstenio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Einstenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejn%C5%9Dtejnio" title="Ejnŝtejnio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ejnŝtejnio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Einsteinio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اینشتینیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اینشتینیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteini" title="Einsteini – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Einsteini" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89inst%C3%A9iniam" title="Éinstéiniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éinstéiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Einsteinio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="આઇન્સ્ટેનીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આઇન્સ્ટેનીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Эйнштейниум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Эйнштейниум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%8A%84" title="아인슈타이늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아인슈타이늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Էյնշտեյնիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էյնշտեյնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="आइंस्टीनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आइंस्टीनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajn%C5%A1tajnij" title="Ajnštajnij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ajnštajnij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Einsteinio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsEntshenye" title="IsEntshenye – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsEntshenye" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Einsteinio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="איינשטייניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איינשטייניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C9%A9nstay%C9%A9n%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Ayɩnstayɩnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ayɩnstayɩnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಐನ್‌ಸ್ಟೈನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐನ್‌ಸ್ಟೈನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აინშტაინიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აინშტაინიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эйнштейний – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эйнштейний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniom" title="Einsteiniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Einsteiniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteini" title="Einsteini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Einsteini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эйнштейний – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эйнштейний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achtayny%C3%B2m" title="Achtaynyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Achtaynyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эйнштейний – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эйнштейний" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эйнштейний – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эйнштейний" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein%C5%A1teinijs" title="Einšteinijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Einšteinijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein%C5%A1teinis" title="Einšteinis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Einšteinis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Einsteinio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein%C5%A1tenii" title="Einštenii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Einštenii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrtainctaini" title="jinmrtainctaini – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrtainctaini" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ајнштајниум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ајнштајниум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഐൻസ്റ്റീനിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐൻസ്റ്റീനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="आइन्स्टाइनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आइन्स्टाइनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="اينشتاينيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اينشتاينيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Эйнштейни – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эйнштейни" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အိုင်စ်တိုင်နီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်စ်တိုင်နီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="आइन्स्टाइनियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आइन्स्टाइनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="アインスタイニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アインスタイニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଆଇନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟାଇନିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଇନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟାଇନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eynshteyniy" title="Eynshteyniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eynshteyniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="आइन्स्टाइनियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आइन्स्टाइनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="آئنسٹائنیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئنسٹائنیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BC%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="آينسټېنيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آينسټېنيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteni" title="Einsteni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Einsteni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_(pierwiastek)" title="Einstein (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Einstein (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einst%C3%AAnio" title="Einstênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Einstênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Einsteiniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynistayniyu" title="Aynistayniyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aynistayniyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эйнштейний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйнштейний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Эйнштейниум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эйнштейниум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="आइन्स्टाइनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आइन्स्टाइनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einst%C3%A8iniu" title="Einstèiniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Einstèiniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniumi" title="Einsteiniumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Einsteiniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Einsteiniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajn%C5%A1tajnij" title="Ajnštajnij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ajnštajnij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئاینیشتاینۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاینیشتاینۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ајнштајнијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајнштајнијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajn%C5%A1tajnijum" title="Ajnštajnijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ajnštajnijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Einsteinium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enstenyo" title="Enstenyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enstenyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐன்சுடைனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐன்சுடைனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эйнштейний – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эйнштейний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఐన్‌స్టయినియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐన్‌స్టయినియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ไอน์สไตเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอน์สไตเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эйнштейний – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эйнштейний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn%C5%9Ftaynyum" title="Aynştaynyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aynştaynyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ейнштейній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ейнштейній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="آئنسٹائنیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئنسٹائنیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئېينشتېينىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېينشتېينىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Einsteinio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein%C5%A1teinii" title="Einšteinii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Einšteinii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteini" title="Einsteini – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Einsteini" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%91%80" title="鑀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鑀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinyo" title="Einsteinyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Einsteinyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniom" title="Einsteiniom – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Einsteiniom" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%91%80" title="鑀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鑀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 99 (Es)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Einsteinium, 99Es</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Einsteinium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Quartz vial (9 mm diameter) containing ~300 micrograms of solid 253Es. The illumination produced is a result of the intense radiation from 253Es." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Einsteinium.jpg/130px-Einsteinium.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Einsteinium.jpg/195px-Einsteinium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Einsteinium.jpg/260px-Einsteinium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="435" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Einsteinium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/aɪnˈstaɪniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">eyen-STY-nee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery; glows blue in the dark</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[252]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Einsteinium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" 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title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> ↑ Es ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> ← einsteinium → <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">99</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f11 7s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1133 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (860 °C, 1580 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1269 K (996 °C, 1825 °F) (estimated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">8.84 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-1">[1]</a> +4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 619 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of einsteinium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for einsteinium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">paramagnetic </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7429-92-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> (1952)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_einsteinium" title="Isotopes of einsteinium">Isotopes of einsteinium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_einsteinium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox einsteinium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_einsteinium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox einsteinium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">[2]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">252Es </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">471.7 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium-248" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium-248">248Bk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Californium-252" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium-252">252Cf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium-252" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium-252">252Fm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">253Es </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">20.47 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium-249" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium-249">249Bk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">254Es </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">275.7 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Californium-254" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium-254">254Cf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium-254" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium-254">254Fm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium-250" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium-250">250Bk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">255Es </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">39.8 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium-255" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium-255">255Fm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium-251" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium-251">251Bk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Einsteinium" title="Category:Einsteinium">Category: Einsteinium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_einsteinium" title="Template:Infobox einsteinium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_einsteinium" title="Template talk:Infobox einsteinium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_einsteinium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox einsteinium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Einsteinium is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Es and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 99. It is named after <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> series and the seventh <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium element</a>. Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">first hydrogen bomb</a> explosion in 1952. Its most common <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, einsteinium-253 (253Es; half-life 20.47 days), is produced artificially from decay of <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>-253 in a few dedicated high-power <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> with a total yield on the order of one milligram per year. The reactor synthesis is followed by a complex process of separating einsteinium-253 from other actinides and products of their decay. Other isotopes are synthesized in various laboratories, but in much smaller amounts, by bombarding heavy actinide elements with light ions. Due to the small amounts of einsteinium produced and the short half-life of its most common isotope, there are no practical applications for it except basic scientific research. In particular, einsteinium was used to synthesize, for the first time, 17 atoms of the new element <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a> in 1955. Einsteinium is a soft, silvery, <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> metal. Its chemistry is typical of the late actinides, with a preponderance of the +3 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>; the +2 oxidation state is also accessible, especially in solids. The high radioactivity of 253Es produces a visible glow and rapidly damages its crystalline metal lattice, with released heat of about 1000 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> per gram. Studying its properties is difficult due to 253Es's decay to <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a>-249 and then californium-249 at a rate of about 3% per day. The longest-lived isotope of einsteinium, 252Es (half-life 471.7 days) would be more suitable for investigation of physical properties, but it has proven far more difficult to produce and is available only in minute quantities, not in bulk.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Einsteinium is the element with the highest atomic number which has been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form as einsteinium-253.<a href="#cite_note-h1579-4">[4]</a> Like all synthetic transuranium elements, isotopes of einsteinium are very <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a> and are considered highly dangerous to health on ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg/220px-Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg/330px-Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg/440px-Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Einsteinium was first observed in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test.</figcaption></figure> Einsteinium was <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">first identified</a> in December 1952 by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> and co-workers at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a> National Laboratories, in the fallout from the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a> nuclear test. The test was done on November 1, 1952, at <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak Atoll</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and was the first successful test of a <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiorso-6">[6]</a> Initial examination of the debris from the explosion had shown the production of a new isotope of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, 244 94Pu , which could only have formed by the absorption of six <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> nucleus followed by two <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decays</a>. <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U->[{\ce {+6(n,\gamma )}}][-2\ \beta ^{-}]{}_{94}^{244}Pu}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>92</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>94</mn> <mn>244</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U->[{\ce {+6(n,\gamma )}}][-2\ \beta ^{-}]{}_{94}^{244}Pu}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/adc5607f4aa66702f7f8331613b838b19e5fbccc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.391ex; margin-top: -0.346ex; margin-bottom: -0.614ex; width:18.544ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U->[{\ce {+6(n,\gamma )}}][-2\ \beta ^{-}]{}_{94}^{244}Pu}}}"></dd></dl> At the time, the multiple neutron absorption was thought to be an extremely rare process, but the identification of 244Pu indicated that still more neutrons could have been captured by the uranium, producing new elements heavier than <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiorso-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Ghiorso_ca_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Albert_Ghiorso_ca_1970.jpg/170px-Albert_Ghiorso_ca_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Albert_Ghiorso_ca_1970.jpg/255px-Albert_Ghiorso_ca_1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Albert_Ghiorso_ca_1970.jpg/340px-Albert_Ghiorso_ca_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The element was discovered by a team headed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ghiorso and co-workers analyzed filter papers which had been flown through the explosion cloud on airplanes (the same sampling technique that had been used to discover 244Pu).<a href="#cite_note-s39-7">[7]</a> Larger amounts of radioactive material were later isolated from coral debris of the atoll, and these were delivered to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiorso-6">[6]</a> The separation of suspected new elements was carried out in the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">buffer solution</a> in a weakly acidic medium (<a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> ≈ 3.5), using <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a> at elevated temperatures; fewer than 200 atoms of einsteinium were recovered in the end.<a href="#cite_note-em-8">[8]</a> Nevertheless, element 99, einsteinium, and in particular 253Es, could be detected via its characteristic high-energy <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> at 6.6 MeV.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiorso-6">[6]</a> It was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">capture</a> of 15 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> nuclei followed by seven beta decays, and had a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 20.5 days. Such multiple neutron absorption was made possible by the high neutron flux density during the detonation, so that newly generated heavy isotopes had plenty of available neutrons to absorb before they could disintegrate into lighter elements. Neutron capture initially raised the <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> without changing the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> of the nuclide, and the concomitant beta-decays resulted in a gradual increase in the atomic number:<a href="#cite_note-Ghiorso-6">[6]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U ->[{\ce {+15n}}][6 \beta^-] ^{253}_{98}Cf ->[\beta^-] ^{253}_{99}Es}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>92</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>6</mn> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>15</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>253</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Es</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>99</mn> <mn>253</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U ->[{\ce {+15n}}][6 \beta^-] ^{253}_{98}Cf ->[\beta^-] ^{253}_{99}Es}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54c4fccdd01ebda8ab75c3aac855a348c6f5ea2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.391ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.614ex; width:26.152ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U ->[{\ce {+15n}}][6 \beta^-] ^{253}_{98}Cf ->[\beta^-] ^{253}_{99}Es}}}"></dd></dl> Some 238U atoms, however, could absorb two additional neutrons (for a total of 17), resulting in 255Es, as well as in the 255Fm isotope of another new element, <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The discovery of the new elements and the associated new data on multiple neutron capture were initially kept secret on the orders of the U.S. military until 1955 due to <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tensions and competition with Soviet Union in nuclear technologies.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiorso-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ES_FM-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> However, the rapid capture of so many neutrons would provide needed direct experimental confirmation of the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a> multi-neutron absorption needed to explain the cosmic <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthesis</a> (production) of certain heavy elements (heavier than nickel) in <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovas</a>, before <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>. Such a process is needed to explain the existence of many stable elements in the universe.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Meanwhile, isotopes of element 99 (as well as of new element 100, <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>) were produced in the Berkeley and Argonne laboratories, in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear reaction</a> between <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>-14 and uranium-238,<a href="#cite_note-PhysRev.93.257-13">[13]</a> and later by intense neutron irradiation of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{252}_{98}Cf ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{253}_{98}Cf ->[\beta^-][17.81 {\ce {d}}] ^{253}_{99}Es ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{254}_{99}Es ->[\beta^-] ^{254}_{100}Fm}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>252</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>253</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>17.81</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Es</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>99</mn> <mn>253</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Es</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>99</mn> <mn>254</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Fm</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>100</mn> <mn>254</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{252}_{98}Cf ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{253}_{98}Cf ->[\beta^-][17.81 {\ce {d}}] ^{253}_{99}Es ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{254}_{99}Es ->[\beta^-] ^{254}_{100}Fm}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63f13874738d0dfe8637d3dd71bef4ba0cbc6b14" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.828ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.51ex; width:50.782ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{252}_{98}Cf ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{253}_{98}Cf ->[\beta^-][17.81 {\ce {d}}] ^{253}_{99}Es ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{254}_{99}Es ->[\beta^-] ^{254}_{100}Fm}}}"></dd></dl> These results were published in several articles in 1954 with the disclaimer that these were not the first studies that had been carried out on the elements.<a href="#cite_note-PhysRev.93.908-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Berkeley team also reported some results on the chemical properties of einsteinium and fermium.<a href="#cite_note-Properties_1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Properties_2-20">[20]</a> The Ivy Mike results were declassified and published in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-ES_FM-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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.hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #FF0000"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#FFCC00;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_Head_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albert_Einstein_Head_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Albert_Einstein_Head_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albert_Einstein_Head_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Albert_Einstein_Head_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albert_Einstein_Head_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Albert_Einstein_Head_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="4062" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#FFCC00;color:black;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Political views of Albert Einstein">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Albert_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious views of Albert Einstein">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_family" title="Einstein family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_relationship" title="Einstein–Oppenheimer relationship">Oppenheimer relationship</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Physics</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=MC2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotoelectric_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotoelectric effect">Fotoelectric effect</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Works</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Archives" title="Albert Einstein Archives">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein">Scientific publications by Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis papers">Annus Mirabilis papers</a> (1905)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cber_die_von_der_molekularkinetischen_Theorie_der_W%C3%A4rme_geforderte_Bewegung_von_in_ruhenden_Fl%C3%BCssigkeiten_suspendierten_Teilchen" title="Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen">Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement</a>" (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_the_General_Theory" title="Relativity: The Special and the General Theory">Relativity: The Special and the General Theory</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_I_See_It_(book)" title="The World as I See It (book)">The World as I See It</a> (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a>" (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_House" title="Albert Einstein House">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Blackboard" title="Einstein's Blackboard">Blackboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_refrigerator" title="Einstein refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Brain of Albert Einstein">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_in_popular_culture" title="Albert Einstein in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Einsteinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Albert_Einstein" title="List of things named after Albert Einstein">Eponymous things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Papers_Project" title="Einstein Papers Project">Papers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Einstein_Theory_of_Relativity" title="The Einstein Theory of Relativity">The Einstein Theory of Relativity</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein's signature"><img alt="Albert Einstein's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg/200px-Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg/300px-Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg/400px-Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="88" /></a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albert_Einstein_series" title="Template:Albert Einstein series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Albert_Einstein_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Albert Einstein series (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albert_Einstein_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albert Einstein series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In their discovery of elements 99 and 100, the American teams had competed with a group at the Nobel Institute for Physics, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. In late 1953 – early 1954, the Swedish group succeeded in synthesizing light isotopes of element 100, in particular 250Fm, by bombarding uranium with oxygen nuclei. These results were also published in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Nevertheless, the priority of the Berkeley team was generally recognized, as its publications preceded the Swedish article, and they were based on the previously undisclosed results of the 1952 thermonuclear explosion; thus the Berkeley team was given the privilege to name the new elements. As the effort which had led to the design of Ivy Mike was codenamed Project PANDA,<a href="#cite_note-underthecloud-22">[22]</a> element 99 had been jokingly nicknamed "Pandemonium"<a href="#cite_note-mcphee-23">[23]</a> but the official names suggested by the Berkeley group derived from two prominent scientists, Einstein and Fermi: "We suggest for the name for the element with the atomic number 99, einsteinium (symbol E) after <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and for the name for the element with atomic number 100, fermium (symbol Fm), after <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>."<a href="#cite_note-ES_FM-10">[10]</a> Both Einstein and Fermi died between the time the names were originally proposed and when they were announced. The discovery of these new elements was announced by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> at the first Geneva Atomic Conference held on 8–20 August 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiorso-6">[6]</a> The symbol for einsteinium was first given as "E" and later changed to "Es" by IUPAC.<a href="#cite_note-h1577-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-se6-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EinsteiniumGlow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EinsteiniumGlow.JPG/170px-EinsteiniumGlow.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EinsteiniumGlow.JPG/255px-EinsteiniumGlow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EinsteiniumGlow.JPG/340px-EinsteiniumGlow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Glow due to the intense radiation from ~300 μg of 253Es.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> Einsteinium is a synthetic, silvery, radioactive metal. In the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, it is located to the right of the actinide <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>, to the left of the actinide <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> and below the lanthanide <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a> with which it shares many similarities in physical and chemical properties. Its density of 8.84 g/cm3 is lower than that of californium (15.1 g/cm3) and is nearly the same as that of holmium (8.79 g/cm3), despite einsteinium being much heavier per atom than holmium. Einsteinium's melting point (860 °C) is also relatively low – below californium (900 °C), fermium (1527 °C) and holmium (1461 °C).<a href="#cite_note-CRC-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-HAIRE_1990-27">[27]</a> Einsteinium is a soft metal, with a <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk modulus</a> of only 15 GPa, one of the lowest among non-<a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h1591-28">[28]</a> Unlike the lighter actinides <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>, which crystallize in a double <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">hexagonal</a> structure at ambient conditions; einsteinium is believed to have a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) symmetry with the space group Fm3m and the lattice constant a = 575 pm. However, there is a report of room-temperature hexagonal einsteinium metal with a = 398 pm and c = 650 pm, which converted to the fcc phase upon heating to 300 °C.<a href="#cite_note-ev-29">[29]</a> The self-damage induced by the radioactivity of einsteinium is so strong that it rapidly destroys the crystal lattice,<a href="#cite_note-g1268-30">[30]</a> and the energy release during this process, 1000 watts per gram of 253Es, induces a visible glow.<a href="#cite_note-h1579-4">[4]</a> These processes may contribute to the relatively low density and melting point of einsteinium.<a href="#cite_note-ES_METALL-31">[31]</a> Further, due to the small size of available samples, the melting point of einsteinium was often deduced by observing the sample being heated inside an electron microscope.<a href="#cite_note-s61-32">[32]</a> Thus, surface effects in small samples could reduce the melting point. The metal is trivalent and has a noticeably high volatility.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In order to reduce the self-radiation damage, most measurements of solid einsteinium and its compounds are performed right after thermal annealing.<a href="#cite_note-s52-34">[34]</a> Also, some compounds are studied under the atmosphere of the reductant gas, for example H2O+<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a> for EsOCl so that the sample is partly regrown during its decomposition.<a href="#cite_note-s60-35">[35]</a> Apart from the self-destruction of solid einsteinium and its compounds, other intrinsic difficulties in studying this element include scarcity – the most common 253Es isotope is available only once or twice a year in sub-milligram amounts – and self-contamination due to rapid conversion of einsteinium to berkelium and then to californium at a rate of about 3.3% per day:<a href="#cite_note-ES_F3-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-ES2O3-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-s55-38">[38]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{253}_{99}Es ->[\alpha][20 {\ce {d}}] ^{249}_{97}Bk ->[\beta^-][314 {\ce {d}}] ^{249}_{98}Cf}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Es</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>99</mn> <mn>253</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>20</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>α</mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>97</mn> <mn>249</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>314</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>249</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{253}_{99}Es ->[\alpha][20 {\ce {d}}] ^{249}_{97}Bk ->[\beta^-][314 {\ce {d}}] ^{249}_{98}Cf}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/864c693290ca15763e10e38145d86820f7ebe7d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.828ex; margin-right: -0.153ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.51ex; width:27.001ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{253}_{99}Es ->[\alpha][20 {\ce {d}}] ^{249}_{97}Bk ->[\beta^-][314 {\ce {d}}] ^{249}_{98}Cf}}}"></dd></dl> Thus, most einsteinium samples are contaminated, and their intrinsic properties are often deduced by extrapolating back experimental data accumulated over time. Other experimental techniques to circumvent the contamination problem include selective optical excitation of einsteinium ions by a tunable laser, such as in studying its luminescence properties.<a href="#cite_note-s76-39">[39]</a> Magnetic properties have been studied for einsteinium metal, its oxide and fluoride. All three materials showed <a href="/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss_law" title="Curie–Weiss law">Curie–Weiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> behavior from <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a> to room temperature. The effective magnetic moments were deduced as 10.4±0.3 <a href="/wiki/Bohr_magneton" title="Bohr magneton">μB</a> for Es2O3 and 11.4±0.3 μB for the EsF3, which are the highest values among actinides, and the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperatures</a> are 53 and 37 K.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> Like all actinides, einsteinium is rather reactive. Its trivalent <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> is most stable in solids and aqueous solution where it induces a pale pink color.<a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1956-42">[42]</a> The existence of divalent einsteinium is firmly established, especially in the solid phase; such +2 state is not observed in many other actinides, including <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a>. Einsteinium(II) compounds can be obtained, for example, by reducing einsteinium(III) with <a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_chloride" title="Samarium(II) chloride">samarium(II) chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s53-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_einsteinium" title="Isotopes of einsteinium">Isotopes of einsteinium</a></div> Eighteen isotopes and four <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> are known for einsteinium, with <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass numbers</a> 240–257.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">[2]</a> All are radioactive; the most stable one, 252Es, has half-life 471.7 days.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The next most stable isotopes are 254Es (half-life 275.7 days),<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> 255Es (39.8 days), and 253Es (20.47 days). All the other isotopes have half-lives shorter than 40 hours, most shorter than 30 minutes. Of the five isomers, the most stable is 254mEs with a half-life of 39.3 hours.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_fission">Nuclear fission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nuclear fission">edit</a>]</div> Einsteinium has a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> that results in a low <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a>. This mass is 9.89 kilograms for a bare sphere of 254Es, and can be lowered to 2.9 kg by adding a 30-centimeter-thick steel <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">neutron reflector</a>, or even to 2.26 kg with a 20-cm-thick reflector made of water. However, even this small critical mass far exceeds the total amount of einsteinium isolated so far, especially of the rare 254Es.<a href="#cite_note-irsn-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence">edit</a>]</div> Due to the short half-life of all isotopes of einsteinium, any <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a> einsteinium—that is, einsteinium that could have been present on Earth at its formation—has long since decayed. Synthesis of einsteinium from naturally-occurring uranium and thorium in the Earth's crust requires multiple neutron capture, an extremely unlikely event. Therefore, all einsteinium on Earth is produced in laboratories, high-power nuclear reactors, or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear testing</a>, and exists only within a few years from the time of the synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-em-8">[8]</a> The transuranic elements <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>, including einsteinium, were once created in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">natural nuclear fission reactor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oklo" title="Oklo">Oklo</a>, but any quantities produced then would have long since decayed away.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-47">[47]</a> Einsteinium was theoretically observed in the spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Przybylski%27s_Star" title="Przybylski's Star">Przybylski's Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, the lead author of the studies finding einsteinium and other short-lived actinides in Przybylski's Star, Vera F. Gopka, admitted that "the position of lines of the radioactive elements under search were simply visualized in synthetic spectrum as vertical markers because there are not any atomic data for these lines except for their wavelengths (Sansonetti et al. 2004), enabling one to calculate their profiles with more or less real intensities."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The signature spectra of einsteinium's isotopes have since been comprehensively analyzed experimentally (in 2021),<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> though there is no published research confirming whether the theorized einsteinium signatures proposed to be found in the star's spectrum match the lab-determined results. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis_and_extraction">Synthesis and extraction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Synthesis and extraction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EsProduction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/EsProduction.png/310px-EsProduction.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/EsProduction.png/465px-EsProduction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/EsProduction.png/620px-EsProduction.png 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Early evolution of einsteinium production in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-s51-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> Einsteinium is produced in minute quantities by bombarding lighter actinides with neutrons in dedicated high-flux <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. The world's major irradiation sources are the 85-megawatt <a href="/wiki/High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor" title="High Flux Isotope Reactor">High Flux Isotope Reactor</a> (HFIR) at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL), Tennessee, U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and the SM-2 loop reactor at the <a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Atomic_Reactors" title="Research Institute of Atomic Reactors">Research Institute of Atomic Reactors</a> (NIIAR) in <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Russia" title="Dimitrovgrad, Russia">Dimitrovgrad, Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> which are both dedicated to the production of transcurium (Z>96) elements. These facilities have similar power and flux levels, and are expected to have comparable production capacities for transcurium elements,<a href="#cite_note-h1582-54">[54]</a> though the quantities produced at NIIAR are not widely reported. In a "typical processing campaign" at ORNL, tens of grams of <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> are irradiated to produce decigram quantities of <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>, milligrams of berkelium (249Bk) and einsteinium and picograms of <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The first microscopic sample of 253Es sample weighing about 10 <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">nanograms</a> was prepared in 1961 at HFIR. A special magnetic balance was designed to estimate its weight.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Larger batches were produced later starting from several kilograms of plutonium with the einsteinium yields (mostly 253Es) of 0.48 milligram in 1967–1970, 3.2 milligrams in 1971–1973, followed by steady production of about 3 milligrams per year between 1974 and 1978.<a href="#cite_note-s36-58">[58]</a> These quantities however refer to the integral amount in the target right after irradiation. Subsequent separation procedures reduced the amount of isotopically pure einsteinium roughly tenfold.<a href="#cite_note-h1582-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_synthesis">Laboratory synthesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Laboratory synthesis">edit</a>]</div> Heavy neutron irradiation of plutonium results in four major isotopes of einsteinium: 253Es (α-emitter; half-life 20.47 days, spontaneous fission half-life 7×105 years); 254mEs (β-emitter, half-life 39.3 hours), 254Es (α-emitter, half-life 276 days) and 255Es (β-emitter, half-life 39.8 days).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-60">[60]</a> An alternative route involves bombardment of uranium-238 with high-intensity nitrogen or oxygen ion beams.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> 247Es (half-life 4.55 min) was produced by irradiating 241Am with carbon or 238U with nitrogen ions.<a href="#cite_note-Binder-62">[62]</a> The latter reaction was first realized in 1967 in Dubna, Russia, and the involved scientists were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Komsomol_Prize" title="Lenin Komsomol Prize">Lenin Komsomol Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> 248Es was produced by irradiating 249Cf with <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> ions. It mainly β-decays to 248Cf with a half-life of 25±5 minutes, but also releases 6.87-MeV α-particles; the ratio of β's to α-particles is about 400.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{98}Cf + ^{2}_{1}H -> ^{248}_{99}Es + 3^{1}_{0}n}}\quad \left({\ce {^{248}_{99}Es ->[\epsilon][27 {\ce {min}}] ^{248}_{98}Cf}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>249</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>H</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Es</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>99</mn> <mn>248</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Es</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>99</mn> <mn>248</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>27</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>min</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>248</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{98}Cf + ^{2}_{1}H -> ^{248}_{99}Es + 3^{1}_{0}n}}\quad \left({\ce {^{248}_{99}Es ->[\epsilon][27 {\ce {min}}] ^{248}_{98}Cf}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69e370a8ba5d797ee936149909f858d66b3f9edb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:50.88ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{98}Cf + ^{2}_{1}H -> ^{248}_{99}Es + 3^{1}_{0}n}}\quad \left({\ce {^{248}_{99}Es ->[\epsilon][27 {\ce {min}}] ^{248}_{98}Cf}}\right)}"></dd></dl> 249, 250, 251, 252Es were obtained by bombarding 249Bk with α-particles. One to four neutrons are released, so four different isotopes are formed in one reaction.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{97}Bk ->[+\alpha] ^{249,250,251,252}_{99}Es}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>97</mn> <mn>249</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Es</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>99</mn> <mrow> <mn>249</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> <mn>250</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> <mn>251</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> <mn>252</mn> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{97}Bk ->[+\alpha] ^{249,250,251,252}_{99}Es}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46af865ac0b1463965f1790285f36a01d24eb318" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.326ex; width:25.528ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{97}Bk ->[+\alpha] ^{249,250,251,252}_{99}Es}}}"></dd></dl> 253Es was produced by irradiating a 0.1–0.2 milligram 252Cf target with a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">thermal neutron</a> flux of (2–5)×1014 neutrons/(cm2·s) for 500–900 hours:<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{252}_{98}Cf ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{253}_{98}Cf ->[\beta^-][17.81 {\ce {d}}] ^{253}_{99}Es}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>252</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>253</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>17.81</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Es</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>99</mn> <mn>253</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{252}_{98}Cf ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{253}_{98}Cf ->[\beta^-][17.81 {\ce {d}}] ^{253}_{99}Es}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45d75d0f0badaf920ba511372718f8dc284b9587" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.828ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.51ex; width:28.63ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{252}_{98}Cf ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{253}_{98}Cf ->[\beta^-][17.81 {\ce {d}}] ^{253}_{99}Es}}}"></dd></dl> In 2020, scientists at ORNL created about 200 nanograms of 254Es; allowing some chemical properties of the element to be studied for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis_in_nuclear_explosions">Synthesis in nuclear explosions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synthesis in nuclear explosions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png/310px-ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png/465px-ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png/620px-ActinideExplosionSynthesis.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Estimated yield of transuranium elements in the U.S. nuclear tests Hutch and Cyclamen.<a href="#cite_note-s40-68">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> The analysis of the debris at the 10-<a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megaton</a> Ivy Mike nuclear test was a part of long-term project. One of the goals was studying the efficiency of production of transuranic elements in high-power nuclear explosions. The motive for these experiments was that synthesis of such elements from uranium requires multiple neutron capture. The probability of such events increases with the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_flux" title="Neutron flux">neutron flux</a>, and nuclear explosions are the most powerful man-made neutron sources, providing densities of the order 1023 neutrons/cm2 within a microsecond, or about 1029 neutrons/(cm2·s). In comparison, the flux of HFIR is 5×1015 neutrons/(cm2·s). A dedicated laboratory was set up right at <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak Atoll</a> for preliminary analysis of debris, as some isotopes could have decayed by the time the debris samples reached the mainland U.S. The laboratory was receiving samples for analysis as soon as possible, from airplanes equipped with paper filters which flew over the atoll after the tests. Whereas it was hoped to discover new chemical elements heavier than fermium, none of these were found even after a series of megaton explosions conducted between 1954 and 1956 at the atoll.<a href="#cite_note-s39-7">[7]</a> The atmospheric results were supplemented by the underground test data accumulated in the 1960s at the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>, as it was hoped that powerful explosions in a confined space might give improved yields and heavier isotopes. Apart from traditional uranium charges, combinations of uranium with americium and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> have been tried, as well as a mixed plutonium-neptunium charge, but they were less successful in terms of yield and was attributed to stronger losses of heavy isotopes due to enhanced fission rates in heavy-element charges. Product isolation was problematic as the explosions were spreading debris through melting and vaporizing the surrounding rocks at depths of 300–600 meters. Drilling to such depths to extract the products was both slow and inefficient in terms of collected volumes.<a href="#cite_note-s39-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-s40-68">[68]</a> Of the nine underground tests between 1962 and 1969,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> the last one was the most powerful and had the highest yield of transuranics. Milligrams of einsteinium that would normally take a year of irradiation in a high-power reactor, were produced within a microsecond.<a href="#cite_note-s40-68">[68]</a> However, the major practical problem of the entire proposal was collecting the radioactive debris dispersed by the powerful blast. Aircraft filters adsorbed only ~4×10−14 of the total amount, and collection of tons of corals at Enewetak Atoll increased this fraction by only two orders of magnitude. Extraction of about 500 kilograms of underground rocks 60 days after the Hutch explosion recovered only ~1×10−7 of the total charge. The amount of transuranic elements in this 500-kg batch was only 30 times higher than in a 0.4-kg rock picked up 7 days after the test which showed the highly non-linear dependence of the transuranics yield on the amount of retrieved radioactive rock.<a href="#cite_note-s43-71">[71]</a> Shafts were drilled at the site before the test in order to accelerate sample collection after explosion, so that explosion would expel radioactive material from the epicenter through the shafts and to collecting volumes near the surface. This method was tried in two tests and instantly provided hundreds of kilograms of material, but with actinide concentration 3 times lower than in samples obtained after drilling. Whereas such method could have been efficient in scientific studies of short-lived isotopes, it could not improve the overall collection efficiency of the produced actinides.<a href="#cite_note-s44-72">[72]</a> Though no new elements (except einsteinium and fermium) could be detected in the nuclear test debris, and the total yields of transuranics were disappointingly low, these tests did provide significantly higher amounts of rare heavy isotopes than previously available in laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-s47-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation">Separation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Separation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elutionskurven_Fm_Es_Cf_Bk_Cm_Am.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Elutionskurven_Fm_Es_Cf_Bk_Cm_Am.png/220px-Elutionskurven_Fm_Es_Cf_Bk_Cm_Am.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Elutionskurven_Fm_Es_Cf_Bk_Cm_Am.png/330px-Elutionskurven_Fm_Es_Cf_Bk_Cm_Am.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Elutionskurven_Fm_Es_Cf_Bk_Cm_Am.png/440px-Elutionskurven_Fm_Es_Cf_Bk_Cm_Am.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elution" title="Elution">Elution</a> curves: chromatographic separation of Fm(100), Es(99), Cf, Bk, Cm and Am</figcaption></figure> Separation procedure of einsteinium depends on the synthesis method. In the case of light-ion bombardment inside a cyclotron, the heavy ion target is attached to a thin foil, and the generated einsteinium is simply washed off the foil after the irradiation. However, the produced amounts in such experiments are relatively low.<a href="#cite_note-h1583-74">[74]</a> The yields are much higher for reactor irradiation, but there, the product is a mixture of various actinide isotopes, as well as lanthanides produced in the nuclear fission decays. In this case, isolation of einsteinium is a tedious procedure which involves several repeating steps of cation exchange, at elevated temperature and pressure, and chromatography. Separation from berkelium is important, because the most common einsteinium isotope produced in nuclear reactors, 253Es, decays with a half-life of only 20 days to 249Bk, which is fast on the timescale of most experiments. Such separation relies on the fact that berkelium easily oxidizes to the solid +4 state and precipitates, whereas other actinides, including einsteinium, remain in their +3 state in solutions.<a href="#cite_note-h1584-75">[75]</a> Trivalent actinides can be separated from lanthanide fission products by a cation-exchange resin column using a 90% water/10% ethanol solution saturated with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl) as <a href="/wiki/Eluant" class="mw-redirect" title="Eluant">eluant</a>. It is usually followed by <a href="/wiki/Anion-exchange_chromatography" title="Anion-exchange chromatography">anion-exchange chromatography</a> using 6 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">molar</a> HCl as eluant. A cation-exchange resin column (Dowex-50 exchange column) treated with ammonium salts is then used to separate fractions containing elements 99, 100 and 101. These elements can be then identified simply based on their elution position/time, using α-hydroxyisobutyrate solution (α-HIB), for example, as eluant.<a href="#cite_note-book2-76">[76]</a> The 3+ actinides can also be separated via solvent extraction chromatography, using bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (abbreviated as HDEHP) as the stationary organic phase, and nitric acid as the mobile aqueous phase. The actinide elution sequence is reversed from that of the cation-exchange resin column. The einsteinium separated by this method has the advantage to be free of organic complexing agent, as compared to the separation using a resin column.<a href="#cite_note-book2-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation_of_the_metal">Preparation of the metal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Preparation of the metal">edit</a>]</div> Einsteinium is highly reactive, so strong reducing agents are required to obtain the pure metal from its compounds.<a href="#cite_note-h1588-77">[77]</a> This can be achieved by reduction of <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium(III) fluoride">einsteinium(III) fluoride</a> with metallic <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>: <dl><dd>EsF3 + 3 Li → Es + 3 LiF</dd></dl> However, owing to its low melting point and high rate of self-radiation damage, einsteinium has a higher vapor pressure than <a href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">lithium fluoride</a>. This makes this reduction reaction rather inefficient. It was tried in the early preparation attempts and quickly abandoned in favor of reduction of einsteinium(III) oxide with <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> metal:<a href="#cite_note-ev-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ES_METALL-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-h1590-78">[78]</a> <dl><dd>Es2O3 + 2 La → 2 Es + La2O3</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_compounds">Chemical compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chemical compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium_compounds" title="Einsteinium compounds">Einsteinium compounds</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Crystal structure and lattice constants of some Es compounds </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound</th> <th>Color</th> <th>Symmetry</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th> <th>No</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a></th> <th>a (<a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a>)</th> <th>b (pm)</th> <th>c (pm) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Es2O3</td> <td>Colorless</td> <td>Cubic<a href="#cite_note-ES2O3-37">[37]</a></td> <td>Ia3</td> <td>206</td> <td>cI80</td> <td>1076.6</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Es2O3</td> <td>Colorless</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Monoclinic</a><a href="#cite_note-ox1-79">[79]</a></td> <td>C2/m</td> <td>12</td> <td>mS30</td> <td>1411</td> <td>359</td> <td>880 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Es2O3</td> <td>Colorless</td> <td>Hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-ox1-79">[79]</a></td> <td>P3m1</td> <td>164</td> <td>hP5</td> <td>370</td> <td></td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EsF3</td> <td></td> <td>Hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-ES_F3-36">[36]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EsF4</td> <td></td> <td>Monoclinic<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></td> <td>C2/c</td> <td>15</td> <td>mS60</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EsCl3</td> <td>Orange</td> <td>Hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-m99-82">[82]</a></td> <td>C63/m</td> <td></td> <td>hP8</td> <td>727</td> <td></td> <td>410 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EsBr3</td> <td>Yellow</td> <td>Monoclinic<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></td> <td>C2/m</td> <td>12</td> <td>mS16</td> <td>727</td> <td>1259</td> <td>681 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EsI3</td> <td>Amber</td> <td>Hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-h1595-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-s62-85">[85]</a></td> <td>R3</td> <td>148</td> <td>hR24</td> <td>753</td> <td></td> <td>2084 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EsOCl</td> <td></td> <td>Tetragonal<a href="#cite_note-h1595-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-YOUNG_1981-86">[86]</a></td> <td>P4/nmm</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>394.8</td> <td></td> <td>670.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides">Oxides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oxides">edit</a>]</div> Einsteinium(III) oxide (Es2O3) was obtained by burning einsteinium(III) nitrate. It forms colorless cubic crystals, which were first characterized from microgram samples sized about 30 nanometers.<a href="#cite_note-g1268-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-ES2O3-37">[37]</a> Two other phases, <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">monoclinic</a> and hexagonal, are known for this oxide. The formation of a certain Es2O3 phase depends on the preparation technique and sample history, and there is no clear phase diagram. Interconversions between the three phases can occur spontaneously, as a result of self-irradiation or self-heating.<a href="#cite_note-h1598-87">[87]</a> The hexagonal phase is isotypic with <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">lanthanum oxide</a> where the Es3+ ion is surrounded by a 6-coordinated group of O2− ions.<a href="#cite_note-ox1-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-h1595-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einsteinium_triiodide_by_transmitted_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Einsteinium_triiodide_by_transmitted_light.jpg/220px-Einsteinium_triiodide_by_transmitted_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Einsteinium_triiodide_by_transmitted_light.jpg/330px-Einsteinium_triiodide_by_transmitted_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Einsteinium_triiodide_by_transmitted_light.jpg/440px-Einsteinium_triiodide_by_transmitted_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_iodide" title="Einsteinium(III) iodide">Einsteinium(III) iodide</a> glowing in the dark</figcaption></figure> Einsteinium <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a> are known for the oxidation states +2 and +3.<a href="#cite_note-YOUNG_1981-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1969-88">[88]</a> The most stable state is +3 for all halides from fluoride to iodide. Einsteinium(III) fluoride (EsF3) can be precipitated from Es(III) chloride solutions upon reaction with <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> ions. An alternative preparation procedure is to exposure Es(III) oxide to <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">chlorine trifluoride</a> (ClF3) or F2 gas at a pressure of 1–2 atmospheres and temperature 300–400°C. The EsF3 crystal structure is hexagonal, as in californium(III) fluoride (CfF3) where the Es3+ ions are 8-fold coordinated by fluorine ions in a bicapped <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry#Trigonal_prismatic_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">trigonal prism</a> arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-ES_F3-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-g1270-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Es(III) chloride (EsCl3) can be prepared by annealing Es(III) oxide in the atmosphere of dry hydrogen chloride vapors at about 500°C for some 20 minutes. It crystallizes upon cooling at about 425°C into an orange solid with a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">hexagonal</a> structure of <a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_chloride" title="Uranium(III) chloride">UCl3 type</a>, where einsteinium atoms are 9-fold coordinated by chlorine atoms in a tricapped trigonal prism geometry.<a href="#cite_note-m99-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-g1270-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_bromide" title="Einsteinium(III) bromide">Einsteinium(III) bromide</a> (EsBr3) is a pale-yellow solid with a <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">monoclinic</a> structure of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">AlCl3 type</a>, where the einsteinium atoms are <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">octahedrally</a> coordinated by bromine (coordination number 6).<a href="#cite_note-s62-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-g1270-89">[89]</a> The divalent compounds of einsteinium are obtained by reducing the trivalent halides with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ES_II-92">[92]</a> <dl><dd>2 EsX3 + H2 → 2 EsX2 + 2 HX; X = F, Cl, Br, I</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(II)_chloride" title="Einsteinium(II) chloride">Einsteinium(II) chloride</a> (EsCl2),<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(II)_bromide" title="Einsteinium(II) bromide">einsteinium(II) bromide</a> (EsBr2),<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(II)_iodide" title="Einsteinium(II) iodide">einsteinium(II) iodide</a> (EsI2)<a href="#cite_note-YOUNG_1981-86">[86]</a> have been produced and characterized by optical absorption, with no structural information available yet.<a href="#cite_note-s62-85">[85]</a> Known oxyhalides of einsteinium include EsOCl,<a href="#cite_note-YOUNG_1981-86">[86]</a> EsOBr<a href="#cite_note-ES_II-92">[92]</a> and EsOI.<a href="#cite_note-YOUNG_1981-86">[86]</a> These salts are synthesized by treating a trihalide with a vapor mixture of water and the corresponding hydrogen halide: for example, EsCl3 + H2O/HCl to obtain EsOCl.<a href="#cite_note-s60-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organoeinsteinium_compounds">Organoeinsteinium compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organoeinsteinium compounds">edit</a>]</div> Einsteinium's high radioactivity has a potential use in <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, and organometallic complexes have been synthesized in order to deliver einsteinium to an appropriate organ in the body. Experiments have been performed on injecting einsteinium <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citrate</a> (as well as fermium compounds) to dogs.<a href="#cite_note-h1579-4">[4]</a> Einsteinium(III) was also incorporated into β-diketone <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelate</a> complexes, since analogous complexes with lanthanides previously showed strongest UV-excited <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescence</a> among metallorganic compounds. When preparing einsteinium complexes, the Es3+ ions were 1000 times diluted with Gd3+ ions. This allowed reducing the radiation damage so that the compounds did not disintegrate during the 20 minutes required for the measurements. The resulting luminescence from Es3+ was much too weak to be detected. This was explained by the unfavorable relative energies of the individual constituents of the compound that hindered efficient energy transfer from the chelate matrix to Es3+ ions. Similar conclusion was drawn for americium, berkelium and fermium.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Luminescence of Es3+ ions was however observed in inorganic hydrochloric acid solutions as well as in organic solution with di(2-ethylhexyl)orthophosphoric acid. It shows a broad peak at about 1064 nanometers (half-width about 100 nm) which can be resonantly excited by green light (ca. 495 nm wavelength). The luminescence has a lifetime of several microseconds and the quantum yield below 0.1%. The relatively high, compared to lanthanides, non-radiative decay rates in Es3+ were associated with the stronger interaction of f-electrons with the inner Es3+ electrons.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> There is almost no use for any isotope of einsteinium outside basic scientific research aiming at production of higher <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">superheavy elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a> was synthesized by irradiating a target consisting of about 109 atoms of 253Es in the 60-inch cyclotron at Berkeley Laboratory. The resulting 253Es(α,n)256Md reaction yielded 17 atoms of the new element with the atomic number of 101.<a href="#cite_note-discovery-98">[98]</a> The rare isotope <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_einsteinium" title="Isotopes of einsteinium">254Es</a> is favored for production of <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">superheavy elements</a> due to its large mass, relatively long half-life of 270 days, and availability in significant amounts of several micrograms.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Hence 254Es was used as a target in the attempted synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Ununennium" title="Ununennium">ununennium</a> (element 119) in 1985 by bombarding it with <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">calcium-48</a> ions at the superHILAC <a href="/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator" title="Linear particle accelerator">linear particle accelerator</a> at Berkeley, California. No atoms were identified, setting an upper limit for the cross section of this reaction at 300 <a href="/wiki/Barn_(unit)" title="Barn (unit)">nanobarns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{254}_{99}Es}+{^{48}_{20}Ca}->{^{302}_{119}Uue^{\ast }}->no\ atoms}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Es</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>99</mn> <mn>254</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>20</mn> <mn>48</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Uue</mtext> <none /> <mo>∗</mo> <mprescripts /> <mn>119</mn> <mn>302</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>no</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext>atoms</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{254}_{99}Es}+{^{48}_{20}Ca}->{^{302}_{119}Uue^{\ast }}->no\ atoms}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c89e6ac621617f85815c364db2aa4205fefbc4dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.826ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{254}_{99}Es}+{^{48}_{20}Ca}->{^{302}_{119}Uue^{\ast }}->no\ atoms}}}"></dd></dl> 254Es was used as the calibration marker in the chemical analysis spectrometer ("<a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5#Alpha-scattering_surface_analyzer" title="Surveyor 5">alpha-scattering surface analyzer</a>") of the <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">Surveyor 5</a> lunar probe. The large mass of this isotope reduced the spectral overlap between signals from the marker and the studied lighter elements of the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> Most of the available einsteinium toxicity data is from research on animals. Upon ingestion by <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">rats</a>, only ~0.01% of it ends in the bloodstream. From there, about 65% goes to the bones, where it would remain for ~50 years if not for its radioactive decay, not to speak of the 3-year maximum lifespan of rats, 25% to the lungs (biological half-life ~20 years, though this is again rendered irrelevant by the short half-life of einsteinium), 0.035% to the testicles or 0.01% to the ovaries – where einsteinium stays indefinitely. About 10% of the ingested amount is excreted. The distribution of einsteinium over bone surfaces is uniform and is similar to that of plutonium.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GE28-1"><a href="#cite_ref-GE28_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/99.shtml">Einsteinium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519093827/https://periodic.lanl.gov/99.shtml">Archived</a> 2021-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. periodic.lanl.gov </li> <li id="cite_note-h1579-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h1579_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1579_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1579_4-2">c</a> <a href="#Haire">Haire</a>, p. 1579 </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-2">c</a> Hammond C. R. "The elements" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghiorso-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghiorso_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghiorso_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghiorso_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghiorso_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghiorso_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghiorso_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghiorso_6-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiorso2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Ghiorso, Albert</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/einsteiniumfermium.html">"Einsteinium and Fermium"</a>. Chemical and Engineering News. 81 (36): 174–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v081n036.p174">10.1021/cen-v081n036.p174</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906064329/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/einsteiniumfermium.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2007-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+and+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Einsteinium+and+Fermium&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=174-175&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v081n036.p174&rft.aulast=Ghiorso&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fcen%2F80th%2Feinsteiniumfermium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s39-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s39_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s39_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s39_7-2">c</a> <a href="#Seaborg">Seaborg</a>, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-em-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-em_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-em_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Emsley2003" class="citation book cs1">John Emsley (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609222635/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA133">Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-850340-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-850340-7"><bdi>0-19-850340-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA133">the original</a> on 2016-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+building+blocks%3A+an+A-Z+guide+to+the+elements&rft.pages=133-135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-850340-7&rft.au=John+Emsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> 254Es, 254Fm and 253Fm would not be produced because of lack of beta decay in 254Cf and 253Es </li> <li id="cite_note-ES_FM-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ES_FM_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES_FM_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES_FM_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiorsoThompsonHigginsSeaborg1955" class="citation journal cs1">Ghiorso, A.; Thompson, S.; Higgins, G.; Seaborg, G.; Studier, M.; Fields, P.; Fried, S.; Diamond, H.; Mech, J.; Pyle, G.; Huizenga, J.; Hirsch, A.; Manning, W.; Browne, C.; Smith, H.; Spence, R. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/70q401ct">"New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 and 100"</a>. Phys. Rev. 99 (3): 1048–1049. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955PhRv...99.1048G">1955PhRv...99.1048G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.99.1048">10.1103/PhysRev.99.1048</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519093844/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/70q401ct">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2010-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.&rft.atitle=New+Elements+Einsteinium+and+Fermium%2C+Atomic+Numbers+99+and+100&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1048-1049&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.99.1048&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955PhRv...99.1048G&rft.aulast=Ghiorso&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+S.&rft.au=Higgins%2C+G.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.&rft.au=Studier%2C+M.&rft.au=Fields%2C+P.&rft.au=Fried%2C+S.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+H.&rft.au=Mech%2C+J.&rft.au=Pyle%2C+G.&rft.au=Huizenga%2C+J.&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+A.&rft.au=Manning%2C+W.&rft.au=Browne%2C+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+H.&rft.au=Spence%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F70q401ct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg1994" class="citation cs2">Seaborg, Glenn Theodore (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413022543/https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA91">Modern Alchemy: Selected Papers of Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, World Scientific, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810214401" title="Special:BookSources/9789810214401"><bdi>9789810214401</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA91">the original</a> on 2016-04-13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Alchemy%3A+Selected+Papers+of+Glenn+T.+Seaborg&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789810214401&rft.aulast=Seaborg&rft.aufirst=Glenn+Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De53sNAOXrdMC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldsStudierDiamondMech1956" class="citation journal cs1">Fields, P.; Studier, M.; Diamond, H.; Mech, J.; Inghram, M.; Pyle, G.; Stevens, C.; Fried, S.; Manning, W.; Pyle, G.; Huizenga, J.; Hirsch, A.; Manning, W.; Browne, C.; Smith, H.; Spence, R. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423081455/https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA93">"Transplutonium Elements in Thermonuclear Test Debris"</a>. Physical Review. 102 (1): 180–182. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956PhRv..102..180F">1956PhRv..102..180F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.102.180">10.1103/PhysRev.102.180</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA93">the original</a> on 2016-04-23 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Transplutonium+Elements+in+Thermonuclear+Test+Debris&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=180-182&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.102.180&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956PhRv..102..180F&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Studier%2C+M.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+H.&rft.au=Mech%2C+J.&rft.au=Inghram%2C+M.&rft.au=Pyle%2C+G.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+C.&rft.au=Fried%2C+S.&rft.au=Manning%2C+W.&rft.au=Pyle%2C+G.&rft.au=Huizenga%2C+J.&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+A.&rft.au=Manning%2C+W.&rft.au=Browne%2C+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+H.&rft.au=Spence%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De53sNAOXrdMC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne,_J.2011" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, J. (2011). Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-48238-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-48238-5"><bdi>978-0-486-48238-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neutrons%2C+Nuclei%2C+and+Matter&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-486-48238-5&rft.au=Byrne%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> (pbk.) pp. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-PhysRev.93.257-13"><a href="#cite_ref-PhysRev.93.257_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiorso,_AlbertRossi,_G._BernardHarvey,_Bernard_G.Thompson,_Stanley_G.1954" class="citation journal cs1">Ghiorso, Albert; Rossi, G. Bernard; Harvey, Bernard G. & Thompson, Stanley G. (1954). "Reactions of U-238 with Cyclotron-Produced Nitrogen Ions". Physical Review. 93 (1): 257. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...93..257G">1954PhRv...93..257G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.93.257">10.1103/PhysRev.93.257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121499772">121499772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Reactions+of+U-238+with+Cyclotron-Produced+Nitrogen+Ions&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=257&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121499772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.93.257&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...93..257G&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+Albert&rft.au=Rossi%2C+G.+Bernard&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Bernard+G.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhysRev.93.908-14"><a href="#cite_ref-PhysRev.93.908_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_S._G.Ghiorso,_A.Harvey,_B._G.Choppin,_G._R.1954" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, S. G.; Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B. G.; Choppin, G. R. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1016991/">"Transcurium Isotopes Produced in the Neutron Irradiation of Plutonium"</a>. Physical Review. 93 (4): 908. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...93..908T">1954PhRv...93..908T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.93.908">10.1103/PhysRev.93.908</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316232939/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1016991/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-16. Retrieved 2019-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Transcurium+Isotopes+Produced+in+the+Neutron+Irradiation+of+Plutonium&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=908&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.93.908&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...93..908T&rft.au=Thompson%2C+S.+G.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+B.+G.&rft.au=Choppin%2C+G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1016991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyThompsonGhiorsoChoppin1954" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Bernard; Thompson, Stanley; Ghiorso, Albert; Choppin, Gregory (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7884m0gv">"Further Production of Transcurium Nuclides by Neutron Irradiation"</a>. Physical Review. 93 (5): 1129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...93.1129H">1954PhRv...93.1129H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.93.1129">10.1103/PhysRev.93.1129</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309181708/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7884m0gv">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-09. 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"Elements 99 and 100 from Pile-Irradiated Plutonium". Physical Review. 93 (6): 1428. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...93.1428S">1954PhRv...93.1428S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.93.1428">10.1103/PhysRev.93.1428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Elements+99+and+100+from+Pile-Irradiated+Plutonium&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1428&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.93.1428&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...93.1428S&rft.aulast=Studier&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Fields%2C+P.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+H.&rft.au=Mech%2C+J.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+A.&rft.au=Sellers%2C+P.&rft.au=Pyle%2C+G.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+C.&rft.au=Magnusson%2C+L.&rft.au=Huizenga%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoppinThompsonGhiorsoHarvey1954" class="citation journal cs1">Choppin, G. 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Physical Review. 94 (4): 1080–1081. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...94.1080C">1954PhRv...94.1080C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.94.1080">10.1103/PhysRev.94.1080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Properties+of+Some+Isotopes+of+Californium%2C+Elements+99+and+100&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1080-1081&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.94.1080&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...94.1080C&rft.aulast=Choppin&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+S.+G.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+B.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRev.94.1080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldsStudierMechDiamond1954" class="citation journal cs1">Fields, P.; Studier, M.; Mech, J.; Diamond, H.; Friedman, A.; Magnusson, L.; Huizenga, J. 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Physical Review. 94 (1): 209–210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...94..209F">1954PhRv...94..209F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.94.209">10.1103/PhysRev.94.209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Additional+Properties+of+Isotopes+of+Elements+99+and+100&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=209-210&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.94.209&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...94..209F&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Studier%2C+M.&rft.au=Mech%2C+J.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+H.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+A.&rft.au=Magnusson%2C+L.&rft.au=Huizenga%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Properties_1-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Properties_1_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg,_G._T.;_Thompson,_S.G.;_Harvey,_B.G._and_Choppin,_G.R.1954" class="citation cs2">Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Harvey, B.G. and Choppin, G.R. 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G.; Harvey, B. G.; Choppin, G. R.; Seaborg, G. T. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1023183/">"Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100"</a>. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (24): 6229–6236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01653a004">10.1021/ja01653a004</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020212317/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1023183/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-20. Retrieved 2019-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Chemical+Properties+of+Elements+99+and+100&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=6229-6236&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01653a004&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+B.+G.&rft.au=Choppin%2C+G.+R.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1023183%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtterlingForslingHolmMelander1954" class="citation journal cs1">Atterling, Hugo; Forsling, Wilhelm; Holm, Lennart; Melander, Lars; Åström, Björn (1954). "Element 100 Produced by Means of Cyclotron-Accelerated Oxygen Ions". Physical Review. 95 (2): 585–586. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...95..585A">1954PhRv...95..585A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.95.585.2">10.1103/PhysRev.95.585.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Element+100+Produced+by+Means+of+Cyclotron-Accelerated+Oxygen+Ions&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=585-586&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.95.585.2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...95..585A&rft.aulast=Atterling&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft.au=Forsling%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=Holm%2C+Lennart&rft.au=Melander%2C+Lars&rft.au=%C3%85str%C3%B6m%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-underthecloud-22"><a href="#cite_ref-underthecloud_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Lee_Miller1991" class="citation book cs1">Richard Lee Miller (1991). 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Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228152355/http://neutrons.ornl.gov/facilities/HFIR/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-28. Retrieved 2010-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Flux+Isotope+Reactor&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneutrons.ornl.gov%2Ffacilities%2FHFIR%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niiar.ru/?q=radioisotope_application"><bdi lang="ru">Радионуклидные источники и препараты</bdi></a> (in Russian). Research Institute of Atomic Reactors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726202716/http://www.niiar.ru/?q=radioisotope_application">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-26. 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Retrieved 2018-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sep.+Sci.+Technol.&rft.atitle=Fermium+Purification+Using+Teva+Resin+Extraction+Chromatography&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=83-92&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01496399708003188&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Riley%2C+F.+D.+Jr.&rft.au=Vandergrift%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Felker%2C+L.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1234415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Hoffman, Darleane C.; Ghiorso, Albert and Seaborg, Glenn Theodore (2000) The Transuranium People: The Inside Story, Imperial College Press, pp. 190–191, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-087-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-087-3">978-1-86094-087-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-s36-58"><a href="#cite_ref-s36_58-0">^</a> <a href="#Seaborg">Seaborg</a>, pp. 36–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSchumanButlerCowper1956" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, M.; Schuman, R.; Butler, J.; Cowper, G.; Eastwood, T.; Jackson, H. 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Nature. 590 (7844): 85–88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.590...85C">2021Natur.590...85C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03179-3">10.1038/s41586-020-03179-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1777970">1777970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33536647">33536647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231805413">231805413</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203162013/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03179-3">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Structural+and+spectroscopic+characterization+of+an+einsteinium+complex&rft.volume=590&rft.issue=7844&rft.pages=85-88&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231805413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1777970%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.590...85C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33536647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03179-3&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Korey+P.&rft.au=Shield%2C+Katherine+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Kurt+F.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Zachary+R.&rft.au=Wacker%2C+Jennifer+N.&rft.au=Arnedo-Sanchez%2C+Leticia&rft.au=Mattox%2C+Tracy+M.&rft.au=Moreau%2C+Liane+M.&rft.au=Knope%2C+Karah+E.&rft.au=Kozimor%2C+Stosh+A.&rft.au=Booth%2C+Corwin+H.&rft.au=Abergel%2C+Rebecca+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-020-03179-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s40-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s40_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s40_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s40_68-2">c</a> <a href="#Seaborg">Seaborg</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> These were codenamed: "Anacostia" (5.2 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kilotons</a>, 1962), "Kennebec" (<5 kilotons, 1963), "Par" (38 kilotons, 1964), "Barbel" (<20 kilotons, 1964), "Tweed" (<20 kilotons, 1965), "Cyclamen" (13 kilotons, 1966), "Kankakee" (20-200 kilotons, 1966), "Vulcan" (25 kilotons, 1966) and "Hutch" (20-200 kilotons, 1969) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf">United States Nuclear Tests July 1945 through September 1992</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615231826/http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf">Archived</a> June 15, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, DOE/NV--209-REV 15, December 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-s43-71"><a href="#cite_ref-s43_71-0">^</a> <a href="#Seaborg">Seaborg</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-s44-72"><a href="#cite_ref-s44_72-0">^</a> <a href="#Seaborg">Seaborg</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-s47-73"><a href="#cite_ref-s47_73-0">^</a> <a href="#Seaborg">Seaborg</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-h1583-74"><a href="#cite_ref-h1583_74-0">^</a> <a href="#Haire">Haire</a>, p. 1583 </li> <li id="cite_note-h1584-75"><a href="#cite_ref-h1584_75-0">^</a> <a href="#Haire">Haire</a>, pp. 1584–1585 </li> <li id="cite_note-book2-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book2_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-book2_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall,_Nina2000" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Nina (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U4rnzH9QbT4C&pg=PA11">The new chemistry</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45224-3"><bdi>978-0-521-45224-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520024221/https://books.google.com/books?id=U4rnzH9QbT4C&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-20. 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North-Holland, New York. pp. 414–505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-81724-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-81724-2"><bdi>978-0-444-81724-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lanthanides+and+Actinides+Chemistry&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+the+Physics+and+Chemistry+of+Rare+Earths&rft.place=North-Holland%2C+New+York&rft.pages=414-505&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-444-81724-2&rft.au=Haire%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Eyring%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinschmidt1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kleinschmidt, P. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1401691/">"Thermochemistry of the actinides"</a>. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 213–214: 169–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0925-8388%2894%2990898-2">10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316233629/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1401691/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-16. Retrieved 2019-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alloys+and+Compounds&rft.atitle=Thermochemistry+of+the+actinides&rft.volume=213%E2%80%93214&rft.pages=169-172&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0925-8388%2894%2990898-2&rft.aulast=Kleinschmidt&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1401691%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujitaCunninghamParsons1969" class="citation journal cs1">Fujita, D.; Cunningham, B. B.; Parsons, T. C. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7hz778j2">"Crystal structures and lattice parameters of einsteinium trichloride and einsteinium oxychloride"</a>. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 5 (4): 307–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-1650%2869%2980203-5">10.1016/0020-1650(69)80203-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313022142/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7hz778j2">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-13. Retrieved 2019-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry+Letters&rft.atitle=Crystal+structures+and+lattice+parameters+of+einsteinium+trichloride+and+einsteinium+oxychloride&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=307-313&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0020-1650%2869%2980203-5&rft.aulast=Fujita&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+B.+B.&rft.au=Parsons%2C+T.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7hz778j2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-m99-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m99_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m99_82-1">b</a> Miasoedov, B. F. 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Le Journal de Physique. 40 (4): C4–111. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.729.8671">10.1.1.729.8671</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjphyscol%3A1979435">10.1051/jphyscol:1979435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95575017">95575017</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307233035/http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/21/88/31/PDF/ajp-jphyscol197940C435.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2010-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Journal+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Preparation%2C+characterization%2C+and+decay+of+einsteinium%28II%29+in+the+solid+state&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=C4-111&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.729.8671%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95575017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fjphyscol%3A1979435&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fdocs%2F00%2F21%2F88%2F31%2FPDF%2Fajp-jphyscol197940C435.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6593662">manuscript draft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513121141/http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6593662">Archived</a> 2013-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Fellows, R.L.; Young, J.P.; Haire, R.G. and Peterson J.R. (1977) in: GJ McCarthy and JJ Rhyne (eds) The Rare Earths in Modern Science and Technology, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 493–499. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Young, J.P.; Haire R.G., Fellows, R.L.; Noe, M. and Peterson, J.R. (1976) "Spectroscopic and X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Bromides of Californium-249 and Einsteinium-253", in: W. Müller and R. Lindner (eds.) Plutonium 1975, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 227–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugentBurnettBaybarzWerner1969" class="citation journal cs1">Nugent, Leonard J.; Burnett, J. L.; Baybarz, R. D.; Werner, George Knoll; Tanner, S. P.; Tarrant, J. R.; Keller, O. L. (1969). "Intramolecular energy transfer and sensitized luminescence in actinide(III) .beta.-diketone chelates". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 73 (5): 1540–1549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fj100725a060">10.1021/j100725a060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Intramolecular+energy+transfer+and+sensitized+luminescence+in+actinide%28III%29+.beta.-diketone+chelates&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1540-1549&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fj100725a060&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rft.au=Burnett%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Baybarz%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Werner%2C+George+Knoll&rft.au=Tanner%2C+S.+P.&rft.au=Tarrant%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Keller%2C+O.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeitzWesterWilliams1983" class="citation journal cs1">Beitz, J.; Wester, D.; Williams, C. (1983). "5f state interaction with inner coordination sphere ligands: Es3+ ion fluorescence in aqueous and organic phases". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 93 (2): 331–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-5088%2883%2990178-9">10.1016/0022-5088(83)90178-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Less+Common+Metals&rft.atitle=5f+state+interaction+with+inner+coordination+sphere+ligands%3A+Es%3Csup%3E3%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E+ion+fluorescence+in+aqueous+and+organic+phases&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=331-338&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-5088%2883%2990178-9&rft.aulast=Beitz&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Wester%2C+D.&rft.au=Williams%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele099.html">It's Elemental – The Element Einsteinium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710170841/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele099.html">Archived</a> 2019-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2 December 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-discovery-98"><a href="#cite_ref-discovery_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiorsoHarveyChoppinThompson1955" class="citation journal cs1">Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B.; Choppin, G.; Thompson, S.; Seaborg, G. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA101">"New Element Mendelevium, Atomic Number 101"</a>. Physical Review. 98 (5): 1518–1519. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955PhRv...98.1518G">1955PhRv...98.1518G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.98.1518">10.1103/PhysRev.98.1518</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-1440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-1440-1"><bdi>978-981-02-1440-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518212418/https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-18. 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(1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1253958">"Heavy isotope production by multinucleon transfer reactions with 254Es"</a>. Journal of the Less Common Metals. 122: 411–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-5088%2886%2990435-2">10.1016/0022-5088(86)90435-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125002148/https://zenodo.org/record/1253958">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2018-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Less+Common+Metals&rft.atitle=Heavy+isotope+production+by+multinucleon+transfer+reactions+with+%3Csup%3E254%3C%2Fsup%3EEs&rft.volume=122&rft.pages=411-417&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-5088%2886%2990435-2&rft.aulast=Schadel&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Bruchle%2C+W.&rft.au=Brugger%2C+M.&rft.au=Gaggeler%2C+H.&rft.au=Moody%2C+K.&rft.au=Schardt%2C+D.&rft.au=Summerer%2C+K.&rft.au=Hulet%2C+E.&rft.au=Dougan%2C+A.&rft.au=Dougan%2C+R.&rft.au=Landrum%2C+J.&rft.au=Lougheed%2C+R.&rft.au=Wild%2C+J.&rft.au=O%27Kelley%2C+G.&rft.au=Hahn%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1253958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLougheed,_R._W.Landrum,_J._H.Hulet,_E._K.Wild,_J._F.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Lougheed, R. W.; Landrum, J. H.; Hulet, E. K.; Wild, J. F.; Dougan, R. J.; Dougan, A. D.; Gäggeler, H.; Schädel, M.; Moody, K. J.; Gregorich, K. E. & Seaborg, G. T. (1985). "Search for superheavy elements using 48Ca + 254Esg reaction". Physical Review C. 32 (5): 1760–1763. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PhRvC..32.1760L">1985PhRvC..32.1760L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.32.1760">10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9953034">9953034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+C&rft.atitle=Search+for+superheavy+elements+using+%3Csup%3E48%3C%2Fsup%3ECa+%2B+%3Csup%3E254%3C%2Fsup%3EEs%3Csup%3Eg%3C%2Fsup%3E+reaction&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1760-1763&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9953034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.32.1760&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985PhRvC..32.1760L&rft.au=Lougheed%2C+R.+W.&rft.au=Landrum%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Hulet%2C+E.+K.&rft.au=Wild%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Dougan%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Dougan%2C+A.+D.&rft.au=G%C3%A4ggeler%2C+H.&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4del%2C+M.&rft.au=Moody%2C+K.+J.&rft.au=Gregorich%2C+K.+E.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkevichFranzgrotePatterson1967" class="citation journal cs1">Turkevich, A. L.; Franzgrote, E. J.; Patterson, J. H. (1967). "Chemical Analysis of the Moon at the Surveyor V Landing Site". Science. 158 (3801): 635–637. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Sci...158..635T">1967Sci...158..635T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.158.3801.635">10.1126/science.158.3801.635</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17732956">17732956</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21286144">21286144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Chemical+Analysis+of+the+Moon+at+the+Surveyor+V+Landing+Site&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=3801&rft.pages=635-637&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.158.3801.635&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21286144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17732956&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967Sci...158..635T&rft.aulast=Turkevich&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.au=Franzgrote%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Radiological_Protection1988" class="citation book cs1">International Commission on Radiological Protection (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTxcCV4w0VEC&pg=PA18">Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers, Part 4</a>. Vol. 19. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-036886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-036886-3"><bdi>978-0-08-036886-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425000452/https://books.google.com/books?id=WTxcCV4w0VEC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+for+intakes+of+radionuclides+by+workers%2C+Part+4&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-08-036886-3&rft.au=International+Commission+on+Radiological+Protection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTxcCV4w0VEC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Greenwood" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080379418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080379418"><bdi>978-0080379418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0080379418&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Haire" class="citation book cs1">Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Einsteinium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717154427/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/einsteinium.pdf">The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</a> (PDF). Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 1577–1620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_12">10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/einsteinium.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Einsteinium&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=1577-1620&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_12&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Haire&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradchem.nevada.edu%2Fclasses%2Frdch710%2Ffiles%2Feinsteinium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holleman" class="citation book cs1">Holleman, Arnold F. & Wiberg, Nils (2007). Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry (102nd ed.). Berlin: de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1"><bdi>978-3-11-017770-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=102nd&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017770-1&rft.au=Holleman%2C+Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Seaborg" class="citation book cs1">Seaborg, G.T., ed. (23 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/92g2p7cd.pdf">Proceedings of the Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Elements 99 and 100</a> (PDF). Report LBL-7701.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Symposium+Commemorating+the+25th+Anniversary+of+Elements+99+and+100&rft.pub=Report+LBL-7701&rft.date=1978-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F92g2p7cd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinsteinium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" class="extiw" title="commons:Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/einsteinium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:einsteinium">einsteinium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/099.htm">Einsteinium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgqNoNWLGBMC&pg=PA311">Age-related factors in radionuclide metabolism and dosimetry: Proceedings</a> – contains several health related studies of einsteinium</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albert_Einstein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albert_Einstein" title="Template:Albert Einstein"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albert_Einstein" title="Template talk:Albert Einstein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albert_Einstein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albert Einstein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albert_Einstein" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">Photoelectric effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_coefficients" title="Einstein coefficients">Einstein coefficients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_solid" title="Einstein solid">Einstein solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_radius" title="Einstein radius">Einstein radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_relation_(kinetic_theory)" title="Einstein relation (kinetic theory)">Einstein relation (kinetic theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">Cosmological constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_correlations" title="Bose–Einstein correlations">Bose–Einstein correlations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Cartan_theory" title="Einstein–Cartan theory">Einstein–Cartan theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Infeld%E2%80%93Hoffmann_equations" title="Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations">Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93de_Haas_effect" title="Einstein–de Haas effect">Einstein–de Haas effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">Bohr–Einstein debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleparallelism" title="Teleparallelism">Teleparallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_thought_experiments" title="Einstein's thought experiments">Thought experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_unsuccessful_investigations" title="Einstein's unsuccessful investigations">Unsuccessful investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_leaf_paradox" title="Tea leaf paradox">Tea leaf paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis_papers" title="Annus mirabilis papers">Annus mirabilis papers</a> (1905)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cber_die_von_der_molekularkinetischen_Theorie_der_W%C3%A4rme_geforderte_Bewegung_von_in_ruhenden_Fl%C3%BCssigkeiten_suspendierten_Teilchen" title="Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen">Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement</a>" (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_the_General_Theory" title="Relativity: The Special and the General Theory">Relativity: The Special and the General Theory</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Relativity" title="The Meaning of Relativity">The Meaning of Relativity</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_I_See_It_(book)" title="The World as I See It (book)">The World as I See It</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Physics" title="The Evolution of Physics">The Evolution of Physics</a> (1938)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a>" (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_in_popular_culture" title="Albert Einstein in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Grundlagen_der_Einsteinschen_Relativit%C3%A4ts-Theorie" title="Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie">Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie</a> (1922 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Einstein_Theory_of_Relativity" title="The Einstein Theory of Relativity">The Einstein Theory of Relativity</a> (1923 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics:_Einstein%27s_Brain" title="Relics: Einstein's Brain">Relics: Einstein's Brain</a> (1994 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insignificance_(film)" title="Insignificance (film)">Insignificance</a> (1985 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Einstein" title="Young Einstein">Young Einstein</a> (1988 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasso_at_the_Lapin_Agile" title="Picasso at the Lapin Agile">Picasso at the Lapin Agile</a> (1993 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.Q._(film)" title="I.Q. (film)">I.Q.</a> (1994 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Gift" title="Einstein's Gift">Einstein's Gift</a> (2003 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_and_Eddington" title="Einstein and Eddington">Einstein and Eddington</a> (2008 TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a> (2017 series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Award" title="Albert Einstein Award">Albert Einstein Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal" title="Albert Einstein Medal">Albert Einstein Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Prize" title="Kalinga Prize">Kalinga Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Peace_Prize" title="Albert Einstein Peace Prize">Albert Einstein Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Prize_for_Laser_Science" title="Einstein Prize for Laser Science">Einstein Prize for Laser Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Prize_(APS)" title="Einstein Prize (APS)">Einstein Prize (APS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books about Einstein</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein:_Creator_and_Rebel" title="Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel">Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_and_Religion" title="Einstein and Religion">Einstein and Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_for_Beginners" title="Einstein for Beginners">Einstein for Beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein:_His_Life_and_Universe" title="Einstein: His Life and Universe">Einstein: His Life and Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Cosmos" title="Einstein's Cosmos">Einstein's Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Albert_Einstein" title="I Am Albert Einstein">I Am Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introducing_Relativity" title="Introducing Relativity">Introducing Relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_is_the_Lord" title="Subtle is the Lord">Subtle is the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Einstein_family" title="Einstein family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87" title="Mileva Marić">Mileva Marić</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Einstein" title="Elsa Einstein">Elsa Einstein</a> (second wife; cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieserl_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieserl Einstein">Lieserl Einstein</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein" title="Hans Albert Einstein">Hans Albert Einstein</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Koch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Koch">Pauline Koch</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Einstein">Hermann Einstein</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_Einstein" title="Maja Einstein">Maja Einstein</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_family#Eduard_"Tete"_Einstein_(Albert's_second_son)" title="Einstein family">Eduard Einstein</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_family_of_Robert_Einstein" title="Murder of the family of Robert Einstein">Robert Einstein</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Caesar_Einstein" title="Bernhard Caesar Einstein">Bernhard Caesar Einstein</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Einstein" title="Evelyn Einstein">Evelyn Einstein</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Martin_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Martin Einstein">Thomas Martin Einstein</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Einstein" title="Siegbert Einstein">Siegbert Einstein</a> (distant cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Brain of Albert Einstein">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_House" title="Albert Einstein House">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Memorial" title="Albert Einstein Memorial">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Political views of Albert Einstein">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_and_philosophical_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Albert_Einstein" title="List of things named after Albert Einstein">Things named after</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_relationship" title="Einstein–Oppenheimer relationship">Einstein–Oppenheimer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Archives" title="Albert Einstein Archives">Albert Einstein Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Blackboard" title="Einstein's Blackboard">Einstein's Blackboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Papers_Project" title="Einstein Papers Project">Einstein Papers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_refrigerator" title="Einstein refrigerator">Einstein refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinhaus" title="Einsteinhaus">Einsteinhaus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Einsteinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Talmey" title="Max Talmey">Max Talmey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Committee_of_Atomic_Scientists" title="Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists">Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Albert_Einstein" title="Category:Albert Einstein">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1892#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4151415-4">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Einsteinium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Einsteinium_compounds" title="Template:Einsteinium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Einsteinium_compounds" title="Template talk:Einsteinium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Einsteinium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Einsteinium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Einsteinium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium_compounds" title="Einsteinium compounds">Einsteinium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Es(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(II)_chloride" title="Einsteinium(II) chloride">EsCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(II)_bromide" title="Einsteinium(II) bromide">EsBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(II)_iodide" title="Einsteinium(II) iodide">EsI2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Es(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_chloride" title="Einsteinium(III) chloride">EsCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_bromide" title="Einsteinium(III) bromide">EsBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_iodide" title="Einsteinium(III) iodide">EsI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium(III) fluoride">EsF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_oxide" title="Einsteinium(III) oxide">Es2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium(III)_nitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Einsteinium(III) nitrate (page does not exist)">Es(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium_oxychloride" title="Einsteinium oxychloride">EsOCl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium_oxybromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Einsteinium oxybromide (page does not exist)">EsOBr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium_oxyiodide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Einsteinium oxyiodide (page does not exist)">EsOI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Es(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium_tetrafluoride" title="Einsteinium tetrafluoride">EsF4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Es(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium_hexafluoride" title="Einsteinium hexafluoride">EsF6</a> (predicted)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&oldid=1259465677">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&oldid=1259465677</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Einsteinium" title="Category:Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_with_face-centered_cubic_structure" title="Category:Chemical 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