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id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercell_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercell_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Supercell anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supercell_anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supercell anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supercell_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overshooting_top" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overshooting_top"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Overshooting top</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overshooting_top-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anvil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anvil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Anvil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anvil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precipitation-free_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precipitation-free_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Precipitation-free base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precipitation-free_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wall_cloud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall_cloud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Wall cloud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall_cloud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammatus_clouds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammatus_clouds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Mammatus clouds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammatus_clouds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forward_flank_downdraft_(FFD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forward_flank_downdraft_(FFD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Forward flank downdraft (FFD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forward_flank_downdraft_(FFD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rear_flank_downdraft_(RFD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rear_flank_downdraft_(RFD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Rear flank downdraft (RFD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rear_flank_downdraft_(RFD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flanking_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flanking_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.8</span> <span>Flanking line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flanking_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radar_features_of_a_supercell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radar_features_of_a_supercell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Radar features of a supercell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radar_features_of_a_supercell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descending_reflectivity_core" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descending_reflectivity_core"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Descending reflectivity core</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descending_reflectivity_core-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercell_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercell_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Supercell variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supercell_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supercell variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supercell_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low_precipitation_(LP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_precipitation_(LP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Low precipitation (LP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_precipitation_(LP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_precipitation_(HP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_precipitation_(HP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>High precipitation (HP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_precipitation_(HP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mini-supercell_or_low-topped_supercell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mini-supercell_or_low-topped_supercell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mini-supercell or low-topped supercell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mini-supercell_or_low-topped_supercell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples worldwide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples worldwide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Supercell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9" title="السحابة الخارقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السحابة الخارقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Суперклетка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суперклетка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superc%C3%A8l%C2%B7lula_(meteorologia)" title="Supercèl·lula (meteorologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Supercèl·lula (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercela" title="Supercela – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Supercela" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercelle" title="Supercelle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Supercelle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewitter#Superzellengewitter" title="Gewitter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewitter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Υπερκύτταρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερκύτταρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercelda" title="Supercelda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Supercelda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzelula" title="Superzelula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Superzelula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="توفان ابرسلولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توفان ابرسلولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orage_supercellulaire" title="Orage supercellulaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orage supercellulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%85%80" title="슈퍼셀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슈퍼셀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%C4%87elija" title="Superćelija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Superćelija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmego_supercelulala" title="Sturmego supercelulala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sturmego supercelulala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Supercell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercella" title="Supercella – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Supercella" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90-%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="תא-על – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תא-על" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sip%C3%A8selil" title="Sipèselil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sipèselil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-c%C3%A8llula" title="Super-cèllula – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Super-cèllula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szupercella" title="Szupercella – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szupercella" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersel" title="Supersel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Supersel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercel" title="Supercel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Supercel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB_(%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1)" title="スーパーセル (気象) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーパーセル (気象)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercelle" title="Supercelle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Supercelle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercelle" title="Supercelle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Supercelle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercell_momaqaldirog%CA%BBi" title="Supercell momaqaldirogʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Supercell momaqaldirogʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superkom%C3%B3rka_burzowa" title="Superkomórka burzowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Superkomórka burzowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Thunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Superstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstorm">Superstorm</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the weather phenomenon. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Supercell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Supercell (disambiguation)">Supercell (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_Precipitation_Supercell_Thunderstorm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Low_Precipitation_Supercell_Thunderstorm.jpg/220px-Low_Precipitation_Supercell_Thunderstorm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Low_Precipitation_Supercell_Thunderstorm.jpg/330px-Low_Precipitation_Supercell_Thunderstorm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Low_Precipitation_Supercell_Thunderstorm.jpg/440px-Low_Precipitation_Supercell_Thunderstorm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A low precipitation supercell in rural Northeast <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>supercell</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a> characterized by the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">mesocyclone</a>, a deep, persistently rotating <a href="/wiki/Vertical_draft" title="Vertical draft">updraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating thunderstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the four classifications of thunderstorms (supercell, <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_thunderstorm" title="Multicellular thunderstorm">multi-cell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pulse_storm" title="Pulse storm">single-cell</a>), supercells are the overall least common and have the potential to be the most severe. Supercells are often isolated from other thunderstorms, and can dominate the local weather up to 32 kilometres (20 mi) away. They tend to last 2–4 hours. </p><p>Supercells are often put into three classification types: classic (normal precipitation level), low-precipitation (LP), and high-precipitation (HP). LP supercells are usually found in climates that are more arid, such as the high plains of the United States, and HP supercells are most often found in moist climates. Supercells can occur anywhere in the world under the right pre-existing weather conditions, but they are most common in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of the United States in an area known as <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a>. A high number of supercells are seen in many parts of Europe as well as in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tornado_Corridor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tornado Corridor (page does not exist)">Tornado Corridor</a> (<small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasillo_de_los_Tornados" class="extiw" title="es:Pasillo de los Tornados">es</a></small>) of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and Paraguay. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supercells are usually found isolated from other thunderstorms, although they can sometimes be embedded in a <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall line</a>. Typically, supercells are found in the warm sector of a low pressure system propagating generally in a north easterly direction<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias"><span title="The material near this tag may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (July 2023)">globalize</span></a></i>]</sup> in line with the cold front of the low pressure system. Because they can last for hours, they are known as quasi-steady-state storms. Supercells have the capability to deviate from the mean wind. If they track to the right or left of the mean wind (relative to the vertical <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a>), they are said to be "right-movers" or "left-movers," respectively. Supercells can sometimes develop two separate updrafts with opposing rotations, which splits the storm into two supercells: one left-mover and one right-mover. </p><p>Supercells can be any size – large or small, low or high topped. They usually produce copious amounts of <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, torrential <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a>, strong <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">winds</a>, and substantial <a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">downbursts</a>. Supercells are one of the few types of clouds that typically spawn <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">mesocyclone</a>, although only 30% or fewer do so.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supercells can occur anywhere in the world under the right weather conditions. The first storm to be identified as the supercell type was the <a href="/wiki/Wokingham" title="Wokingham">Wokingham</a> storm over <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, which was studied by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Browning" title="Keith Browning">Keith Browning</a> and Frank Ludlam in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Browning did the initial work that was followed up by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Lemon" title="Leslie R. Lemon">Lemon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Doswell_III" title="Charles A. Doswell III">Doswell</a> to develop the modern conceptual model of the supercell.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemon/Doswell_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemon/Doswell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the extent that records are available, supercells are most frequent in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of the central United States and southern Canada extending into the southeastern U.S. and northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>; east-central Argentina and adjacent regions of Uruguay; Bangladesh and parts of eastern India; South Africa; and eastern Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supercells occur occasionally in many other <a href="/wiki/Mid-latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-latitude">mid-latitude</a> regions, including Eastern China and throughout Europe. The areas with highest frequencies of supercells are similar to those with the most occurrences of tornadoes; see <a href="/wiki/Tornado_climatology" title="Tornado climatology">tornado climatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supercell_anatomy">Supercell anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Supercell anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercell02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Supercell02.svg/330px-Supercell02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Supercell02.svg/495px-Supercell02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Supercell02.svg/660px-Supercell02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a supercell's components</figcaption></figure> <p>The current conceptual model of a supercell was described in <i>Severe Thunderstorm Evolution and Mesocyclone Structure as Related to Tornadogenesis</i> by Leslie R. Lemon and Charles A. Doswell III (see <a href="/wiki/Lemon_technique" title="Lemon technique">Lemon technique</a>). Moisture streams in from the side of the precipitation-free base and merges into a line of warm uplift region where the tower of the <a href="/wiki/Thundercloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Thundercloud">thundercloud</a> is tipped by high-altitude shear winds. The high shear causes horizontal <a href="/wiki/Vorticity" title="Vorticity">vorticity</a> which is tilted within the updraft to become vertical vorticity, and the mass of clouds spins as it gains altitude up to the cap, which can be up to 55,000 feet (17,000 m)–70,000 feet (21,000 m) above ground for the largest storms, and trailing anvil. </p><p>Supercells derive their rotation through the tilting of horizontal <a href="/wiki/Vorticity" title="Vorticity">vorticity</a>, which is caused by <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> imparting rotation upon a rising air parcel by differential forces. Strong updrafts lift the air turning about a horizontal axis and cause this air to turn about a vertical axis. This forms a deep rotating updraft, the <a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">mesocyclone</a>. </p> <table style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Meso-1.svg/200px-Meso-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Meso-1.svg/300px-Meso-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Meso-1.svg/400px-Meso-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">Wind shear</a> (red) sets air spinning (green).</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Meso-2.svg/200px-Meso-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Meso-2.svg/300px-Meso-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Meso-2.svg/400px-Meso-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Updraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Updraft">updraft</a> (blue) 'bends' the spinning air upwards.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Meso-3.svg/200px-Meso-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Meso-3.svg/300px-Meso-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Meso-3.svg/400px-Meso-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>The updraft starts rotating with the spinning column of air.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i>cap</i> or <a href="/wiki/Capping_inversion" title="Capping inversion">capping inversion</a> is usually required to form an updraft of sufficient strength. The moisture-laden air is then cooled enough to precipitate as it is rotated toward the cooler region, represented by the turbulent air of the <a href="/wiki/Mammatus_cloud" title="Mammatus cloud">mammatus clouds</a> where the warm air is spilling over top of the cooler, invading air. The cap is formed where shear winds block further uplift for a time, until a relative weakness allows a breakthrough of the cap (an <a href="/wiki/Overshooting_top" title="Overshooting top">overshooting top</a>); cooler air to the right in the image may or may not form a <a href="/wiki/Shelf_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelf cloud">shelf cloud</a>, but the precipitation zone will occur where the <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engine</a> of the uplift intermingles with the invading, colder air. The cap puts an inverted (warm-above-cold) layer above a normal (cold-above-warm) <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a>, and by preventing warm surface air from rising, allows one or both of the following: </p> <ul><li>Air below the cap warms and/or becomes more moist</li> <li>Air above the cap cools</li></ul> <p>As the cooler but drier air circulates into the warm, moisture laden inflow, the <a href="/wiki/Cloud_base" title="Cloud base">cloud base</a> will frequently form a wall, and the cloud base often experiences a lowering, which, in extreme cases, are where <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> are formed. This creates a warmer, moister layer below a cooler layer, which is increasingly unstable (because warm air is less dense and tends to rise). When the cap weakens or moves, explosive development follows. </p><p>In North America, supercells usually show up on <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">Doppler weather radar</a> as starting at a point or hook shape on the southwestern side, fanning out to the northeast. The heaviest precipitation is usually on the southwest side, ending abruptly short of the <i>rain-free updraft base</i> or <i>main updraft</i> (not visible to radar). The <i><a href="/wiki/Rear_flank_downdraft" title="Rear flank downdraft">rear flank downdraft</a></i>, or RFD, carries precipitation counterclockwise around the north and northwest side of the updraft base, producing a "<a href="/wiki/Hook_echo" title="Hook echo">hook echo</a>" that indicates the presence of a mesocyclone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Supercell.svg/330px-Supercell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Supercell.svg/495px-Supercell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Supercell.svg/660px-Supercell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a supercell. Northwestward view in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overshooting_top">Overshooting top</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overshooting top"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overshooting_top" title="Overshooting top">Overshooting top</a></div> <p>This "dome" feature appears above the strongest updraft location on the anvil of the storm. It is a result of an updraft powerful enough to break through the upper levels of the troposphere into the lower <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Overshooting_Tops_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overshooting_Tops-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An observer at ground level and close to the storm may be unable to see the overshooting top because the anvil blocks the sight of this feature. The overshooting is visible from satellite images as a "bubbling" amidst the otherwise smooth upper surface of the anvil cloud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anvil">Anvil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anvil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An anvil forms when the storm's updraft collides with the upper levels of the lowest layer of the atmosphere, or the tropopause, and has nowhere else to go due to the laws of fluid dynamics- specifically pressure, humidity, and density, in simple terms, the packet of air has lost its buoyancy and cannot rise higher. The anvil is very cold (-30°C) and virtually precipitation-free even though <a href="/wiki/Virga" title="Virga">virga</a> can be seen falling from the forward sheared anvil. Since there is so little moisture in the anvil, winds can move freely. The clouds take on their anvil shape when the rising air reaches 15,200–21,300 metres (50,000–70,000 ft) or more. The anvil's distinguishing feature is that it juts out in front of the storm like a shelf. In some cases, it can even shear backwards, called a backsheared anvil, another sign of a very strong updraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Precipitation-free_base">Precipitation-free base</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Precipitation-free base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This area, typically on the southern side of the storm in North America, is relatively precipitation-free. This is located beneath the main updraft, and is the main area of inflow. While no precipitation may be visible to an observer, large hail may be falling from this area. A region of this area is called the Vault. It is more accurately called the main updraft area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wall_cloud">Wall cloud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wall cloud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wall_cloud" title="Wall cloud">wall cloud</a> forms near the downdraft/updraft interface. This "interface" is the area between the <i>precipitation area</i> and the <i>precipitation-free base.</i> Wall clouds form when rain-cooled air from the downdraft is pulled into the updraft. This wet, cold air quickly saturates as it is lifted by the updraft, forming a cloud that seems to "descend" from the precipitation-free base. Wall clouds are common and are not exclusive to supercells; only a small percentage actually produce a tornado, but if a storm does produce a tornado, it usually exhibits wall clouds that persist for more than ten minutes. Wall clouds that seem to move violently up or down, and violent movements of cloud fragments (scud or fractus) near the wall cloud, are indications that a tornado could form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammatus_clouds">Mammatus clouds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mammatus clouds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mammatus_cloud" title="Mammatus cloud">Mammatus</a> (Mamma, Mammatocumulus) are bulbous or pillow-like cloud formations extending from beneath the anvil of a thunderstorm. These clouds form as cold air in the anvil region of a storm sinks into warmer air beneath it. Mammatus are most apparent when they are lit from one side or below and are therefore at their most impressive near sunset or shortly after sunrise when the sun is low in the sky. Mammatus are not exclusive to supercells and can be associated with developed thunderstorms and cumulonimbus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forward_flank_downdraft_(FFD)"><span id="Forward_flank_downdraft_.28FFD.29"></span>Forward flank downdraft (FFD)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forward flank downdraft (FFD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercell-above.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Supercell-above.svg/220px-Supercell-above.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Supercell-above.svg/330px-Supercell-above.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Supercell-above.svg/440px-Supercell-above.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of supercell from above. RFD: <i>rear flank downdraft</i>, FFD: <i>front flank downdraft</i>, V: <i>V-notch</i>, U: <i>Main Updraft</i>, I: <i>Updraft/Downdraft Interface</i>, H: <i>hook echo</i></figcaption></figure> <p>This is generally the area of heaviest and most widespread precipitation. For most supercells, the precipitation core is bounded on its leading edge by a <a href="/wiki/Shelf_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelf cloud">shelf cloud</a> that results from rain-cooled air within the precipitation core spreading outward and interacting with warmer, moist air from outside of the cell. Between the precipitation-free base and the FFD, a "vaulted" or "cathedral" feature can be observed. In <i>high precipitation supercells</i> an area of heavy precipitation may occur beneath the main updraft area where the vault would alternately be observed with classic supercells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rear_flank_downdraft_(RFD)"><span id="Rear_flank_downdraft_.28RFD.29"></span>Rear flank downdraft (RFD)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rear flank downdraft (RFD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rear_flank_downdraft" title="Rear flank downdraft">Rear flank downdraft</a></div> <p>The rear flank downdraft of a supercell is a very complex and not yet fully understood feature. RFDs mainly occur within classic and HP supercells although RFDs have been observed within LP supercells. The RFD of a supercell is believed to play a large part in tornadogenesis by tightening existing rotation within the surface mesocyclone. RFDs are caused by mid-level steering winds of a supercell colliding with the updraft tower and moving around it in all directions; specifically, the flow that is redirected downward is referred to as the RFD. This downward surge of relatively cool mid-level air, due to interactions between dew points, humidity, and condensation of the converging of air masses, can reach very high speeds and is known to cause widespread wind damage. The radar signature of an RFD is a hook-like structure where sinking air has brought with it precipitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flanking_line">Flanking line</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flanking line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flanking_line_(meteorology)" title="Flanking line (meteorology)">flanking line (meteorology)</a></div> <p>A flanking line is a line of smaller <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">cumulonimbi</a> or cumulus that form in the warm rising air pulled in by the main updraft. Due to convergence and lifting along this line, <a href="/wiki/Landspouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Landspouts">landspouts</a> sometimes occur on the outflow boundary of this region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar_features_of_a_supercell">Radar features of a supercell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radar features of a supercell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercell_in_Wichita_Falls.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Supercell_in_Wichita_Falls.svg/300px-Supercell_in_Wichita_Falls.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Supercell_in_Wichita_Falls.svg/450px-Supercell_in_Wichita_Falls.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Supercell_in_Wichita_Falls.svg/600px-Supercell_in_Wichita_Falls.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Radar reflectivity map</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hook_echo" title="Hook echo">Hook echo</a> (or pendant)</dt> <dd>The "hook echo" is the area of confluence between the main updraft and the rear flank downdraft (RFD). This indicates the position of the mesocyclone and probably a tornado.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Bounded_weak_echo_region" title="Bounded weak echo region">Bounded weak echo region</a> (or BWER)</dt> <dd>This is a region of low radar reflectivity bounded above by an area of higher radar reflectivity with an <a href="/wiki/Tilted_updraft" title="Tilted updraft">untilted updraft</a>, also called a <i>vault</i>. It is not observed with all supercells but it is at the edge of a very high precipitation echos with a very sharp gradient perpendicular to the RFD. This is evidence of a strong updraft and often the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a>. To an observer on the ground, it could be experienced as a zone free of precipitation but usually containing large hail.</dd> <dt>Inflow notch</dt> <dd>A "notch" of weak reflectivity on the inflow side of the cell. This is not a <i>V-Notch.</i></dd> <dt>V Notch</dt> <dd>A V-shaped notch on the leading edge of the cell, opening away from the main downdraft. This is an indication of divergent flow around a powerful updraft.</dd> <dt>Hail spike</dt> <dd>This <a href="/wiki/Three_body_scatter_spike" class="mw-redirect" title="Three body scatter spike">three body scatter spike</a> is a region of weak echoes found radially behind the main reflectivity core at higher elevations when large hail is present.<sup id="cite_ref-TBSS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBSS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descending_reflectivity_core">Descending reflectivity core</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Descending reflectivity core"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Descending_reflectivity_core" title="Descending reflectivity core">Descending reflectivity core</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supercell_variations">Supercell variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Supercell variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supercell thunderstorms are sometimes classified by <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skywarn" title="Skywarn">storm spotters</a> into three categories; however, not all supercells, being hybrid storms, fit neatly into any one category, and many supercells may fall into different categories during different periods of their lifetimes. The standard definition given above is referred to as the <b>Classic</b> supercell. All types of supercells typically produce severe weather. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_precipitation_(LP)"><span id="Low_precipitation_.28LP.29"></span>Low precipitation (LP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Low precipitation (LP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Low_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif/220px-Low_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Low_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif/330px-Low_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Low_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif/440px-Low_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Schematics of an LP supercell</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_Range_LP_Supercell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Front_Range_LP_Supercell.jpg/220px-Front_Range_LP_Supercell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Front_Range_LP_Supercell.jpg/330px-Front_Range_LP_Supercell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Front_Range_LP_Supercell.jpg/440px-Front_Range_LP_Supercell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>A low precipitation supercell near <a href="/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado" title="Greeley, Colorado">Greeley, Colorado</a></figcaption></figure> <p>LP supercells contain a small and relatively light precipitation (rain/hail) core that is well separated from the updraft. The updraft is intense, and LPs are inflow dominant storms. The updraft tower is typically more strongly tilted and the deviant rightward motion less than for other supercell types. The forward flank downdraft (FFD) is noticeably weaker than for other supercell types, and the rear-flank downdraft (RFD) is much weaker—even visually absent in many cases. Like classic supercells, LP supercells tend to form within stronger mid-to-upper level storm-relative wind shear;<sup id="cite_ref-variations_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-variations-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the atmospheric environment leading to their formation is not well understood. The moisture profile of the atmosphere, particularly the depth of the elevated dry layer, also appears to be important,<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the low-to-mid level shear may also be important.<sup id="cite_ref-midtropo_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-midtropo-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of supercell may be easily identifiable with "sculpted" cloud striations in the updraft base or even a "corkscrewed" or "<a href="/wiki/Barber_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Barber pole">barber pole</a>" appearance on the updraft, and sometimes an almost "anorexic" look compared to classic supercells. This is because they often form within drier moisture profiles (often initiated by <a href="/wiki/Dry_line" title="Dry line">dry lines</a>) leaving LPs with little available moisture despite high mid-to-upper level environmental winds. They most often dissipate rather than turning into classic or HP supercells, although it is still not unusual for LPs to do the latter, especially when moving into a much moister air mass. LPs were first formally described by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Bluestein" title="Howard Bluestein">Howard Bluestein</a> in the early 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-Bluestein_LP_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluestein_LP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although storm-chasing scientists noticed them throughout the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classic supercells may wither yet maintain updraft rotation as they decay, becoming more like the LP type in a process known as "downscale transition" that also applies to LP storms, and this process is thought to be how many LPs dissipate.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LP supercells rarely spawn tornadoes, and those that form tend to be weak, small, and high-based tornadoes, but strong tornadoes have been observed. These storms, although generating lesser precipitation amounts and producing smaller precipitation cores, can generate huge hail. LPs may produce hail larger than <a href="/wiki/Baseball_(ball)" title="Baseball (ball)">baseballs</a> in clear air where no rainfall is visible.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LPs are thus hazardous to people and animals caught outside as well as to storm chasers and spotters. Due to the lack of a heavy precipitation core, LP supercells often exhibit relatively weak radar reflectivity without clear evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Hook_echo" title="Hook echo">hook echo</a>, when in fact they are producing a tornado at the time. LP supercells may not even be recognized as supercells in reflectivity data unless one is trained or experienced on their radar characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-recognition_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recognition-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is where observations by <a href="/wiki/Storm_spotting" title="Storm spotting">storm spotter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storm_chasing" title="Storm chasing">storm chasers</a> may be of vital importance in addition to <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar#Velocity" title="Weather radar">Doppler velocity</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar#Polarization" title="Weather radar">polarimetric</a>) radar data. </p><p>LP supercells are quite sought after by storm chasers because the limited amount of precipitation makes sighting tornadoes at a safe distance much less difficult than with a classic or HP supercell and more so because of the unobscured storm structure unveiled. During spring and early summer, areas in which LP supercells are readily spotted include southwestern <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, among other parts of the western <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_precipitation_(HP)"><span id="High_precipitation_.28HP.29"></span>High precipitation (HP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: High precipitation (HP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/High_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif/220px-High_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/High_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif/330px-High_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/High_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif/440px-High_precipitation_supercell_thunderstorm.gif 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Schematics of an HP supercell</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>HP supercell</b> has a much heavier precipitation core that can wrap all the way around the mesocyclone. These are especially dangerous storms, since the mesocyclone is wrapped with rain and can hide a tornado (if present) from view. These storms also cause flooding due to heavy rain, damaging <a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">downbursts</a>, and weak tornadoes, although they are also known to produce strong to violent tornadoes. They have a lower potential for damaging hail than Classic and LP supercells, although damaging hail is possible. It has been observed by some spotters that they tend to produce more cloud-to-ground and intracloud lightning than the other types. Also, unlike the LP and Classic types, severe events usually occur at the front (southeast) of the storm. The HP supercell is the most common type of supercell in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_35" title="Interstate 35">Interstate 35</a>, in the southern parts of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> in north Italy and in the central portions of Argentina and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mini-supercell_or_low-topped_supercell">Mini-supercell or low-topped supercell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mini-supercell or low-topped supercell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whereas classic, HP, and LP refer to different precipitation regimes and mesoscale frontal structures, another variation was identified in the early 1990s by Jon Davies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These smaller storms were initially called mini-supercells<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are now commonly referred to as low-topped supercells. These are also subdivided into Classic, HP and LP types. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercell04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Supercell04.jpg/220px-Supercell04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Supercell04.jpg/330px-Supercell04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Supercell04.jpg/440px-Supercell04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of a supercell</figcaption></figure> <p>Supercells can produce hailstones averaging as large as two inches (5.1 cm) in diameter, winds over 70 miles per hour (110 km/h)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is that in gusts or as sustained wind speeds, and, if so, for how long (at a fixed place on Earth)? (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> of as strong as EF3 to EF5 intensity (if wind shear and atmospheric instability are able to support the development of stronger tornadoes), flooding, frequent-to-continuous <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, and very heavy rain. Many <a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">tornado outbreaks</a> come from clusters of supercells. Large supercells may spawn multiple long-tracked and deadly tornadoes, with notable examples in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Super_Outbreak" title="2011 Super Outbreak">2011 Super Outbreak</a>. </p><p>Severe events associated with a supercell almost always occur in the area of the updraft/downdraft interface. In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, this is most often the rear flank (southwest side) of the precipitation area in <b>LP</b> and <b>classic</b> supercells, but sometimes the leading edge (southeast side) of <b>HP</b> supercells. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_worldwide">Examples worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Examples worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Rain and snow mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">Snow grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_roller" title="Snow roller">Snow roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles" title="Index of meteorology articles">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_season" title="Fog season">Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">Jet stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena" title="List of severe weather phenomena">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme</a></li> <li>Severe weather terminology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)" title="Severe weather terminology (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)" title="Severe weather terminology (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some reports suggest that the <a href="/wiki/The_Maharashtra_floods_of_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="The Maharashtra floods of 2005">deluge</a> on 26 July 2005 in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was caused by a supercell when there was a cloud formation 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) high over the city. On this day 944 mm (37.2 in) of rain fell over the city, of which 700 mm (28 in) fell in just four hours. The rainfall coincided with a high tide, which exacerbated conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Supercells occur commonly from March to May in Bangladesh, West Bengal, and the bordering northeastern Indian states including Tripura. Supercells that produce very high winds with hail and occasional tornadoes are observed in these regions. They also occur along the Northern Plains of India and Pakistan. On March 23, 2013, a massive tornado ripped through Brahmanbaria district in Bangladesh, killing 20 and injuring 200.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1947_Sydney_hailstorm_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1947_Sydney_hailstorm_boat.jpg/220px-1947_Sydney_hailstorm_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1947_Sydney_hailstorm_boat.jpg/330px-1947_Sydney_hailstorm_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1947_Sydney_hailstorm_boat.jpg/440px-1947_Sydney_hailstorm_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Photo of the 1947 Sydney Hailstorm showing the hail hitting the water at Rose bay</figcaption></figure> <p>On New Year's Day 1947 a supercell hit <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. The classic type Supercell formed over the Blue Mountains, mid-morning hitting the lower CBD and eastern suburbs by mid-afternoon with the hail similar in size to a cricket ball. At the time, it was the most <a href="/wiki/Severe_storm_events_in_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe storm events in Sydney">severe storm to strike the city</a> since recorded observations began in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 14, 1999, <a href="/wiki/1999_Sydney_hailstorm" title="1999 Sydney hailstorm">a severe storm</a> later classified as a supercell hit the east coast of New South Wales. It is estimated that the storm dropped 500,000 tonnes (490,000 long tons; 550,000 short tons) worth of hailstones during its course. At the time it was the most costly disaster in Australia's insurance history, causing an approximated A$2.3 billion worth of damage, of which A$1.7 billion was covered by insurance. </p><p>On February 27, 2007, a supercell hit <a href="/wiki/Canberra,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra, Australia">Canberra</a>, dumping nearly thirty-nine centimetres (15 inches) of ice in <a href="/wiki/City,_Australian_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="City, Australian Capital Territory">Civic</a>. The ice was so heavy that a newly built shopping center's roof collapsed, birds were killed in the hail produced from the supercell, and people were stranded. The following day many homes in Canberra were subjected to flash flooding, caused either by the city's infrastructure's inability to cope with storm water or through mud slides from cleared land.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 March 2010, <a href="/wiki/2010_Victorian_storms" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Victorian storms">supercell storms</a> hit <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. The storms caused flash flooding in the center of the city and tennis ball-sized (10 cm or 4 in) hailstones hit cars and buildings, causing more than $220 million worth of damage and sparking 40,000-plus insurance claims. In just 18 minutes, 19 mm (0.75 in) of rain fell, causing havoc as streets were flooded and trains, planes, and cars were brought to a standstill.<sup id="cite_ref-sevwx_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevwx-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same month, on <a href="/wiki/2010_Western_Australian_storms" title="2010 Western Australian storms">March 22, 2010</a> a supercell hit <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth</a>. This storm was one of the worst in the city's history, causing hail stones of 6 centimetres (2.4 in) in size and torrential rain. The city had its average March rainfall in just seven minutes during the storm. Hail stones caused severe property damage, from dented cars to smashed windows.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The storm itself caused more than 100 million dollars in damage.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/2014_Brisbane_hailstorm" title="2014 Brisbane hailstorm">November 27, 2014</a> a supercell hit the inner city suburbs including the CBD of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane, Queensland">Brisbane</a>. Hailstones up to softball size cut power to 71,000 properties, injuring 39 people,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and causing a damage bill of $1 billion AUD.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wind gust of 141 km/h was recorded at <a href="/wiki/Archerfield_Airport" title="Archerfield Airport">Archerfield Airport</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Supercell" title="Special:EditPage/Supercell">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An area in South America known as the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasillo_de_los_Tornados" class="extiw" title="es:Pasillo de los Tornados">Tornado Corridor</a> is considered to be the second most frequent location for severe weather, after Tornado Alley in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The region, which covers portions of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> during the spring and summer, often experiences strong thunderstorms which may include tornadoes. One of the first known South American supercell thunderstorms to include tornadoes occurred on September 16, 1816, and destroyed the town of Rojas (240 kilometres (150 mi) west of the city of Buenos Aires).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On September 20, 1926, an F4 tornado struck the city of Encarnación (Paraguay), killing over 300 people and making it the second deadliest tornado in South America. On 21 April 1970, the town of Fray Marcos in the Department of Florida, Uruguay experienced an F4 tornado that killed 11, the strongest in the history of the nation. January 10, 1973, saw the most severe tornado in the history of South America: The <a href="/wiki/San_Justo_tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="San Justo tornado">San Justo tornado</a>, 105 km north of the city of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_de_Santa_Fe_(Argentina)" class="extiw" title="es:Ciudad de Santa Fe (Argentina)">Santa Fe</a> (Argentina), was rated F5, making it the strongest tornado ever recorded in the southern hemisphere, with winds exceeding 400 km/h. On April 13, 1993, in less than 24 hours in the province of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> was given the largest tornado outbreak in the history of South America. There were more than 300 tornadoes recorded, with intensities between F1 and F3. The most affected towns were Henderson (EF3), Urdampilleta (EF3) and Mar del Plata (EF2). In December 2000, a series of twelve tornadoes (only registered) affected the Greater Buenos Aires and the province of Buenos Aires, causing serious damage. One of them struck the town of Guernica, and, just two weeks later, in January 2001, an F3 again devastated Guernica, killing 2 people. </p><p>The December 26, 2003, Tornado F3 happened in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Cordoba</a>, with winds exceeding 300 km/h, which hit Córdoba Capital, just 6 km from the city center, in the area known as CPC Route 20, especially neighborhoods of San Roque and Villa Fabric, killing 5 people and injuring hundreds. The tornado that hit the State of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> in 2004 was one of the most destructive in the state, destroying several industrial buildings, 400 houses, killing one and wounding 11. The tornado was rated EF3, but many claim it was a tornado EF4.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In November 2009, four tornadoes, rated F1 and F2 reached the town of Posadas (capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Province" title="Misiones Province">Misiones</a>, Argentina), generating serious damage in the city. Three of the tornadoes affected the airport area, causing damage in Barrio Belén. On April 4, 2012, the Gran Buenos Aires was hit by the storm Buenos Aires, with intensities F1 and F2, which left nearly 30 dead in various locations. </p><p>On February 21, 2014, in Berazategui (province of Buenos Aires), a tornado of intensity F1 caused material damage including a car was, with two occupants inside, which was elevated a few feet off the ground and flipped over asphalt, both the driver and his passenger were slightly injured. The tornado caused no fatalities. The severe weather that occurred on Tuesday 8/11 had features rarely seen in such magnitude in Argentina. In many towns of <a href="/wiki/La_Pampa_Province" title="La Pampa Province">La Pampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis,_Argentina" title="San Luis, Argentina">San Luis</a>, Buenos Aires and Cordoba, intense hail stones fell up to 6 cm in diameter. On Sunday December 8, 2013, severe storms took place in the center and the coast. The most affected province was Córdoba, storms and supercells type "bow echos" also developed in Santa Fe and San Luis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_plume" title="Spanish plume">Spanish plume</a></div> <p>During the evening of <a href="/wiki/August_2008_European_tornado_outbreak" title="August 2008 European tornado outbreak">August 3, 2008</a>, a supercell formed over northern France. It spawned an F4 tornado in the Val de Sambre area, about 90 kilometers east of <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, which impacted nearby cities such as <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hautmont" title="Hautmont">Hautmont</a>. This same supercell later went on to generate other tornadoes in the Netherlands and Germany. </p><p>In 2009, on the night of Monday May 25, a supercell formed over <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. It was described by Belgian meteorologist Frank Deboosere as "one of the worst storms in recent years" and caused much damage in Belgium – mainly in the provinces of East Flanders (around Ghent), Flemish Brabant (around Brussels) and Antwerp. The storm occurred between about 1:00 am and 4:00 am local time. An incredible 30,000 lightning flashes were recorded in 2 hours – including 10,000 cloud-to-ground strikes. Hailstones up to 6 centimetres (2.4 in) across were observed in some places and wind gusts over 90 km/h (56 mph); in Melle near Ghent a gust of 101 km/h (63 mph) was reported. Trees were uprooted and blown onto several motorways. In Lillo (east of Antwerp) a loaded goods train was blown from the rail tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 24, 2010, an intense supercell left behind a trail of destruction spanning across three different states in eastern Germany. It produced multiple strong downbursts, damaging hail and at least four tornadoes, most notably an F3 wedge tornado which struck the town of <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fenhain" title="Großenhain">Großenhain</a>, killing one person.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 28, 2012, <a href="/wiki/2012_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_floods#28_June_supercell_storms" title="2012 Great Britain and Ireland floods">three supercells</a> affected England. Two of them formed over the Midlands, producing hailstones reported to be larger than golf balls, with conglomerate stones up to 10 cm across. Burbage in Leicestershire saw some of the most severe hail. Another supercell produced a tornado near Sleaford, in Lincolnshire. </p><p>On July 28, 2013, an exceptionally long-lived supercell tracked along an almost 400 km long path across parts of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, before falling apart in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a>. The storm had a lifespan of around 7 hours and produced large hail of up to 8 cm in diameter. The city of <a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a> was hit the hardest, houses and cars were severely damaged, dozens of people injured.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With roughly 3.6 billion euros worth of damage, it was by far the costliest thunderstorm event ever documented in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 July 2019 a supercell thunderstorm affected northern England and parts of Northumberland. Large hail, frequent lightning and rotation were reported by many people. On 24 September 2020 a similar event affected parts of West Yorkshire.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only 5 days after that on June 24, 2021, a supercell produced an F4 tornado in <a href="/wiki/2021_South_Moravia_tornado" title="2021 South Moravia tornado">south Moravia</a>, Czech Republic. This tornado caused 6 deaths and left more than 200 people injured. With roughly $700 million of damage it was one of the costliest tornadoes to occur outside of the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a> is a region of the central United States where severe weather is common, particularly tornadoes. Supercell thunderstorms occur more frequently in tornado alley and <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Alley" title="Dixie Alley">Dixie Alley</a> than anywhere else in the world. <a href="/wiki/Tornado_watch" title="Tornado watch">Tornado watches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tornado_warning" title="Tornado warning">warnings</a> are frequently necessary in the spring and summer. Most places from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> and north as far as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> will experience one or more supercells each year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1980_Grand_Island_tornado_outbreak" title="1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak">1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak</a> affected the city of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska" title="Grand Island, Nebraska">Grand Island, Nebraska</a> on June 3, 1980. Seven tornadoes touched down in or near the city that night, killing 5 and injuring 200.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2007_Elie_tornado" title="2007 Elie tornado">Elie, Manitoba tornado</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">F5</a> that struck the town of <a href="/wiki/Elie,_Manitoba" title="Elie, Manitoba">Elie, Manitoba</a> on June 22, 2007. While several houses were leveled, no one was injured or killed by the tornado.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tornado_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tornado-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most intense tornado outbreaks on record, known as <a href="/wiki/Super_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Super outbreak">super outbreaks</a>, have all occurred in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak" title="1974 Super Outbreak">1974 Super Outbreak</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Super_Outbreak" title="2011 Super Outbreak">2011 Super Outbreak</a> each spawned over 10 violent tornadoes, killed over 300, and caused billions in damage, most of which can be attributed to tornado damage.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A massive <a href="/wiki/1999_Oklahoma_tornado_outbreak" title="1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak">tornado outbreak</a> on May 3, 1999 spawned an <a href="/wiki/1999_Bridge_Creek%E2%80%93Moore_tornado" title="1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado">F5 tornado</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a> that had the highest recorded winds on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another series of tornadoes, which occurred in May 2013, caused severe devastation to Oklahoma City in general. From <a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_18%E2%80%9321,_2013" title="Tornado outbreak of May 18–21, 2013">May 18 to May 21</a>, a series of tornadoes hit, including <a href="/wiki/2013_Moore_tornado" title="2013 Moore tornado">a tornado</a> which was later rated <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale" title="Enhanced Fujita scale">EF5</a>, which traveled across parts of the Oklahoma City area, causing a severe amount of damage in a heavily populated section of <a href="/wiki/Moore,_Oklahoma" title="Moore, Oklahoma">Moore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-three fatalities and 377 injuries were caused by the tornado.<sup id="cite_ref-Deaths_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deaths-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFP_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tornadoes_in_the_tornado_outbreak_of_May_18%E2%80%9321,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tornadoes in the tornado outbreak of May 18–21, 2013">Sixty-one other tornadoes</a> were confirmed during the storm period. Later on in the same month, on the night of May 31, 2013, another eight deaths were confirmed from what became the <a href="/wiki/2013_El_Reno_tornado" title="2013 El Reno tornado">widest tornado on record</a> which hit El Reno, Oklahoma, one of <a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_26%E2%80%9331,_2013" title="Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013">a series of tornadoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funnel_cloud" title="Funnel cloud">funnel clouds</a> which hit nearby areas.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the tallest non-tropical thunderstorm on record occurred as a high-topped supercell near <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Rosita" title="Nueva Rosita">Nueva Rosita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> on May 24, 2016. This storm was recorded at a height of 68,000 ft (12.9 mi; 21 km) and produced lightning as far away as 50–60 mi (80–97 km) from the center.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa witnesses several supercell thunderstorms each year with the inclusion of isolated tornadoes. On most occasions these tornadoes occur in open farmlands and rarely cause damage to property, as such many of the tornadoes which do occur in South Africa are not reported. The majority of supercells develop in the central, northern, and north eastern parts of the country. The Free State, Gauteng, and Kwazulu Natal are typically the provinces where these storms are most commonly experienced, though supercell activity is not limited to these provinces. On occasion, hail reaches sizes in excess of <a href="/wiki/Golf_ball" title="Golf ball">golf balls</a>, and tornadoes, though rare, also occur. </p><p>On 6 May 2009, a well-defined hook echo was noticed on local South African radars, along with satellite imagery this supported the presence of a strong supercell storm. Reports from the area indicated heavy rains, winds and large hail.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 2, 2011, two devastating tornadoes tore through two separate parts of South Africa on the same day, hours apart from each other. The first, classified as an EF2 hit Meqheleng, the informal settlement outside Ficksburg, Free State which devastated shacks and homes, uprooted trees, and killed one small child. The second, which hit the informal settlement of Duduza, Nigel in the Gauteng province, also classified as EF2 hit hours apart from the one that struck Ficksburg. This tornado completely devastated parts of the informal settlement and killed two children, destroying shacks and RDP homes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercell-thunderstorm-in-Kansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supercell In Kansas"><img alt="Supercell In Kansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Supercell-thunderstorm-in-Kansas.jpg/199px-Supercell-thunderstorm-in-Kansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Supercell-thunderstorm-in-Kansas.jpg/299px-Supercell-thunderstorm-in-Kansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Supercell-thunderstorm-in-Kansas.jpg/398px-Supercell-thunderstorm-in-Kansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Supercell In Kansas</figcaption></figure><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Supercell In Kansas</div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burza_Czestochowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arcus in Poland"><img alt="Arcus in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Burza_Czestochowa.jpg/123px-Burza_Czestochowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Burza_Czestochowa.jpg/185px-Burza_Czestochowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Burza_Czestochowa.jpg/247px-Burza_Czestochowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="2715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arcus in Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercell7_-_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supercell in Oklahoma"><img alt="Supercell in Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Supercell7_-_NOAA.jpg/279px-Supercell7_-_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Supercell7_-_NOAA.jpg/419px-Supercell7_-_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Supercell7_-_NOAA.jpg/559px-Supercell7_-_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supercell in Oklahoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isolated_supercell_-_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supercell in Norman, Oklahoma"><img alt="Supercell in Norman, Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Isolated_supercell_-_NOAA.jpg/277px-Isolated_supercell_-_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Isolated_supercell_-_NOAA.jpg/416px-Isolated_supercell_-_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Isolated_supercell_-_NOAA.jpg/554px-Isolated_supercell_-_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supercell in Norman, Oklahoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotating_Thunderstorm_Updraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotating thunderstorm updraft"><img alt="Rotating thunderstorm updraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rotating_Thunderstorm_Updraft.jpg/135px-Rotating_Thunderstorm_Updraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rotating_Thunderstorm_Updraft.jpg/202px-Rotating_Thunderstorm_Updraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rotating_Thunderstorm_Updraft.jpg/270px-Rotating_Thunderstorm_Updraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rotating thunderstorm updraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaparral_Supercell_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaparral, New Mexico, supercell"><img alt="Chaparral, New Mexico, supercell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chaparral_Supercell_2.JPG/240px-Chaparral_Supercell_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chaparral_Supercell_2.JPG/360px-Chaparral_Supercell_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chaparral_Supercell_2.JPG/480px-Chaparral_Supercell_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chaparral, New Mexico, supercell</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:May_20,_2013_Moore,_Oklahoma_tornado.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="2013 Moore tornado in Oklahoma"><img alt="2013 Moore tornado in Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/May_20%2C_2013_Moore%2C_Oklahoma_tornado.JPG/240px-May_20%2C_2013_Moore%2C_Oklahoma_tornado.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/May_20%2C_2013_Moore%2C_Oklahoma_tornado.JPG/360px-May_20%2C_2013_Moore%2C_Oklahoma_tornado.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/May_20%2C_2013_Moore%2C_Oklahoma_tornado.JPG/480px-May_20%2C_2013_Moore%2C_Oklahoma_tornado.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/2013_Moore_tornado" title="2013 Moore tornado">2013 Moore tornado</a> in Oklahoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercell_thunderstorm_over_Needmore,_Texas._May_4,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supercell in Needmore, Texas"><img alt="Supercell in Needmore, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Supercell_thunderstorm_over_Needmore%2C_Texas._May_4%2C_2019.jpg/240px-Supercell_thunderstorm_over_Needmore%2C_Texas._May_4%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Supercell_thunderstorm_over_Needmore%2C_Texas._May_4%2C_2019.jpg/360px-Supercell_thunderstorm_over_Needmore%2C_Texas._May_4%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Supercell_thunderstorm_over_Needmore%2C_Texas._May_4%2C_2019.jpg/480px-Supercell_thunderstorm_over_Needmore%2C_Texas._May_4%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supercell in Needmore, Texas</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convective_storm_detection" title="Convective storm detection">Convective storm detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-cold_front" title="Pseudo-cold front">Pseudo-cold front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-warm_front" title="Pseudo-warm front">Pseudo-warm front</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supercell+Thunderstorm+Towers+Nearly+70%2C000+Feet%2C+About+Twice+the+Cruising+Altitude+of+Commercial+Planes&rft.pub=The+Weather+Channel&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft.aulast=Belles&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweather.com%2Fnews%2Fweather%2Fnews%2Fthunderstorm-cruising-altitude-commercial-aircraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018105230/http://www.stormchasing.co.za/index.php/articles-and-news/84-hook-echo-durban">"Storm Chasing South Africa - 6 May Supercell"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=113+hurt+in+Duduza+tornado&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FSouthAfrica%2FNews%2F113-hurt-in-Duduza-tornado-20111003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupercell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercell&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supercell" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:supercell">supercell</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/soo/docu/supercell.php">Structure and Dynamics of Supercell Thunderstorms</a></li> <li>Lemon, Leslie R., (1998) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730065045/http://www.stormchasers.au.com/lemon7.htm">On the Mesocyclone "Dry Intrusion" and Tornadogenesis</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejssm.org/">Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cyclones_and_anticyclones_of_the_world_(centers_of_action)460" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyclones" title="Template:Cyclones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyclones" title="Template talk:Cyclones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyclones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyclones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cyclones_and_anticyclones_of_the_world_(centers_of_action)460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">anticyclones</a> of the world (<a href="/wiki/Centers_of_action" title="Centers of action">centers of action</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_storm" title="Anticyclonic storm">Anticyclonic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">High-pressure area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">Low-pressure area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_intensification" title="Rapid intensification">Rapid intensification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_cyclogenesis" title="Explosive cyclogenesis">Explosive cyclogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dense_overcast" title="Central dense overcast">Central dense overcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annular_tropical_cyclone" title="Annular tropical cyclone">Annular tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(tropical_cyclone)" title="Bar (tropical cyclone)">Bar (tropical cyclone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstorm">Superstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tropical_cyclone" title="Post-tropical cyclone">Post-tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_jet" title="Sting jet">Sting jet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sting_jet_cyclones" title="List of sting jet cyclones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">Rainband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Hemisphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_high" title="Polar high">North Polar High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_High" title="Azores High">Azores High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_High" title="North American High">North American High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_High" title="North Pacific High">North Pacific High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge" title="Ridiculously Resilient Ridge">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">Subtropical ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Hemisphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_high" title="Polar high">South Polar High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_High" title="South Atlantic High">South Atlantic High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_High" title="South Pacific High">South Pacific High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_High" title="Kalahari High">Kalahari High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_High" title="Australian High">Australian High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">Subtropical ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">Synoptic scale</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Surface-based</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">North Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">South Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Arctic_Cyclone_of_2012" title="Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012">Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Extratropical cyclones">Extratropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">North America</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lee Cyclone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_clipper" title="Alberta clipper">Alberta clipper</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_low" title="Colorado low">Colorado low</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Basin_low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Basin low (page does not exist)">Great Basin low</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bighorn_Low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bighorn Low (page does not exist)">Bighorn Low</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_hook" title="Panhandle hook">Panhandle hook</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/November_gale" title="November gale">November gale</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Low" title="Aleutian Low">Aleutian Low</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatteras_low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatteras low (page does not exist)">Hatteras low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_low" title="Gulf low">Gulf low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_windstorm" title="Pacific Northwest windstorm">Pacific Northwest windstorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Low" title="Icelandic Low">Icelandic Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_low" title="Genoa low">Genoa low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Low" title="Asiatic Low">Asiatic Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Disturbance">Western Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_North_Asian_storms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continental North Asian storms (page does not exist)">Continental North Asian storms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Asian-northwest_Pacific_storms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Asian-northwest Pacific storms (page does not exist)">East Asian-northwest Pacific storms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Southern Hemisphere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Southern_Ocean_cyclone" title="October 2022 Southern Ocean cyclone">Southern Ocean cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudestada" title="Sudestada">Sudestada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kona_storm" title="Kona storm">Kona storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_east_coast_low" title="Australian east coast low">Australian east coast low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nor%27easter" title="Black nor'easter">Black nor'easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Lake_Huron_cyclone" title="1996 Lake Huron cyclone">Lake Huron cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone" title="Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone">Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">Thermal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tropical_cyclones" title="Outline of tropical cyclones">Outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Northern Hemisphere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></span> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_hurricane" title="Cape Verde hurricane">Cape Verde hurricane</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_hurricane" title="Pacific hurricane">Pacific hurricane</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone" title="Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone">Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_tropical-like_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea tropical-like cyclone">Black Sea tropical-like cyclone</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Southern Hemisphere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/South-West_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Australian_region_tropical_cyclone" title="Australian region tropical cyclone">Australian region tropical cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_tropical_cyclone" title="South Pacific tropical cyclone">South Pacific tropical cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone" title="South Atlantic tropical cyclone">South Atlantic tropical cyclone</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-core_low" title="Cold-core low">Cold-core low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-off_low" title="Cut-off low">Cut-off low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_tropospheric_cyclonic_vortex" title="Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex">Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_meteorology" title="Mesoscale meteorology">Mesoscale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_ocean_eddies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoscale ocean eddies">Mesoscale ocean eddies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_eddy" title="Catalina eddy">Catalina eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_Eddies" title="Haida Eddies">Haida Eddies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_system" title="Mesoscale convective system">Mesoscale convective system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wake_low" title="Wake low">Wake Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesohigh" title="Mesohigh">Mesohigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_vortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoscale convective vortex">Mesoscale convective vortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_echo_wave_pattern" title="Line echo wave pattern">Line echo wave pattern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whirlwind" title="Whirlwind">Whirlwind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supercell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-supercell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-supercell">Low-topped supercell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_cloud" title="Wall cloud">Wall cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnel_cloud" title="Funnel cloud">Funnel cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-vortex_tornado" title="Multiple-vortex tornado">Multiple-vortex tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_tornado" title="Satellite tornado">Satellite tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustnado" title="Gustnado">Gustnado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_devil" title="Steam devil">Steam devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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