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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical and chemical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contamination_with_nitrogen_dioxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination_with_nitrogen_dioxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Contamination with nitrogen dioxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination_with_nitrogen_dioxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuming_nitric_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuming_nitric_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fuming nitric acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuming_nitric_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anhydrous_nitric_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anhydrous_nitric_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Anhydrous nitric acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anhydrous_nitric_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_bonding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_bonding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Structure and bonding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_bonding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acid-base_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid-base_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Acid-base properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid-base_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_with_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_with_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reactions with metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_with_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_with_non-metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_with_non-metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reactions with non-metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_with_non-metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xanthoproteic_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xanthoproteic_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Xanthoproteic test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xanthoproteic_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Laboratory synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursor_to_organic_nitrogen_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursor_to_organic_nitrogen_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Precursor to organic nitrogen compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursor_to_organic_nitrogen_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_an_oxidant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_an_oxidant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Use as an oxidant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_as_an_oxidant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocket_propellant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_propellant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Rocket propellant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_propellant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Niche uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metal_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Metal processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analytical_reagent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analytical_reagent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Analytical reagent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analytical_reagent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodworking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodworking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Woodworking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodworking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etchant_and_cleaning_agent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etchant_and_cleaning_agent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Etchant and cleaning agent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etchant_and_cleaning_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_fuel_reprocessing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_fuel_reprocessing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>Nuclear fuel reprocessing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_fuel_reprocessing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_acid_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_acid_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Use in acid attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_acid_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitric acid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpetersuur" title="Salpetersuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Salpetersuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="حمض النتريك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض النتريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_n%C3%ADtrico" title="Ácidu nítrico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu nítrico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrat_tur%C5%9Fusu" title="Nitrat turşusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nitrat turşusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نیتریک اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیتریک اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="নাইট্রিক অ্যাসিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাইট্রিক অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siau-sng" title="Siau-sng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siau-sng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Азотная кіслата – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Азотная кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Азотавая кісьля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Азотавая кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Азотна киселина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Азотна киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1i%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Dušična kiselina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dušična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenkenn_nitrek" title="Trenkenn nitrek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenkenn nitrek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_n%C3%ADtric" title="Àcid nítric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid nítric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B9%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Азот йӳçекĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Азот йӳçекĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_dusi%C4%8Dn%C3%A1" title="Kyselina dusičná – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyselina dusičná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_nitrig" title="Asid nitrig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asid nitrig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpetersyre" title="Salpetersyre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Salpetersyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeters%C3%A4ure" title="Salpetersäure – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salpetersäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mmastikhape" title="Lämmastikhape – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lämmastikhape" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Νιτρικό οξύ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιτρικό οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_n%C3%ADtrico" title="Ácido nítrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido nítrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrata_acido" title="Nitrata acido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nitrata acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_nitriko" title="Azido nitriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido nitriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نیتریک اسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیتریک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_nitrique" title="Acide nitrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide nitrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_n%C3%ADtreach" title="Aigéad nítreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad nítreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_n%C3%ADtrico" title="Ácido nítrico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido nítrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%82%B0" title="질산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ազոտական թթու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազոտական թթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="नाइट्रिक अम्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाइट्रिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1i%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Dušična kiselina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dušična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot-acido" title="Azot-acido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Azot-acido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam nitrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_nitric" title="Acido nitric – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Acido nitric" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltp%C3%A9turss%C3%BDra" title="Saltpéturssýra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saltpéturssýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_nitrico" title="Acido nitrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido nitrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חומצה חנקתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצה חנקתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asem_nitrat" title="Asem nitrat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asem nitrat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ನೈಟ್ರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೈಟ್ರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="აზოტმჟავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აზოტმჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Азот қышқылы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Азот қышқылы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Азот кислотасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Азот кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_nitricum" title="Acidum nitricum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum nitricum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%81pek%C4%BCsk%C4%81be" title="Slāpekļskābe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slāpekļskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoto_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Azoto rūgštis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Azoto rūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%A9tromsav" title="Salétromsav – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Salétromsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Азотна киселина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Азотна киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="നൈട്രിക് അമ്ലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നൈട്രിക് അമ്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_nitrik" title="Asid nitrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid nitrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%95u-s%C5%8Fng" title="Siĕu-sŏng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siĕu-sŏng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Азотын хүчил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Азотын хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="နိုက်ထရစ်အက်ဆစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုက်ထရစ်အက်ဆစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeterzuur" title="Salpeterzuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Salpeterzuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" title="硝酸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="硝酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeeters%C3%BCren" title="Salpeetersüren – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Salpeetersüren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpetersyre" title="Salpetersyre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Salpetersyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpetersyre" title="Salpetersyre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Salpetersyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_nitric" title="Acid nitric – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid nitric" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrat_kislotasi" title="Nitrat kislotasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nitrat kislotasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਸ਼ੋਰੇ ਦਾ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੋਰੇ ਦਾ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="نائٹرک ایسڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نائٹرک ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AB%DB%90_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8(%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF)" title="مالګې تېزاب(نايټريک اسيد) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالګې تېزاب(نايټريک اسيد)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_azotowy" title="Kwas azotowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas azotowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_n%C3%ADtrico" title="Ácido nítrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido nítrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_azotic" title="Acid azotic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid azotic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Азотная кислота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Азотная кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nitric acid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidi_Nitrik" title="Acidi Nitrik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Acidi Nitrik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="නයිට්‍රික් අම්ලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නයිට්‍රික් අම්ලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nitric acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_dusi%C4%8Dn%C3%A1" title="Kyselina dusičná – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina dusičná" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1ikova_kislina" title="Dušikova kislina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dušikova kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Азотна киселина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Азотна киселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotna_kiselina" title="Azotna kiselina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Azotna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typpihappo" title="Typpihappo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Typpihappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpetersyra" title="Salpetersyra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Salpetersyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="நைட்ரிக் காடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நைட்ரிக் காடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="నైట్రిక్ ఆమ్లం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నైట్రిక్ ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดไนตริก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดไนตริก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrik_asit" title="Nitrik asit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nitrik asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нітратна кислота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нітратна кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="نائٹرک ایسڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نائٹرک ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_nitric" title="Acid nitric – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid nitric" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" title="硝酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="硝酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksido_Nitrico" title="Aksido Nitrico – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aksido Nitrico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" title="硝酸 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highly corrosive mineral acid</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">nitrous acid</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Nitric acid </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Fuming_Nitric_Acid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_Fuming_Nitric_Acid.png/220px-White_Fuming_Nitric_Acid.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_Fuming_Nitric_Acid.png/330px-White_Fuming_Nitric_Acid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/White_Fuming_Nitric_Acid.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="649" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;">Pure nitric acid</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resonance description of the bonding in the nitric acid molecule"><img alt="Resonance description of the bonding in the nitric acid molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png/220px-Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png/330px-Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png/440px-Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="346" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitric-acid-3D-balls-B.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball-and-stick model of nitric acid"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of nitric acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nitric-acid-3D-balls-B.png/110px-Nitric-acid-3D-balls-B.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nitric-acid-3D-balls-B.png/165px-Nitric-acid-3D-balls-B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nitric-acid-3D-balls-B.png/220px-Nitric-acid-3D-balls-B.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Ball-and-stick model of nitric acid</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitric-acid-3D-vdW-A.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resonance space-filling model of nitric acid"><img alt="Resonance space-filling model of nitric acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nitric-acid-3D-vdW-A.png/110px-Nitric-acid-3D-vdW-A.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nitric-acid-3D-vdW-A.png/165px-Nitric-acid-3D-vdW-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nitric-acid-3D-vdW-A.png/220px-Nitric-acid-3D-vdW-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Resonance space-filling model of nitric acid</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Nitric acid</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i>Aqua fortis</i></li><li>Spirit of niter</li><li><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching"><i>Eau forte</i></a></li><li>Hydrogen nitrate</li><li><i>Acidum nitricum</i></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7697-37-2">7697-37-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%28O%29%5BO-%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=ON%28%3DO%29%3DO">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3DMet </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.3dmet.dna.affrc.go.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3dmet.dna.affrc.go.jp/cgi/show_data.php?acc=B00068">B00068</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=48107">CHEBI:48107</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1352">ChEMBL1352</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.919.html">919</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.832">100.028.832</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83320#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>231-714-2</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>1576 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02313">D02313</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Nitric+acid">Nitric+acid</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/944">944</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>QU5775000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/411VRN1TV4">411VRN1TV4</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>2031 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5029685">DTXSID5029685</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83320#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/HNO3/c2-1(3)4/h(H,2,3,4)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/HNO3/c2-1(3)4/h(H,2,3,4)</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYAO</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[N+](=O)(O)[O-]</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">ON(=O)=O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001630120000000000♠"></span>63.012</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colorless liquid<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>Acrid, suffocating<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.51 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 1.41 g/cm<sup>3</sup> [68% w/w] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>−42 °C (−44 °F; 231 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>83 °C (181 °F; 356 K) 68% solution boils at 121 °C (250 °F; 394 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>Miscible </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">log <i>P</i></a> </td> <td>−0.13<sup id="cite_ref-chemsrc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemsrc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> </td> <td>48 mmHg (20 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) </td> <td>−1.4<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">Conjugate base</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="3004801000000000000♠"></span>−1.99<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div> </td> <td>1.397 (16.5 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></div> </td> <td>2.17 ± 0.02 D </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar<br />entropy</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>S</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>146 J/(mol·K)<sup id="cite_ref-b1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−207 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-b1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS03: Oxidizing"><img alt="GHS03: Oxidizing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H272: May intensify fire: oxidizer">H272</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H290: May be corrosive to metals">H290</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H331: Toxic if inhaled">H331</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P210: Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.">P210</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P220: Keep/Store away from clothing/.../combustible materials.">P220</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P303+P361+P353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower].">P303+P361+P353</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340+P310: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P304+P340+P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_837f8871c7b8cc3f" /></span><map name="ImageMap_837f8871c7b8cc3f"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" title="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704"><span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors" title="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate">OX</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>Non-flammable </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LC<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LC50" title="Lethal dose">median concentration</a>)</div> </td> <td>138 ppm (rat, 30 min)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />ST 4 ppm (10 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>25 ppm<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0183.htm">ICSC 0183</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">anions</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">Nitrous acid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">cations</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">Ammonium nitrate</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">Dinitrogen trioxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">Nitrogen oxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen monoxide">Nitrogen monoxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=476996354&page2=Nitric+acid">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Nitric acid</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a> with the formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. It is a highly <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acid" title="Mineral acid">mineral acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G&E_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&E-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compound is colorless, but samples tend to acquire a yellow cast over time due to decomposition into <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">oxides of nitrogen</a>. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, it is referred to as <i>fuming nitric acid</i>. Depending on the amount of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as <a href="/wiki/Red_fuming_nitric_acid" title="Red fuming nitric acid">red fuming nitric acid</a> at concentrations above 86%, or <b>white fuming nitric acid</b> at concentrations above 95%. </p><p>Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for <a href="/wiki/Nitration" title="Nitration">nitration</a> – the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Nitro_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitro group">nitro group</a>, typically to an <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecule</a>. While some resulting <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitro compounds</a> are shock- and thermally-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>, a few are stable enough to be used in munitions and demolition, while others are still more stable and used as synthetic dyes and medicines (e.g <a href="/wiki/Metronidazole" title="Metronidazole">metronidazole</a>). Nitric acid is also commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">strong oxidizing agent</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_alchemy">Medieval alchemy</h3></div> <p>The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral acids">mineral acids</a> such as nitric acid is generally believed to go back to 13th-century European <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conventional view is that nitric acid was first described in <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a>'s <i>De inventione veritatis</i> ("On the Discovery of Truth", after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, according to <a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Eric John Holmyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan</a>, the nitric acid also occurs in various earlier <a href="/wiki/Islamicate_alchemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamicate alchemy">Arabic works</a> such as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣundūq al-ḥikma</i></span> ("Chest of Wisdom") attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a> (8th century) or the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Taʿwīdh al-Ḥākim</i></span> attributed to the Fatimid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a> (985–1021).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The recipe in the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣundūq al-ḥikma</i></span> attributed to Jabir has been translated as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Take five parts of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">pure flowers of nitre</a>, three parts of <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">Cyprus vitriol</a> and two parts of Yemen <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>. Powder them well, separately, until they are like dust and then place them in a flask. Plug the latter with a palm fibre and attach a glass receiver to it. Then invert the apparatus and heat the upper portion (i.e. the flask containing the mixture) with a gentle fire. There will flow down by reason of the heat an oil like cow's butter.</p></blockquote> <p>Nitric acid is also found in post-1300 works <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">falsely attributed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Albert_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert the Great">Albert the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a> (both 13th century). These works describe the distillation of a mixture containing niter and <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">green vitriol</a>, which they call "eau forte" (aqua fortis).<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica19112_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica19112-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a> devised a process to obtain nitric acid by distilling potassium nitrate with sulfuric acid. In 1776 <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> cited <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>'s work to point out that it can be converted from nitric oxide (which he calls "nitrous air"), "combined with an approximately equal volume of the purest part of common air, and with a considerable quantity of water."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1785 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> determined its precise composition and showed that it could be synthesized by passing a stream of <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric sparks</a> through moist <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica19112_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica19112-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1806, <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> reported the results of extensive distilled water electrolysis experiments concluding that nitric acid was produced at the anode from dissolved atmospheric nitrogen gas. He used a high voltage battery and non-reactive electrodes and vessels such as gold electrode cones that doubled as vessels bridged by damp asbestos.<sup id="cite_ref-Davy1839_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy1839-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industrial production of nitric acid from atmospheric air began in 1905 with the <a href="/wiki/Birkeland%E2%80%93Eyde_process" title="Birkeland–Eyde process">Birkeland–Eyde process</a>, also known as the arc process.<sup id="cite_ref-Mell1918_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mell1918-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is based upon the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen by atmospheric oxygen to nitric oxide with a very high temperature electric arc. Yields of up to approximately 4–5% nitric oxide were obtained at 3000 °C, and less at lower temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Mell1918_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mell1918-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geof1915_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geof1915-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nitric oxide was cooled and oxidized by the remaining atmospheric oxygen to nitrogen dioxide, and this was subsequently absorbed in water in a series of <a href="/wiki/Packed_bed#Packed_column" title="Packed bed">packed column</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plate_column" title="Plate column">plate column</a> absorption towers to produce dilute nitric acid. The first towers bubbled the nitrogen dioxide through water and non-reactive quartz fragments. About 20% of the produced oxides of nitrogen remained unreacted so the final towers contained an alkali solution to neutralize the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox1914_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox1914-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was very energy intensive and was rapidly displaced by the Ostwald process once cheap ammonia became available. </p><p>Another early production method was invented by French engineer Albert Nodon around 1913. His method produced nitric acid from electrolysis of calcium nitrate converted by bacteria from nitrogenous matter in peat bogs. An earthenware pot surrounded by limestone was sunk into the peat and staked with tarred lumber to make a compartment for the carbon anode around which the nitric acid is formed. Nitric acid was pumped out from an earthenware<sup id="cite_ref-Dary1913_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dary1913-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pipe that was sunk down to the bottom of the pot. Fresh water was pumped into the top through another earthenware pipe to replace the fluid removed. The interior was filled with <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>. Cast iron cathodes were sunk into the peat surrounding it. Resistance was about 3 ohms per cubic meter and the power supplied was around 10 volts. Production from one deposit was 800 tons per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Dary1913_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dary1913-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hale1919_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale1919-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> for the efficient production of ammonia was introduced in 1913, nitric acid production from ammonia using the <a href="/wiki/Ostwald_process" title="Ostwald process">Ostwald process</a> overtook production from the Birkeland–Eyde process. This method of production is still in use today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_and_chemical_properties">Physical and chemical properties</h2></div> <p>Commercially available nitric acid is an <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a> with water at a concentration of 68% <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. This solution has a boiling temperature of 120.5 °C (249 °F) at 1 atm. It is known as "concentrated nitric acid". The azeotrope of nitric acid and water is a colourless liquid at room temperature. </p><p>Two solid hydrates are known: the monohydrate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O</span> or oxonium nitrate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>[NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> and the trihydrate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O</span>. </p><p>An older density scale is occasionally seen, with concentrated nitric acid specified as 42 <a href="/wiki/Baum%C3%A9_scale" title="Baumé scale">Baumé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contamination_with_nitrogen_dioxide">Contamination with nitrogen dioxide</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg/256px-Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg/384px-Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg/512px-Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Fuming nitric acid contaminated with yellow nitrogen dioxide</figcaption></figure> <p>Nitric acid is subject to <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">thermal</a> or light decomposition and for this reason it was often stored in brown glass bottles: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">4 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + 4 NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction may give rise to some non-negligible variations in the vapor pressure above the liquid because the nitrogen oxides produced dissolve partly or completely in the acid. </p><p>The nitrogen dioxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) and/or dinitrogen tetroxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) remains dissolved in the nitric acid coloring it yellow or even red at higher temperatures. While the pure acid tends to give off white fumes when exposed to air, acid with dissolved nitrogen dioxide gives off reddish-brown vapors, leading to the common names "red fuming nitric acid" and "white fuming nitric acid". Nitrogen oxides (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></span>) are soluble in nitric acid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuming_nitric_acid">Fuming nitric acid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_fuming_nitric_acid" title="Red fuming nitric acid">Red fuming nitric acid</a></div> <p>Commercial-grade fuming nitric acid contains 98% <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> and has a density of 1.50 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. This grade is often used in the explosives industry. It is not as volatile nor as corrosive as the anhydrous acid and has the approximate concentration of 21.4 M. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_fuming_nitric_acid" title="Red fuming nitric acid">Red fuming nitric acid</a>, or RFNA, contains substantial quantities of dissolved nitrogen dioxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) leaving the solution with a reddish-brown color. Due to the dissolved nitrogen dioxide, the density of red fuming nitric acid is lower at 1.490 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. </p><p>An <i>inhibited</i> fuming nitric acid, either white inhibited fuming nitric acid (IWFNA), or red inhibited fuming nitric acid (IRFNA), can be made by the addition of 0.6 to 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a> (HF). This fluoride is added for <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion resistance">corrosion resistance</a> in metal tanks. The fluoride creates a metal fluoride layer that protects the metal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anhydrous_nitric_acid">Anhydrous nitric acid</h3></div> <p>White fuming nitric acid, pure nitric acid or WFNA, is very close to anhydrous nitric acid. It is available as 99.9% nitric acid by assay, or about 24 <a href="/wiki/Molarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Molarity">molar</a>. One specification for white fuming nitric acid is that it has a maximum of 2% water and a maximum of 0.5% dissolved <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">Anhydrous</a> nitric acid is a colorless, low-<a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> (mobile) liquid with a density of 1.512–3 g/cm<sup>3</sup> that solidifies at −42 °C (−44 °F) to form white crystals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Its dynamic viscosity under standard conditions is 0.76 cP.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it decomposes to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> and water, it obtains a yellow tint. It boils at 83 °C (181 °F). It is usually stored in a glass shatterproof amber bottle with twice the volume of head space to allow for pressure build up, but even with those precautions the bottle must be vented monthly to release pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_bonding">Structure and bonding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png/256px-Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png/384px-Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png/512px-Nitric-acid-resonance-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Two major resonance representations of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The two terminal N–O bonds are nearly equivalent and relatively short, at 1.20 and 1.21 Å.<sup id="cite_ref-CEAF_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEAF-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be explained by theories of <a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">resonance</a>; the two major <a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">canonical forms</a> show some <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bond</a> character in these two bonds, causing them to be shorter than N–O <a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">single bonds</a>. The third N–O bond is elongated because its O atom is bonded to H atom,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a <a href="/wiki/Bond_length" title="Bond length">bond length</a> of 1.41 Å in the gas phase.<sup id="cite_ref-CEAF_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEAF-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The molecule is slightly aplanar (the <a href="/wiki/Nitro_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitro group"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> and NOH planes are tilted away from each other by 2°) and there is <a href="/wiki/Conformational_isomerism" title="Conformational isomerism">restricted rotation</a> about the N–OH single bond.<sup id="cite_ref-G&E_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&E-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid-base_properties">Acid-base properties</h3></div> <p>Nitric acid is normally considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Strong_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong acid">strong acid</a> at ambient temperatures. There is some disagreement over the value of the acid dissociation constant, though the <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub></a> value is usually reported as less than −1. This means that the nitric acid in diluted solution is fully dissociated except in extremely acidic solutions. The p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> value rises to 1 at a temperature of 250 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-scdb_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scdb-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nitric acid can act as a base with respect to an acid such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> ⇌ [NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + [H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + 2 HSO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span>;<span style="padding-left:3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">Equilibrium constant</a>: <i>K</i> ≈ 22</dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nitronium_ion" title="Nitronium ion">nitronium ion</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, is the active reagent in <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_nitration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic nitration">aromatic nitration</a> reactions. Since nitric acid has both acidic and basic properties, it can undergo an autoprotolysis reaction, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water" title="Self-ionization of water">self-ionization of water</a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> ⇌ [NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_with_metals">Reactions with metals</h3></div> <p>Nitric acid reacts with most metals, but the details depend on the concentration of the acid and the nature of the metal. Dilute nitric acid behaves as a typical <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> in its reaction with most metals. <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> liberate <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mg + 2 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_nitrate" title="Magnesium nitrate">Mg(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn + 2 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → <a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_nitrate" title="Manganese(II) nitrate">Mn(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Zn + 2 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → <a href="/wiki/Zinc_nitrate" title="Zinc nitrate">Zn(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Nitric acid can oxidize non-active metals such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. With these non-active or less electropositive metals the products depend on temperature and the acid concentration. For example, copper reacts with dilute nitric acid at ambient temperatures with a 3:8 stoichiometry: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">3 Cu + 8 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → 3 Cu(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 NO + 4 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> produced may react with atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to give <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a>. With more concentrated nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide is produced directly in a reaction with 1:4 stoichiometry: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu + 4 H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + 2 NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span> → Cu<sup>2+</sup> + 2 NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Upon reaction with nitric acid, most metals give the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Nitrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrates">nitrates</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Metalloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloids">metalloids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a> give the <a href="/wiki/Oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxides">oxides</a>; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> are oxidized into <a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_oxide" title="Tin(IV) oxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentoxide" title="Antimony pentoxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sb<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">TiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-InorgChem_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorgChem-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, such as pure <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and platinum-group metals do not react with nitric acid, though pure gold does react with <i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a></i>, a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>. However, some less noble metals (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>, ...) present in some <a href="/wiki/Gold_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold alloy">gold alloys</a> relatively poor in gold such as <a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">colored gold</a> can be easily oxidized and dissolved by nitric acid, leading to colour changes of the gold-alloy surface. Nitric acid is used as a cheap means in <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a> shops to quickly spot low-gold alloys (< 14 <a href="/wiki/Karat_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karat (purity)">karats</a>) and to rapidly assess the gold purity. </p><p>Being a powerful oxidizing agent, nitric acid reacts with many non-metallic compounds, sometimes explosively. Depending on the acid concentration, temperature and the <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> involved, the end products can be variable. Reaction takes place with all metals except the <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metals</a> series and certain <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>. As a general rule, oxidizing reactions occur primarily with the concentrated acid, favoring the formation of nitrogen dioxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>). However, the powerful oxidizing properties of nitric acid are <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamic">thermodynamic</a> in nature, but sometimes its oxidation reactions are rather <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">kinetically</a> non-favored. The presence of small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">nitrous acid</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) greatly increases the rate of reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-InorgChem_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorgChem-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> (Cr), <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (Fe), and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> (Al) readily dissolve in dilute nitric acid, the concentrated acid forms a metal-oxide layer that protects the bulk of the metal from further oxidation. The formation of this protective layer is called <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-InorgChem_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorgChem-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical passivation concentrations range from 20% to 50% by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Metals that are passivated by concentrated nitric acid are <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-InorgChem_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorgChem-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_with_non-metals">Reactions with non-metals</h3></div> <p>Being a powerful <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_acid" title="Oxidizing acid">oxidizing acid</a>, nitric acid reacts with many organic materials, and the reactions may be explosive. The <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> group will typically strip a hydrogen from the organic molecule to form water, and the remaining nitro group takes the hydrogen's place. Nitration of organic compounds with nitric acid is the primary method of synthesis of many common explosives, such as <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">trinitrotoluene</a> (TNT). As very many less stable byproducts are possible, these reactions must be carefully thermally controlled, and the byproducts removed to isolate the desired product. </p><p>Reaction with non-metallic elements, with the exceptions of nitrogen, oxygen, <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> other than iodine, usually oxidizes them to their highest <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation number">oxidation states</a> as acids with the formation of nitrogen dioxide for concentrated acid and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> for dilute acid. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C (graphite) + 4 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 4 NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">3 C (graphite) + 4 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → 3 CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 4 NO + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Concentrated nitric acid oxidizes <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">I<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Octasulfur" title="Octasulfur"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></a> into <a href="/wiki/Iodic_acid" title="Iodic acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-InorgChem_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InorgChem-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it reacts with graphite and amorphous carbon, it does not react with diamond; it can separate diamond from the graphite that it oxidizes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xanthoproteic_test">Xanthoproteic test</h3></div> <p>Nitric acid reacts with <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> to form yellow nitrated products. This reaction is known as the <a href="/wiki/Xanthoproteic_reaction" title="Xanthoproteic reaction">xanthoproteic reaction</a>. This test is carried out by adding concentrated nitric acid to the substance being tested, and then heating the mixture. If proteins that contain <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatic</a> rings are present, the mixture turns yellow. Upon adding a base such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, the color turns orange. These color changes are caused by nitrated aromatic rings in the protein.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xanthoproteic_acid" title="Xanthoproteic acid">Xanthoproteic acid</a> is formed when the acid contacts <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">epithelial cells</a>. Respective local skin color changes are indicative of inadequate safety precautions when handling nitric acid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <p>Industrial nitric acid production uses the <a href="/wiki/Ostwald_process" title="Ostwald process">Ostwald process</a>. The combined Ostwald and <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber processes</a> are extremely efficient, requiring only air and natural gas <a href="/wiki/Feedstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedstock">feedstocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Considine_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Considine-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ostwald process' technical innovation is the proper conditions under which anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> burns to <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> (NO) instead of <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinitrogen">dinitrogen</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Considine_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Considine-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nitric oxide is then oxidized, often with <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric oxygen">atmospheric oxygen</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>): </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 NO + O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 2 NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>The dioxide then disproportionates in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> to nitric acid and the nitric oxide feedstock: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">3 NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O → 2 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + NO</span></dd></dl> <p>The net reaction is maximal oxidation of ammonia: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 2 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Dissolved nitrogen oxides are either stripped (in the case of white fuming nitric acid) or remain in solution to form <a href="/wiki/Red_fuming_nitric_acid" title="Red fuming nitric acid">red fuming nitric acid</a>. </p><p>Commercial grade nitric acid solutions are usually between 52% and 68% nitric acid by mass, the <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">maximum distillable concentration</a>. Further <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">dehydration</a> to 98% can be achieved with concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Considine_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Considine-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiley_Nitric_Acid_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley_Nitric_Acid-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, higher acid concentrations were also produced by dissolving additional nitrogen dioxide in the acid, but the last plant in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> ceased using that process in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiley_Nitric_Acid_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley_Nitric_Acid-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, electrochemical means have been developed to produce anhydrous acid from concentrated nitric acid feedstock.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_synthesis">Laboratory synthesis</h3></div> <p>Laboratory-scale nitric acid syntheses abound. Most take inspiration from the industrial techniques. </p><p>A wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> salts metathesize with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) — for example, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> → HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + NaHSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a> at nitric acid's 83 °C boiling point then separates the solid metal-salt residue.<sup id="cite_ref-Allan_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting acid solution is the 68.5% azeotrope, and can be further concentrated (as in industry) with either <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_nitrate" title="Magnesium nitrate">magnesium nitrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiley_Nitric_Acid_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley_Nitric_Acid-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, thermal decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_nitrate" title="Copper(II) nitrate">copper(II) nitrate</a> gives nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gases; these are then passed through water or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the Ostwald process: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 Cu(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 2 CuO + 4 NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O → HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span><span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span>or<span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 2 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitric_acid_lab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nitric_acid_lab.jpg/300px-Nitric_acid_lab.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nitric_acid_lab.jpg/450px-Nitric_acid_lab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nitric_acid_lab.jpg/600px-Nitric_acid_lab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Nitric acid in a laboratory</figcaption></figure> <p>The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>. Nitric acid is neutralized with ammonia to give <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>. This application consumes 75–80% of the 26 million tonnes produced annually (1987). The other main applications are for the production of explosives, nylon precursors, and specialty organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursor_to_organic_nitrogen_compounds">Precursor to organic nitrogen compounds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nitration" title="Nitration">Nitration</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, industrial and otherwise, the nitro group is a versatile <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional group</a>. A mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids introduces a nitro <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituent</a> onto various <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_compound" title="Aromatic compound">aromatic compounds</a> by <a href="/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution" title="Electrophilic aromatic substitution">electrophilic aromatic substitution</a>. Many explosives, such as <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a>, are prepared this way: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a> + 3 HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a> + 3 <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</a></span></dd></dl> <p>Either concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum absorbs the excess water. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Disulfuric_acid" title="Disulfuric acid">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></a> + <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</a> → 2 <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span></dd></dl> <p>The nitro group can be <a href="/wiki/Reduction_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction reaction">reduced</a> to give an <a href="/wiki/Amine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Amine group">amine group</a>, allowing synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> compounds from various <a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzene" title="Nitrobenzene">nitrobenzenes</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aniline_from_Nitrobenzene.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aniline_from_Nitrobenzene.svg/400px-Aniline_from_Nitrobenzene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aniline_from_Nitrobenzene.svg/600px-Aniline_from_Nitrobenzene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aniline_from_Nitrobenzene.svg/800px-Aniline_from_Nitrobenzene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="138" /></a></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_as_an_oxidant">Use as an oxidant</h3></div> <p>The precursor to <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">adipic acid</a>, is produced on a large scale by oxidation of "KA oil"—a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanone" title="Cyclohexanone">cyclohexanone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanol" title="Cyclohexanol">cyclohexanol</a>—with nitric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocket_propellant">Rocket propellant</h3></div> <p>Nitric acid has been used in various forms as the <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liquid-fueled_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-fueled rocket">liquid-fueled rockets</a>. These forms include red fuming nitric acid, white fuming nitric acid, mixtures with sulfuric acid, and these forms with HF inhibitor.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IRFNA (inhibited <a href="/wiki/Red_fuming_nitric_acid" title="Red fuming nitric acid">red fuming nitric acid</a>) was one of three liquid fuel components for the <a href="/wiki/BOMARC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOMARC">BOMARC</a> missile.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_uses">Niche uses</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metal_processing">Metal processing</h4></div> <p>Nitric acid can be used to convert metals to oxidized forms, such as converting copper metal to <a href="/wiki/Cupric_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupric nitrate">cupric nitrate</a>. It can also be used in combination with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> as <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> to dissolve noble metals such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Chloroauric_acid" title="Chloroauric acid">chloroauric acid</a>). These salts can be used to purify gold and other metals beyond 99.9% purity by processes of <a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)" title="Recrystallization (chemistry)">recrystallization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">selective precipitation</a>. Its ability to dissolve certain metals selectively or be a solvent for many metal salts makes it useful in <a href="/wiki/Gold_parting" title="Gold parting">gold parting</a> processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analytical_reagent">Analytical reagent</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">elemental analysis</a> by <a href="/wiki/ICP-MS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICP-MS">ICP-MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICP-AES" class="mw-redirect" title="ICP-AES">ICP-AES</a>, GFAA, and Flame AA, dilute nitric acid (0.5–5.0%) is used as a matrix compound for determining metal traces in solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrapure trace metal grade acid is required for such determination, because small amounts of metal ions could affect the result of the analysis. </p><p>It is also typically used in the digestion process of turbid water samples, sludge samples, solid samples as well as other types of unique samples which require elemental analysis via <a href="/wiki/ICP-MS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICP-MS">ICP-MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICP-OES" class="mw-redirect" title="ICP-OES">ICP-OES</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICP-AES" class="mw-redirect" title="ICP-AES">ICP-AES</a>, GFAA and flame <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">atomic absorption spectroscopy</a>. Typically these digestions use a 50% solution of the purchased <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> mixed with Type 1 DI Water. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>, nitric acid is used as a chemical doping agent for <a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">organic semiconductors</a>, and in purification processes for raw <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Woodworking">Woodworking</h4></div> <p>In a low concentration (approximately 10%), nitric acid is often used to artificially age <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>. The color produced is a grey-gold very much like very old wax- or oil-finished wood (<a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">wood finishing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etchant_and_cleaning_agent">Etchant and cleaning agent</h4></div> <p>The corrosive effects of nitric acid are exploited for some specialty applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> in printmaking, <a href="/wiki/Pickling_(metal)" title="Pickling (metal)">pickling stainless steel</a> or cleaning silicon wafers in electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A solution of nitric acid, water and alcohol, <a href="/wiki/Nital" title="Nital">nital</a>, is used for etching metals to reveal the microstructure. ISO 14104 is one of the standards detailing this well known procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nitric acid is used either in combination with hydrochloric acid or alone to clean glass cover slips and glass slides for high-end microscopy applications.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to clean glass before silvering when making silver mirrors.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercially available aqueous blends of 5–30% nitric acid and 15–40% <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> are commonly used for cleaning food and dairy equipment primarily to remove precipitated calcium and magnesium compounds (either deposited from the process stream or resulting from the use of hard water during production and cleaning). The phosphoric acid content helps to passivate <a href="/wiki/Iron_alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron alloys">ferrous alloys</a> against corrosion by the dilute nitric acid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nitric acid can be used as a spot test for <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> like <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, giving a variety of colours depending on the alkaloid.<sup id="cite_ref-validation_paper_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-validation_paper-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_fuel_reprocessing">Nuclear fuel reprocessing</h4></div> <p>Nitric acid plays a key role in <a href="/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_reprocessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear fuel reprocessing">nuclear fuel reprocessing</a> methods, where it can dissolve many different <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>. The resulting nitrates are converted to various complexes that can be reacted and extracted selectively in order to separate the metals from each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> <p>Nitric acid is a <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> and a powerful <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a>. The major hazard posed by it is <a href="/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">chemical burns</a>, as it carries out <a href="/wiki/Acid_hydrolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid hydrolysis">acid hydrolysis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a>) and fats (<a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a>), which consequently decomposes <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">living tissue</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flesh" title="Flesh">flesh</a>). Concentrated nitric acid stains <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">human skin</a> yellow due to its reaction with the <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>. These yellow stains turn orange when neutralized.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systemic effects are unlikely, and the substance is not considered a carcinogen or mutagen.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard first-aid treatment for acid spills on the skin is, as for other corrosive agents, irrigation with large quantities of water. Washing is continued for at least 10–15 minutes to cool the tissue surrounding the acid burn and to prevent secondary damage. Contaminated clothing is removed immediately and the underlying skin washed thoroughly. </p><p>Being a strong oxidizing agent, nitric acid can react violently with many compounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_acid_attacks">Use in acid attacks</h3></div> <p>Nitric acid is one of the most common types of acid used in <a href="/wiki/Acid_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid attacks">acid attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He goes on to point out that "nitrous air" is the reverse, or "nitric acid deprived of air and water."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0447.html">"#0447"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230447&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0447.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chemsrc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chemsrc_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/7697-37-2_895647.html">"nitric acid_msds"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=nitric+acid_msds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemsrc.com%2Fen%2Fcas%2F7697-37-2_895647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1973" class="citation cs2">Bell, R. P. (1973), <i>The Proton in Chemistry</i> (2nd ed.), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proton+in+Chemistry&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumdahl,_Steven_S.2009" class="citation book cs1">Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). <i>Chemical Principles 6th Ed</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-94690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-94690-7"><bdi>978-0-618-94690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Principles+6th+Ed.&rft.pages=A22&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-618-94690-7&rft.au=Zumdahl%2C+Steven+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishersci.com/content/dam/fishersci/en_US/documents/programs/education/regulatory-documents/sds/chemicals/chemicals-n/S25860.pdf">"Safety Data Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>fishersci.com</i>. Fisher Scientific International. 23 March 2015. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910202346/https://www.fishersci.com/content/dam/fishersci/en_US/documents/programs/education/regulatory-documents/sds/chemicals/chemicals-n/S25860.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fishersci.com&rft.atitle=Safety+Data+Sheet&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishersci.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Ffishersci%2Fen_US%2Fdocuments%2Fprograms%2Feducation%2Fregulatory-documents%2Fsds%2Fchemicals%2Fchemicals-n%2FS25860.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G&E-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. pp. 465–471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=465-471&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulthauf1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Multhauf" title="Robert P. Multhauf">Multhauf, Robert P.</a> (1966). <i>The Origins of Chemistry</i>. London: Oldbourne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Chemistry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oldbourne&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Multhauf&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 140-141, quote: "But among them we find the rudiments of processes which were finally to lead to the discovery of the mineral acids, sulphuric, hydrochloric and nitric. The mineral acids manifest themselves clearly only about three centuries after <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">al-Razi</a>, in the works of Europeans [...]". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamPing-YüGwei-DjenSivin1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a>; Ping-Yü, Ho; Gwei-Djen, Lu; Sivin, Nathan (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA195"><i>Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part IV, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08573-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08573-1"><bdi>978-0-521-08573-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China.+Volume+5%2C+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology.+Part+IV%2C+Spagyrical+Discovery+and+Invention%3A+Apparatus%2C+Theories+and+Gifts&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08573-1&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Ping-Y%C3%BC%2C+Ho&rft.au=Gwei-Djen%2C+Lu&rft.au=Sivin%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrNDwP0pS8sC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span> p. 195, quote: "It is generally accepted that mineral acids were quite unknown both to the ancients in the West and to the Arabic alchemists." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hassan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2g1qte4iegC&pg=PA59"><i>Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences</i></a>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103831-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103831-0"><bdi>978-92-3-103831-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+Islam%3A+Technology+and+applied+sciences&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103831-0&rft.aulast=Al-Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2g1qte4iegC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span> p. 59, quote: "The text is given here in full because of the prevailing notion that Islamic chemists did not produce mineral acids." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpenkoNorris2002" class="citation journal cs1">Karpenko, Vladimír; Norris, John A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/ojs3/index.php/chemicke-listy/article/view/2266">"Vitriol in the History of Chemistry"</a>. <i>Chemické listy</i>. <b>96</b> (12): 997–1005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemick%C3%A9+listy&rft.atitle=Vitriol+in+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=997-1005&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Karpenko&rft.aufirst=Vladim%C3%ADr&rft.au=Norris%2C+John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemicke-listy.cz%2Fojs3%2Findex.php%2Fchemicke-listy%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span> p. 1002, quote: "[...] dating the discovery of nitric acid is likewise uncertain. It is estimated that this discovery took place after 1300 [...] A passage from the second part of Pseudo-Geber's <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i> [...] was long considered to be the earliest known recipe for sulfuric acid [...]". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Newman" title="William R. Newman">Newman, William R.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hy5sxK7pHGIC&pg=PA98"><i>Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226576961" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226576961"><bdi>978-0226576961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atoms+and+Alchemy%3A+Chymistry+and+the+Experimental+Origins+of+the+Scientific+Revolution&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0226576961&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhy5sxK7pHGIC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span> p. 98, quote: "[...] between the time when the <i>Summa perfectionis</i> was written and the seventeenth century, the mineral acids–sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and the mixture of the latter two, called <i>aqua regia</i>, had been discovered."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarpenkoNorris2002">Karpenko & Norris 2002</a>, p. 1002. As Karpenko & Norris note, the uncertain dating of the pseudo-Geber corpus (which was probably written by more than one author) renders the date of its description of nitric acid equally uncertain. According to <a href="#CITEREFAl-Hassan2001">Al-Hassan 2001</a>, p. 62, recipes for the preparation of nitric acid also occur in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Luminis luminum</i></span>, a Latin treatise usually attributed to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a> (died before 1236) but perhaps translated by him from the Arabic. One of the manuscripts of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Luminis luminum</i></span> mentions that it was translated by Michael Scot; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoureau2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moureau, Sébastien (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/211340">"Min al-kīmiyāʾ ad alchimiam. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>Micrologus</i>. <b>28</b>: 87–141. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2078.1%2F211340">2078.1/211340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micrologus&rft.atitle=Min+al-k%C4%ABmiy%C4%81%CA%BE+ad+alchimiam.+The+Transmission+of+Alchemy+from+the+Arab-Muslim+World+to+the+Latin+West+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=87-141&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2078.1%2F211340&rft.aulast=Moureau&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2078.1%2F211340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span> p. 115 (no. 22). Al-Hassan 2001 mentions <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a> as the work's author, but this is likely a conflation with several other Latin treatises called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Luminis luminum</i></span> that were sometimes attributed to al-Razi; see Moureau 2020, p. 107 (no. 5), p. 114 (no. 20), pp. 114–115 (no. 21).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the claims regarding the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣundūq al-ḥikma</i></span>, see <a href="#CITEREFAl-Hassan2001">Al-Hassan 2001</a>, p. 62; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Holmyard, John Eric</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makersofchemistr029725mbp/page/n79/mode/2up"><i>Makers Of Chemistry</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+Of+Chemistry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=John+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakersofchemistr029725mbp%2Fpage%2Fn79%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span> p. 60. For the claim regarding the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Taʿwīdh al-Ḥākim</i></span>, see <a href="#CITEREFAl-Hassan2001">Al-Hassan 2001</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=440FAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Take+five+parts+of+pure+flowers+of+nitre%22"><i>Discovery: A Monthly Popular Journal of Knowledge</i></a>. John Murray. 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery%3A+A+Monthly+Popular+Journal+of+Knowledge&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D440FAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Take%2Bfive%2Bparts%2Bof%2Bpure%2Bflowers%2Bof%2Bnitre%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤasanHill1986" class="citation book cs1">Ḥasan, Aḥmad Yūsuf; Hill, Donald Routledge (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=it2E29EkCkUC&q=%22Take+five+parts+of+pure+flowers+of+nitre%22"><i>Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102294-4"><bdi>978-92-3-102294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Technology%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102294-4&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%A4asan&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad+Y%C5%ABsuf&rft.au=Hill%2C+Donald+Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dit2E29EkCkUC%26q%3D%2522Take%2Bfive%2Bparts%2Bof%2Bpure%2Bflowers%2Bof%2Bnitre%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica19112-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica19112_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica19112_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nitric Acid"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nitric_Acid">"Nitric Acid" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 711–712.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nitric+Acid&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=711-712&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1830" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomson, Thomas</a> (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofchemist01unse"><i>The history of chemistry</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale University. London, H. Colburn, and R. Bentley. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+chemistry&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=London%2C+H.+Colburn%2C+and+R.+Bentley&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchemist01unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2008" class="citation book cs1">Katz, David A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chymist.com/History%20Alchemy.pdf"><i>An Illustrated History of Alchemy and Early Chemistry</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+History+of+Alchemy+and+Early+Chemistry&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chymist.com%2FHistory%2520Alchemy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Gillispie, Charles Coulston</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char"><i>The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 223–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"><bdi>0-691-02350-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Objectivity%3A+An+Essay+in+the+History+of+Scientific+Ideas&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=223-24&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-691-02350-6&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgeofobjectivit00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy1839-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davy1839_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1839" class="citation book cs1">Davy, John, ed. (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedworks05davy">"On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity"</a>. <i>The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy</i>. Vol. 5. pp. 1–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Some+Chemical+Agencies+of+Electricity&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Sir+Humphry+Davy&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedworks05davy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mell1918-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mell1918_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mell1918_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor,_J._W.1918" class="citation book cs1">Mellor, J. W. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924055328623"><i>Modern Inorganic Chemistry</i></a>. Longmans, Green and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924055328623/page/n532">509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Mellor%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924055328623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geof1915-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geof1915_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_GeoffreyBarbour,_William1915" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Geoffrey; Barbour, William (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IndustrialNitrogenCompoundsAndExplosives"><i>Industrial Nitrogen Compounds and Explosives</i></a>. Crosby Lockwood and Son. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IndustrialNitrogenCompoundsAndExplosives/page/n24">21</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Nitrogen+Compounds+and+Explosives&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Crosby+Lockwood+and+Son&rft.date=1915&rft.au=Martin%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Barbour%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIndustrialNitrogenCompoundsAndExplosives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox1914-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knox1914_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1914" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Joseph (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fixationatmosph00knoxgoog"><i>The Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen</i></a>. D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fixationatmosph00knoxgoog/page/n56">45</a>–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fixation+of+Atmospheric+Nitrogen&rft.pages=45-50&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffixationatmosph00knoxgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dary1913-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dary1913_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dary1913_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDary,_G.1913" class="citation journal cs1">Dary, G. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricalreview73lond">"The Production of Nitrates by the Direct Electrolysis of Peat Deposits"</a>. <i>London Electrical Review</i>. <b>73</b>: 1020–1021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Electrical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Production+of+Nitrates+by+the+Direct+Electrolysis+of+Peat+Deposits&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=1020-1021&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Dary%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectricalreview73lond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale1919-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hale1919_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1919" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Arthur (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manufacturechem00halegoog"><i>The Manufacture of Chemicals by Electrolysis</i></a>. D. Van Nostrand Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manufacturechem00halegoog/page/n46">30</a>–32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manufacture+of+Chemicals+by+Electrolysis&rft.pages=30-32&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Co.&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanufacturechem00halegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1992" class="citation book cs1">Dean, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langeshandbookof00lang_0/page/2"><i>Lange's Handbook of Chemistry</i></a> (14 ed.). <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langeshandbookof00lang_0/page/2">2.79–2.80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016194-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016194-8"><bdi>978-0-07-016194-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lange%27s+Handbook+of+Chemistry&rft.pages=2.79-2.80&rft.edition=14&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-07-016194-8&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flangeshandbookof00lang_0%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram Research, Inc., Wolfram|Alpha Knowledgebase, Champaign, IL (2022) — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=nitric+acid+viscosity">via Wolfram|Alpha</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEAF-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEAF_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEAF_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxEllisAttfieldFerris1994" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, A. 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href="http://www.aim.env.uea.ac.uk/aim/surftens/surftens.php">surface tensions</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aim.env.uea.ac.uk/aim/density/density_electrolyte.php">densities, molarities and molalities</a> of aqueous nitric acid</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Template:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Template talk:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrogen_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_compounds" title="Hydrogen compounds">Hydrogen compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenous_acid" title="Arsenous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>AsO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_acid" title="Arsenic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>AsO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohydride" title="Argon fluorohydride">HArF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_astatide" title="Hydrogen astatide">HAt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorosulfuric_acid" title="Fluorosulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>F</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroboric_acid" title="Fluoroboric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H[BF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypobromous_acid" title="Hypobromous acid">HBrO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromous_acid" title="Bromous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HBrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromic_acid" title="Bromic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HBrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perbromic_acid" title="Perbromic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HBrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">HClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorous_acid" title="Chlorous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloric_acid" title="Chloric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">HCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">HCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>/<span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocarbonic_acid" title="Thiocarbonic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CS<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypofluorous_acid" title="Hypofluorous acid">HFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoiodous_acid" title="Hypoiodous acid">HIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodous_acid" title="Iodous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodic_acid" title="Iodic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid" title="Periodic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanganic_acid" title="Permanganic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HMnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>MnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdic_acid" title="Molybdic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>MoO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">HNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaHCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">HNCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">HNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosylsulfuric_acid" title="Nitrosylsulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>S</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfamic_acid" title="Sulfamic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>NSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxidane" title="Tetraoxidane"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxidane" title="Pentaoxidane"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphorous_acid" title="Hypophosphorous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphoric_acid" title="Pyrophosphoric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphosphoric_acid" title="Triphosphoric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplatinic_acid" title="Chloroplatinic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[PtCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Se</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenous_acid" title="Selenous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenic_acid" title="Selenic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicic_acid" title="Silicic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid" title="Hexafluorosilicic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[SiF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">HSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Isothiocyanic acid">HNCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxymonosulfuric_acid" title="Peroxymonosulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiosulfuric_acid" title="Thiosulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_oxide" title="Trihydrogen oxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dithionic_acid" title="Dithionic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfuric_acid" title="Disulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxydisulfuric_acid" title="Peroxydisulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflic_acid" title="Triflic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">CF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>H</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Te</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurous_acid" title="Tellurous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>TeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluric_acid" title="Telluric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>TeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_acid" title="Titanic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>TiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Po</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_tetracarbonyl_hydride" title="Cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">H[Co(CO)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nitrogen_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Template:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Template talk:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nitrogen_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">NH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_amides#Alkali_metal_amides" title="Metal amides"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">N<sup>3−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">NH<sub>2</sub>OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">HN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentahydride" title="Nitrogen pentahydride"><i>NH<sub>5</sub></i></a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">NR<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imine" title="Imine">>C=NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">−CONR<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">−CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">HCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">CN<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">(CN)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">H<sub>2</sub>NCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">HOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanate" title="Isocyanate">HNCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">HNCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazomethane" title="Diazomethane">CH<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroso" title="Nitroso">−NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">−NO<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">Oxides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide" title="Dinitrogen dioxide">(NO)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">HNO<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrosonium" title="Nitrosonium">NO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HNO<sub>3</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitronium"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>2</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_radical" title="Nitrate radical">NO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">HNO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid">(HON)<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrite" title="Hyponitrite"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitramide" title="Nitramide">H<sub>2</sub>NNO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrous_acid" title="Peroxynitrous acid">HO<sub>2</sub>NO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrite" title="Peroxynitrite">ONOO<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxynitric_acid" title="Peroxynitric acid">HO<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrate" title="Peroxynitrate">O<sub>2</sub>NOO<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonitrate" title="Orthonitrate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxylic_acid" title="Nitroxylic acid">H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Angeli%27s_salt" title="Angeli's salt"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monofluoride" title="Nitrogen monofluoride">NF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_difluoride" title="Nitrogen difluoride">NF<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride">NF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentafluoride" title="Nitrogen pentafluoride"><i>NF<sub>5</sub></i></a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">NCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide">NBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">NI<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_azide" title="Fluorine azide">FN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_azide" title="Chlorine azide">ClN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_azide" title="Bromine azide">BrN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_azide" title="Iodine azide">IN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroamine" title="Fluoroamine">NH<sub>2</sub>F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_difluoride" title="Dinitrogen difluoride">N<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">NH<sub>2</sub>Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Difluoramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difluoramine (page does not exist)">NHF<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloramine" title="Dichloramine">NHCl<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibromamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibromamine (page does not exist)">NHBr<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diiodoamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diiodoamine (page does not exist)">NHI<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="font-size:112%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">−3</a></b></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">−2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">−1</a>, 0, <a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">+1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">+2</a>, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">+3</a></b></span>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">+4</a>, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">+5</a></b></span> (a strongly <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> oxide)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_nitrate_ion" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nitrates" title="Template:Nitrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nitrates" title="Template talk:Nitrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_nitrate_ion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Salts and covalent derivatives of the <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> ion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HNO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_nitrate" title="Lithium nitrate">LiNO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_nitrate" title="Beryllium nitrate">Be(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetranitratoborate" title="Tetranitratoborate">B(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_ester" title="Nitrate ester">RONO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_nitrate" title="Carbonate nitrate">+CO<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oxalate_nitrate" title="Oxalate nitrate">+C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peroxynitric_acid" title="Peroxynitric acid">HOONO<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_nitrate" title="Fluorine nitrate">FNO<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fluoride_nitrate" title="Fluoride nitrate">+F</a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">NaNO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_nitrate" title="Magnesium nitrate">Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_nitrate" title="Aluminium nitrate">Al(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetranitratoaluminate" title="Tetranitratoaluminate">Al(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>Si </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_nitrates" title="Sulfate nitrates">+SO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_nitrate" title="Chlorine nitrate">ClONO<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_chlorides" title="Nitrate chlorides">+Cl</a> </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">KNO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitrate" title="Calcium nitrate">Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium_nitrate" title="Scandium nitrate">Sc(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_nitrate" title="Titanium(IV) nitrate">Ti(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_nitrate" title="Vanadyl nitrate">VO(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_nitrate" title="Chromium(III) nitrate">Cr(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_nitrate" title="Manganese(II) nitrate">Mn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_nitrate" title="Iron(II) nitrate">Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_nitrate" title="Iron(III) nitrate">Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_nitrate" title="Cobalt(II) nitrate">Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_nitrate" title="Cobalt(III) nitrate">Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_nitrate" title="Nickel(II) nitrate">Ni(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_nitrate" title="Copper(I) nitrate">CuNO<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_nitrate" title="Copper(II) nitrate">Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_nitrate" title="Zinc nitrate">Zn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitrate" title="Gallium nitrate">Ga(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Ge </td> <td>As </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_selenite" title="Nitrate selenite">+SeO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine_nitrate" title="Bromine nitrate">BrNO<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrate_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrate bromide (page does not exist)">+Br</a> </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_nitrate" title="Rubidium nitrate">RbNO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_nitrate" title="Strontium nitrate">Sr(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_nitrate" title="Yttrium(III) nitrate">Y(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_nitrate" title="Zirconium nitrate">Zr(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_oxynitrate" title="Niobium(V) oxynitrate">NbO(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(VI)_dioxynitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(VI) dioxynitrate (page does not exist)">MoO<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_nitrate" title="Rhodium(III) nitrate">Rh(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_nitrate" title="Palladium(II) nitrate">Pd(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">AgNO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_nitrate" title="Cadmium nitrate">Cd(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_nitrate" title="Indium(III) nitrate">In(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_nitrate" title="Tin(IV) nitrate">Sn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony(III)_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony(III) nitrate">Sb<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Te </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine_nitrate" title="Iodine nitrate">INO<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iodate_nitrate" title="Iodate nitrate">+IO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon_nitrate" title="Xenon nitrate">Xe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_nitrate" title="Caesium nitrate">CsNO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_nitrate" title="Barium nitrate">Ba(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_nitrate" title="Lutetium(III) nitrate">Lu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium_nitrate" title="Hafnium nitrate">Hf(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum(V)_oxynitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum(V) oxynitrate (page does not exist)">TaO(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(VI)_dioxynitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(VI) dioxynitrate (page does not exist)">WO<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_trioxynitrate" title="Rhenium trioxynitrate">ReO<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Os </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triiridium_decanitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triiridium decanitrate (page does not exist)">Ir<sub>3</sub>O(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>10</sub></a> </td> <td>Pt </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitratoauric_acid" title="Nitratoauric acid">Au(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_nitrate" title="Mercury(I) nitrate">Hg<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_nitrate" title="Mercury(II) nitrate">Hg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_nitrate" title="Thallium(I) nitrate">TlNO<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thallium(III)_nitrate" title="Thallium(III) nitrate">Tl(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_nitrate" title="Lead(II) nitrate">Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_nitrate" title="Bismuth(III) nitrate">Bi(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxynitrate" title="Bismuth oxynitrate">BiO(NO<sub>3</sub>)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium_tetranitrate" title="Polonium tetranitrate">Po(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francium_nitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francium nitrate (page does not exist)">FrNO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium_nitrate" title="Radium nitrate">Ra(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum(III)_nitrate" title="Lanthanum(III) nitrate">La(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium nitrate">Ce(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium nitrate">Ce(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_nitrate" title="Praseodymium(III) nitrate">Pr(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium_nitrate" title="Neodymium nitrate">Nd(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_nitrate" title="Promethium(III) nitrate">Pm(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_nitrate" title="Samarium(III) nitrate">Sm(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_nitrate" title="Europium(III) nitrate">Eu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_nitrate" title="Gadolinium(III) nitrate">Gd(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III)_nitrate" title="Terbium(III) nitrate">Tb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_nitrate" title="Dysprosium(III) nitrate">Dy(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_nitrate" title="Holmium(III) nitrate">Ho(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_nitrate" title="Erbium(III) nitrate">Er(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_nitrate" title="Thulium(III) nitrate">Tm(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_nitrate" title="Ytterbium(III) nitrate">Yb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_nitrate" title="Actinium(III) nitrate">Ac(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_nitrate" title="Thorium(IV) nitrate">Th(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinyl_nitrate" title="Protactinyl nitrate">PaO(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_nitrate" title="Uranyl nitrate">UO<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(IV)_nitrate" title="Neptunium(IV) nitrate">Np(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_nitrate" title="Plutonium(IV) nitrate">Pu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_nitrate" title="Americium(III) nitrate">Am(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_nitrate" title="Curium(III) nitrate">Cm(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_nitrate" title="Berkelium(III) nitrate">Bk(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_nitrate" title="Californium(III) nitrate">Cf(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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10.77% 179.470 1 Template:Hydrogen_compounds"," 10.00% 166.754 28 Template:Trim"," 9.05% 150.836 26 Template:Cite_book"," 8.80% 146.695 6 Template:Chembox_headerbar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.897","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29286955,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAl-Hassan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllanMarshallFrancisOswald2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatherine_E._HousecroftAlan_G._Sharpe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsidine,_Douglas_M.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxEllisAttfieldFerris1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxRiveros1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDary,_G.1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavy1839\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDong2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatonGreenbergRiceClesceri2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischerJacobsonRoseZeller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoist\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillispie1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrarQuongRigdonMcGuire2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmyard1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewitt1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpenkoNorris2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnowles2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuzzati1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin,_GeoffreyBarbour,_William1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellor,_J._W.1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoureau2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulthauf1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedhamPing-YüGwei-DjenSivin1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’NealCrouchFatah2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1830\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZumdahl,_Steven_S.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŌsawa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFḤasanHill1986\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cascite\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 54,\n [\"Chembox\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Hazards\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Identifiers\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Properties\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Related\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Thermochemistry\"] = 1,\n [\"Chemspidercite\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ISO standard\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite patent\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Nitric acid\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Ebicite\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Fdacite\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS03\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS05\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS06\"] = 1,\n [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw2nd\"] = 1,\n [\"H-phrases\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Hydrogen compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"Keggcite\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nitrates\"] = 1,\n [\"Nitrogen compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"P-phrases\"] = 1,\n [\"PGCH\"] = 1,\n [\"Pad\"] = 3,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Stdinchicite\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 5,\n [\"US Patent\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Ullmann\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-9bmzl","timestamp":"20241127201933","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nitric acid","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitric_acid","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83320","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83320","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-22T17:19:40Z","dateModified":"2024-10-18T06:52:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/White_Fuming_Nitric_Acid.png","headline":"strong, oxidising mineral acid"}</script> </body> </html>