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id="toc-Developing_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Developing stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mature_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mature_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mature stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mature_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissipating_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissipating_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dissipating stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissipating_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single-cell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-cell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Single-cell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-cell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-cell_clusters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-cell_clusters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Multi-cell clusters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-cell_clusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multicell_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multicell_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Multicell lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multicell_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Supercells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severe_thunderstorms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severe_thunderstorms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Severe thunderstorms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severe_thunderstorms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesoscale_convective_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesoscale_convective_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mesoscale convective systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesoscale_convective_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Motion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Motion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Back-building_thunderstorm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back-building_thunderstorm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Back-building thunderstorm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back-building_thunderstorm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hazards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cloud-to-ground_lightning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud-to-ground_lightning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cloud-to-ground lightning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud-to-ground_lightning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tornadoes_and_waterspouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tornadoes_and_waterspouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tornadoes and waterspouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tornadoes_and_waterspouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flash_flood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flash_flood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Flash flood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flash_flood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downburst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downburst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Downburst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downburst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thunderstorm_asthma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thunderstorm_asthma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Thunderstorm asthma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thunderstorm_asthma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety precautions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_precautions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety precautions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparedness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparedness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Preparedness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparedness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequent_occurrences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequent_occurrences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Frequent occurrences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequent_occurrences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mythology and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_of_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_of_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Outside of Earth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_of_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thunderstorm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donderstorm" title="Donderstorm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Donderstorm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عاصفة رعدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عاصفة رعدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronada" title="Tronada – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tronada" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nube_ll%C3%A9trica" title="Nube llétrica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nube llétrica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="İldırım – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İldırım" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC" title="বজ্রঝড় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বজ্রঝড়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%80%D3%99%D2%AF" title="Күк күкрәү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күк күкрәү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Навальніца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навальніца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Навальніца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Навальніца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="झंझावात – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="झंझावात" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Гръмотевична буря – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръмотевична буря" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempesta_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Tempesta elèctrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tempesta elèctrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%80" title="Аслатиллĕ çумăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслатиллĕ çумăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou%C5%99ka" title="Bouřka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bouřka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewitter" title="Gewitter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewitter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ike" title="Äike – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Äike" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Καταιγίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταιγίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tormenta_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Tormenta eléctrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tormenta eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmotondro" title="Fulmotondro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fulmotondro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumoi-ekaitz" title="Trumoi-ekaitz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trumoi-ekaitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="توفان تندری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توفان تندری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orage" title="Orage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swierwaar" title="Swierwaar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swierwaar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoirm_toirn%C3%AD" title="Stoirm toirní – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stoirm toirní" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treboada" title="Treboada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Treboada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C%EC%9A%B0" title="뇌우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA" title="Ամպրոպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամպրոպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE" title="तड़ितझंझा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तड़ितझंझा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grmljavinska_oluja" title="Grmljavinska oluja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grmljavinska oluja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmo" title="Sturmo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sturmo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badai_petir" title="Badai petir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badai petir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgurata" title="Fulgurata – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fulgurata" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Erumuve%C3%B0ur" title="Þrumuveður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrumuveður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporale" title="Temporale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Temporale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סופת רעמים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סופת רעמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჭექა-ქუხილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭექა-ქუხილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Найзағай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Найзағай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempestas_(meteorologia)" title="Tempestas (meteorologia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tempestas (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negaiss" title="Negaiss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Negaiss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnerwieder" title="Donnerwieder – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Donnerwieder" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perk%C5%ABnija" title="Perkūnija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perkūnija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal" title="Temporal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Temporal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivatar" title="Zivatar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zivatar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oram-baratra" title="Oram-baratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oram-baratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="തണ്ടർസ്റ്റോം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തണ്ടർസ്റ്റോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B3" title="मेघगर्जनेचे वादळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेघगर्जनेचे वादळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტყვაცი დო გურგინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტყვაცი დო გურგინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribut_petir" title="Ribut petir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ribut petir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လေမုန်တိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေမုန်တိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onweer" title="Onweer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onweer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E9%9B%A8" title="雷雨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雷雨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordenv%C3%A6r" title="Tordenvær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tordenvær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torev%C3%AAr" title="Torevêr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Torevêr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auratge" title="Auratge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Auratge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88-%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬਿਜਲਈ-ਤੂਫ਼ਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਈ-ਤੂਫ਼ਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="طوفان برق و باراں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طوفان برق و باراں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernu" title="Hernu – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hernu" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burza" title="Burza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Burza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trovoada" title="Trovoada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trovoada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyur" title="Tuyur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tuyur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гроза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гроза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunnerstorm" title="Thunnerstorm – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thunnerstorm" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thunderstorm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BArka" title="Búrka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Búrka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevihta" title="Nevihta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nevihta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkod" title="Onkod – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Onkod" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ڕەشەبای برووسکاوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەشەبای برووسکاوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Олуја са грмљавином – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Олуја са грмљавином" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grmljavinska_oluja" title="Grmljavinska oluja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grmljavinska oluja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukkonen" title="Ukkonen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ukkonen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ska" title="Åska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Åska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88" title="இடிமழை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடிமழை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="พายุฟ้าคะนอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พายุฟ้าคะนอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraj" title="Oraj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oraj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Electrical_storm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Electrical storm (disambiguation)">Electrical storm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thunderstorm (disambiguation)">Thunderstorm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Thunderstorm</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FoggDam-NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FoggDam-NT.jpg/220px-FoggDam-NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FoggDam-NT.jpg/330px-FoggDam-NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FoggDam-NT.jpg/440px-FoggDam-NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A typical thunderstorm over a field</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area of occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Primarily tropical and also <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> regions.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Season</th><td class="infobox-data">Most common in spring and summer. (in temperate regions) <br /> Common in wet season. (in tropical regions)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effect</th><td class="infobox-data">Depends on the storm, may involve rain, hail, and/or high winds. May cause flooding or fires.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Rain and snow mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">Snow grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_roller" title="Snow roller">Snow roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles" title="Index of meteorology articles">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_season" title="Fog season">Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">Jet stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena" title="List of severe weather phenomena">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme</a></li> <li>Severe weather terminology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)" title="Severe weather terminology (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)" title="Severe weather terminology (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Summer_thunderstorm_in_the_woods.ogg/Summer_thunderstorm_in_the_woods.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Summer thunderstorm in the woods</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Good_thunderstorm_Sept_8_2022.ogg" title="File:Good thunderstorm Sept 8 2022.ogg">Good summer thunderstorm</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2664" data-mwtitle="Good_thunderstorm_Sept_8_2022.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Good_thunderstorm_Sept_8_2022.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Good_thunderstorm_Sept_8_2022.ogg/Good_thunderstorm_Sept_8_2022.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The sound of a thunderstorm</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_thunderstorm_in_surburbs.ogg" title="File:Spring thunderstorm in surburbs.ogg">Spring thunderstorm in suburbs</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1089" data-mwtitle="Spring_thunderstorm_in_surburbs.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Spring_thunderstorm_in_surburbs.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Spring_thunderstorm_in_surburbs.ogg/Spring_thunderstorm_in_surburbs.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The sound of part of a thunderstorm</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>A <b>thunderstorm</b>, also known as an <b>electrical storm</b> or a <b>lightning storm</b>, is a storm characterized by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> effect on the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatively weak thunderstorms are sometimes called <b>thundershowers</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thunderstorms occur in a type of cloud known as a <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulonimbus">cumulonimbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usually accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">strong winds</a><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often produce <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rain_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rain (meteorology)">heavy rain</a><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">sleet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some thunderstorms produce little precipitation or <a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">no precipitation</a> at all. Thunderstorms may <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorm training">line up in a series</a> or become a <a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">rainband</a>, known as a <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall line</a>. Strong or <a href="#Severe_thunderstorms">severe thunderstorms</a> include some of the most dangerous weather phenomena, including large hail, strong winds, and <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>. Some of the most persistent severe thunderstorms, known as <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercells</a>, rotate as do cyclones. While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> that they occupy, vertical <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction. </p><p>Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air, sometimes along a <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scied.ucar.edu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scied.ucar.edu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some kind of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">cloud forcing</a>, whether it is a front, <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_(meteorology)" title="Shortwave (meteorology)">shortwave</a> trough, or another system is needed for the air to rapidly accelerate upward. As the warm, moist air moves upward, it cools, <a href="/wiki/Condense" class="mw-redirect" title="Condense">condenses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-scied.ucar.edu_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scied.ucar.edu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forms a cumulonimbus cloud that can reach heights of over 20 kilometres (12 mi). As the rising air reaches its <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> temperature, water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice, reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell. Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earth's surface. As the droplets fall, they collide with other droplets and become larger. The falling droplets create a <a href="/wiki/Downdraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Downdraft">downdraft</a> as it pulls cold air with it, and this cold air spreads out at the Earth's surface, occasionally causing strong winds that are commonly associated with thunderstorms. </p><p>Thunderstorms can form and develop in any geographic location but most frequently within the <a href="/wiki/Mid-latitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-latitudes">mid-latitude</a>, where warm, moist air from tropical latitudes collides with cooler air from polar latitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-nssl.noaa.gov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssl.noaa.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena, which can be potentially hazardous. Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by <a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">downburst</a> winds, large hailstones, and <a href="/wiki/Flash_flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash flooding">flash flooding</a> caused by heavy <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>. Stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and <a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">waterspouts</a>. </p><p>There are three types of thunderstorms: <a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">single-cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_thunderstorm" title="Multicellular thunderstorm">multi-cell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunderstorms_and_Tornadoes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderstorms_and_Tornadoes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and most severe.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunderstorms_and_Tornadoes_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderstorms_and_Tornadoes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_system" title="Mesoscale convective system">Mesoscale convective systems</a> formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropics</a> can be responsible for the development of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricanes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorms</a>, with no precipitation, can cause the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> from the heat generated from the <a href="/wiki/Cloud-to-ground_lightning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud-to-ground lightning">cloud-to-ground lightning</a> that accompanies them. Several means are used to study thunderstorms: <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather stations</a>, and video photography. Past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century. Beyond the Earth's atmosphere, thunderstorms have also been observed on the planets of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, and, probably, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunderstorm_formation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Thunderstorm_formation.jpg/440px-Thunderstorm_formation.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Thunderstorm_formation.jpg/660px-Thunderstorm_formation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Thunderstorm_formation.jpg/880px-Thunderstorm_formation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Stages of a thunderstorm's life</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a></div> <p>Warm air has a lower <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> than cool air, so warmer air rises upwards and cooler air will settle at the bottom<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this effect can be seen with a <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clouds form as relatively warmer air, carrying moisture, rises within cooler air. The moist air rises, and, as it does so, it cools and some of the <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> in that rising air <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the moisture condenses, it releases energy known as <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> of condensation, which allows the rising packet of air to cool less than the cooler surrounding air<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuing the cloud's ascension. If enough <a href="/wiki/Convective_available_potential_energy" title="Convective available potential energy">instability</a> is present in the atmosphere, this process will continue long enough for <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulonimbus">cumulonimbus</a> clouds to form and produce <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>. Meteorological indices such as <a href="/wiki/Convective_available_potential_energy" title="Convective available potential energy">convective available potential energy</a> (CAPE) and the <a href="/wiki/Lifted_index" title="Lifted index">lifted index</a> can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-CAPE_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAPE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, thunderstorms require three conditions in order to form: </p> <ol><li>Moisture</li> <li>An unstable airmass</li> <li>A lifting force (heat)</li></ol> <p>All thunderstorms, regardless of type, go through three stages: the <b>developing stage</b>, the <b>mature stage</b>, and the <b>dissipation stage</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Extreme_Weather_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extreme_Weather-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average thunderstorm has a 24 km (15 mi) diameter. Depending on the conditions present in the atmosphere, each of these three stages take an average of 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-tsbasics_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsbasics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_stage">Developing stage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_congestus_to_cumulonimbus_incus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cumulus_congestus_to_cumulonimbus_incus.png/220px-Cumulus_congestus_to_cumulonimbus_incus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cumulus_congestus_to_cumulonimbus_incus.png/330px-Cumulus_congestus_to_cumulonimbus_incus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cumulus_congestus_to_cumulonimbus_incus.png/440px-Cumulus_congestus_to_cumulonimbus_incus.png 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_congestus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulus congestus">cumulus congestus</a>' transformation into a mature <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus" title="Cumulonimbus incus">cumulonimbus incus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage or developing stage. During this stage, masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere. The trigger for this lift can be <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">solar illumination</a>, where the heating of the ground produces <a href="/wiki/Thermals" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermals">thermals</a>, or where two winds converge forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture carried upward cools into liquid drops of water due to lower temperatures at high altitude, which appear as <i><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud">cumulus</a></i> clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid, <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air. The air tends to rise in an <i><a href="/wiki/Updraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Updraft">updraft</a></i> through the process of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">convection</a> (hence the term <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">convective precipitation</a>). This process creates a <a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure area">low-pressure zone</a> within and beneath the forming thunderstorm. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 500 million kilograms of water vapor are lifted into the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-condensationenergy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condensationenergy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The source is a list of power values, none of which pertain to thunderstorm moisture or energy. (April 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mature_stage">Mature stage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg/260px-Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg/390px-Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg/520px-Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Anvil-shaped thundercloud in the mature stage</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther. Often this 'cap' is the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a>. The air is instead forced to spread out, giving the storm a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvil</a> shape. The resulting cloud is called <i><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus" title="Cumulonimbus incus">cumulonimbus incus</a></i>. The water droplets <a href="/wiki/Coalescence_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalescence (meteorology)">coalesce</a> into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles. As these fall, they melt to become rain. If the updraft is strong enough, the droplets are held aloft long enough to become so large that they do not melt completely but fall as <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>. While updrafts are still present, the falling rain drags the surrounding air with it, creating <i><a href="/wiki/Downdrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Downdrafts">downdrafts</a></i> as well. The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and a downdraft marks the mature stage of the storm and produces cumulonimbus clouds. During this stage, considerable internal <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> can occur, which manifests as strong winds, severe lightning, and even <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, if there is little <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a>, the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and 'rain itself out',<sup id="cite_ref-Extreme_Weather_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extreme_Weather-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, if there is sufficient change in wind speed or direction, the downdraft will be separated from the updraft, and the storm may become a <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercell</a>, where the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-motion_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissipating_stage">Dissipating stage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single-cell_Thunderstorm_in_a_No-shear_Environment..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Single-cell_Thunderstorm_in_a_No-shear_Environment..jpg/260px-Single-cell_Thunderstorm_in_a_No-shear_Environment..jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Single-cell_Thunderstorm_in_a_No-shear_Environment..jpg/390px-Single-cell_Thunderstorm_in_a_No-shear_Environment..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Single-cell_Thunderstorm_in_a_No-shear_Environment..jpg/520px-Single-cell_Thunderstorm_in_a_No-shear_Environment..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>A thunderstorm in an environment with no winds to shear the storm or blow the anvil in any one direction</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flanking_line_on_dissipating_cumulonimbus_incus_cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flanking_line_on_dissipating_cumulonimbus_incus_cloud.jpg/220px-Flanking_line_on_dissipating_cumulonimbus_incus_cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flanking_line_on_dissipating_cumulonimbus_incus_cloud.jpg/330px-Flanking_line_on_dissipating_cumulonimbus_incus_cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flanking_line_on_dissipating_cumulonimbus_incus_cloud.jpg/440px-Flanking_line_on_dissipating_cumulonimbus_incus_cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flanking_line_(meteorology)" title="Flanking line (meteorology)">Flanking line</a> in front of a dissipating <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus" title="Cumulonimbus incus">cumulonimbus incus</a> cloud</figcaption></figure> <p>In the dissipation stage, the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft. If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development, this stage occurs rather quickly, approximately 20–30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm. The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm, hit the ground and spread out. This phenomenon is known as a <a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">downburst</a>. The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm, the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate. Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions, which then quickly cuts off its <a href="/wiki/Inflow_(meteorology)" title="Inflow (meteorology)">inflow</a> of relatively warm, moist air, and kills the thunderstorm's further growth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The downdraft hitting the ground creates an <a href="/wiki/Outflow_boundary" title="Outflow boundary">outflow boundary</a>. This can cause downbursts, a potential hazardous condition for aircraft to fly through, as a substantial change in wind speed and direction occurs, resulting in a decrease of airspeed and the subsequent reduction in lift for the aircraft. The stronger the <a href="/wiki/Outflow_boundary" title="Outflow boundary">outflow boundary</a> is, the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear becomes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg/330px-CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg/495px-CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg/660px-CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Conditions favorable for thunderstorm types and complexes</figcaption></figure> <p>There are four main types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multi-cell, squall line (also called multi-cell line) and supercell.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunderstorms_and_Tornadoes_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderstorms_and_Tornadoes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Which type forms depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere ("<a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a>"). Single-cell thunderstorms form in environments of low vertical wind shear and last only 20–30 minutes. </p><p>Organized thunderstorms and thunderstorm clusters/lines can have longer life cycles as they form in environments of significant vertical wind shear, normally greater than 25 knots (13 m/s) in the lowest 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which aids the development of stronger updrafts as well as various forms of severe weather. The supercell is the strongest of the thunderstorms,<sup id="cite_ref-Thunderstorms_and_Tornadoes_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderstorms_and_Tornadoes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most commonly associated with large hail, high winds, and tornado formation. <a href="/wiki/Precipitable_water" title="Precipitable water">Precipitable water</a> values of greater than 31.8 millimetres (1.25 in) favor the development of organized thunderstorm complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with heavy rainfall normally have precipitable water values greater than 36.9 millimetres (1.45 in).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upstream values of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_instability#CAPE_and_CIN" title="Atmospheric instability">CAPE</a> of greater than 800 J/kg are usually required for the development of organized convection.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-cell">Single-cell</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunderstorm_over_Wagga_Wagga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Thunderstorm_over_Wagga_Wagga.jpg/170px-Thunderstorm_over_Wagga_Wagga.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Thunderstorm_over_Wagga_Wagga.jpg/255px-Thunderstorm_over_Wagga_Wagga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Thunderstorm_over_Wagga_Wagga.jpg/340px-Thunderstorm_over_Wagga_Wagga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>A single-cell thunderstorm over <a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This term technically applies to a single thunderstorm with one main updraft. Also known as <a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">air-mass thunderstorms</a>, these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales. They also occur in the cool unstable air that often follows the passage of a <a href="/wiki/Weather_fronts" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather fronts">cold front</a> from the sea during winter. Within a cluster of thunderstorms, the term "cell" refers to each separate principal updraft. Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation, as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary that sets up new thunderstorm development. Such storms are rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability; hence the term "air mass thunderstorm". When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them, it is known as a pulse severe storm. Pulse severe storms are poorly organized and occur randomly in time and space, making them difficult to forecast. Single-cell thunderstorms normally last 20–30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-tsbasics_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsbasics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-cell_clusters">Multi-cell clusters</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_thunderstorm" title="Multicellular thunderstorm">Multicellular thunderstorm</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg/220px-8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg/330px-8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg/440px-8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5266" data-file-height="5266" /></a><figcaption>A group of thunderstorms over Brazil photographed by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>This is the most common type of thunderstorm development. <i>Mature thunderstorms</i> are found near the center of the cluster, while dissipating thunderstorms exist on their downwind side. <i>Multicell storms</i> form as clusters of storms but may then evolve into one or more <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall lines</a>. While each cell of the cluster may only last 20 minutes, the cluster itself may persist for hours at a time. They often arise from convective updrafts in or near mountain ranges and linear weather boundaries, such as strong cold fronts or troughs of low pressure. These type of storms are stronger than the single-cell storm, yet much weaker than the supercell storm. Hazards with the multicell cluster include moderate-sized hail, flash flooding, and weak tornadoes.<sup id="cite_ref-tsbasics_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsbasics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multicell_lines">Multicell lines</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">Squall line</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_derecho_events" title="List of derecho events">List of derecho events</a></div> <p>A squall line is an elongated line of <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorms#Severe_thunderstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorms">severe thunderstorms</a> that can form along or ahead of a <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, the term was used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OU_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OU-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The squall line contains heavy <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, frequent <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, strong straight line winds, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterspouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterspouts">waterspouts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> in the form of strong straight-line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line itself is in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Bow_echo" title="Bow echo">bow echo</a>, within the portion of the line that bows out the most.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornadoes</a> can be found along waves within a <a href="/wiki/Line_echo_wave_pattern" title="Line echo wave pattern">line echo wave pattern</a>, or LEWP, where mesoscale <a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure area">low pressure areas</a> are present.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bow echoes in the summer are called <a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">derechos</a>, and move quite fast through large sections of territory.<sup id="cite_ref-noaa_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the back edge of the rain shield associated with mature squall lines, a <a href="/wiki/Wake_low" title="Wake low">wake low</a> can form, which is a mesoscale low pressure area that forms behind the mesoscale high pressure system normally present under the rain canopy, which are sometimes associated with a <a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">heat burst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of storm is also known as "Wind of the Stony Lake" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">石湖风</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">石湖風</span>; shi2 hu2 feng1) in southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercells">Supercells</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunderhead.anvil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thunderhead.anvil.jpg/220px-Thunderhead.anvil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thunderhead.anvil.jpg/330px-Thunderhead.anvil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thunderhead.anvil.jpg/440px-Thunderhead.anvil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption>The setting sun illuminates the top of a classic anvil-shaped thunderstorm cloud in eastern <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>Supercell storms are large, usually <a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">severe</a>, quasi-steady-state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ("<a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a>"), and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts (i.e., where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft) with a strong, rotating updraft (a "<a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">mesocyclone</a>"). These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud (or anvil) can break through the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> and reach into the lower levels of the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>. Supercell storms can be 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide. Research has shown that at least 90 percent of supercells cause <a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">severe weather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-motion_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These storms can produce destructive <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, extremely large <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hailstones</a> (10 centimetres or 4 inches diameter), <a href="/wiki/Straight-line_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-line wind">straight-line winds</a> in excess of 130 km/h (81 mph), and <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash floods</a>. In fact, research has shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supercells are generally the strongest type of thunderstorm.<sup id="cite_ref-tsbasics_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsbasics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Severe_thunderstorms">Severe thunderstorms</h3></div> <p>In the United States, a thunderstorm is classed as severe if winds reach at least 93 kilometres per hour (58 mph), hail is 25 millimetres (1 in) in diameter or larger, or if <a href="/wiki/Funnel_cloud" title="Funnel cloud">funnel clouds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> are reported.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a funnel cloud or tornado indicates a severe thunderstorm, a <a href="/wiki/Tornado_warning" title="Tornado warning">tornado warning</a> is issued in place of a <a href="/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm_warning" title="Severe thunderstorm warning">severe thunderstorm warning</a>. A severe thunderstorm warning is issued if a thunderstorm becomes severe, or will soon turn severe. In Canada, a rainfall rate greater than 50 millimetres (2 in) in one hour, or 75 millimetres (3 in) in three hours, is also used to indicate severe thunderstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe thunderstorms can occur from any type of storm cell. However, <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_thunderstorm" title="Multicellular thunderstorm">multicell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercell</a>, and squall lines represent the most common forms of thunderstorms that produce severe weather.<sup id="cite_ref-motion_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesoscale_convective_systems">Mesoscale convective systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_system" title="Mesoscale convective system">Mesoscale convective system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:June_2022_Midwest_Mesoscale_convective_complex-derecho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/June_2022_Midwest_Mesoscale_convective_complex-derecho.jpg/220px-June_2022_Midwest_Mesoscale_convective_complex-derecho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/June_2022_Midwest_Mesoscale_convective_complex-derecho.jpg/330px-June_2022_Midwest_Mesoscale_convective_complex-derecho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/June_2022_Midwest_Mesoscale_convective_complex-derecho.jpg/440px-June_2022_Midwest_Mesoscale_convective_complex-derecho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="7500" /></a><figcaption>MCC moving through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>: on 13 June 2022, at 18:45 UTC</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_system" title="Mesoscale convective system">mesoscale convective system</a> (MCS) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</a>, and normally persists for several hours or more.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mesoscale convective system's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape, and include weather systems such as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a> events, <a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">polar lows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_complex" title="Mesoscale convective complex">mesoscale convective complexes</a> (MCCs), and they generally form near <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">weather fronts</a>. Most mesoscale convective systems develop overnight and continue their lifespan through the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-Extreme_Weather_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extreme_Weather-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They tend to form when the surface temperature varies by more than 5 °C (9 °F) between day and night.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America, Europe, and Asia, with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forms of MCS that develop in the tropics are found in use either the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">monsoon troughs</a>, generally within the warm season between spring and fall. More intense systems form over land than over water.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One exception is that of <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a> bands, which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water, and occurs from fall through spring.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polar lows are a second special class of MCS. They form at high latitudes during the cold season.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the parent MCS dies, later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with its remnant <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_vortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoscale convective vortex">mesoscale convective vortex</a> (MCV).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesoscale convective systems are important to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_rainfall_climatology" title="United States rainfall climatology">United States rainfall climatology</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motion">Motion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/220px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/330px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/440px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Thunderstorm line viewed in <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> (<a href="/wiki/DBZ_(meteorology)" title="DBZ (meteorology)">dBZ</a>) on a <a href="/wiki/Plan_position_indicator" title="Plan position indicator">plan position indicator</a> radar display</figcaption></figure> <p>The two major ways thunderstorms move are via <a href="/wiki/Advection" title="Advection">advection</a> of the wind and propagation along <a href="/wiki/Outflow_boundary" title="Outflow boundary">outflow boundaries</a> towards sources of greater heat and moisture. Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, the lowest 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>. Weaker thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth's surface than stronger thunderstorms, as the weaker thunderstorms are not as tall. Organized, long-lived thunderstorm cells and complexes move at a right angle to the direction of the vertical <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> vector. If the gust front, or leading edge of the outflow boundary, races ahead of the thunderstorm, its motion will accelerate in tandem. This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation (HP) than with thunderstorms with low precipitation (LP). When thunderstorms merge, which is most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other, the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates the future motion of the merged cell. The stronger the mean wind, the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion. On <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a>, storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan.<sup id="cite_ref-motion_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back-building_thunderstorm">Back-building thunderstorm</h3></div> <p>A back-building thunderstorm, commonly referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Training_(meteorology)" title="Training (meteorology)">training thunderstorm</a>, is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side (usually the west or southwest side in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>), such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction. Though the storm often appears stationary on radar, or even moving upwind, this is an illusion. The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new, more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side, replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this happens, catastrophic flooding is possible. In <a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City, South Dakota</a>, in 1972, an unusual alignment of winds at various levels of the atmosphere combined to produce a continuously training set of cells that dropped an enormous quantity of rain upon the same area, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills flood">devastating flash flooding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar event occurred in <a href="/wiki/Boscastle" title="Boscastle">Boscastle</a>, England, on 16 August 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over Chennai on 1 December 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2></div> <p>Each year, many people are killed or seriously injured by severe thunderstorms despite the advance warning<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. While severe thunderstorms are most common in the spring and summer, they can occur at just about any time of the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud-to-ground_lightning">Cloud-to-ground lightning</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">Lightning strike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blitze_IMGP6376_wp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Blitze_IMGP6376_wp.jpg/220px-Blitze_IMGP6376_wp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Blitze_IMGP6376_wp.jpg/330px-Blitze_IMGP6376_wp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Blitze_IMGP6376_wp.jpg/440px-Blitze_IMGP6376_wp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="2528" /></a><figcaption>A return stroke, cloud-to-ground lightning strike during a thunderstorm</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cloud-to-ground_lightning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud-to-ground lightning">Cloud-to-ground lightning</a> frequently occurs within the phenomena of thunderstorms and have numerous hazards towards landscapes and populations. One of the more significant hazards lightning can pose is the <a href="/wiki/Wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildfires">wildfires</a> they are capable of igniting.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott2000_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott2000-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under a regime of low precipitation (LP) thunderstorms, where little precipitation is present, rainfall cannot prevent fires from starting when vegetation is dry as lightning produces a concentrated amount of extreme heat.<sup id="cite_ref-ufl_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufl-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct damage caused by lightning strikes occurs on occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas with a high frequency for cloud-to-ground lightning, like Florida, lightning causes several fatalities per year, most commonly to people working outside.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acid rain is also a frequent risk produced by lightning. <a href="/wiki/Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">Distilled water</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral solution">neutral</a> <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 7. "Clean" or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>, a weak acid (pH 5.6 in distilled water), but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> present during thunderstorm phenomena,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen, can result in the production of acid rain, if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation, thus creating acid rain. Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or certain other solid chemical compounds. In ecosystems, acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hail">Hail</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogota_hailstorm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bogota_hailstorm.jpg/220px-Bogota_hailstorm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bogota_hailstorm.jpg/330px-Bogota_hailstorm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bogota_hailstorm.jpg/440px-Bogota_hailstorm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Hailstorm in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia</figcaption></figure> <p>Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thunderclouds that are capable of producing hailstones are often seen obtaining green coloration. Hail is more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards (known as <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic lifting</a>), thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India, which reported one of the highest hail-related death tolls on record in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China also experiences significant hailstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across Europe, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> experiences frequent occurrences of hail.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, hail is most common in the area where <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> meet, known as "Hail Alley".<sup id="cite_ref-ncarhail_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncarhail-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and October during the afternoon and evening hours, with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September. <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming" title="Cheyenne, Wyoming">Cheyenne, Wyoming</a>, is North America's most hail-prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolanhail_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolanhail-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South America, areas prone to hail are cities like Bogotá, Colombia. </p><p>Hail can cause serious damage, notably to <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, aircraft, skylights, glass-roofed structures, livestock, and most commonly, farmers' <a href="/wiki/Crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Crops">crops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolanhail_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolanhail-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft. When hail stones exceed 13 millimetres (0.5 in) in diameter, planes can be seriously damaged within seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft. Wheat, corn, soybeans, and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hail is one of Canada's most costly hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history. One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 9th century in <a href="/wiki/Roopkund" title="Roopkund">Roopkund</a>, Uttarakhand, India.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest hailstone in terms of maximum circumference and length ever recorded in the United States fell in 2003 in <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Nebraska" title="Aurora, Nebraska">Aurora, Nebraska</a>, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tornadoes_and_waterspouts">Tornadoes and waterspouts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/220px-F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/330px-F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/440px-F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>In June 2007, the town of <a href="/wiki/Elie,_Manitoba" title="Elie, Manitoba">Elie, Manitoba</a> was struck by an <a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">F5</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Elie,_Manitoba_tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Elie, Manitoba tornado">tornado</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></div> <p>A tornado is a violent, rotating column of air in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud (otherwise known as a thundercloud) or, in rare cases, the base of a <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud">cumulus cloud</a>. Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible <a href="/wiki/Funnel_cloud" title="Funnel cloud">condensation funnel</a>, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Renno_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most tornadoes have wind speeds between 40 and 110 mph (64 and 177 km/h), are approximately 75 metres (246 ft) across, and travel several kilometers (a few miles) before dissipating. Some attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than 1,600 metres (1 mi) across, and stay on the ground for more than 100 kilometres (dozens of miles).<sup id="cite_ref-SPC_FAQ_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC_FAQ-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fastest_wind_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastest_wind-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-widest_tornado_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widest_tornado-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">Fujita scale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Fujita Scale">Enhanced Fujita Scale</a> rate tornadoes by damage caused. An EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees but does not cause significant damage to structures. An EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar <a href="/wiki/TORRO_scale" title="TORRO scale">TORRO scale</a> ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pulse-Doppler_radar" title="Pulse-Doppler radar">Doppler</a> <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">radar</a> data, <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a>, and ground swirl patterns (cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating.<sup id="cite_ref-EF_SPC_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EF_SPC-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lakes_Waterspouts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Great_Lakes_Waterspouts.jpg/220px-Great_Lakes_Waterspouts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Great_Lakes_Waterspouts.jpg/330px-Great_Lakes_Waterspouts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Great_Lakes_Waterspouts.jpg/440px-Great_Lakes_Waterspouts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Formation of numerous waterspouts in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region (North America)</figcaption></figure> <p>Waterspouts have similar characteristics as tornadoes, characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current that form over bodies of water, connecting to large cumulonimbus clouds. Waterspouts are generally classified as forms of tornadoes, or more specifically, non-<a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercelled</a> tornadoes that develop over large bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These spiralling columns of air frequently develop within tropical areas close to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, but are less common within areas of <a href="/wiki/High_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High latitude">high latitude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flash_flood">Flash flood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Christian_Church_carpark_Flooded.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kings_Christian_Church_carpark_Flooded.jpg/220px-Kings_Christian_Church_carpark_Flooded.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kings_Christian_Church_carpark_Flooded.jpg/330px-Kings_Christian_Church_carpark_Flooded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kings_Christian_Church_carpark_Flooded.jpg/440px-Kings_Christian_Church_carpark_Flooded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>A flash flood caused by a severe thunderstorm</figcaption></figure> <p>Flash flooding is the process where a landscape, most notably an urban environment, is subjected to rapid floods.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rapid floods occur more quickly and are more localized than seasonal river flooding or areal flooding<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are frequently (though not always) associated with intense rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flash flooding can frequently occur in slow-moving thunderstorms and is usually caused by the heavy liquid precipitation that accompanies it. Flash floods are most common in arid regions as well as densely populated urban environments, where few plants, and bodies of water are present to absorb and contain the extra water. Flash flooding can be hazardous to small infrastructure, such as bridges, and weakly constructed buildings. Plants and crops in agricultural areas can be destroyed and devastated by the force of raging water. Automobiles parked within affected areas can also be displaced. <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> erosion can occur as well, exposing risks of <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> phenomena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downburst">Downburst</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downburst_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Downburst_damage.jpg/220px-Downburst_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Downburst_damage.jpg/330px-Downburst_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Downburst_damage.jpg/440px-Downburst_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Trees uprooted or displaced by the force of a downburst wind in northwest <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Wisconsin" title="Monroe County, Wisconsin">Monroe County, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Downburst winds can produce numerous hazards to landscapes experiencing thunderstorms. Downburst winds are generally very powerful, and are often mistaken for wind speeds produced by tornadoes,<sup id="cite_ref-erh.noaa_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh.noaa-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the concentrated amount of force exerted by their straight-horizontal characteristic. Downburst winds can be hazardous to unstable, incomplete, or weakly constructed infrastructures and buildings. Agricultural crops, and other plants in nearby environments can be uprooted and damaged. Aircraft engaged in takeoff or landing can crash.<sup id="cite_ref-Extreme_Weather_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extreme_Weather-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erh.noaa_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh.noaa-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automobiles can be displaced by the force exerted by downburst winds. Downburst winds are usually formed in areas when high pressure air systems of downdrafts begin to sink and displace the air masses below it, due to their higher density. When these downdrafts reach the surface, they spread out and turn into the destructive straight-horizontal winds.<sup id="cite_ref-Extreme_Weather_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extreme_Weather-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thunderstorm_asthma">Thunderstorm asthma</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm_asthma" title="Thunderstorm asthma">Thunderstorm asthma</a></div> <p>Thunderstorm asthma is the triggering of an asthma attack by environmental conditions directly caused by a local thunderstorm. During a thunderstorm, pollen grains can absorb moisture and then burst into much smaller fragments with these fragments being easily dispersed by wind. While larger pollen grains are usually filtered by hairs in the nose, the smaller pollen fragments are able to pass through and enter the lungs, triggering the asthma attack.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_precautions">Safety precautions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">Emergency management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tornado_preparedness" title="Tornado preparedness">Tornado preparedness</a></div> <p>Most thunderstorms come and go fairly uneventfully; however, any thunderstorm can become <a href="/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe thunderstorm">severe</a>, and all thunderstorms, by definition, present the danger of <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-redcross_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redcross-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thunderstorm preparedness and safety refers to taking steps before, during, and after a thunderstorm to minimize injury and damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparedness">Preparedness</h3></div> <p>Preparedness refers to precautions that should be taken before a thunderstorm. Some preparedness takes the form of general readiness (as a thunderstorm can occur at any time of the day or year).<sup id="cite_ref-NWS_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preparing a family emergency plan, for example, can save valuable time if a storm arises quickly and unexpectedly.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preparing the home by removing dead or rotting limbs and trees, which can be blown over in high winds, can also significantly reduce the risk of property damage and personal injury.<sup id="cite_ref-fema_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fema-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> (NWS) in the United States recommends several precautions that people should take if thunderstorms are likely to occur:<sup id="cite_ref-NWS_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Know the names of local counties, cities, and towns, as these are how warnings are described.<sup id="cite_ref-NWS_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monitor forecasts and weather conditions and know whether thunderstorms are likely in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Be alert for natural signs of an approaching storm.</li> <li>Cancel or reschedule outdoor events (to avoid being caught outdoors when a storm hits).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Take action early so you have time to get to a safe place.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Get inside a substantial building or hard-topped metal vehicle before threatening weather arrives.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If you hear <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>, get to the safe place immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Avoid open areas like hilltops, fields, and beaches, and do not be or be near the tallest objects in an area when thunderstorms are occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-NWS_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Do not shelter under tall or isolated trees during thunderstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If in the woods, put as much distance as possible between you and any trees during thunderstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If in a group, spread out to increase the chances of survivors who could come to the aid of any victims from a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightning strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3></div> <p>While safety and preparedness often overlap, "thunderstorm safety" generally refers to what people should do during and after a storm. The <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> recommends that people follow these precautions if a storm is imminent or in progress:<sup id="cite_ref-redcross_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redcross-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Take action immediately upon hearing thunder. Anyone close enough to the storm to hear thunder can be struck by lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-fema_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fema-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Avoid electrical appliances, including corded telephones.<sup id="cite_ref-redcross_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redcross-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">Cordless</a> and wireless telephones are safe to use during a thunderstorm.<sup id="cite_ref-fema_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fema-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Close and stay away from windows and doors, as glass can become a serious hazard in high wind.<sup id="cite_ref-redcross_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redcross-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Do not bathe or shower, as plumbing conducts electricity.</li> <li>If driving, safely exit the roadway, turn on hazard lights, and park. Remain in the vehicle and avoid touching metal.<sup id="cite_ref-redcross_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redcross-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>The NWS stopped recommending the "lightning crouch" in 2008 as it does not provide a significant level of protection and will not significantly lower the risk of being killed or injured from a nearby lightning strike.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunderstorm_near_Cuero,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thunderstorm near Cuero, Texas"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thunderstorm_near_Cuero%2C_Texas.jpg/1200px-Thunderstorm_near_Cuero%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thunderstorm_near_Cuero%2C_Texas.jpg/1800px-Thunderstorm_near_Cuero%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thunderstorm_near_Cuero%2C_Texas.jpg/2400px-Thunderstorm_near_Cuero%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="1049" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunderstorm_near_Cuero,_Texas.jpg" title="File:Thunderstorm near Cuero, Texas.jpg"> </a></div>Thunderstorm near <a href="/wiki/Cuero,_Texas" title="Cuero, Texas">Cuero, Texas</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequent_occurrences">Frequent occurrences</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_rainfall_climatology" title="United States rainfall climatology">United States rainfall climatology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interesting_storm_cloud_in_Oklahoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Interesting_storm_cloud_in_Oklahoma.jpg/220px-Interesting_storm_cloud_in_Oklahoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Interesting_storm_cloud_in_Oklahoma.jpg/330px-Interesting_storm_cloud_in_Oklahoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Interesting_storm_cloud_in_Oklahoma.jpg/440px-Interesting_storm_cloud_in_Oklahoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Rotating <a href="/wiki/Wall_cloud" title="Wall cloud">wall cloud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure><p> Thunderstorms occur throughout the world, even in the polar regions, with the greatest frequency in tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> areas, where they may occur nearly daily. At any given time, approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tororo" title="Tororo">Tororo</a> in Uganda have each been mentioned as the most thunderous places on Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a claim also made for Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a> on the Indonesian island of <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>. Other cities known for frequent storm activity include <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, Caracas, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. Thunderstorms are associated with the various <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> seasons around the globe, and they populate the <a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">rainbands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In temperate regions, they are most frequent in spring and summer, although they can occur along or ahead of <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a> at any time of year.<sup id="cite_ref-DR_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also occur within a cooler air mass following the passage of a cold front over a relatively warmer body of water. Thunderstorms are rare in polar regions because of cold surface temperatures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some of the most powerful thunderstorms over the United States occur in the Midwest and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a>. These storms can produce large hail and powerful tornadoes. Thunderstorms are relatively uncommon along much of the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they occur with greater frequency in the inland areas, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin</a> Valleys of California. In spring and summer, they occur nearly daily in certain areas of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Monsoon">North American Monsoon</a> regime. In the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, storms take on similar characteristics and patterns as the Midwest, but with less frequency and severity. During the summer, <a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">air-mass thunderstorms</a> are an almost daily occurrence over central and southern parts of Florida.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy">Energy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_thunderstorms_launch_particle_beams_into_space_300dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/How_thunderstorms_launch_particle_beams_into_space_300dpi.jpg/310px-How_thunderstorms_launch_particle_beams_into_space_300dpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/How_thunderstorms_launch_particle_beams_into_space_300dpi.jpg/465px-How_thunderstorms_launch_particle_beams_into_space_300dpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/How_thunderstorms_launch_particle_beams_into_space_300dpi.jpg/620px-How_thunderstorms_launch_particle_beams_into_space_300dpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="3613" /></a><figcaption>How thunderstorms launch particle beams into space</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(lightning)" title="Sprite (lightning)">Sprite (lightning)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper-atmospheric_lightning" title="Upper-atmospheric lightning">Upper-atmospheric lightning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo%27s_fire" title="St. Elmo's fire">St. Elmo's fire</a></div> <p>If the quantity of water that is condensed in and subsequently precipitated from a cloud is known, then the total energy of a thunderstorm can be calculated. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 5×10<sup>8</sup> kg of water vapor are lifted, and the amount of energy released when this condenses is 10<sup>15</sup> <a href="/wiki/Joules" class="mw-redirect" title="Joules">joules</a>. This is on the same order of magnitude of energy released within a tropical cyclone, and more energy than that released during <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">the atomic bomb blast at Hiroshima, Japan in 1945</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-condensationenergy_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condensationenergy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The source is a list of power values, none of which pertain to thunderstorm moisture or energy. (April 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Burst_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor">Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor</a> results show that <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a> particles (<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positrons</a>) can be generated in powerful thunderstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested that the antimatter positrons are formed in <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_gamma-ray_flash" title="Terrestrial gamma-ray flash">terrestrial gamma-ray flashes</a> (TGF). TGFs are brief bursts occurring inside thunderstorms and associated with lightning. The streams of positrons and electrons collide higher in the atmosphere to generate more gamma rays.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 500 TGFs may occur every day worldwide, but mostly go undetected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies">Studies</h2></div> <p>In more contemporary times, thunderstorms have taken on the role of a scientific curiosity. Every spring, <a href="/wiki/Storm_chasing" title="Storm chasing">storm chasers</a> head to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of the United States and the Canadian Prairies to explore the scientific aspects of storms and tornadoes through use of videotaping.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio pulses produced by cosmic rays are being used to study how electric charges develop within thunderstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More organized meteorological projects such as <a href="/wiki/VORTEX2" class="mw-redirect" title="VORTEX2">VORTEX2</a> use an array of sensors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_on_Wheels" title="Doppler on Wheels">Doppler on Wheels</a>, vehicles with mounted automated <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_balloon" title="Weather balloon">weather balloons</a>, and unmanned aircraft to investigate thunderstorms expected to produce severe weather.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lightning is detected remotely using sensors that detect cloud-to-ground lightning strokes with 95 percent accuracy in detection and within 250 metres (820 ft) of their point of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChelmonskiJozef.1896.Burza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ChelmonskiJozef.1896.Burza.jpg/300px-ChelmonskiJozef.1896.Burza.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ChelmonskiJozef.1896.Burza.jpg/450px-ChelmonskiJozef.1896.Burza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ChelmonskiJozef.1896.Burza.jpg/600px-ChelmonskiJozef.1896.Burza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Summer storm in 19th-century Polish <a href="/wiki/Countryside" class="mw-redirect" title="Countryside">countryside</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">picture</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Chelmonski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jozef Chelmonski">Jozef Chelmonski</a>, 1896, 107 cm (42.1 in)x163 cm (64.1 in), <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_in_Cracow" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum in Cracow">National Museum in Cracow</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology_and_religion">Mythology and religion</h2></div> <p>Thunderstorms strongly influenced many early civilizations. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> believed that they were battles waged by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, who hurled lightning bolts forged by <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a> tribes associated thunderstorms with the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a>, who they believed was a servant of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> considered thunderstorms to occur when <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> went to fight <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötnar</a>, with the thunder and lightning being the effect of his strikes with the hammer <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> recognizes <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> as the god of rain and thunderstorms. Christian doctrine accepts that fierce storms are the work of God. These ideas were still within the mainstream as late as the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> was out walking when a thunderstorm began, causing him to pray to God for being saved and promising to become a monk.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_of_Earth">Outside of Earth</h2></div> <p>Thunderstorms, evidenced by flashes of <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, on Jupiter have been detected and are associated with clouds where water may exist as both a liquid and ice, suggesting a mechanism similar to that on Earth. (Water is a <a href="/wiki/Polar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar molecule">polar molecule</a> that can carry a charge, so it is capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning).<sup id="cite_ref-elkins-tanton_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times more powerful than lightning on the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clouds of Venus may also be capable of producing <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>; some observations suggest that the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2007_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2007-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber%27s_pole#Meteorology" title="Barber's pole">Barber's pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_gusts" title="Continuous gusts">Continuous gusts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_storm_detection" title="Convective storm detection">Convective storm detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_(cloud)" title="Hector (cloud)">Hector (cloud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm_warning" title="Severe thunderstorm warning">Severe thunderstorm warning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm_watch" title="Severe thunderstorm watch">Severe thunderstorm watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_warning" title="Tornado warning">Tornado warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_watch" title="Tornado watch">Tornado watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_(meteorology)" title="Training (meteorology)">Training (meteorology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surprising+Jupiter%3A+Busy+Galileo+spacecraft+showed+jovian+system+is+full+of+surprises&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fvision%2Funiverse%2Fsolarsystem%2Fgalileo_end.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThunderstorm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kerr, Richard A. (2000). "Deep, Moist Heat Drives Jovian Weather". <i>Science</i>. <b>287</b> (5455): 946–947. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5455.946b">10.1126/science.287.5455.946b</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129284864">129284864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Deep%2C+Moist+Heat+Drives+Jovian+Weather&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=5455&rft.pages=946-947&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.287.5455.946b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129284864%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThunderstorm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell2007-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell2007_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellZhang,_T.L.Delva,_M.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, S. T.; Zhang, T.L.; Delva, M.; et al. (2007). "Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere". <i>Nature</i>. <b>450</b> (7170): 661–662. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.450..661R">2007Natur.450..661R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05930">10.1038/nature05930</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18046401">18046401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4418778">4418778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Lightning+on+Venus+inferred+from+whistler-mode+waves+in+the+ionosphere&rft.volume=450&rft.issue=7170&rft.pages=661-662&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4418778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18046401&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.450..661R&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+T.L.&rft.au=Delva%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThunderstorm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Burgess, D. W., R. J. Donaldson Jr., and P. R. Desrochers, 1993: <i>Tornado detection and warning by radar. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr.</i>, No. 79, <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>, 203–221.</li> <li>Corfidi, S. F., 1998: <i>Forecasting MCS mode and motion.</i> Preprints 19th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, Minnesota, pp. 626–629.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies_J._M.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Davies J. M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0434%282004%29019%3C0714%3Aeocala%3E2.0.co%3B2">"Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells"</a>. <i>Weather Forecast</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 714–726. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004WtFor..19..714D">2004WtFor..19..714D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0434%282004%29019%3C0714%3Aeocala%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0714:eocala>2.0.co;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather+Forecast&rft.atitle=Estimations+of+CIN+and+LFC+associated+with+tornadic+and+nontornadic+supercells&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=714-726&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0434%282004%29019%3C0714%3Aeocala%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004WtFor..19..714D&rft.au=Davies+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0434%25282004%2529019%253C0714%253Aeocala%253E2.0.co%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThunderstorm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davies, J. M., and R. H. Johns, 1993: <i>Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part I: Helicity and mean shear magnitudes. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards</i> (C. Church et al., Eds.), Geophysical Monograph 79, American Geophysical Union, 573–582.</li> <li>David, C. L. 1973: <i>An objective of estimating the probability of severe thunderstorms</i>. Preprint Eight conference of Severe Local Storms. <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a>, 223–225.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoswellBakerLiles2002" class="citation journal cs1">Doswell, C.A. III; Baker, D. V.; Liles, C. A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0434%282002%29017%3C0937%3Aronmff%3E2.0.co%3B2">"Recognition of negative factors for severe weather potential: A case study"</a>. <i>Weather Forecast</i>. <b>17</b>: 937–954. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0434%282002%29017%3C0937%3Aronmff%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0937:ronmff>2.0.co;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather+Forecast&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+negative+factors+for+severe+weather+potential%3A+A+case+study&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=937-954&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0434%282002%29017%3C0937%3Aronmff%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft.aulast=Doswell&rft.aufirst=C.A.+III&rft.au=Baker%2C+D.+V.&rft.au=Liles%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0434%25282002%2529017%253C0937%253Aronmff%253E2.0.co%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThunderstorm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Doswell, C.A., III, S.J. Weiss and R.H. Johns (1993): <i>Tornado forecasting: A review. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards (C. Church et al., Eds)</i>, Geophys. Monogr. No. 79, American Geophysical Union, 557–571.</li> <li>Johns, R. H., J. M. Davies, and P. W. Leftwich, 1993: <i>Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part II: Variations in the combinations of wind and instability parameters. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards, Geophys. Mongr.</i>, No. 79, American Geophysical Union, 583–590.</li> <li>Evans, Jeffry S.,: <i>Examination of Derecho Environments Using Proximity Soundings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/evans/bowpaper/bowpaper.htm">NOAA.gov</a></li> <li>J. V. Iribarne and W.L. Godson, <i>Atmospheric Thermodynamics</i>, published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, 1973</li> <li>M. K. Yau and R. R. Rogers, <i>Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition</i>, published by Butterworth-Heinemann, 1 January 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750632157" title="Special:BookSources/9780750632157">9780750632157</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-3215-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-3215-1">0-7506-3215-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lahore" title="Geography of Lahore">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Lahore" title="Climate of Lahore">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lahore_District" title="Wildlife of Lahore District">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lahore" title="Demographics of Lahore">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neighbourhoods_of_Lahore" title="Template:Neighbourhoods of Lahore">Regions and towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lahore" title="Economy of Lahore">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Stock Exchange">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lahore" title="Education in Lahore">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Pakistan#Lahore" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan">Sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lahore" title="Culture of Lahore">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lahore" title="Architecture of Lahore">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahori_cuisine" title="Lahori cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Lahore" title="Festivals in Lahore">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Lahore" title="List of people from Lahore">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lahore" title="Religion in Lahore">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Lahore" title="Shopping in Lahore">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_venues_in_Lahore" title="List of sports venues in Lahore">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Lahore" title="List of places in Lahore">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Lahore" title="List of hospitals in Lahore">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Lahore" title="List of educational institutions in Lahore">Educational institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Lahore" title="List of libraries in Lahore">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Lahore" title="List of mosques in Lahore">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Lahore" title="List of parks and gardens in Lahore">Parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_venues_in_Lahore" title="List of sports venues in Lahore">Sports venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temples_in_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Temples in Lahore">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwaras_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdwaras in Pakistan">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan#Lahore" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lahore" title="Transport in Lahore">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_International_Airport" title="Allama Iqbal International Airport">Allama Iqbal International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Metrobus" title="Lahore Metrobus">Lahore Metrobus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Metro" title="Lahore Metro">Lahore Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Junction_railway_station" title="Lahore Junction railway station">Lahore Junction Railway Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Lahore" title="Category:Lahore">Category</a> • <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Lahore" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Lahore">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meteorological_data_and_variables" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: skyblue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meteorological_variables" title="Template:Meteorological variables"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meteorological_variables" title="Template talk:Meteorological variables"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meteorological_variables" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meteorological variables"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meteorological_data_and_variables" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Meteorological data and variables</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">Adiabatic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advection" title="Advection">Advection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">Buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">Lapse rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">Surface solar radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">Surface weather analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visibility" title="Visibility">Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticity" title="Vorticity">Vorticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">Wind shear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei" title="Cloud condensation nuclei">Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_condensation_level" title="Convective condensation level">Convective condensation level (CCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_condensation_level" title="Lifting condensation level">Lifting condensation level (LCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitable_water" title="Precipitable water">Precipitable water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Water vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convective_available_potential_energy" title="Convective available potential energy">Convective available potential energy (CAPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_inhibition" title="Convective inhibition">Convective inhibition (CIN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_instability" title="Convective instability">Convective instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_momentum_transport" title="Convective momentum transport">Convective momentum transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_symmetric_instability" title="Conditional symmetric instability">Conditional symmetric instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_temperature" title="Convective temperature">Convective temperature (<i>T</i><sub>c</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_level" title="Equilibrium level">Equilibrium level (EL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_convective_layer" title="Free convective layer">Free convective layer (FCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamical_helicity#Meteorology" title="Hydrodynamical helicity">Helicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-index_(meteorology)" title="K-index (meteorology)">K Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_free_convection" title="Level of free convection">Level of free convection (LFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifted_index" title="Lifted index">Lifted index (LI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_parcel_level" title="Maximum parcel level">Maximum parcel level (MPL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_Richardson_number" title="Bulk Richardson number">Bulk Richardson number (BRN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">Dew point (<i>T</i><sub>d</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_point_depression" title="Dew point depression">Dew point depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature" title="Dry-bulb temperature">Dry-bulb temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_temperature" title="Equivalent temperature">Equivalent temperature (<i>T</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fire_weather_index" title="Forest fire weather index">Forest fire weather index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haines_Index" title="Haines Index">Haines Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">Heat index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">Humidex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">Relative humidity (RH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_ratio" title="Mixing ratio">Mixing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_temperature" title="Potential temperature">Potential temperature (<i>θ</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_potential_temperature" title="Equivalent potential temperature">Equivalent potential temperature (<i>θ</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature (SST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_anomaly" title="Temperature anomaly">Temperature anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">Thermodynamic temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_temperature" title="Virtual temperature">Virtual temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperature" title="Wet-bulb temperature">Wet-bulb temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_globe_temperature" title="Wet-bulb globe temperature">Wet-bulb globe temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_potential_temperature" title="Wet-bulb potential temperature">Wet-bulb potential temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">Wind chill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">Atmospheric pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Barotropic">Barotropicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_gradient" title="Pressure gradient">Pressure gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-gradient_force" title="Pressure-gradient force">Pressure-gradient force (PGF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">Velocity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_potential_intensity" title="Maximum potential intensity">Maximum potential intensity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_disasters" title="Template:Natural disasters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_disasters" title="Template talk:Natural disasters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_disasters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural disasters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disasters</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">list by death toll</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_hazard" title="Geological hazard">Geological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">Mass wasting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">Mudflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">Seismic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Volcano eruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Natural erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_floods" title="List of floods">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal flood">Coastal flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">Megadrought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyclonic storms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb cyclone">Bomb cyclone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thunderstorm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARkStorm" title="ARkStorm">ARkStorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" 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