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id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Chemical compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Extraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Industrial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Permanent_magnets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_magnets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Permanent magnets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_magnets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Chemical applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Niche uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_substitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_substitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Gold substitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_substitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanowires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanowires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Nanowires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanowires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusion_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusion_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Fusion power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusion_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_archaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_archaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 In archaea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_archaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Health factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tungsten</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" > 146 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ተንግስተን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተንግስተን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="टंगस्टन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टंगस्टन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تنجستن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنجستن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteno" title="Tungsteno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tungsteno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%83%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Վոլփրամ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վոլփրամ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframu" title="Wolframu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Wolframu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframiu" title="Volframiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Volframiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%A9n" title="Tungstén – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tungstén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="টাংস্টেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টাংস্টেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вальфрам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вальфрам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вальфрам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вальфрам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="टंगस्टन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टंगस्टन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolpramyo" title="Wolpramyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Wolpramyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Волфрам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཊང་སི་ཊན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཊང་སི་ཊན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_(tungsten)" title="Wolfram (tungsten) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wolfram (tungsten)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8" title="Tungstè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tungstè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframyo" title="Wolframyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Wolframyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenu" title="Tungstenu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tungstenu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twngsten" title="Twngsten – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twngsten" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تونݣستين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تونݣستين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βολφράμιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βολφράμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframio" title="Wolframio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wolframio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframo" title="Volframo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Volframo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تنگستن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنگستن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8ne" title="Tungstène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tungstène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstan" title="Tungstan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tungstan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstan" title="Tungstan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tungstan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Volframio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%A8" title="ટંગસ્ટન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટંગસ્ટન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%85%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%90" title="텅스텐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텅스텐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Վոլֆրամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոլֆրամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="टंगस्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टंगस्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframo" title="Wolframo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wolframo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmZithowe" title="UmZithowe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmZithowe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteno" title="Tungsteno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tungsteno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="טונגסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונגסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94%C5%8Bk%C9%A9s%C9%A9t%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟಂಗ್‌ಸ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಂಗ್‌ಸ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვოლფრამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოლფრამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongsten" title="Tongsten – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tongsten" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframi" title="Wolframi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wolframi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wungel" title="Wungel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Wungel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframium" title="Wolframium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Wolframium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframs" title="Volframs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Volframs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframas" title="Volframas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Volframas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wolfraam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%27framu" title="Vol'framu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vol'framu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jarjinme" title="jarjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jarjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteno" title="Tungsteno – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tungsteno" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfr%C3%A1m" title="Volfrám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Volfrám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волфрам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongstena" title="Tongstena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tongstena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BA" title="ടങ്സ്റ്റൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടങ്സ്റ്റൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="टंगस्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टंगस्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تنجستن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تنجستن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AC_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Ŭ (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭ (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вольфрама – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вольфрама" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="တန်စတင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တန်စတင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wolfraam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टंग्स्टेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टंग्स्टेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3" title="タングステン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タングステン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wolfraam" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8n" title="Tungstèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tungstèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8" title="ଟଙ୍ଗ୍‌ଷ୍ଟନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟଙ୍ଗ୍‌ଷ୍ଟନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟੰਗਸਟੰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੰਗਸਟੰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टंग्स्टेन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टंग्स्टेन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ٹنگسٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹنگسٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%86" title="ټونگسټن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټونگسټن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongsten" title="Tongsten – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tongsten" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%AAnio" title="Tungstênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tungstênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulpharamyu" title="Wulpharamyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wulpharamyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टंग्स्टेन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टंग्स्टेन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenu" title="Tungstenu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tungstenu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteni" title="Tungsteni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tungsteni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenu" title="Tungstenu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tungstenu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfr%C3%A1m" title="Volfrám – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Volfrám" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تەنگستن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەنگستن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Волфрам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframi" title="Volframi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Volframi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olframyo" title="Olframyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Olframyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தங்குதன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தங்குதன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="టంగ్‌స్టన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టంగ్‌స్టన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99" title="ทังสเตน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทังสเตน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Волфрам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ٹنگسٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹنگسٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ۋولفرام – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋولفرام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%27fram" title="Vol'fram – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vol'fram" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%A2" title="鎢 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鎢" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteno" title="Tungsteno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tungsteno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="וואלפראם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלפראם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframu" title="Wolframu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wolframu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%A2" title="鎢 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鎢" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tungsten (disambiguation)">Tungsten (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 74 (W)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Tungsten, 74W</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2988" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Tungsten</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtʌŋstən/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TUNG-stən</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data">Wolfram, pronounced: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈwʊlfrəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">WUUL-frəm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α-tungsten (common), β-tungsten</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Grayish white, lustrous</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(W)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>183.84±0.01<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>183.84±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Tungsten in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td 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title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> ↑ W ↓ <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> ← tungsten → <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">74</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">group 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d4 6s2<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3695 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (3422 °C, 6192 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6203 K (5930 °C, 10706 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">19.254 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">17.6 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">52.31 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC90-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tolias-6">[6]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">774 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.27 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>3477 </td> <td>3773 </td> <td>4137 </td> <td>4579 </td> <td>5127 </td> <td>5823 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +4, +6 −4,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a> 0,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.36 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 770 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1700 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 139 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">162±7 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of tungsten</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for tungsten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 316.52 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.42×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">173 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">52.8 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+59.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">411 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">161 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">310 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">4620 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) (annealed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.28 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3430–4600 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2000–4000 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-33-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Elhuyar" title="Juan José Elhuyar">Juan José Elhuyar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Elhuyar" title="Fausto Elhuyar">Fausto Elhuyar</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (1783)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Torbern_Bergman" title="Torbern Bergman">Torbern Bergman</a> (1781)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"W": from Wolfram, originally from <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a><a href="#cite_note-sweetums-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tungsten" title="Isotopes of tungsten">Isotopes of tungsten</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_tungsten_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox tungsten isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_tungsten_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox tungsten isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">180W </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.120% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.8×1018 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium-176" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium-176">176Hf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">181W </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">121.2 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum-181" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum-181">181Ta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">182W </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">26.5% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">183W </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.3% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">184W </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">30.6% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">185W </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">75.1 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium-185" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium-185">185Re</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">186W </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">28.4% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">188W </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">69.78 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium-188" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium-188">188Re</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tungsten" title="Category:Tungsten">Category: Tungsten</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_tungsten" title="Template:Infobox tungsten">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_tungsten" title="Template talk:Infobox tungsten">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_tungsten" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox tungsten">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Tungsten (also called wolfram)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> W and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 74. It is a <a href="/wiki/Rare_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare metal">rare metal</a> found naturally on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. It was identified as a distinct element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a> include <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">scheelite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a>, the latter lending the element its alternative name. The <a href="/wiki/Free_element" title="Free element">free element</a> is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of all known elements, melting at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F; 3,695 K). It also has the highest <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, at 5,930 °C (10,706 °F; 6,203 K).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Its density is 19.254 g/cm3,<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a> comparable with that of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-daintith-15">[15]</a> Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hard</a> material (under standard conditions, when uncombined), making it difficult to <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">work into metal</a>. However, pure single-crystalline tungsten is more <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> and can be cut with a hard-steel <a href="/wiki/Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">hacksaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-albert-19">[19]</a> Tungsten occurs in many alloys, which have numerous applications, including incandescent <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a> filaments, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tubes</a>, electrodes in <a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">gas tungsten arc welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">radiation shielding</a>. Tungsten's hardness and high <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> make it suitable for military applications in <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">penetrating projectiles</a>. Tungsten compounds are often used as industrial <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a>. Its largest use is in <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a>, a wear-resistant metal used in <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> About 50% of tungsten is used in tungsten carbide, with the remaining major use being alloys and steels: less than 10% is used other compounds.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> Tungsten is the only metal in the third <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition</a> series that is known to occur in <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a>, being found in a few species of bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>. However, tungsten interferes with <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> metabolism and is somewhat toxic to most forms of animal life.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div> In its raw form, tungsten is a hard steel-grey <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> that is often <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> and hard to <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">work</a>. Purified, monocrystalline tungsten retains its <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> (which exceeds that of many steels), and becomes <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a> enough that it can be worked easily.<a href="#cite_note-albert-19">[19]</a> It is worked by <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">drawing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extruding</a> but it is more commonly formed by <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintering</a>. Of all metals in pure form, tungsten has the highest <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> (3,422 °C, 6,192 °F), lowest <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> (at temperatures above 1,650 °C, 3,000 °F), and the highest <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>.<a href="#cite_note-desu-24">[24]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> remains solid at higher temperatures than tungsten, carbon <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> instead of melting, so it has no melting point. Moreover, tungsten's most stable <a href="/wiki/Crystal_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal phase">crystal phase</a> does not exhibit any high-pressure-induced structural transformations for pressures up to at least 364 gigapascals.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Tungsten has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">coefficient of thermal expansion</a> of any pure metal. The low thermal expansion and high melting point and <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> of tungsten originate from strong <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> formed between tungsten atoms by the 5d electrons.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Alloying small quantities of tungsten with <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> greatly increases its <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-daintith-15">[15]</a> Tungsten exists in two major <a href="/wiki/Crystallinity" title="Crystallinity">crystalline</a> forms: α and β. The former has a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> structure and is the more stable form. The structure of the <a href="/wiki/Beta-tungsten" title="Beta-tungsten">β phase</a> is called <a href="/wiki/A15_phases" title="A15 phases">A15 cubic</a>; it is <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a>, but can coexist with the α phase at ambient conditions owing to non-equilibrium synthesis or stabilization by impurities. Contrary to the α phase which crystallizes in isometric grains, the β form exhibits a columnar <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">habit</a>. The α phase has one third of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistivity">electrical resistivity</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and a much lower <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting transition temperature</a> TC relative to the β phase: ca. 0.015 K vs. 1–4 K; mixing the two phases allows obtaining intermediate TC values.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The TC value can also be raised by <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloying</a> tungsten with another metal (e.g. 7.9 K for W-<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Such tungsten alloys are sometimes used in low-temperature superconducting circuits.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tungsten" title="Isotopes of tungsten">Isotopes of tungsten</a></div> Naturally occurring tungsten consists of four stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> (182W, 183W, 184W, and 186W) and one very long-lived radioisotope, 180W. Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 (<a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Alpha_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha emission">alpha emission</a>, but only 180W has been observed to do so, with a half-life of (1.8±0.2)×1018 years;<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> on average, this yields about two alpha decays of 180W per gram of natural tungsten per year.<a href="#cite_note-isotopes-36">[36]</a> This rate is equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Specific_activity" title="Specific activity">specific activity</a> of roughly 63 micro-<a href="/wiki/Becquerel_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Becquerel (unit)">becquerel</a> per kilogram. This rate of decay is orders of magnitude lower than that observed in carbon or potassium as found on earth, which likewise contain small amounts of long-lived radioactive isotopes. <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> was long thought to be non-radioactive, but 209 Bi (its longest lived isotope) actually decays with a half life of 2.01×1019 years or about a factor 10 slower than 180 W. However, due to naturally occurring bismuth being 100% 209 Bi, its specific activity is actually higher than that of natural tungsten at 3 milli-becquerel per kilogram. The other naturally occurring isotopes of tungsten have not been observed to decay, constraining their half-lives to be at least 4×1021 years. Another 34 artificial <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> of tungsten have been characterized, the most stable of which are 181W with a half-life of 121.2 days, 185W with a half-life of 75.1 days, 188W with a half-life of 69.4 days, 178W with a half-life of 21.6 days, and 187W with a half-life of 23.72 h.<a href="#cite_note-isotopes-36">[36]</a> All of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lives of less than 3 hours, and most of these have half-lives below 8 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-isotopes-36">[36]</a> Tungsten also has 11 <a href="/wiki/Meta_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta state">meta states</a>, with the most stable being 179mW (t1/2 6.4 minutes). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3></div> Tungsten is a mostly non-reactive element: it does not react with water, is immune to attack by most acids and bases, and does not react with oxygen or air at room temperature. At elevated temperatures (i.e., when red-hot) it reacts with oxygen to form the <a href="/wiki/Trioxide" title="Trioxide">trioxide</a> compound tungsten(VI), WO3. It will, however, react directly with fluorine (F2) at room temperature to form <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexafluoride" title="Tungsten hexafluoride">tungsten(VI) fluoride</a> (WF6), a colorless gas. At around 250 °C it will react with chlorine or bromine, and under certain hot conditions will react with iodine. Finely divided tungsten is <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophoric">pyrophoric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-emsley-38">[38]</a> The most common formal <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of tungsten is +6, but it exhibits all oxidation states from −2 to +6.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Tungsten typically combines with oxygen to form the yellow <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trioxide" title="Tungsten trioxide">tungstic oxide</a>, WO3, which dissolves in aqueous alkaline solutions to form tungstate ions, WO2− 4. <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">Tungsten carbides</a> (W2C and WC) are produced by heating powdered tungsten with carbon. W2C is resistant to chemical attack, although it reacts strongly with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexachloride" title="Tungsten hexachloride">tungsten hexachloride</a> (WCl6).<a href="#cite_note-daintith-15">[15]</a> In aqueous solution, tungstate gives the <a href="/wiki/Heteropoly_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteropoly acid">heteropoly acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyoxometalate" title="Polyoxometalate">polyoxometalate</a> <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a> under neutral and acidic conditions. As <a href="/wiki/Tungstate" title="Tungstate">tungstate</a> is progressively treated with acid, it first yields the soluble, <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a> "paratungstate A" <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>, W 7O6− 24, which over time converts to the less soluble "paratungstate B" anion, H 2W 12O10− 42.<a href="#cite_note-SmithBJ-40">[40]</a> Further acidification produces the very soluble metatungstate anion, H 2W 12O6− 40, after which equilibrium is reached. The metatungstate ion exists as a symmetric cluster of twelve tungsten-<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedra</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Keggin_structure" title="Keggin structure">Keggin</a> anion. Many other polyoxometalate anions exist as metastable species. The inclusion of a different atom such as <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> in place of the two central <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogens</a> in metatungstate produces a wide variety of heteropoly acids, such as <a href="/wiki/Phosphotungstic_acid" title="Phosphotungstic acid">phosphotungstic acid</a> H3PW12O40. Tungsten trioxide can form <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(chemistry)" title="Intercalation (chemistry)">intercalation</a> compounds with alkali metals. These are known as bronzes; an example is <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tungsten_bronze" title="Sodium tungsten bronze">sodium tungsten bronze</a>. In gaseous form, tungsten forms the diatomic species W2. These molecules feature a <a href="/wiki/Sextuple_bond" title="Sextuple bond">sextuple bond</a> between tungsten atoms — the highest known bond order among <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">stable</a> atoms.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roos-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> In 1781, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> discovered that a new <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungstic_acid" title="Tungstic acid">tungstic acid</a>, could be made from <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">scheelite</a> (at the time called tungsten).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Scheele and <a href="/wiki/Torbern_Bergman" title="Torbern Bergman">Torbern Bergman</a> suggested that it might be possible to obtain a new metal by reducing this acid.<a href="#cite_note-SaundersN-45">[45]</a> In 1783, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Elhuyar" title="Juan José Elhuyar">José</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Elhuyar" title="Fausto Elhuyar">Fausto Elhuyar</a> found an acid made from <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a> that was identical to tungstic acid. Later that year, at the <a href="/wiki/Real_Sociedad_Bascongada_de_Amigos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País">Royal Basque Society</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Bergara" title="Bergara">Bergara</a>, Spain, the brothers succeeded in isolating tungsten by reduction of this acid with <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, and they are credited with the discovery of the element (they called it "wolfram" or "volfram").<a href="#cite_note-ITIAnews_0605-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITIAnews_1205-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The strategic value of tungsten came to notice in the early 20th century. British authorities acted in 1912 to free the <a href="/wiki/Carrock_Fell" title="Carrock Fell">Carrock mine</a> from the German owned Cumbrian Mining Company and, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, restrict German access elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, tungsten played a more significant role in <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Crisis" title="Wolfram Crisis">background political dealings.</a> Portugal, as the main European source of the element, was <a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II#Wolfram_(Tungsten)" title="Portugal during World War II">put under pressure from both sides</a>, because of its deposits of wolframite ore at <a href="/wiki/Panasqueira" title="Panasqueira">Panasqueira</a>. Tungsten's desirable properties such as resistance to high temperatures, its hardness and density, and its strengthening of alloys made it an important raw material for the arms industry,<a href="#cite_note-portugal-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> both as a constituent of weapons and equipment and employed in production itself, e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a> cutting tools for machining steel. Now tungsten is used in many more applications such as aircraft and motorsport ballast weights, darts, anti-vibration tooling, and sporting equipment. Tungsten is unique amongst the elements in that it has been the subject of patent proceedings. In 1928, a US court rejected <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>'s attempt to patent it, overturning <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1082933">U.S. patent 1,082,933</a> granted in 1913 to <a href="/wiki/William_D._Coolidge" title="William D. Coolidge">William D. Coolidge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> It is suggested that remnants of wolfram have been found in what may have been the garden of the astronomer/alchemist <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The name tungsten (which means 'heavy stone' in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and was the old Swedish name for the mineral <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">scheelite</a> and other minerals of similar density) is used in English, French, and many other languages as the name of the element, but wolfram (or volfram) is used in most European (especially Germanic and Slavic) languages and is derived from the mineral <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a>, which is the origin of the chemical symbol W.<a href="#cite_note-albert-19">[19]</a> The name wolframite is derived from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> wolf rahm ('wolf soot, wolf cream'), the name given to tungsten by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gottschalk_Wallerius" title="Johan Gottschalk Wallerius">Johan Gottschalk Wallerius</a> in 1747. This, in turn, derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> lupi spuma, the name <a href="/wiki/Georg_Agricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Agricola">Georg Agricola</a> used for the mineral in 1546, which translates into English as 'wolf's froth' and is a reference to the large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> consumed by the mineral during its extraction, as though the mineral devoured it like a wolf.<a href="#cite_note-sweetums-11">[11]</a> This naming follows a tradition of colorful names miners from the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a> would give various minerals, out of a superstition that certain ones that looked as if they contained then-known valuable metals but when extracted were somehow "hexed". <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobold</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a> (cf. German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blenden" class="extiw" title="wikt:blenden">blenden</a> for 'to blind, to deceive') and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> (cf. "Old Nick") derive their names from the same miners' idiom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg/220px-Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg/330px-Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg/440px-Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Wolframite mineral, with a scale in cm</figcaption></figure> Tungsten has thus far not been found in nature in its pure form.<a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[58]</a> Instead, tungsten is found mainly in the minerals <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">scheelite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[58]</a> Wolframite is <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>–<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> tungstate <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>(Fe,Mn)WO4, a solid solution of the two minerals <a href="/wiki/Ferberite" title="Ferberite">ferberite</a> (FeWO4) and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCbnerite" title="Hübnerite">hübnerite</a> (MnWO4), while <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">scheelite</a> is <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> tungstate (CaWO4). Other tungsten minerals range in their level of abundance from moderate to very rare, and have almost no economic value. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_compounds">Chemical compounds</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Tungsten_compounds" title="Category:Tungsten compounds">Category:Tungsten compounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JAFYAQ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/JAFYAQ.png/170px-JAFYAQ.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/JAFYAQ.png/255px-JAFYAQ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/JAFYAQ.png/340px-JAFYAQ.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption>Structure of W6Cl18 ("tungsten trichloride")</figcaption></figure> Tungsten forms chemical compounds in oxidation states from -II to VI. Higher oxidation states, always as oxides, are relevant to its terrestrial occurrence and its biological roles, mid-level oxidation states are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Metal_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal cluster">metal clusters</a>, and very low oxidation states are typically associated with <a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">CO complexes</a>. The chemistries of tungsten and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> show strong similarities to each other, as well as contrasts with their lighter congener, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>. The relative rarity of tungsten(III), for example, contrasts with the pervasiveness of the chromium(III) compounds. The highest oxidation state is seen in <a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(VI) oxide">tungsten(VI) oxide</a> (WO3).<a href="#cite_note-Holl-59">[59]</a> Tungsten(VI) oxide is soluble in aqueous <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a>, forming tungstate (WO42−). This <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanion</a> condenses at lower <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> values, forming <a href="/wiki/Polyoxometalate" title="Polyoxometalate">polyoxotungstates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The broad range of <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of tungsten is reflected in its various chlorides:<a href="#cite_note-Holl-59">[59]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(II)_chloride" title="Tungsten(II) chloride">Tungsten(II) chloride</a>, which exists as the hexamer W6Cl12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_chloride" title="Tungsten(III) chloride">Tungsten(III) chloride</a>, which exists as the hexamer W6Cl18</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_chloride" title="Tungsten(IV) chloride">Tungsten(IV) chloride</a>, WCl4, a black solid, which adopts a polymeric structure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(V)_chloride" title="Tungsten(V) chloride">Tungsten(V) chloride</a> WCl5, a black solid which adopts a dimeric structure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(VI) chloride">Tungsten(VI) chloride</a> WCl6, which contrasts with the instability of MoCl6.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Organomolybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Organomolybdenum">Organotungsten compounds</a> are numerous and also span a range of oxidation states. Notable examples include the trigonal prismatic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Hexamethyltungsten" title="Hexamethyltungsten">W(CH3)6</a> and octahedral <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexacarbonyl" title="Tungsten hexacarbonyl">W(CO)6</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_(27072015764).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/170px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/255px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/340px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Tungsten mining in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> forms an important part of the country's economy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World-_Tungsten_Concentrates_Production*_1946_-_DPLA_-_04ff407662cdeca4cbc5abff7a92ce3f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/World-_Tungsten_Concentrates_Production%2A_1946_-_DPLA_-_04ff407662cdeca4cbc5abff7a92ce3f.jpg/220px-World-_Tungsten_Concentrates_Production%2A_1946_-_DPLA_-_04ff407662cdeca4cbc5abff7a92ce3f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/World-_Tungsten_Concentrates_Production%2A_1946_-_DPLA_-_04ff407662cdeca4cbc5abff7a92ce3f.jpg/330px-World-_Tungsten_Concentrates_Production%2A_1946_-_DPLA_-_04ff407662cdeca4cbc5abff7a92ce3f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/World-_Tungsten_Concentrates_Production%2A_1946_-_DPLA_-_04ff407662cdeca4cbc5abff7a92ce3f.jpg/440px-World-_Tungsten_Concentrates_Production%2A_1946_-_DPLA_-_04ff407662cdeca4cbc5abff7a92ce3f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6328" data-file-height="3324" /></a><figcaption>Tungsten concentrate production, 1946</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserves">Reserves</h3></div> The world's reserves of tungsten are 3,200,000 tonnes; they are mostly located in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (1,800,000 t), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (290,000 t),<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (160,000 t), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (95,000 t) and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. As of 2017, China, Vietnam and Russia are the leading suppliers with 79,000, 7,200 and 3,100 tonnes, respectively. Canada had ceased production in late 2015 due to the closure of its sole tungsten mine. Meanwhile, Vietnam had significantly increased its output in the 2010s, owing to the major optimization of its domestic refining operations, and overtook Russia and Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-production-62">[62]</a> China remains the world's leader not only in production, but also in export and consumption of tungsten products. Tungsten production is gradually increasing outside China because of the rising demand. Meanwhile, its supply by China is strictly regulated by the Chinese Government, which fights illegal mining and excessive pollution originating from mining and refining processes.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-63">[63]</a> There is a large deposit of tungsten ore on the edge of <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, which was exploited during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Hemerdon_Mine" title="Hemerdon Mine">Hemerdon Mine</a>. Following increases in tungsten prices, this mine was reactivated in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> but ceased activities in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> Felbertal scheelite deposit is one of the few producing tungsten mines.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> is one of Europe's main tungsten producers, with 121 kt of contained tungsten in mineral concentrates from 1910 to 2020, accounting for roughly 3.3% of the global production.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Tungsten is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict mineral">conflict mineral</a> due to the unethical mining practices observed in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> South Korea's <a href="/wiki/Sangdong_mine" title="Sangdong mine">Sangdong mine</a>, one of the world's largest tungsten mines with 7,890,000 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">high-grade</a> tungsten reportedly buried, was closed in 1994 due to low profitability but has since re-registered <a href="/wiki/Mining_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining rights">mining rights</a> and is scheduled to resume activities in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction">Extraction</h3></div> Tungsten is extracted from its ores in several stages. The ore is eventually converted to <a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(VI) oxide">tungsten(VI) oxide</a> (WO3), which is heated with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> or carbon to produce powdered tungsten.<a href="#cite_note-SaundersN-45">[45]</a> Because of tungsten's high melting point, it is not commercially feasible to cast tungsten <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a>. Instead, powdered tungsten is mixed with small amounts of powdered nickel or other metals, and <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a>. During the sintering process, the nickel diffuses into the tungsten, producing an alloy. Tungsten can also be extracted by hydrogen reduction of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexafluoride" title="Tungsten hexafluoride">WF6</a>: <dl><dd>WF6 + 3 H2 → W + 6 HF</dd></dl> or <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolytic decomposition</a>:<a href="#cite_note-manny-72">[72]</a> <dl><dd>WF6 → W + 3 F2 (<a href="/wiki/Heat_of_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of reaction">ΔHr</a> = +)</dd></dl> Tungsten is not traded as a futures contract and cannot be tracked on exchanges like the <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a>. The tungsten industry often uses independent pricing references such as <a href="/wiki/Argus_Media" title="Argus Media">Argus Media</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metal_Bulletin" title="Metal Bulletin">Metal Bulletin</a> as a basis for contracts.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The prices are usually quoted for tungsten concentrate or WO3.<a href="#cite_note-production-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG/220px-Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG/330px-Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG/440px-Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of a tungsten filament inside a <a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">halogen lamp</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg/220px-Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg/330px-Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg/440px-Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">Tungsten carbide</a> jewelry</figcaption></figure> Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials – namely <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a> – with the remaining major use being in alloys and steels. Less than 10% is used in other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical compounds">chemical compounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> Because of the high ductile-brittle transition temperature of tungsten, its products are conventionally manufactured through <a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">powder metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spark_plasma_sintering" title="Spark plasma sintering">spark plasma sintering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_isostatic_pressing" title="Hot isostatic pressing">hot isostatic pressing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> routes. A more flexible manufacturing alternative is <a href="/wiki/Selective_laser_melting" title="Selective laser melting">selective laser melting</a>, which is a form of <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> and allows creating complex three-dimensional shapes.<a href="#cite_note-stam-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3></div> Tungsten is mainly used in the production of hard materials based on <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a> (WC), one of the hardest <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbides</a>. WC is an efficient <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductor</a>, but W2C is less so. WC is used to make wear-resistant <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasives</a>, and "carbide" cutting tools such as knives, drills, <a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">circular saws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">dies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lathe_(metal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (metal)">turning</a> tools used by the metalworking, woodworking, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and construction industries.<a href="#cite_note-daintith-15">[15]</a> Carbide tooling is actually a ceramic/metal composite, where metallic cobalt acts as a binding <a href="/wiki/Metal_matrix_composite" title="Metal matrix composite">(matrix) material</a> to hold the WC particles in place. This type of industrial use accounts for about 60% of current tungsten consumption.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a> industry makes rings of sintered <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a>, tungsten carbide/metal composites, and also metallic tungsten.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> WC/metal composite rings use nickel as the metal matrix in place of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> because it takes a higher luster when polished. Sometimes manufacturers or retailers refer to <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a> as a metal, but it is a <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Because of tungsten carbide's hardness, rings made of this material are extremely abrasion resistant, and will hold a burnished finish longer than rings made of metallic tungsten. Tungsten carbide rings are brittle, however, and may crack under a sharp blow.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys">Alloys</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tantalum%E2%80%93tungsten_alloys" title="Tantalum–tungsten alloys">Tantalum–tungsten alloys</a></div> The hardness and heat resistance of tungsten can contribute to useful <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>. A good example is <a href="/wiki/High-speed_steel" title="High-speed steel">high-speed steel</a>, which can contain as much as 18% tungsten.<a href="#cite_note-w-apps-79">[79]</a> Tungsten's high melting point makes tungsten a good material for applications like <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine_nozzle" title="Rocket engine nozzle">rocket nozzles</a>, for example in the <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">UGM-27 Polaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched ballistic missile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Tungsten alloys are used in a wide range of applications, including the aerospace and automotive industries and radiation shielding.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">Superalloys</a> containing tungsten, such as <a href="/wiki/Hastelloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastelloy">Hastelloy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellite" title="Stellite">Stellite</a>, are used in <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> blades and wear-resistant parts and coatings. Tungsten's heat resistance makes it useful in <a href="/wiki/Arc_welding" title="Arc welding">arc welding</a> applications when combined with another highly-conductive metal such as silver or copper. The silver or copper provides the necessary conductivity and the tungsten allows the welding rod to withstand the high temperatures of the arc welding environment.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permanent_magnets">Permanent magnets</h4></div> Quenched (martensitic) tungsten steel (approx. 5.5% to 7.0% W with 0.5% to 0.7% C) was used for making hard permanent magnets, due to its high <a href="/wiki/Remanence" title="Remanence">remanence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coercivity" title="Coercivity">coercivity</a>, as noted by <a href="/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson">John Hopkinson</a> (1849–1898) as early as 1886. The magnetic properties of a metal or an alloy are very sensitive to microstructure. For example, while the element tungsten is not ferromagnetic (but <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> is), when it is present in steel in these proportions, it stabilizes the <a href="/wiki/Martensite" title="Martensite">martensite</a> phase, which has greater ferromagnetism than the <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron" title="Allotropes of iron">ferrite (iron)</a> phase due to its greater resistance to <a href="/wiki/Domain_wall_(magnetism)" title="Domain wall (magnetism)">magnetic domain wall motion</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> Tungsten, usually alloyed with <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> to form heavy alloys, is used in <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">kinetic energy penetrators</a> as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a>, in applications where uranium's <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> is problematic even in depleted form, or where uranium's additional <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophoric">pyrophoric</a> properties are not desired (for example, in ordinary small arms bullets designed to penetrate body armor). Similarly, tungsten alloys have also been used in <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a>, to create supersonic shrapnel. Germany used tungsten during World War II to produce shells for anti-tank gun designs using the Gerlich <a href="/wiki/Squeeze_bore" title="Squeeze bore">squeeze bore</a> principle to achieve very high muzzle velocity and enhanced armor penetration from comparatively small caliber and light weight field artillery. The weapons were highly effective but a shortage of tungsten used in the shell core, caused in part by the <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Crisis" title="Wolfram Crisis">Wolfram Crisis</a>, limited their use.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tungsten has also been used in <a href="/wiki/Dense_inert_metal_explosive" title="Dense inert metal explosive">dense inert metal explosives</a>, which use it as dense powder to reduce collateral damage while increasing the lethality of explosives within a small radius.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_applications">Chemical applications</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(IV) sulfide">Tungsten(IV) sulfide</a> is a high temperature <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricant</a> and is a component of catalysts for <a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">hydrodesulfurization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> MoS2 is more commonly used for such applications.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Tungsten <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> are used in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> glazes and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> tungstates are used widely in <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lighting">fluorescent lighting</a>. Crystal <a href="/wiki/Tungstate" title="Tungstate">tungstates</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Scintillator" title="Scintillator">scintillation detectors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>. Other salts that contain tungsten are used in the chemical and <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> industries.<a href="#cite_note-desu-24">[24]</a> Tungsten oxide (WO3) is incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction" title="Selective catalytic reduction">selective catalytic reduction</a> (SCR) catalysts found in coal-fired power plants. These catalysts convert <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> (<a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a>) to nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O) using ammonia (NH3). The tungsten oxide helps with the physical strength of the catalyst and extends catalyst life.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Tungsten containing catalysts are promising for epoxidation,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> oxidation,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and hydrogenolysis reactions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Tungsten heteropoly acids are key component of multifunctional catalysts.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Tungstates can be used as photocatalyst,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> while the tungsten sulfide as electrocatalyst.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_uses">Niche uses</h3></div> Applications requiring its high density include weights, <a href="/wiki/Mallory_metal" title="Mallory metal">counterweights</a>, ballast keels for yachts, tail ballast for commercial aircraft, rotor weights for civil and military helicopters, and as ballast in race cars for <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Being slightly less than twice the density, tungsten is seen as an alternative (albeit more expensive) to lead <a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">fishing sinkers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a> is also used for these purposes, due to similarly high density. Seventy-five-kg blocks of tungsten were used as "cruise balance mass devices" on the entry vehicle portion of the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> spacecraft. It is an ideal material to use as a <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(tool)" title="Dolly (tool)">dolly</a> for <a href="/wiki/Riveting" class="mw-redirect" title="Riveting">riveting</a>, where the mass necessary for good results can be achieved in a compact bar. High-density alloys of tungsten with nickel, copper or iron are used in high-quality <a href="/wiki/Darts" title="Darts">darts</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> (to allow for a smaller diameter and thus tighter groupings) or for <a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">artificial flies</a> (tungsten beads allow the fly to sink rapidly). Tungsten is also used as a heavy bolt to lower the rate of fire of the <a href="/wiki/Cobray_Company" title="Cobray Company">SWD M11/9</a> sub-machine gun from 1300 RPM to 700 RPM. Tungsten has seen use recently in nozzles for <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>; the high wear resistance and thermal conductivity of tungsten carbide improves the printing of abrasive filaments.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> strings incorporates tungsten.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Tungsten is used as an absorber on the electron telescope on the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic Ray System">Cosmic Ray System</a> of the two <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager spacecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_substitution">Gold substitution</h3></div> Its density, similar to that of gold, allows tungsten to be used in jewelry as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> or <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-albert-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Metallic tungsten is <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">hypoallergenic</a>, and is harder than gold alloys (though not as hard as tungsten carbide), making it useful for <a href="/wiki/Ring_(finger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring (finger)">rings</a> that will resist scratching, especially in designs with a <a href="/wiki/Brushed_finish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brushed finish">brushed finish</a>. Because the density is so similar to that of gold (tungsten is only 0.36% less dense), and its price of the order of one-thousandth, tungsten can also be used in <a href="/wiki/Counterfeiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeiting">counterfeiting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">gold bars</a>, such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold,<a href="#cite_note-popsci-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> which has been observed since the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> or taking an existing gold bar, drilling holes, and replacing the removed gold with tungsten rods.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The densities are not exactly the same, and other properties of gold and tungsten differ, but gold-plated tungsten will pass superficial tests.<a href="#cite_note-popsci-100">[100]</a> Gold-plated tungsten is available commercially from China (the main source of tungsten), both in jewelry and as bars.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3></div> Because it retains its strength at high temperatures and has a high <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>, elemental tungsten is used in many high-temperature applications,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> filaments, <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating elements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engine</a> nozzles.<a href="#cite_note-albert-19">[19]</a> Its high melting point also makes tungsten suitable for aerospace and high-temperature uses such as electrical, heating, and welding applications, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">gas tungsten arc welding</a> process (also called tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding).<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG/220px-TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG/330px-TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG/440px-TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Tungsten electrode used in a <a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">gas tungsten arc welding</a> torch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tungsten_filament_in_an_incandescent_light.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tungsten_filament_in_an_incandescent_light.JPG/220px-Tungsten_filament_in_an_incandescent_light.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tungsten_filament_in_an_incandescent_light.JPG/330px-Tungsten_filament_in_an_incandescent_light.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tungsten_filament_in_an_incandescent_light.JPG/440px-Tungsten_filament_in_an_incandescent_light.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Tungsten filament is used in incandescent lightbulbs, where it is heated until it glows</figcaption></figure> Because of its conductive properties and relative chemical inertness, tungsten is also used in <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a>, and in the emitter tips in electron-beam instruments that use <a href="/wiki/Field_emission_gun" title="Field emission gun">field emission guns</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscopes</a>. In electronics, tungsten is used as an interconnect material in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> material and the transistors. It is used in metallic films, which replace the wiring used in conventional electronics with a coat of tungsten (or <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-manny-72">[72]</a> The electronic structure of tungsten makes it one of the main sources for <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> targets,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-patent-109">[109]</a> and also for shielding from high-energy <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiations</a> (such as in the <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmaceutical" title="Radiopharmaceutical">radiopharmaceutical</a> industry for shielding radioactive samples of <a href="/wiki/Fludeoxyglucose_(18F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fludeoxyglucose (18F)">FDG</a>). It is also used in gamma imaging as a material from which coded apertures are made, due to its excellent shielding properties. Tungsten powder is used as a filler material in <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> composites, which are used as a nontoxic substitute for <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead shot">shot</a>, and radiation shields. Since this element's thermal expansion is similar to <a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">borosilicate glass</a>, it is used for making glass-to-metal seals.<a href="#cite_note-desu-24">[24]</a> In addition to its high melting point, when tungsten is doped with potassium, it leads to an increased shape stability (compared with non-doped tungsten). This ensures that the filament does not sag, and no undesired changes occur.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Tungsten is used in producing vibration motors, also known as mobile vibrators.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> These motors are integral components that provide tactile feedback to users, alerting them to incoming calls, messages, and notifications.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Tungsten’s high density, hardness, and wear resistance property helps to endure the high-speed rotational vibrations these motors generate.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanowires">Nanowires</h3></div> Through top-down <a href="/wiki/Nanofabrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanofabrication">nanofabrication</a> processes, tungsten <a href="/wiki/Nanowire" title="Nanowire">nanowires</a> have been fabricated and studied since 2002.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Due to a particularly high surface to volume ratio, the formation of a surface oxide layer and the single crystal nature of such material, the mechanical properties differ fundamentally from those of bulk tungsten.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Such tungsten nanowires have potential applications in <a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">nanoelectronics</a> and importantly as pH probes and gas sensors.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In similarity to <a href="/wiki/Silicon_nanowire" title="Silicon nanowire">silicon nanowires</a>, tungsten nanowires are frequently produced from a bulk tungsten precursor followed by a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_oxidation" title="Thermal oxidation">thermal oxidation</a> step to control morphology in terms of length and aspect ratio.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/Deal%E2%80%93Grove_model" title="Deal–Grove model">Deal–Grove model</a> it is possible to predict the oxidation kinetics of nanowires fabricated through such thermal oxidation processing.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fusion_power">Fusion power</h3></div> Due to its high melting point and good erosion resistance, tungsten is a lead candidate for the most exposed sections of the plasma-facing inner wall of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">reactors</a>. Tungsten, as a plasma-facing component material, features exceptionally low <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> retention through co-deposition and implantation, which enhances safety by minimizing radioactive inventory, improves fuel efficiency by making more fuel available for fusion reactions, and supports operational continuity by reducing the need for frequent fuel removal from surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> It will be used as the <a href="/wiki/Plasma-facing_material" title="Plasma-facing material">plasma-facing material</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Divertor" title="Divertor">divertor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a> reactor,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and is currently in use in the <a href="/wiki/Joint_European_Torus" title="Joint European Torus">JET</a> test reactor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2></div> Tungsten, at atomic number Z = 74, is the heaviest element known to be biologically functional. It is used by some bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> but not in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotes">eukaryotes</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> called <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">oxidoreductases</a> use tungsten similarly to <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> by using it in a tungsten-<a href="/wiki/Pterin" title="Pterin">pterin</a> complex with <a href="/wiki/Molybdopterin" title="Molybdopterin">molybdopterin</a> (molybdopterin, despite its name, does not contain molybdenum, but may complex with either molybdenum or tungsten in use by living organisms). Tungsten-using enzymes typically reduce carboxylic acids to aldehydes.<a href="#cite_note-tungsten_orgs-123">[123]</a> The tungsten oxidoreductases may also catalyse oxidations. The first tungsten-requiring enzyme to be discovered also requires selenium, and in this case the tungsten-selenium pair may function analogously to the molybdenum-sulfur pairing of some molybdopterin-requiring enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> One of the enzymes in the oxidoreductase family which sometimes employ tungsten (bacterial <a href="/wiki/Formate_dehydrogenase" title="Formate dehydrogenase">formate dehydrogenase</a> H) is known to use a selenium-molybdenum version of molybdopterin.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetylene_hydratase" title="Acetylene hydratase">Acetylene hydratase</a> is an unusual <a href="/wiki/Metalloenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloenzyme">metalloenzyme</a> in that it catalyzes a hydration reaction. Two reaction mechanisms have been proposed, in one of which there is a direct interaction between the tungsten atom and the C≡C triple bond.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Although a tungsten-containing <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_dehydrogenase" title="Xanthine dehydrogenase">xanthine dehydrogenase</a> from bacteria has been found to contain tungsten-molydopterin and also non-protein bound selenium, a tungsten-selenium molybdopterin complex has not been definitively described.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In soil, tungsten metal oxidizes to the <a href="/wiki/Tungstate" title="Tungstate">tungstate</a> anion. It can be selectively or non-selectively imported by some <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotic organisms</a> and may substitute for <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdate</a> in certain <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>. Its effect on the action of these enzymes is in some cases inhibitory and in others positive.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The soil's chemistry determines how the tungsten polymerizes; <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> soils cause monomeric tungstates; <a href="/wiki/Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> soils cause polymeric tungstates.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tungstate" title="Sodium tungstate">Sodium tungstate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> have been studied for their effect on <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>. Lead was found to be lethal at low levels and sodium tungstate was much less toxic, but the tungstate completely inhibited their <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproductive ability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Tungsten has been studied as a biological copper metabolic <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a>, in a role similar to the action of molybdenum. It has been found that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrathiotungstate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrathiotungstate (page does not exist)">tetrathiotungstate</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E4%BB%A3%E9%8E%A2%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:硫代鎢酸鹽">zh</a>] salts may be used as biological copper <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelation</a> chemicals, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tetrathiomolybdate" title="Tetrathiomolybdate">tetrathiomolybdates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_archaea">In archaea</h3></div> Tungsten is essential for some archaea. The following tungsten-utilizing enzymes are known: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_ferredoxin_oxidoreductase" title="Aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase">Aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase</a> (AOR) in <a href="/wiki/Thermococcus" title="Thermococcus">Thermococcus</a> strain ES-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a> ferredoxin oxidoreductase (FOR) in <a href="/wiki/Thermococcus_litoralis" title="Thermococcus litoralis">Thermococcus litoralis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_ferredoxin_oxidoreductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase">Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase</a> (GAPOR) in <a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a></li></ul> A wtp system is known to selectively transport tungsten in archaea: <ul><li>WtpA is tungsten-binding protein of <a href="/wiki/ABC_transporter" title="ABC transporter">ABC family of transporters</a></li> <li>WptB is a <a href="/wiki/Permease" title="Permease">permease</a></li> <li>WtpC is <a href="/wiki/ATPase" title="ATPase">ATPase</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_factors">Health factors</h2></div> Because tungsten is a rare metal<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and its compounds are generally inert, the effects of tungsten on the environment are limited.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The abundance of tungsten in the Earth's crust is thought to be about 1.5 parts per million. It is the 58th most abundant element found on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> It was at first believed to be relatively inert and an only slightly toxic metal, but beginning in the year 2000, the risk presented by tungsten alloys, its dusts and particulates to induce cancer and several other adverse effects in animals as well as humans has been highlighted from in vitro and in vivo experiments.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> LD50 depends strongly on the animal and the method of administration and varies between 59 mg/kg (intravenous, rabbits)<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and 5000 mg/kg (tungsten metal powder, <a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">intraperitoneal</a>, rats).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> People can be exposed to tungsten in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 10 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> Tungsten and tungsten alloys gained popularity through tungsten cubes and spheres. This popularity started in October 2021, and rose again in January 2023, through social media.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The main reason that tungsten cubes, spheres and other forms became popular is for their novelty as an item, due to their density. No other element comes close to the same density with regards to cost and availability, with some being radioactive as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_emission_gun" title="Field emission gun">Field emission gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_oxide" title="Tungsten oxide">Tungsten oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">List of chemical elements name etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chemical elements naming controversies">List of chemical elements naming controversies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/tungsten.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Tungsten"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Tungsten&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Ftungsten.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungsten" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; 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Paul (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h7m4">Materials and Processes in Manufacturing</a> (5th ed.). New York: MacMillan Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+and+Processes+in+Manufacturing&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=New+York%3A+MacMillan+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.au=DeGarmo%2C+E.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_h7m4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungsten" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryHelzer2005" class="citation book cs1">Cary, Hoawrd B.; Helzer, Scott (2005). 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Vol. 39. pp. 741–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780203909331.ch22">10.1201/9780203909331.ch22</a> (inactive 2024-11-12). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0765-1"><bdi>978-0-8247-0765-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11913143">11913143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metabolism+and+toxicity+of+tungsten+in+humans+and+animals&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Biological+Systems&rft.pages=741-59&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11913143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9780203909331.ch22&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-0765-1&rft.aulast=Lagarde&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Leroy%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungsten" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) also reported in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstrid_SigelHelmut_Sigel2002" class="citation book cs1">Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2yNCBzFQgMgC&pg=PA741">Molybdenum and tungsten: their roles in biological processes</a>. CRC Press. p. 741 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0765-1"><bdi>978-0-8247-0765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molybdenum+and+tungsten%3A+their+roles+in+biological+processes&rft.pages=741+ff&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-0765-1&rft.au=Astrid+Sigel&rft.au=Helmut+Sigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2yNCBzFQgMgC%26pg%3DPA741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungsten" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasten2003" class="citation web cs1">Masten, Scott (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325000020/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tungsten.pdf">"Tungsten and Selected Tungsten Compounds – Review of Toxicological Literature"</a> (PDF). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/tungsten_508.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2009-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tungsten+and+Selected+Tungsten+Compounds+%E2%80%93+Review+of+Toxicological+Literature&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Masten&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntp.niehs.nih.gov%2Fntp%2Fhtdocs%2Fchem_background%2Fexsumpdf%2Ftungsten_508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungsten" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquet,_P.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Marquet, P.; et al. (1997). "Tungsten determination in biological fluids, hair and nails by plasma emission spectrometry in a case of severe acute intoxication in man". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 42 (3): 527–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1520%2FJFS14162J">10.1520/JFS14162J</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9144946">9144946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tungsten+determination+in+biological+fluids%2C+hair+and+nails+by+plasma+emission+spectrometry+in+a+case+of+severe+acute+intoxication+in+man&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=527-30&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1520%2FJFS14162J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9144946&rft.au=Marquet%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungsten" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0645.html">"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Tungsten"</a>. www.cdc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125103131/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0645.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Tungsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungsten" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208095226/https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Tungsten%20cube&hl=en">"Google Trends"</a>. Google Trends. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Tungsten%20cube&hl=en">the original</a> on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2023-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Trends&rft.atitle=Google+Trends&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrends.google.com%2Ftrends%2Fexplore%3Fdate%3Dall%26q%3DTungsten%2520cube%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungsten" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" class="extiw" title="commons:Tungsten">Tungsten</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tungsten" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tungsten">tungsten</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tungsten.com/mtstung.html">Properties, Photos, History, MSDS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0645.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/074.htm">Tungsten</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pniok.de/w.htm">Picture in the collection from Heinrich Pniok</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100318130416/http://www.pniok.de/w.htm">Archived</a> 2010-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=W">Elementymology & Elements Multidict by Peter van der Krogt – Tungsten</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itia.info/">Official website</a> of the International Tungsten Industry Association</li></ul> <div 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title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tungsten_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tungsten_compounds" title="Template:Tungsten compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tungsten_compounds" title="Template talk:Tungsten compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tungsten_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tungsten compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tungsten_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten compounds">Tungsten compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexacarbonyl" title="Tungsten hexacarbonyl">W(CO)6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexakis(trimethylphosphine)tungsten" title="Hexakis(trimethylphosphine)tungsten">W(PMe3)6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_disilicide" title="Tungsten disilicide">WSi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(II)_chloride" title="Tungsten(II) chloride">WCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(II)_iodide" title="Tungsten(II) iodide">WI2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(II)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(II) hydroxide (page does not exist)">W(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditungsten_tetra(hpp)" title="Ditungsten tetra(hpp)">W2(hpp)4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_oxide" title="Tungsten(III) oxide">W2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_chloride" title="Tungsten(III) chloride">WCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_iodide" title="Tungsten(III) iodide">WI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III)" title="Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III)">W2(OtBu)6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">WC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_oxide" title="Tungsten(IV) oxide">WO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(IV) sulfide">WS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_diselenide" title="Tungsten diselenide">WSe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_telluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(IV) telluride">WTe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_fluoride" title="Tungsten(IV) fluoride">WF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_chloride" title="Tungsten(IV) chloride">WCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(IV)_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(IV) bromide (page does not exist)">WBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_iodide" title="Tungsten(IV) iodide">WI4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_pentoxide" title="Tungsten pentoxide">W2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(V)_bromide" title="Tungsten(V) bromide">WBr5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(V)_chloride" title="Tungsten(V) chloride">W2Cl10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hexafluorotungstate" title="Lithium hexafluorotungstate">LiWF6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_dichloride_dioxide" title="Tungsten dichloride dioxide">WO2Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexabromide" title="Tungsten hexabromide">WBr6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexachloride" title="Tungsten hexachloride">WCl6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexafluoride" title="Tungsten hexafluoride">WF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_nitride" title="Tungsten nitride">WN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trioxide" title="Tungsten trioxide">WO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trisulfide" title="Tungsten trisulfide">WS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_diarsenide" title="Tungsten diarsenide">WAs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_oxytetrabromide" title="Tungsten(VI) oxytetrabromide">WOBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_oxytetrachloride" title="Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride">WOCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_oxytetrafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride">WOF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungstic_acid" title="Tungstic acid">H2WO4</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organotungsten_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotungsten compounds">Organotungsten(VI) compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethyltungsten" title="Hexamethyltungsten">W(CH3)6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polytungstate salts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphotungstic_acid" title="Phosphotungstic acid">H3PW12O40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_paratungstate" title="Ammonium paratungstate">(NH4)10(H2W12O42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatungstate" title="Sodium metatungstate">Na6[H2W12O40]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tungsten_minerals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tungsten_minerals" title="Template:Tungsten minerals"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Raspite" title="Raspite">Raspite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russellite_(mineral)" title="Russellite (mineral)">Russellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">Scheelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolzite" title="Stolzite">Stolzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungstite" title="Tungstite">Tungstite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">Wolframite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4066862-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138607">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119624073">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119624073">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572649">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127499&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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