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considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution,_frequency_and_extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution,_frequency_and_extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution, frequency and extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution,_frequency_and_extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Necessary_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Necessary_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Necessary conditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Necessary_conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Necessary conditions 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id="toc-Flashes_and_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lightning_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lightning_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lightning leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lightning_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upward_streamers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upward_streamers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Upward streamers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upward_streamers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Attachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Discharge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_stroke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_stroke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Return stroke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_stroke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Re-strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transient_currents_during_flash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transient_currents_during_flash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Transient currents during flash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transient_currents_during_flash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cloud_to_ground_(CG)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_to_ground_(CG)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cloud to ground (CG)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_to_ground_(CG)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positive_and_negative_lightning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_and_negative_lightning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Positive and negative lightning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_and_negative_lightning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloud_to_cloud_(CC)_and_intra-cloud_(IC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_to_cloud_(CC)_and_intra-cloud_(IC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cloud to cloud (CC) and intra-cloud (IC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_to_cloud_(CC)_and_intra-cloud_(IC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lightning_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lightning_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Lightning strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lightning_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Effects on objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_buildings_and_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_buildings_and_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Effects on buildings and vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_buildings_and_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Effects on animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Other effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thunder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thunder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Thunder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thunder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-energy_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-energy_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>High-energy radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-energy_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_and_nitrogen_oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_and_nitrogen_oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Ozone and nitrogen oxides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_and_nitrogen_oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Volcanic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_lightning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_lightning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Fire lightning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_lightning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Extraterrestrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human-related_phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human-related_phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Human-related phenomena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human-related_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Scientific study</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_study-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific study subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_and_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_and_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Detection and monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_and_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificially_triggered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificially_triggered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Artificially triggered</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificially_triggered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Physical manifestations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnetism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.1</span> <span>Magnetism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_wind_and_cosmic_rays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_wind_and_cosmic_rays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Solar wind and cosmic rays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_wind_and_cosmic_rays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lightning_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lightning_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Lightning and climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lightning_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleolightning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolightning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Paleolightning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolightning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>In culture and religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture_and_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture and religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_military_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_military_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Political and military culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_military_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_of_injuries_and_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_of_injuries_and_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Data of injuries and deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_of_injuries_and_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lightning</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerlig" title="Weerlig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weerlig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%85" title="መብረቅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መብረቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="चीरिंग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चीरिंग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="برق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܒܪܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arufei" title="Arufei – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arufei" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayu" title="Rayu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rayu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illapa" title="Illapa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Illapa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eim%C5%9F%C9%99k" title="Şimşək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimşək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatit" title="Tatit – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tatit" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="বজ্রপাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বজ্রপাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sih-n%C3%A0" title="Sih-nà – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sih-nà" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Йәшен һәм ялағай – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәшен һәм ялағай" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маланка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маланка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маланка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маланка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="आकासी बिजली – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आकासी बिजली" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikilat" title="Kikilat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kikilat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мълния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мълния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munja" title="Munja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Munja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamp" title="Llamp – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llamp" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B8%C3%A7%C4%95%D0%BC" title="Çиçĕм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çиçĕм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilat" title="Kilat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kilat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blesk" title="Blesk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blesk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayo" title="Rayo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Rayo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mheni" title="Mheni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mheni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saetta" title="Saetta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Saetta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellten" title="Mellten – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mellten" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadibu" title="Sadibu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Sadibu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn" title="Lyn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lyn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitz" title="Blitz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blitz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4lk" title="Välk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Välk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%AE" title="Αστραπή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστραπή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silta" title="Silta – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Silta" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayo" title="Rayo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rayo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmo" title="Fulmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fulmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayu" title="Rayu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Rayu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tximista" title="Tximista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tximista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B4" title="آذرخش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آذرخش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foudre" title="Foudre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Foudre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjerljocht" title="Wjerljocht – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wjerljocht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintreach" title="Tintreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tintreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendreil" title="Tendreil – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tendreil" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raio_(descarga_el%C3%A9ctrica)" title="Raio (descarga eléctrica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raio (descarga eléctrica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E9%96%83" title="霍閃 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="霍閃" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiap-lang" title="Ngiap-lang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngiap-lang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%88%EA%B0%9C" title="번개 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="번개" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uila" title="Uila – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Uila" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կայծակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կայծակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="तड़ित – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तड़ित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munja" title="Munja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Munja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilato" title="Ilato – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ilato" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmino" title="Fulmino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fulmino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimat" title="Kimat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kimat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petir" title="Petir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Petir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%B2%E1%93%AA%E1%93%95%E1%91%95%E1%96%85" title="ᑲᓪᓕᑕᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑲᓪᓕᑕᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igni%C4%A1uuqpatittuaq" title="Igniġuuqpatittuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Igniġuuqpatittuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elding" title="Elding – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elding" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmine" title="Fulmine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fulmine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="ברק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledh%C3%A8g" title="Bledhèg – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bledhèg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಿಂಚು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿಂಚು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ელვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%86%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%84" title="وۆزمَل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وۆزمَل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekl%C3%A8" title="Zeklè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zeklè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BBsk" title="Brûsk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Brûsk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чагылган – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чагылган" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9F%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9C%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2" title="ຟ້າຜ່າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຟ້າຜ່າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgur" title="Fulgur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fulgur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibens" title="Zibens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zibens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%ABtz" title="Blëtz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Blëtz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaibas" title="Žaibas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žaibas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nk%C3%A1k%C3%A9" title="Nkáké – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nkáké" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulenisku" title="Tulenisku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tulenisku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmin" title="Fulmin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fulmin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vill%C3%A1m" title="Villám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Villám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Молња – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молња" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tselatra" title="Tselatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tselatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BD" title="മിന്നൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിന്നൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uira" title="Uira – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Uira" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="वीज (हवामान) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वीज (हवामान)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilat" title="Kilat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kilat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilek" title="Kilek – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kilek" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A1k-ni%C3%A1ng" title="Niák-niáng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niák-niáng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လျှပ်ပြက်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်ပြက်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlahu%C4%ABtequiliztli" title="Tlahuītequiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlahuītequiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliksem" title="Bliksem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bliksem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerlucht" title="Weerlucht – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Weerlucht" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99" title="चट्याङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चट्याङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7" title="雷 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn" title="Lyn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lyn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn" title="Lyn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lyn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Apart" title="Êpart – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êpart" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lzer" title="Fólzer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fólzer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF" title="ବିଜୁଳି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜୁଳି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaqmoq" title="Chaqmoq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chaqmoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਆਸਮਾਨੀ ਬਿਜਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਸਮਾਨੀ ਬਿਜਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اسمانی بجلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسمانی بجلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9A" title="ផ្លេតបន្ទោរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផ្លេតបន្ទោរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clite_(m%C3%A9tio)" title="Éclite (métio) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Éclite (métio)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piorun" title="Piorun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piorun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raio_(meteorologia)" title="Raio (meteorologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raio (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulger" title="Fulger – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fulger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliphi" title="Lliphi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lliphi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%95%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D)" title="Чаҕылҕан (айылҕа көстүүтэ) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чаҕылҕан (айылҕа көстүүтэ)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D" title="विद्युत् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विद्युत्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-flaucht" title="Fire-flaucht – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fire-flaucht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%C3%ABtima" title="Vetëtima – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vetëtima" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitta_(surruscu)" title="Saitta (surruscu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Saitta (surruscu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94" title="අකුණු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අකුණු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lightning" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbani" title="Umbani – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Umbani" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blesk" title="Blesk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Blesk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strela" title="Strela – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Strela" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biriq" title="Biriq – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Biriq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%95" title="برووسکە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="برووسکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munja" title="Munja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Munja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munja" title="Munja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Munja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelap" title="Gelap – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gelap" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salama" title="Salama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blixt_(%C3%A5ska)" title="Blixt (åska) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blixt (åska)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidlat" title="Kidlat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kidlat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armag" title="Armag – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Armag" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Яшен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яшен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/puniq_bisuw" title="puniq bisuw – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="puniq bisuw" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81" title="మెరుపు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెరుపు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A" title="ฟ้าแลบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟ้าแลบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B" title="Барқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fek_ve_y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Şimşek ve yıldırım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şimşek ve yıldırım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Блискавка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Блискавка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آسمانی بجلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آسمانی بجلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="چاقماق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاقماق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byajmeb" title="Byajmeb – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Byajmeb" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciantizo" title="Sciantizo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sciantizo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_s%C3%A9t" title="Tia sét – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tia sét" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloumire" title="Aloumire – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aloumire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaa" title="Ayaa – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ayaa" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E7%BC%BA" title="列缺 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="列缺" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidlat" title="Kidlat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kidlat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E9%97%AA" title="霍闪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霍闪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihati" title="Rihati – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Rihati" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi 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semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Weather phenomenon involving electrostatic discharge</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lightning_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lightning (disambiguation)">Lightning (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg/330px-Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg/495px-Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg/660px-Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5681" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>Strokes of cloud-to-ground lightning strike the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> off of <a href="/wiki/Port-la-Nouvelle" title="Port-la-Nouvelle">Port-la-Nouvelle</a> in 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lightning</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenomenon">natural phenomenon</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">electrostatic discharges</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> between two <a href="/wiki/Electrically_charged" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically charged">electrically charged</a> regions, either both in the atmosphere or one in the atmosphere and one on the <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">ground</a>, temporarily neutralizing these in a near-instantaneous release of an average of between 200 <a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">megajoules</a> and 7 gigajoules of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, depending on the type.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEVERE_WEATHER_101:_Lightning_Basics_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEVERE_WEATHER_101:_Lightning_Basics-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FJFK:_Lightning_Facts_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJFK:_Lightning_Facts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discharge may produce a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>, from heat created by the rapid movement of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, to brilliant flashes of <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">black-body radiation</a>. Lightning causes <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>, a sound from the <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> which develops as gases in the vicinity of the discharge experience a sudden increase in pressure. Lightning occurs commonly during <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> as well as other types of energetic <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> systems, but <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">volcanic lightning</a> can also occur during <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruptions</a>. Lightning is an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_electrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric electrical">atmospheric electrical</a> phenomenon and contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Global_atmospheric_electrical_circuit" title="Global atmospheric electrical circuit">global atmospheric electrical circuit</a>. </p><p>The three main kinds of lightning are distinguished by where they occur: either inside a single <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">thundercloud</a> (intra-cloud), between two <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> (cloud-to-cloud), or between a cloud and the ground (cloud-to-ground), in which case it is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightning strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other observational variants are recognized, including "<a href="/wiki/Heat_lightning" title="Heat lightning">heat lightning</a>", which can be seen from a great distance but not heard; <a href="/wiki/Dry_lightning" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry lightning">dry lightning</a>, which can cause <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ball_lightning" title="Ball lightning">ball lightning</a>, which is rarely observed scientifically. </p><p>Humans have <a href="/wiki/Lightning_in_religion" title="Lightning in religion">deified lightning</a> for millennia. <a href="/wiki/Idiomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiomatic">Idiomatic</a> expressions derived from lightning, such as the English expression "bolt from the blue", are common across languages. At all times people have been fascinated by the sight and difference of lightning. The fear of lightning is called <i><a href="/wiki/Astraphobia" title="Astraphobia">astraphobia</a></i>. </p><p>The first known photograph of lightning is from 1847, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Martin_Easterly" title="Thomas Martin Easterly">Thomas Martin Easterly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first surviving photograph is from 1882, by <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_Jennings" title="William Nicholson Jennings">William Nicholson Jennings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a photographer who spent half his life capturing pictures of lightning and proving its diversity. </p><p>There is growing evidence that lightning activity is increased by <a href="/wiki/Particulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">particulate</a> emissions (a form of air pollution).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lightning may also improve air quality and clean greenhouse gases such as methane from the atmosphere, while creating <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lightning is also the major cause of wildfire,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wildfire can contribute to climate change as well.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More studies are warranted to clarify their relationship. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrification">Electrification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Understanding_Lightning_-_Figure_1_-_Cloud_Charging_Area.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Understanding_Lightning_-_Figure_1_-_Cloud_Charging_Area.gif/220px-Understanding_Lightning_-_Figure_1_-_Cloud_Charging_Area.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Understanding_Lightning_-_Figure_1_-_Cloud_Charging_Area.gif/330px-Understanding_Lightning_-_Figure_1_-_Cloud_Charging_Area.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Understanding_Lightning_-_Figure_1_-_Cloud_Charging_Area.gif 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>(Figure 1) The main charging area in a thunderstorm occurs in the central part of the storm where the air is moving upward rapidly (updraft) and temperatures range from −15 to −25 °C (5 to −13 °F).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graupel_animation_3a.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Graupel_animation_3a.gif/220px-Graupel_animation_3a.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Graupel_animation_3a.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>(Figure 2) When the rising ice crystals collide with graupel, the ice crystals become positively charged and the graupel becomes negatively charged.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charged_cloud_animation_4a.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Charged_cloud_animation_4a.gif/220px-Charged_cloud_animation_4a.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Charged_cloud_animation_4a.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The upper part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes positively charged while the middle to the lower part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes negatively charged.</figcaption></figure> <p>The details of the charging process are still being studied by scientists, but there is general agreement on some of the basic concepts of thunderstorm electrification. Electrification can be by the <a href="/wiki/Triboelectric_effect" title="Triboelectric effect">triboelectric effect</a> leading to electron or ion transfer between colliding bodies. Uncharged, colliding water-drops can become charged because of charge transfer between them (as aqueous ions) in an electric field as would exist in a thunder cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main charging area in a thunderstorm occurs in the central part of the storm where air is moving upward rapidly (updraft) and temperatures range from −15 to −25 °C (5 to −13 °F); see Figure 1. In that area, the combination of temperature and rapid upward air movement produces a mixture of super-cooled cloud droplets (small water droplets below freezing), small ice crystals, and <a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">graupel</a> (soft hail). The updraft carries the <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">super-cooled</a> cloud droplets and very small ice crystals upward. </p><p>At the same time, the graupel, which is considerably larger and denser, tends to fall or be suspended in the rising air.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The differences in the movement of the precipitation cause collisions to occur. When the rising ice crystals collide with graupel, the ice crystals become positively charged and the graupel becomes negatively charged; see Figure 2. The updraft carries the positively charged ice crystals upward toward the top of the storm cloud. The larger and denser graupel is either suspended in the middle of the thunderstorm cloud or falls toward the lower part of the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result is that the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes positively charged while the middle to lower part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes negatively charged.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upward motions within the storm and winds at higher levels in the atmosphere tend to cause the small ice crystals (and positive charge) in the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud to spread out horizontally some distance from the thunderstorm cloud base. This part of the thunderstorm cloud is called the anvil. While this is the main charging process for the thunderstorm cloud, some of these charges can be redistributed by air movements within the storm (updrafts and downdrafts). In addition, there is a small but important positive charge buildup near the bottom of the thunderstorm cloud due to the precipitation and warmer temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The induced separation of charge in pure liquid water has been known since the 1840s as has the electrification of pure liquid water by the triboelectric effect.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (Lord Kelvin) demonstrated that charge separation in water occurs in the usual electric fields at the Earth's surface and developed a continuous electric field measuring device using that knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The physical separation of charge into different regions using liquid water was demonstrated by Kelvin with the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_water_dropper" title="Kelvin water dropper">Kelvin water dropper</a>. The most likely charge-carrying species were considered to be the aqueous hydrogen ion and the aqueous hydroxide ion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electrical charging of solid water ice has also been considered. The charged species were again considered to be the hydrogen ion and the hydroxide ion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An electron is not stable in liquid water concerning a hydroxide ion plus dissolved hydrogen for the time scales involved in thunderstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The charge carrier in lightning is mainly electrons in a plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of going from charge as ions (positive hydrogen ion and negative hydroxide ion) associated with liquid water or solid water to charge as electrons associated with lightning must involve some form of electro-chemistry, that is, the oxidation and/or the reduction of chemical species.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> functions as a base and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> is an acidic gas, it is possible that charged water clouds in which the negative charge is in the form of the aqueous hydroxide ion, interact with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form aqueous carbonate ions and aqueous hydrogen carbonate ions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_considerations">General considerations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv/220px--LightningCNP.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="LightningCNP.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:LightningCNP.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv/LightningCNP.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv/LightningCNP.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/LightningCNP.ogv/LightningCNP.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Four-second video of a lightning strike at <a href="/wiki/Canyonlands_National_Park" title="Canyonlands National Park">Canyonlands National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>The typical cloud-to-ground lightning flash culminates in the formation of an electrically conducting <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> channel through the air in excess of 5 km (3.1 mi) tall, from within the cloud to the ground's surface. The actual discharge is the final stage of a very complex process.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak, a typical <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a> produces three or more strikes to the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lightning primarily occurs when warm air is mixed with colder air masses,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in atmospheric disturbances necessary for polarizing the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Volland1995_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volland1995-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lightning can also occur during <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic eruptions</a>, and even in the cold of winter, where the lightning is known as <a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">thundersnow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Hurricanes</a> typically generate some lightning, mainly in the rainbands as much as 160 km (99 mi) from the center.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution,_frequency_and_extent"><span id="Distribution.2C_frequency_and_extent"></span>Distribution, frequency and extent<span class="anchor" id="Distribution_and_frequency"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_lightning" title="Distribution of lightning">Distribution of lightning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Lightning_Frequency.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Global_Lightning_Frequency.png/220px-Global_Lightning_Frequency.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Global_Lightning_Frequency.png/330px-Global_Lightning_Frequency.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Global_Lightning_Frequency.png/440px-Global_Lightning_Frequency.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Data obtained from April 1995 to February 2003 from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s Optical Transient Detector depicting space-based sensors revealing the uneven distribution of worldwide lightning strikes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megaflash_of_477_miles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Megaflash_of_477_miles.png/220px-Megaflash_of_477_miles.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Megaflash_of_477_miles.png/330px-Megaflash_of_477_miles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Megaflash_of_477_miles.png/440px-Megaflash_of_477_miles.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>A 768 km (477 mi) megaflash from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-BAMS_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAMS-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Lightning is not distributed evenly around <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. On Earth, the lightning frequency is approximately 44 (± 5) times per second, or nearly 1.4 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000,000,000 (number)">billion</a> flashes per year<sup id="cite_ref-EncyWorldClim_freq_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyWorldClim_freq-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the median duration is 0.52 seconds<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made up from a number of much shorter flashes (strokes) of around 60 to 70 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microseconds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many factors affect the frequency, distribution, strength and physical properties of a typical lightning flash in a particular region of the world. These factors include ground elevation, <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevailing wind">prevailing wind</a> currents, <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>, and proximity to warm and cold bodies of water. To a certain degree, the proportions of intra-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, and cloud-to-ground lightning may also vary by <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">middle latitudes</a>. </p><p>Because human beings are terrestrial and most of their possessions are on the Earth where lightning can damage or destroy them, cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning is the most studied and best understood of the three types, even though in-cloud (IC) and cloud-to-cloud (CC) are more common types of lightning. Lightning's relative unpredictability limits a complete explanation of how or why it occurs, even after hundreds of years of scientific investigation. About 70% of lightning occurs over land in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">atmospheric convection</a> is the greatest. </p><p>This occurs from both the mixture of warmer and colder <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air masses</a>, as well as differences in moisture concentrations, and it generally happens at the <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">boundaries between them</a>. The flow of warm ocean currents past drier land masses, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, partially explains the elevated frequency of lightning in the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast United States">Southeast United States</a>. Because large bodies of water lack the topographic variation that would result in atmospheric mixing, lightning is notably less frequent over the world's oceans than over land. The <a href="/wiki/North_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="North pole">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="South pole">South Poles</a> are limited in their coverage of thunderstorms and therefore result in areas with the least lightning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="absence of thunderstorms is similar to absence of lightning; an explanation of why are there less thunderstorms (lightning) above the poles would be more helpful (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In general, CG lightning flashes account for only 25% of all total lightning flashes worldwide. Since the base of a thunderstorm is usually negatively charged, this is where most CG lightning originates. This region is typically at the elevation where <a href="/wiki/Freezing_level" title="Freezing level">freezing</a> occurs within the cloud. Freezing, combined with collisions between ice and water, appears to be a critical part of the initial charge development and separation process. During wind-driven collisions, ice crystals tend to develop a positive charge, while a heavier, slushy mixture of ice and water (called <a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">graupel</a>) develops a negative charge. Updrafts within a storm cloud separate the lighter ice crystals from the heavier graupel, causing the top region of the cloud to accumulate a positive <a href="/wiki/Space_charge" title="Space charge">space charge</a> while the lower level accumulates a negative space charge. </p><p>Because the concentrated charge within the cloud must exceed the insulating properties of air, and this increases proportionally to the distance between the cloud and the ground, the proportion of CG strikes (versus CC or IC discharges) becomes greater when the cloud is closer to the ground. In the tropics, where the freezing level is generally higher in the atmosphere, only 10% of lightning flashes are CG. At the latitude of Norway (around 60° North latitude), where the freezing elevation is lower, 50% of lightning is CG.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lightning is usually produced by <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulonimbus">cumulonimbus</a> clouds, which have bases that are typically 1–2 km (0.62–1.24 mi) above the ground and tops up to 15 km (9.3 mi) in height. </p><p>The place on Earth where lightning occurs most often is over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>, wherein the <a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_lightning" title="Catatumbo lightning">Catatumbo lightning</a> phenomenon produces 250 bolts of lightning a day.<sup id="cite_ref-TRMM_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRMM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This activity occurs on average, 297 days a year.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second most lightning density is near the village of <a href="/wiki/Kifuka" title="Kifuka">Kifuka</a> in the mountains of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> is around 975 m (3,200 ft). On average, this region receives 158 lightning strikes per square kilometre per year (410/sq mi/yr).<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_freq_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_freq-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other lightning hotspots include <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><sup id="cite_ref-nea_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nea-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lightning_Alley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning Alley">Lightning Alley</a> in Central <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alley_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alley-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fe_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fe-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>, on April 29, 2020, a bolt 768 km (477.2 mi) long was observed in the southern U.S.—sixty km (37 mi) longer than the previous distance record (southern Brazil, October 31, 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-Phys_20220201_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phys_20220201-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single flash in Uruguay and northern Argentina on June 18, 2020, lasted for 17.1 seconds—0.37 seconds longer than the previous record (March 4, 2019, also in northern Argentina).<sup id="cite_ref-Phys_20220201_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phys_20220201-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Necessary_conditions">Necessary conditions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a></div> <p>In order for an <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">electrostatic discharge</a> to occur, two preconditions are necessary: first, a sufficiently high <a href="/wiki/Potential_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential difference">potential difference</a> between two regions of space must exist, and second, a high-resistance medium must obstruct the free, unimpeded equalization of the opposite charges. The atmosphere provides the electrical insulation, or barrier, that prevents free equalization between charged regions of opposite polarity. </p><p>It is well understood that during a thunderstorm there is charge separation and aggregation in certain regions of the cloud; however, the exact processes by which this occurs are not fully understood.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_field_generation">Electrical field generation</h3></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">thundercloud</a> moves over the surface of the Earth, an equal <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a>, but of opposite polarity, is <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_induction" title="Electrostatic induction">induced</a> on the Earth's surface underneath the cloud. The induced positive surface charge, when measured against a fixed point, will be small as the thundercloud approaches, increasing as the center of the storm arrives and dropping as the thundercloud passes. The referential value of the induced surface charge could be roughly represented as a bell curve. </p><p>The oppositely charged regions create an <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> within the air between them. This electric field varies in relation to the strength of the surface charge on the base of the thundercloud – the greater the accumulated charge, the higher the electrical field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flashes_and_strikes">Flashes and strikes</h2></div> <p>The best-studied and understood form of lightning is cloud to ground (CG) lightning. Although more common, intra-cloud (IC) and cloud-to-cloud (CC) flashes are very difficult to study given there are no "physical" points to monitor inside the clouds. Also, given the very low probability of lightning striking the same point repeatedly and consistently, scientific inquiry is difficult even in areas of high CG frequency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lightning_leaders">Lightning leaders</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_formation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lightning_formation.gif/220px-Lightning_formation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Lightning_formation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>A downward leader travels towards earth, branching as it goes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaderlightnig.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leaderlightnig.gif/220px-Leaderlightnig.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leaderlightnig.gif/330px-Leaderlightnig.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Leaderlightnig.gif 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Lightning strike caused by the connection of two leaders, positive shown in blue and negative in red</figcaption></figure> <p>In a process not well understood, a bidirectional channel of <a href="/wiki/Ionized" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionized">ionized</a> air, called a "<a href="/wiki/Leader_(spark)" title="Leader (spark)">leader</a>", is initiated between oppositely-charged regions in a thundercloud. Leaders are electrically conductive channels of ionized gas that propagate through, or are otherwise attracted to, regions with a charge opposite of that of the leader tip. The negative end of the bidirectional leader fills a positive charge region, also called a well, inside the cloud while the positive end fills a negative charge well. Leaders often split, forming branches in a tree-like pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, negative and some positive leaders travel in a discontinuous fashion, in a process called "stepping". The resulting jerky movement of the leaders can be readily observed in slow-motion videos of lightning flashes. </p><p>It is possible for one end of the leader to fill the oppositely-charged well entirely while the other end is still active. When this happens, the leader end which filled the well may propagate outside of the thundercloud and result in either a cloud-to-air flash or a cloud-to-ground flash. In a typical cloud-to-ground flash, a bidirectional leader initiates between the main negative and lower positive charge regions in a thundercloud. The weaker positive charge region is filled quickly by the negative leader which then propagates toward the inductively-charged ground. </p><p>The positively and negatively charged leaders proceed in opposite directions, positive upwards within the cloud and <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">negative</a> towards the earth. Both ionic channels proceed, in their respective directions, in a number of successive spurts. Each leader "pools" ions at the leading tips, shooting out one or more new leaders, momentarily pooling again to concentrate charged ions, then shooting out another leader. The negative leader continues to propagate and split as it heads downward, often speeding up as it gets closer to the Earth's surface. </p><p>About 90% of ionic channel lengths between "pools" are approximately 45 m (148 ft) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of the ionic channel takes a comparatively long amount of time (hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a>) in comparison to the resulting discharge, which occurs within a few dozen microseconds. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> needed to establish the channel, measured in the tens or hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a>, is dwarfed by subsequent currents during the actual discharge. </p><p>Initiation of the lightning leader is not well understood. The electric field strength within the thundercloud is not typically large enough to initiate this process by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many hypotheses have been proposed. One hypothesis postulates that showers of relativistic electrons are created by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a> and are then accelerated to higher velocities via a process called <a href="/wiki/Runaway_breakdown" title="Runaway breakdown">runaway breakdown</a>. As these relativistic electrons collide and ionize neutral air molecules, they initiate leader formation. Another hypothesis involves locally enhanced electric fields being formed near elongated water droplets or ice crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Percolation_theory" title="Percolation theory">Percolation theory</a>, especially for the case of biased percolation,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> describes random connectivity phenomena, which produce an evolution of connected structures similar to that of lightning strikes. A streamer avalanche model<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has recently been favored by observational data taken by LOFAR during storms.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upward_streamers">Upward streamers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upwards_streamer_from_pool_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Upwards_streamer_from_pool_cover.jpg/220px-Upwards_streamer_from_pool_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Upwards_streamer_from_pool_cover.jpg/330px-Upwards_streamer_from_pool_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Upwards_streamer_from_pool_cover.jpg/440px-Upwards_streamer_from_pool_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption> Upwards streamer emanating from the top of a pool cover</figcaption></figure> <p>When a stepped leader approaches the ground, the presence of opposite charges on the ground enhances the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a>. The electric field is strongest on grounded objects whose tops are closest to the base of the thundercloud, such as trees and tall buildings. If the electric field is strong enough, a positively charged ionic channel, called a positive or upward <a href="/wiki/Streamer_discharge" title="Streamer discharge">streamer</a>, can develop from these points. This was first theorized by Heinz Kasemir.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA-Stephan_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-Stephan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As negatively charged leaders approach, increasing the localized electric field strength, grounded objects already experiencing <a href="/wiki/Corona_discharge" title="Corona discharge">corona discharge</a> will <a href="/wiki/Corona_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona breakdown">exceed a threshold</a> and form upward streamers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attachment">Attachment</h3></div> <p>Once a downward leader connects to an available upward leader, a process referred to as attachment, a low-resistance path is formed and discharge may occur. Photographs have been taken in which unattached streamers are clearly visible. The unattached downward leaders are also visible in branched lightning, none of which are connected to the earth, although it may appear they are. High-speed videos can show the attachment process in progress.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discharge">Discharge</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_stroke">Return stroke</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Return stroke" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Return_stroke_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Return stroke (disambiguation)">Return stroke (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif/220px-Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>High-speed photography showing different parts of a lightning flash during the discharge process as seen in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once a conductive channel bridges the air gap between the negative charge excess in the cloud and the positive surface charge excess below, there is a large drop in resistance across the lightning channel. Electrons accelerate rapidly as a result in a zone beginning at the point of attachment, which expands across the entire leader network at up to one third of the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulman2001_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulman2001-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the "return stroke" and it is the most <a href="/wiki/Luminous_intensity" title="Luminous intensity">luminous</a> and noticeable part of the lightning discharge. </p><p>A large electric charge flows along the plasma channel, from the cloud to the ground, neutralising the positive ground charge as electrons flow away from the strike point to the surrounding area. This huge surge of current creates large radial voltage differences along the surface of the ground. Called step potentials,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> they are responsible for more injuries and deaths in groups of people or of other animals than the strike itself.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electricity takes every path available to it.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such step potentials will often cause current to flow through one leg and out another, electrocuting an unlucky human or animal standing near the point where the lightning strikes. </p><p>The electric current of the return stroke averages 30 kiloamperes for a typical negative CG flash, often referred to as "negative CG" lightning. In some cases, a ground-to-cloud (GC) lightning flash may originate from a positively charged region on the ground below a storm. These discharges normally originate from the tops of very tall structures, such as communications antennas. The rate at which the return stroke current travels has been found to be around 100,000 km/s (one-third of the speed of light).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The massive flow of electric current occurring during the return stroke combined with the rate at which it occurs (measured in microseconds) rapidly <a href="/wiki/Superheating" title="Superheating">superheats</a> the completed leader channel, forming a highly electrically conductive plasma channel. The core temperature of the plasma during the return stroke may exceed 27,800 °C (50,000 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing it to radiate with a brilliant, blue-white color. Once the electric current stops flowing, the channel cools and dissipates over tens or hundreds of milliseconds, often disappearing as fragmented patches of glowing gas. The nearly instantaneous heating during the return stroke causes the air to expand explosively, producing a powerful <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> which is heard as <a href="#Thunder">thunder</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Re-strike">Re-strike</h4></div> <p>High-speed videos (examined frame-by-frame) show that most negative CG lightning flashes are made up of 3 or 4 individual strokes, though there may be as many as 30.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each re-strike is separated by a relatively large amount of time, typically 40 to 50 milliseconds, as other charged regions in the cloud are discharged in subsequent strokes. Re-strikes often cause a noticeable "<a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">strobe light</a>" effect.<sup id="cite_ref-uman_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To understand why multiple return strokes utilize the same lightning channel, one needs to understand the behavior of positive leaders, which a typical ground flash effectively becomes following the negative leader's connection with the ground. Positive leaders decay more rapidly than negative leaders do. For reasons not well understood, bidirectional leaders tend to initiate on the tips of the decayed positive leaders in which the negative end attempts to re-ionize the leader network. These leaders, also called <i>recoil leaders</i>, usually decay shortly after their formation. When they do manage to make contact with a conductive portion of the main leader network, a return stroke-like process occurs and a <i>dart leader</i> travels across all or a portion of the length of the original leader. The dart leaders making connections with the ground are what cause a majority of subsequent return strokes.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each successive stroke is preceded by intermediate dart leader strokes that have a faster rise time but lower amplitude than the initial return stroke. Each subsequent stroke usually re-uses the discharge channel taken by the previous one, but the channel may be offset from its previous position as wind displaces the hot channel.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since recoil and dart leader processes do not occur on negative leaders, subsequent return strokes very seldom utilize the same channel on positive ground flashes which are explained later in the article.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transient_currents_during_flash">Transient currents during flash</h4></div> <p>The electric current within a typical negative CG lightning discharge rises very quickly to its peak value in 1–10 microseconds, then decays more slowly over 50–200 microseconds. The transient nature of the current within a lightning flash results in several phenomena that need to be addressed in the effective protection of ground-based structures. Rapidly changing currents tend to travel on the surface of a conductor, in what is called the <a href="/wiki/Skin_effect" title="Skin effect">skin effect</a>, unlike direct currents, which "flow-through" the entire conductor like water through a hose. Hence, conductors used in the protection of facilities tend to be multi-stranded, with small wires woven together. This increases the total bundle <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> in inverse proportion to the individual strand radius, for a fixed total <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross-sectional area</a>. </p><p>The rapidly changing currents also create <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">electromagnetic pulses (EMPs)</a> that radiate outward from the ionic channel. This is a characteristic of all electrical discharges. The radiated pulses rapidly weaken as their distance from the origin increases. However, if they pass over conductive elements such as power lines, communication lines, or metallic pipes, they may induce a current which travels outward to its termination. The surge current is inversely related to the surge impedance: the higher in impedance, the lower the current.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the <a href="/wiki/Voltage_spike" title="Voltage spike">surge</a> that, more often than not, results in the destruction of delicate <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_appliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical appliance">electrical appliances</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a>. Devices known as <a href="/wiki/Surge_protector" title="Surge protector">surge protectors (SPD) or transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSS)</a> attached in parallel with these lines can detect the lightning flash's transient irregular current, and, through alteration of its physical properties, route the spike to an attached <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical ground">earthing ground</a>, thereby protecting the equipment from damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <p>Three primary types of lightning are defined by the "starting" and "ending" points of a flash channel. </p> <ul><li><em>Intra-cloud</em> (IC) or <em>in-cloud</em> lightning occurs within a single thundercloud unit.</li> <li><em>Cloud-to-cloud</em> (CC) or <em>inter-cloud</em> lightning starts and ends between two different "functional" thundercloud units.</li> <li><em>Cloud-to-ground</em> (CG) lightning primarily originates in the thundercloud and terminates on an Earth surface, but may also occur in the reverse direction, that is ground to cloud.</li></ul> <p>There are variations of each type, such as "positive" versus "negative" CG flashes, that have different physical characteristics common to each which can be measured. Different <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a> used to describe a particular lightning event may be attributed to the same or to different events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_to_ground_(CG)"><span id="Cloud_to_ground_.28CG.29"></span>Cloud to ground (CG)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm/220px--Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="391" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_(240fps)_in_Muurame,_Finland.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_(240fps)_in_Muurame,_Finland.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm/Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_%28240fps%29_in_Muurame%2C_Finland.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Cloud to ground seen in slow motion</figcaption></figure> <p><em>Cloud-to-ground</em> (CG) lightning is a lightning discharge between a thundercloud and the ground. It is initiated by a stepped leader moving down from the cloud, which is met by a streamer moving up from the ground. </p><p>CG is the least common, but best understood of all types of lightning. It is easier to study scientifically because it terminates on a physical object, namely the ground, and lends itself to being measured by instruments on the ground. Of the three primary types of lightning, it poses the greatest threat to life and property, since it terminates on the ground or "strikes". </p><p>The overall discharge, termed a flash, is composed of a number of processes such as preliminary breakdown, stepped leaders, connecting leaders, return strokes, dart leaders, and subsequent return strokes.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conductivity of the electrical ground, be it soil, <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">salt water</a>, may affect the lightning discharge rate and thus visible characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positive_and_negative_lightning"><span class="anchor" id="Positive_lightning"></span>Positive and negative lightning</h4></div> <p>Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning is either positive or negative, as defined by the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Conventional_current_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional current flow">conventional electric current</a> between cloud and ground. Most CG lightning is negative, meaning that a negative charge is transferred to ground and electrons travel downward along the lightning channel (conventionally the current flows from the ground to the cloud). The reverse happens in a positive CG flash, where electrons travel upward along the lightning channel and a positive charge is transferred to the ground (conventionally the current flows from the cloud to the ground). Positive lightning is less common than negative lightning and on average makes up less than 5% of all lightning strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg/220px-Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg/330px-Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg/440px-Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>A <i>bolt from the blue</i> lightning strike which appears to initiate from the clear, but the turbulent sky above the <a href="/wiki/Anvil_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Anvil cloud">anvil cloud</a> and drive a bolt of plasma through the cloud directly to the ground. They are commonly referred to as positive flashes, despite the fact that they are usually negative in polarity.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are six different mechanisms theorized to result in the formation of positive lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Vertical wind shear displacing the upper positive charge region of a thundercloud, exposing it to the ground below.</li> <li>The loss of lower charge regions in the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm, leaving the primary positive charge region.</li> <li>A complex arrangement of charge regions in a thundercloud, effectively resulting in an <em>inverted dipole</em> or <em>inverted tripole</em> in which the main negative charge region is above the main positive charge region instead of beneath it.</li> <li>An unusually large lower positive charge region in the thundercloud.</li> <li>Cutoff of an extended negative leader from its origin which creates a new bidirectional leader in which the positive end strikes the ground, commonly seen in anvil-crawler spider flashes.</li> <li>The initiation of a downward positive branch from an IC lightning flash.</li></ul> <p>Contrary to popular belief, positive lightning flashes do <i>not</i> necessarily originate from the anvil or the upper positive charge region and strike a rain-free area outside of the thunderstorm. This belief is based on the outdated idea that lightning leaders are unipolar and originate from their respective charge region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Positive lightning strikes tend to be much more intense than their negative counterparts. An average bolt of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical polarity">negative</a> lightning carries an electric current of 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a> (30 kA), and transfers 15 C (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulombs</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">gigajoule</a> of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. Large bolts of positive lightning can carry up to 120 kA and 350 C.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average positive ground flash has roughly double the peak current of a typical negative flash, and can produce peak currents up to 400 kA and charges of several hundred coulombs.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-U.A.BakshiM.V.Bakshi2009_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.A.BakshiM.V.Bakshi2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, positive ground flashes with high peak currents are commonly followed by long continuing currents, a correlation not seen in negative ground flashes.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of their greater power, positive lightning strikes are considerably more dangerous than negative strikes. Positive lightning produces both higher peak currents and longer continuing currents, making them capable of heating surfaces to much higher levels which increases the likelihood of a fire being ignited. The long distances positive lightning can propagate through clear air explains why they are known as "bolts from the blue", giving no warning to observers. </p><p>Despite the popular misconception that these<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are positive lightning strikes due to them seemingly originating from the positive charge region, observations have shown that these are in fact negative flashes. They begin as IC flashes within the cloud, the negative leader then exits the cloud from the positive charge region before propagating through clear air and striking the ground some distance away.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Positive lightning has also been shown to trigger the occurrence of upward lightning flashes from the tops of tall structures and is largely responsible for the initiation of <a href="/wiki/Upper-atmospheric_lightning#Sprites" title="Upper-atmospheric lightning">sprites</a> several tens of kilometers above ground level. Positive lightning tends to occur more frequently in <a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">winter storms</a>, as with <a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">thundersnow</a>, during intense <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tornadic_lightning_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tornadic_lightning-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the dissipation stage of a <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GHCC_primer2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHCC_primer2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huge quantities of <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">extremely low frequency</a> (ELF) and <a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">very low frequency</a> (VLF) <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> are also generated.<sup id="cite_ref-boccippio_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boccippio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_to_cloud_(CC)_and_intra-cloud_(IC)"><span id="Cloud_to_cloud_.28CC.29_and_intra-cloud_.28IC.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Cloud_to_cloud"></span> Cloud to cloud (CC) and intra-cloud (IC)</h3></div> <p>Lightning discharges may occur between areas of cloud without contacting the ground. When it occurs between two separate clouds, it is known as <em>cloud-to-cloud</em> (CC) or <em>inter-cloud</em> lightning; when it occurs between areas of differing <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electric potential</a> within a single cloud, it is known as <em>intra-cloud</em> (IC) lightning. IC lightning is the most frequently occurring type.<sup id="cite_ref-GHCC_primer2_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHCC_primer2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IC lightning most commonly occurs between the upper <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus" title="Cumulonimbus incus">anvil</a> portion and lower reaches of a given thunderstorm. This lightning can sometimes be observed at great distances at night as so-called "<a href="/wiki/Sheet_lightning" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheet lightning">sheet lightning</a>". In such instances, the observer may see only a flash of light without hearing any thunder. </p><p>Another term used for cloud–cloud or cloud–cloud–ground lightning is "Anvil Crawler", due to the habit of charge, typically originating beneath or within the anvil and scrambling through the upper cloud layers of a thunderstorm, often generating dramatic multiple branch strokes. These are usually seen as a thunderstorm passes over the observer or begins to decay. The most vivid crawler behavior occurs in well developed thunderstorms that feature extensive rear anvil shearing. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ligtning_new_delhi_view_1.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="Branching of cloud to cloud lightning, New Delhi, India."><img alt="Branching of cloud to cloud lightning, New Delhi, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ligtning_new_delhi_view_1.GIF/320px-Ligtning_new_delhi_view_1.GIF" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Ligtning_new_delhi_view_1.GIF 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Branching of cloud to cloud lightning, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloud_to_cloud_lightning_strike.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multiple paths of cloud-to-cloud lightning, Swifts Creek, Australia."><img alt="Multiple paths of cloud-to-cloud lightning, Swifts Creek, Australia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cloud_to_cloud_lightning_strike.jpg/270px-Cloud_to_cloud_lightning_strike.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cloud_to_cloud_lightning_strike.jpg/405px-Cloud_to_cloud_lightning_strike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cloud_to_cloud_lightning_strike.jpg/540px-Cloud_to_cloud_lightning_strike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multiple paths of cloud-to-cloud lightning, <a href="/wiki/Swifts_Creek,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Swifts Creek, Victoria">Swifts Creek</a>, Australia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_thunder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intra-clouds lightning over the Baltic Sea."><img alt="Intra-clouds lightning over the Baltic Sea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Baltic_thunder.jpg/335px-Baltic_thunder.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Baltic_thunder.jpg/502px-Baltic_thunder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Baltic_thunder.jpg/669px-Baltic_thunder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4733" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Intra-clouds lightning over the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_lightning,_Albury_NSW.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cloud-to-cloud lightning, Albury, Australia"><img alt="Cloud-to-cloud lightning, Albury, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CC_lightning%2C_Albury_NSW.JPG/270px-CC_lightning%2C_Albury_NSW.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CC_lightning%2C_Albury_NSW.JPG/405px-CC_lightning%2C_Albury_NSW.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CC_lightning%2C_Albury_NSW.JPG/540px-CC_lightning%2C_Albury_NSW.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cloud-to-cloud lightning, <a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a>, Australia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lightning_strike">Lightning strike</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">Lightning strike</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_objects">Effects on objects</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosionsartiger_Dampfdruck_zwischen_Stamm_und_Rinde_vom_Blitzeinschlag_sprengte_Birkenrinde_weg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Explosionsartiger_Dampfdruck_zwischen_Stamm_und_Rinde_vom_Blitzeinschlag_sprengte_Birkenrinde_weg.jpg/220px-Explosionsartiger_Dampfdruck_zwischen_Stamm_und_Rinde_vom_Blitzeinschlag_sprengte_Birkenrinde_weg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Explosionsartiger_Dampfdruck_zwischen_Stamm_und_Rinde_vom_Blitzeinschlag_sprengte_Birkenrinde_weg.jpg/330px-Explosionsartiger_Dampfdruck_zwischen_Stamm_und_Rinde_vom_Blitzeinschlag_sprengte_Birkenrinde_weg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Explosionsartiger_Dampfdruck_zwischen_Stamm_und_Rinde_vom_Blitzeinschlag_sprengte_Birkenrinde_weg.jpg/440px-Explosionsartiger_Dampfdruck_zwischen_Stamm_und_Rinde_vom_Blitzeinschlag_sprengte_Birkenrinde_weg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Explosive steam pressure between trunk and bark from lightning strike blew away birch bark</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_walnut_lightning_strike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Black_walnut_lightning_strike.jpg/180px-Black_walnut_lightning_strike.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Black_walnut_lightning_strike.jpg/270px-Black_walnut_lightning_strike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Black_walnut_lightning_strike.jpg/360px-Black_walnut_lightning_strike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A strike mark on the trunk of a <a href="/wiki/Black_walnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Black walnut">black walnut</a> tree in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Objects struck by lightning experience heat and magnetic forces of great magnitude. The heat created by lightning currents travelling through a tree may vaporize its sap, causing a steam explosion that bursts the trunk. As lightning travels through sandy soil, the soil surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_channel" title="Plasma channel">plasma channel</a> may melt, forming tubular structures called <a href="/wiki/Fulgurite" title="Fulgurite">fulgurites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_buildings_and_vehicles">Effects on buildings and vehicles</h4></div> <p>Buildings or tall structures hit by lightning may be damaged as the lightning seeks unimpeded paths to the ground. By safely conducting a lightning strike to the ground, a lightning protection system, usually incorporating at least one <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a>, can greatly reduce the probability of severe property damage. </p><p>Aircraft are highly susceptible to being struck due to their metallic fuselages, but lightning strikes are generally not dangerous to them.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the conductive properties of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium alloy</a>, the fuselage acts as a <a href="/wiki/Faraday_cage" title="Faraday cage">Faraday cage</a>. Present day aircraft are built to be safe from a lightning strike and passengers will generally not even know that it has happened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_animals">Effects on animals</h4></div> <p>Although 90 percent of people struck by lightning survive,<sup id="cite_ref-Outside_2014-09-22_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outside_2014-09-22-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> animals – including humans – struck by lightning may suffer <a href="/wiki/Lightning_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning injuries">severe injury</a> due to internal organ and nervous system damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_effects">Other effects</h4></div> <p>Lightning serves an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> by oxidizing diatomic nitrogen in the air into <a href="/wiki/Nitrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrates">nitrates</a> which are deposited by rain and can fertilize the growth of plants and other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thunder">Thunder</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">Thunder</a></div> <p>Because the electrostatic discharge of terrestrial lightning superheats the air to plasma temperatures along the length of the discharge channel in a short duration, <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">kinetic theory</a> dictates gaseous molecules undergo a rapid increase in pressure and thus expand outward from the lightning creating a <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> audible as thunder. Since the sound waves propagate not from a single point source but along the length of the lightning's path, the sound origin's varying distances from the observer can generate a rolling or rumbling effect. Perception of the sonic characteristics is further complicated by factors such as the irregular and possibly branching geometry of the lightning channel, by <a href="/wiki/Echo_(phenomenon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo (phenomenon)">acoustic echoing</a> from terrain, and by the usually multiple-stroke characteristic of the lightning strike. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Light travels</a> at about 300,000,000 m/s (980,000,000 ft/s), and <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">sound</a> travels through air at about 343 m/s (1,130 ft/s). An observer can approximate the distance to the strike by timing the interval between the visible lightning and the audible thunder it generates. A lightning flash preceding its thunder by one second would be approximately 343 m (1,125 ft) in distance; a delay of three seconds would indicate a distance of about 1 km or 0.62 mi (3 × 343 m). A flash preceding thunder by five seconds would indicate a distance of approximately 1.7 km or 1.1 mi (5 × 343 m). Consequently, a lightning strike observed at a very close distance will be accompanied by a sudden clap of thunder, with almost no perceptible time lapse, possibly accompanied by the smell of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (O<sub>3</sub>). </p><p>Lightning at a sufficient distance may be seen and not heard; there is data that a lightning storm can be seen at over 160 km (100 mi) whereas the thunder travels about 32 km (20 mi). Anecdotally, there are many examples of people saying 'the storm was directly overhead or all-around and yet there was no thunder'. Since thunderclouds can be up to 20 km high,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lightning occurring high up in the cloud may appear close but is actually too far away to produce noticeable thunder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ALightning&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Lightning">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lightning&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Radio_atmospheric_signal" title="Radio atmospheric signal">Radio atmospheric signal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whistler_(radio)" title="Whistler (radio)">Whistler (radio)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_Strikes_on_SDR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lightning_Strikes_on_SDR.png/220px-Lightning_Strikes_on_SDR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lightning_Strikes_on_SDR.png/330px-Lightning_Strikes_on_SDR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lightning_Strikes_on_SDR.png/440px-Lightning_Strikes_on_SDR.png 2x" data-file-width="2345" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Nearby lightning strikes seen across the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplitude modulation broadcasting">AM</a> broadcast band</figcaption></figure> <p>Lightning discharges generate radio-frequency pulses which can be received thousands of kilometres from their source as radio atmospheric signals and whistlers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-energy_radiation">High-energy radiation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_gamma-ray_flash" title="Terrestrial gamma-ray flash">Terrestrial gamma-ray flash</a></div> <p>The production of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> by a bolt of lightning was predicted as early as 1925 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.T.R. Wilson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no evidence was found until 2001/2002,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when researchers at the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Institute_of_Mining_and_Technology" title="New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology">New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology</a> detected X-ray emissions from an induced lightning strike along a grounded wire trailed behind a rocket shot into a storm cloud. In the same year <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida_Institute_of_Technology" title="Florida Institute of Technology">Florida Tech</a> researchers used an array of electric field and X-ray detectors at a lightning research facility in North Florida to confirm that natural lightning makes X-rays in large quantities during the propagation of stepped leaders. The cause of the X-ray emissions is still a matter for research, as the temperature of lightning is too low to account for the X-rays observed.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sergio2013_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sergio2013-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of observations by space-based telescopes have revealed even higher energy <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> emissions, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_gamma-ray_flash" title="Terrestrial gamma-ray flash">terrestrial gamma-ray flashes</a> (TGFs). These observations pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the recent discovery of the clear signatures of <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a> produced in lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research has shown that secondary species, produced by these TGFs, such as <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Positrons">positrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrons">neutrons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protons" class="mw-redirect" title="Protons">protons</a>, can gain energies of up to several tens of MeV.<sup id="cite_ref-KohnEbert_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KohnEbert-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KohnHarakeh_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KohnHarakeh-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ozone_and_nitrogen_oxides">Ozone and nitrogen oxides</h3></div> <p>The very high temperatures generated by lightning lead to significant local increases in <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">oxides of nitrogen</a>. Each lightning flash in temperate and sub-tropical areas produces 7 kg of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></span> on average.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> the effect of lightning can increase <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></span> by 90% and ozone by 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volcanic">Volcanic</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg/220px-Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg/330px-Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Volcanic material thrust high into the atmosphere can trigger lightning.</figcaption></figure> <p>Volcanic activity produces lightning-friendly conditions in multiple ways. The enormous quantity of pulverized material and gases explosively ejected into the atmosphere creates a dense plume of particles. The ash density and constant motion within the volcanic plume produces charge by frictional interactions (triboelectrification), resulting in very powerful and very frequent flashes as the cloud attempts to neutralize itself. Due to the extensive solid material (ash) content, unlike the water rich charge generating zones of a normal thundercloud, it is often called a <a href="/wiki/Dirty_thunderstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty thunderstorm">dirty thunderstorm</a>. </p> <ul><li>Powerful and frequent flashes have been witnessed in the volcanic plume as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_AD_79" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79">eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_The_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny The Younger">Pliny The Younger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Volcano_Lightning_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volcano_Lightning-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Likewise, vapors and ash originating from vents on the volcano's flanks may produce more localized and smaller flashes upwards of 2.9 km long.</li> <li>Small, short duration <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">sparks</a>, recently documented near newly extruded magma, attest to the material being highly charged prior to even entering the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>If the volcanic ash plume rises to freezing temperatures, ice particles form and collide with ash particles to cause electrification. Lightning can be detected in any explosion but the causation of additional electrification from ice particles in ash can lead to a stronger electrical field and a higher rate of detectable lightning. Lightning is also used as a volcano monitoring tool for detecting hazardous eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fire_lightning">Fire lightning</h2></div> <p>Intense forest fires, such as those seen in the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019–20 Australian bushfire season</a>, can create their own weather systems that can produce lightning and other weather phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_/_Ceranic_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_/_Ceranic-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intense heat from a fire causes air to rapidly rise within the smoke plume, causing the formation of <a href="/wiki/Pyrocumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrocumulonimbus">pyrocumulonimbus</a> clouds. Cooler air is drawn in by this turbulent, rising air, helping to cool the plume. The rising plume is further cooled by the lower atmospheric pressure at high altitude, allowing the moisture in it to condense into cloud. Pyrocumulonimbus clouds form in an unstable atmosphere. These weather systems can produce dry lightning, <a href="/wiki/Fire_tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire tornado">fire tornadoes</a>, intense winds, and dirty hail.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_/_Ceranic_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_/_Ceranic-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial">Extraterrestrial</h2></div> <p>Lightning has been observed within the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body atmosphere">atmospheres</a> of other <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lightning on Jupiter is far more energetic than on Earth, despite seeming to be generated via the same mechanism. Recently, a new type of lightning was detected on Jupiter, thought to originate from "mushballs" including ammonia.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Saturn lightning, initially referred to as "Saturn Electrostatic Discharge", was discovered by the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lightning on Venus has been a controversial subject after decades of study. During the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> and U.S. <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a> missions of the 1970s and 1980s, signals suggesting lightning may be present in the upper atmosphere were detected.<sup id="cite_ref-plasma_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plasma-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> mission fly-by of Venus in 1999 detected no signs of lightning, but radio pulses recorded by the spacecraft <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i> (which began orbiting Venus in April 2006) may originate from lightning on Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human-related_phenomena">Human-related phenomena</h2></div> <ul><li>Airplane contrails have also been observed to influence lightning to a small degree. The water vapor-dense contrails of airplanes may provide a lower resistance pathway through the atmosphere having some influence upon the establishment of an ionic pathway for a lightning flash to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rocket exhaust plumes provided a pathway for lightning when it was witnessed striking the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12 rocket</a> shortly after takeoff.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">Thermonuclear explosions</a>, by providing extra material for electrical conduction and a very turbulent localized atmosphere, have been seen triggering lightning flashes within the mushroom cloud. In addition, intense gamma radiation from large nuclear explosions may develop intensely charged regions in the surrounding air through <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a>. The intensely charged space charge regions create multiple clear-air lightning discharges shortly after the device detonates.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuclear_Lightning_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuclear_Lightning-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_study">Scientific study</h2></div> <p>The science of lightning is called <i>fulminology</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Properties">Properties</h3></div> <p>Lightning causes <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>, a sound from the shock wave which develops as gases in the vicinity of the discharge heat suddenly to very high temperatures. It is often heard a few seconds after the lightning itself.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thunder is heard as a rolling, gradually dissipating rumble because the sound from different portions of a long stroke arrives at slightly different times.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the local electric field exceeds the <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_strength" title="Dielectric strength">dielectric strength</a> of damp air (about 3 MV/m), electrical discharge results in a <i>strike</i>, often followed by commensurate discharges branching from the same path. Mechanisms that cause the charges to build up to lightning are still a matter of scientific investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-how_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study confirmed dielectric breakdown is involved.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lightning may be caused by the circulation of warm moisture-filled air through <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice or water particles then accumulate charge as in a <a href="/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator" title="Van de Graaff generator">Van de Graaff generator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers at the University of Florida found that the final one-dimensional speeds of 10 flashes observed were between 1.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000500000000000000♠"></span>5</span></sup> and 1.4<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000600000000000000♠"></span>6</span></sup> m/s, with an average of 4.4<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000500000000000000♠"></span>5</span></sup> m/s.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_and_monitoring">Detection and monitoring</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lightning_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning detection">Lightning detection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_Rom%C3%A0ntic_Can_Papiol._Maig_2014_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Museu_Rom%C3%A0ntic_Can_Papiol._Maig_2014_05.JPG/220px-Museu_Rom%C3%A0ntic_Can_Papiol._Maig_2014_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Museu_Rom%C3%A0ntic_Can_Papiol._Maig_2014_05.JPG/330px-Museu_Rom%C3%A0ntic_Can_Papiol._Maig_2014_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Museu_Rom%C3%A0ntic_Can_Papiol._Maig_2014_05.JPG/440px-Museu_Rom%C3%A0ntic_Can_Papiol._Maig_2014_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Lightning strike counter in a museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest detector invented to warn of the approach of a thunderstorm was the <a href="/wiki/Lightning_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning bell">lightning bell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> installed one such device in his house.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The detector was based on an electrostatic device called the 'electric chimes' invented by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_(Benedictine)" title="Andrew Gordon (Benedictine)">Andrew Gordon</a> in 1742. </p><p>Lightning discharges generate a wide range of electromagnetic radiations, including radio-frequency pulses. The times at which a pulse from a given lightning discharge arrives at several receivers can be used to locate the source of the discharge with a precision on the order of metres. The United States federal government has constructed a nationwide grid of such lightning detectors, allowing lightning discharges to be tracked in real time throughout the continental U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Blitzortung" title="Blitzortung">Blitzortung</a> (a private global detection system that consists of over 500 detection stations owned and operated by hobbyists/volunteers) provides near real-time lightning maps at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20161216132732/http://en.blitzortung.org/">[1]</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Earth-ionosphere_waveguide" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth-ionosphere waveguide">Earth-ionosphere waveguide</a> traps electromagnetic <a href="/wiki/VLF" class="mw-redirect" title="VLF">VLF</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a> waves. Electromagnetic pulses transmitted by lightning strikes propagate within that waveguide. The waveguide is dispersive, which means that their <a href="/wiki/Group_velocity" title="Group velocity">group velocity</a> depends on frequency. The difference of the group time delay of a lightning pulse at adjacent frequencies is proportional to the distance between transmitter and receiver. Together with direction-finding methods, this allows locating lightning strikes up to distances of 10,000 km from their origin. Moreover, the eigenfrequencies of the Earth-ionospheric waveguide, the <a href="/wiki/Schumann_resonances" title="Schumann resonances">Schumann resonances</a> at about 7.5 Hz, are used to determine the global thunderstorm activity.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to ground-based lightning detection, several instruments aboard satellites have been constructed to observe lightning distribution. These include the Optical Transient Detector (OTD), aboard the OrbView-1 satellite launched on April 3, 1995, and the subsequent Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard <a href="/wiki/TRMM" class="mw-redirect" title="TRMM">TRMM</a> launched on November 28, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-n1_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n1-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n2_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n2-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n3_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n3-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 2016, the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> launched Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite–R Series (GOES-R) weather satellites outfitted with <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Lightning_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary Lightning Mapper">Geostationary Lightning Mapper</a> (GLM) instruments which are near-infrared optical transient detectors that can detect the momentary changes in an optical scene, indicating the presence of lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lightning detection data can be converted into a real-time map of lightning activity across the Western Hemisphere; this mapping technique has been implemented by the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022 <a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a> plan to launch the Lightning Imager (MTG-I LI) on board <a href="/wiki/Meteosat" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Third Generation</a>. This will complement NOAA's GLM. MTG-I LI will cover Europe and Africa and will include products on events, groups and flashes.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificially_triggered">Artificially triggered</h3></div> <ul><li><b>Rocket-triggered</b> lightning can be "triggered" by launching <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rocket" title="Lightning rocket">specially designed rockets</a> trailing spools of wire into thunderstorms. The wire unwinds as the rocket ascends, creating an elevated ground that can attract descending leaders. If a leader attaches, the wire provides a low-resistance pathway for a lightning flash to occur. The wire is vaporized by the return current flow, creating a straight lightning plasma channel in its place. This method allows for scientific research of lightning to occur under a more controlled and predictable manner.<sup id="cite_ref-vid_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vid-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>The International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida typically uses rocket triggered lightning in their research studies.</dd></dl></li> <li><b>Laser-triggered</b> <dl><dd>Since the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-since_the_1970s_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-since_the_1970s-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> researchers have attempted to trigger lightning strikes by means of infrared or ultraviolet lasers, which create a channel of ionized gas through which the lightning would be conducted to ground. Such triggering of lightning is intended to protect rocket launching pads, electric power facilities, and other sensitive targets.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-njop_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njop-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-joot_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joot-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apl_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apl-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-osaka_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osaka-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>In New Mexico, U.S., scientists tested a new <a href="/wiki/Terawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Terawatt">terawatt</a> laser which provoked lightning. Scientists fired ultra-fast pulses from an extremely powerful laser thus sending several terawatts into the clouds to call down electrical discharges in storm clouds over the region. The laser beams sent from the laser make channels of ionized molecules known as <i>filaments</i>. Before the lightning strikes earth, the filaments lead electricity through the clouds, playing the role of lightning rods. Researchers generated filaments that lived a period too short to trigger a real lightning strike. Nevertheless, a boost in electrical activity within the clouds was registered. According to the French and German scientists who ran the experiment, the fast pulses sent from the laser will be able to provoke lightning strikes on demand.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistical analysis showed that their laser pulses indeed enhanced the electrical activity in the thundercloud where it was aimed—in effect they generated small local discharges located at the position of the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_channel" title="Plasma channel">plasma channels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_manifestations">Physical manifestations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lighting_barrage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lighting_barrage.jpg/220px-Lighting_barrage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lighting_barrage.jpg/330px-Lighting_barrage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lighting_barrage.jpg/440px-Lighting_barrage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5447" data-file-height="3612" /></a><figcaption>Multiple lightning strikes in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in August 2020</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetism">Magnetism</h4></div> <p>The movement of electrical charges produces a magnetic field (see <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>). The intense currents of a lightning discharge create a fleeting but very strong magnetic field. Where the lightning current path passes through rock, soil, or metal these materials can become permanently magnetized. This effect is known as lightning-induced <a href="/wiki/Remanence" title="Remanence">remanent</a> magnetism, or LIRM. These currents follow the least resistive path, often horizontally near the surface<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but sometimes vertically, where faults, ore bodies, or ground water offers a less resistive path.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory suggests that <a href="/wiki/Lodestone" title="Lodestone">lodestones</a>, natural magnets encountered in ancient times, were created in this manner.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lightning-induced magnetic anomalies can be mapped in the ground,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and analysis of magnetized materials can confirm lightning was the source of the magnetization<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provide an estimate of the peak current of the lightning discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">University of Innsbruck</a> has calculated that magnetic fields generated by plasma may induce <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a> in subjects located within 200 m (660 ft) of a severe lightning storm, like what happened in <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">Transcranial magnetic stimulation</a> (TMS).<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_wind_and_cosmic_rays">Solar wind and cosmic rays</h3></div> <p>Some high energy cosmic rays produced by supernovas as well as solar particles from the solar wind, enter the atmosphere and electrify the air, which may create pathways for lightning bolts.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lightning_and_climate_change">Lightning and climate change</h3></div> <p>Due to the low resolution of global climate models, accurately representing lightning in these climate models is difficult, largely due to their inability to simulate the convection and cloud ice fundamental to lightning formation. Research from the Future Climate for Africa programme demonstrates that using a convection-permitting model over Africa can more accurately capture convective thunderstorms and the distribution of ice particles. This research indicates climate change may increase the total amount of lightning only slightly: the total number of lightning days per year decreases, while more cloud ice and stronger convection leads to more lightning strikes occurring on days when lightning does occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study from the University of Washington looked at lightning activity in the Arctic from 2010 to 2020. The ratio of Arctic summertime strokes was compared to total global strokes and was observed to be increasing with time, indicating that the region is becoming more influenced by lightning. The fraction of strokes above 65 degrees north was found to be increasing linearly with the NOAA <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">global temperature anomaly</a> and grew by a factor of 3 as the anomaly increased from 0.65 to 0.95 °C <sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolightning">Paleolightning</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Paleolightning" title="Paleolightning">Paleolightning</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleolightning&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolightning" title="Paleolightning">Paleolightning</a> refers to the remnants of ancient lightning activity studied in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Historical_geology" title="Historical geology">historical geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeology" title="Geoarchaeology">geoarchaeology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fulminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulminology">fulminology</a>. Paleolightning provides tangible evidence for the study of lightning activity in Earth's past and the roles lightning may have played in Earth's history. Some studies have speculated that lightning activity played a crucial role in the development of not only Earth's early atmosphere but also early life. Lightning, a non-biological process, has been found to produce biologically useful material through the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation and reduction</a> of inorganic matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Paleolightning_miller_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleolightning_miller-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on the impact of lightning on Earth's atmosphere continues today, especially with regard to feedback mechanisms of lightning-produced nitrate compounds on atmospheric composition and global average temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Paleolightning_shepon_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleolightning_shepon-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Detecting lightning activity in the geologic record can be difficult, given the instantaneous nature of lightning strikes in general. However, <a href="/wiki/Fulgurite" title="Fulgurite">fulgurite</a>, a glassy tube-like, crust-like, or irregular mineraloid that forms when lightning fuses <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz sand">quartz sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Caliche" title="Caliche">caliche</a> is prevalent in electrically active regions around the globe and provides evidence of not only past lightning activity, but also patterns of <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paleolightning_spon93_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleolightning_spon93-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since lightning channels carry an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> to the ground, lightning can produce <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic fields">magnetic fields</a> as well. While lightning-magnetic anomalies can provide evidence of lightning activity in a region, these anomalies are often problematic for those examining the magnetic record of rock types because they disguise the natural magnetic fields present.<sup id="cite_ref-Paleolightning_maki05_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleolightning_maki05-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture_and_religion">In culture and religion</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_mythology">Religion and mythology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lightning_in_religion" title="Lightning in religion">Lightning in religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_LIGHTNING_-_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_LIGHTNING_-_1909.jpg/220px-Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_LIGHTNING_-_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_LIGHTNING_-_1909.jpg/330px-Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_LIGHTNING_-_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_LIGHTNING_-_1909.jpg/440px-Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_LIGHTNING_-_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Lightning by <a href="/wiki/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_Ciurlionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis">Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis</a> (1909)</figcaption></figure> <p>In many cultures, lightning has been viewed as a sign or part of a deity or a deity in and of itself. These include the <a href="/wiki/Greek_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek god">Greek god</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> god <a href="/wiki/Tlaloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaloc">Tlaloc</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Mayan</a> <a href="/wiki/God_K" class="mw-redirect" title="God K">God K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythology</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pērkons">Pērkons</a>/<a href="/wiki/Perk%C5%ABnas" title="Perkūnas">Perkūnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukko" title="Ukko">Ukko</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> god <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> god <a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Sango</a>, Illapa in <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> god <a href="/wiki/Raijin" title="Raijin">Raijin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Etruscans">ancient Etruscans</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion#Etrusca_Disciplina" title="Etruscan religion">guides</a> to brontoscopic and fulgural <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> of the future based on the <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a> supposedly displayed by thunder or lightning occurring on particular days of the year or in particular places.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such use of thunder and lightning in divination is also known as <a href="/wiki/Ceraunoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceraunoscopy">ceraunoscopy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wordinfocerauno_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordinfocerauno-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a kind of <a href="/wiki/Aeromancy" title="Aeromancy">aeromancy</a>. In the traditional religion of the African <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> tribes, lightning is a sign of the ire of the gods. Scriptures in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> also ascribe supernatural importance to <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">lightning</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is compared to lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> <p>Although sometimes used figuratively, the idea that lightning never strikes the same place twice is a common myth. In fact, lightning can, and often does, strike the same place more than once. Lightning in a thunderstorm is more likely to strike objects and spots that are more prominent or conductive. For instance, lightning strikes the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on average 23 times per year.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In French and Italian, the expression for "Love at first sight" is <i>coup de foudre</i> and <i>colpo di fulmine</i>, respectively, which literally translated means "lightning strike". Some European languages have a separate word for lightning which strikes the ground (as opposed to lightning in general); often it is a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the English word "rays". The name of Australia's most celebrated <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> horse, <a href="/wiki/Phar_Lap" title="Phar Lap">Phar Lap</a>, derives from the shared <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> word for lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_military_culture">Political and military culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yli-ii.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Yli-ii.vaakuna.svg/150px-Yli-ii.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Yli-ii.vaakuna.svg/225px-Yli-ii.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Yli-ii.vaakuna.svg/300px-Yli-ii.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Two lightning bolts pictured in the former coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Yli-Ii" title="Yli-Ii">Yli-Ii</a> municipality</figcaption></figure> <p>The bolt of lightning in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> is called a <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">thunderbolt</a> and is shown as a zigzag with non-pointed ends. This symbol usually represents power and speed. </p><p>Some political parties use lightning flashes as a symbol of power, such as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> during the 1930s, and the <a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a> in the United States during the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> wing of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, used the <a href="/wiki/Sig_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sig (rune)">Sig rune</a> in their logo which symbolizes lightning. The German word <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a>, which means "lightning war", was a major offensive strategy of the German army during World War II. </p><p>The lightning bolt is a common insignia for <a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">military communications</a> units throughout the world. A lightning bolt is also the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Military_Symbols_for_Land_Based_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems">NATO symbol for a signal asset</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_of_injuries_and_deaths">Data of injuries and deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike#Epidemiology" title="Lightning strike">Lightning strike § Epidemiology</a></div> <p>The deadliest single direct lightning strike occurred when 21 people died as they huddled for safety in a hut that was hit (1975, Rhodesia).<sup id="cite_ref-Phys_20220201_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phys_20220201-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deadliest single indirect lightning strike was the <a href="/wiki/1994_Dronka_floods_and_lightning_strike" title="1994 Dronka floods and lightning strike">1994 Dronka lightning strike</a>. 469 people died when lightning struck a set of oil tanks in 1994, causing burning oil to flood a town (1994, Dronka, Egypt).<sup id="cite_ref-Phys_20220201_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phys_20220201-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States an average of 23 people died from lightning per year from 2012 to 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> – A Saturn V rocket that was struck by lightning shortly after liftoff.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvesting_lightning_energy" title="Harvesting lightning energy">Harvesting lightning energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraunography" title="Keraunography">Keraunography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraunomedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraunomedicine">Keraunomedicine</a> – medical study of lightning casualties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtenberg_figure" title="Lichtenberg figure">Lichtenberg figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_injury" title="Lightning injury">Lightning injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning-prediction_system" title="Lightning-prediction system">Lightning-prediction system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Sullivan" title="Roy Sullivan">Roy Sullivan</a> - Sullivan is recognized by <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the person struck by lightning more recorded times than any other human</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elmo%27s_fire" title="St. Elmo's fire">St. Elmo's fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper-atmospheric_lightning" title="Upper-atmospheric lightning">Upper-atmospheric lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_(satellite)" title="Vela (satellite)">Vela satellites</a> – satellites which could record lightning <i>superbolts</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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(September 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhgss-4-83-2013">"Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements"</a>. <i>History of Geo- and Space Sciences</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 83–95. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.5347">1305.5347</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HGSS....4...83A">2013HGSS....4...83A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhgss-4-83-2013">10.5194/hgss-4-83-2013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9783512">9783512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Geo-+and+Space+Sciences&rft.atitle=Lord+Kelvin%27s+atmospheric+electricity+measurements&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-95&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1305.5347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9783512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhgss-4-83-2013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013HGSS....4...83A&rft.aulast=Aplin&rft.aufirst=K.+L.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fhgss-4-83-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmetOrbanGrandjean1989" class="citation journal cs1">Desmet, S; Orban, F; Grandjean, F (April 1, 1989). "On the Kelvin electrostatic generator". <i>European Journal of Physics</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 118–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989EJPh...10..118D">1989EJPh...10..118D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F10%2F2%2F008">10.1088/0143-0807/10/2/008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121840275">121840275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=On+the+Kelvin+electrostatic+generator&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=118-122&rft.date=1989-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121840275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F10%2F2%2F008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989EJPh...10..118D&rft.aulast=Desmet&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Orban%2C+F&rft.au=Grandjean%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDashWettlaufer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dash, J G; Wettlaufer, J S (January 1, 2003). "The surface physics of ice in thunderstorms". <i>Canadian Journal of Physics</i>. <b>81</b> (1–2): 201–207. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CaJPh..81..201D">2003CaJPh..81..201D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2FP03-011">10.1139/P03-011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+surface+physics+of+ice+in+thunderstorms&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=201-207&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2FP03-011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003CaJPh..81..201D&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=J+G&rft.au=Wettlaufer%2C+J+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDashMasonWettlaufer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dash, J. G.; Mason, B. L.; Wettlaufer, J. S. (September 16, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JD900109">"Theory of charge and mass transfer in ice-ice collisions"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. <b>106</b> (D17): 20395–20402. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10620395D">2001JGR...10620395D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JD900109">10.1029/2001JD900109</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=Theory+of+charge+and+mass+transfer+in+ice-ice+collisions&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=D17&rft.pages=20395-20402&rft.date=2001-09-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JD900109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10620395D&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Mason%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=Wettlaufer%2C+J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2001JD900109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buxton, G. V., Greenstock, C. L., Helman, W. P. and Ross, A. B. "Critical Review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (OH/O in aqueous solution." J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, 513–886 (1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUman1986" class="citation book cs1">Uman, Martin (1986). <i>All About Lightning</i>. New York: Dover. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25237-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25237-7"><bdi>978-0-486-25237-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+About+Lightning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25237-7&rft.aulast=Uman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzkeRumbachGoSankaran2012" class="citation journal cs1">Witzke, Megan; Rumbach, Paul; Go, David B; Sankaran, R Mohan (November 7, 2012). "Evidence for the electrolysis of water by atmospheric-pressure plasmas formed at the surface of aqueous solutions". <i>Journal of Physics D</i>. <b>45</b> (44): 442001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhD...45R2001W">2012JPhD...45R2001W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0022-3727%2F45%2F44%2F442001">10.1088/0022-3727/45/44/442001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98547405">98547405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+D&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+electrolysis+of+water+by+atmospheric-pressure+plasmas+formed+at+the+surface+of+aqueous+solutions&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=442001&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98547405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0022-3727%2F45%2F44%2F442001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JPhD...45R2001W&rft.aulast=Witzke&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft.au=Rumbach%2C+Paul&rft.au=Go%2C+David+B&rft.au=Sankaran%2C+R+Mohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Uman">Uman (1986)</a> p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Uman">Uman (1986)</a> p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFüllekrugMareevRycroft2006" class="citation book cs1">Füllekrug, Martin; Mareev, Eugene A.; Rycroft, Michael J. (May 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1foWWN5odwC&q=Lightning+occurs+when+warm+air+is+mixed+with+colder+air+masses&pg=PA90"><i>Sprites, Elves and Intense Lightning Discharges</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006seil.book.....F">2006seil.book.....F</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402046285" title="Special:BookSources/9781402046285"><bdi>9781402046285</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104190958/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1foWWN5odwC&pg=PA90&dq=Lightning+occurs+when+warm+air+is+mixed+with+colder+air+masses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV44XT9uXUAhVJ7mMKHb3pBUoQ6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=Lightning%20occurs%20when%20warm%20air%20is%20mixed%20with%20colder%20air%20masses&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprites%2C+Elves+and+Intense+Lightning+Discharges&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006seil.book.....F&rft.isbn=9781402046285&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCllekrug&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Mareev%2C+Eugene+A.&rft.au=Rycroft%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1foWWN5odwC%26q%3DLightning%2Boccurs%2Bwhen%2Bwarm%2Bair%2Bis%2Bmixed%2Bwith%2Bcolder%2Bair%2Bmasses%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volland1995-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volland1995_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinnert,_K.1995" class="citation book cs1">Rinnert, K. (1995). "9: Lighting Within Planetary Atmospheres". In Hans Volland (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNPPh7B3WTIC"><i>Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8647-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8647-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-8647-3</bdi></a>. <q>The requirements for the production of lightning within an atmosphere are the following: (1) a sufficient abundance of appropriate material for electrification, (2) the operation of a microscale electrification process to produce classes of particles with different signs of charge and (3) a mechanism to separate and to accumulate particles according to their charge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+Lighting+Within+Planetary+Atmospheres&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Atmospheric+Electrodynamics&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8647-3&rft.au=Rinnert%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNPPh7B3WTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100203-volcanoes-lightning/">New Lightning Type Found Over Volcano?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209015048/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100203-volcanoes-lightning/">Archived</a> February 9, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. News.nationalgeographic.com (February 2010). Retrieved on June 23, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1998/98_06_11.html">"Bench collapse sparks lightning, roiling clouds"</a>. <i>Volcano Watch</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. June 11, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114172155/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1998/98_06_11.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcano+Watch&rft.atitle=Bench+collapse+sparks+lightning%2C+roiling+clouds&rft.date=1998-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhvo.wr.usgs.gov%2Fvolcanowatch%2F1998%2F98_06_11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pardo-Rodriguez, Lumari (Summer 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/soars/SOARS-000-000-000-193.pdf">Lightning Activity in Atlantic Tropical Cyclones: Using the Long-Range Lightning Detection Network (LLDN)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309085405/http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/soars/SOARS-000-000-000-193.pdf">Archived</a> March 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. MA Climate and Society, Columbia University Significant Opportunities in Atmospheric Research and Science Program.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/09jan_electrichurricanes/">Hurricane Lightning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815013425/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/09jan_electrichurricanes/">Archived</a> August 15, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA, January 9, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/committees/polcom/2009spring/statusreports/BusingerS09.pdf">The Promise of Long-Range Lightning Detection in Better Understanding, Nowcasting, and Forecasting of Maritime Storms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309085405/http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/committees/polcom/2009spring/statusreports/BusingerS09.pdf">Archived</a> March 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Long Range Lightning Detection Network</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAMS-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BAMS_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall_Cerveny2022" class="citation cs2">Randall Cerveny; et al. 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Retrieved December 14, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rimstar.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEqudsyIWzk">Video demonstration of how Franklin's Bell worked</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806121106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEqudsyIWzk">Archived</a> August 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917190959/http://www.nwstc.noaa.gov/METEOR/Lightning/detection.htm">"Lightning Detection Systems"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwstc.noaa.gov/METEOR/Lightning/detection.htm">the original</a> on September 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Felix-Henningsen (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/files/5042/Sponholz_fulgurites_sahara_niger.pdf">"Fulgurites in the southern Central Sahara, Republic of Niger, and their palaeoenvironmental significance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Holocene</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 97–104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Holoc...3...97S">1993Holoc...3...97S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F095968369300300201">10.1177/095968369300300201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56110306">56110306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=Fulgurites+in+the+southern+Central+Sahara%2C+Republic+of+Niger%2C+and+their+palaeoenvironmental+significance&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-104&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56110306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F095968369300300201&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Holoc...3...97S&rft.aulast=Sponholz&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=R.+Baumhauer&rft.au=P.+Felix-Henningsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de%2Ffiles%2F5042%2FSponholz_fulgurites_sahara_niger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paleolightning_maki05-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paleolightning_maki05_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaki2005" class="citation journal cs1">Maki, D. (2005). "Lightning strikes and prehistoric ovens: Determining the source of magnetic anomalies using techniques of environmental magnetism". <i>Geoarchaeology</i>. <b>20</b> (5): 449–459. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Gearc..20..449M">2005Gearc..20..449M</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.536.5980">10.1.1.536.5980</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgea.20059">10.1002/gea.20059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52383921">52383921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoarchaeology&rft.atitle=Lightning+strikes+and+prehistoric+ovens%3A+Determining+the+source+of+magnetic+anomalies+using+techniques+of+environmental+magnetism&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=449-459&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.536.5980%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52383921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgea.20059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Gearc..20..449M&rft.aulast=Maki&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomesGomes2014" class="citation book cs1">Gomes, Chandima; Gomes, Ashen (2014). "Lightning; Gods and sciences". <i>2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)</i>. pp. 1909–1918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICLP.2014.6973441">10.1109/ICLP.2014.6973441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-3544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-3544-4"><bdi>978-1-4799-3544-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21598095">21598095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lightning%3B+Gods+and+sciences&rft.btitle=2014+International+Conference+on+Lightning+Protection+%28ICLP%29&rft.pages=1909-1918&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21598095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICLP.2014.6973441&rft.isbn=978-1-4799-3544-4&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Chandima&rft.au=Gomes%2C+Ashen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurfa2012" class="citation cs2">Turfa, Jean MacIntosh (2012), <i>Divining the Etruscan World: The Brontoscopic Calendar and Religious Practice</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divining+the+Etruscan+World%3A+The+Brontoscopic+Calendar+and+Religious+Practice&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Turfa&rft.aufirst=Jean+MacIntosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallottino1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pallottino" title="Massimo Pallottino">Pallottino, Massimo</a> (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etruscans0000pall"><i>The Etruscans</i></a>, translated by Cremina, J., <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a>: Indiana University Press, p. 154, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32080-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32080-1"><bdi>0-253-32080-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscans&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-253-32080-1&rft.aulast=Pallottino&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetruscans0000pall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wordinfocerauno-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wordinfocerauno_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordinfo.info/unit/418">"cerauno-, kerauno- + (Greek: thunderbolt, thunder, lightning)"</a>. <i>WordInfo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WordInfo.com&rft.atitle=cerauno-%2C+kerauno-+%2B+%28Greek%3A+thunderbolt%2C+thunder%2C+lightning%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordinfo.info%2Funit%2F418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:27&version=nrsv">Matthew 24:27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2017:24&version=nrsv">Luke 17:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-myths">"Lightning Myths"</a>. National Weather Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lightning+Myths&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fsafety%2Flightning-myths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325015918/http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2005/ps_3.html">"Lightning Often Strikes Twice"</a>. <i>Spinoff</i>. Office of the Chief Technologist, NASA. March 25, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2005/ps_3.html">the original</a> on March 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spinoff&rft.atitle=Lightning+Often+Strikes+Twice&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sti.nasa.gov%2Ftto%2FSpinoff2005%2Fps_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2022" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Tristan (April 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/can-lightning-strike-the-same-place-twice">"Can lightning strike the same place twice?"</a>. <i>The Weather Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Weather+Network&rft.atitle=Can+lightning+strike+the+same+place+twice%3F&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweathernetwork.com%2Fca%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fcan-lightning-strike-the-same-place-twice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091024205404/http://museumvictoria.com.au/pharlap/horse/lightning.asp">"Lightning"</a>. <i>Phar Lap: Australia's wonder horse</i>. Museum Victoria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museumvictoria.com.au/pharlap/horse/lightning.asp">the original</a> on October 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phar+Lap%3A+Australia%27s+wonder+horse&rft.atitle=Lightning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseumvictoria.com.au%2Fpharlap%2Fhorse%2Flightning.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mauryk2.com/2010/11/06/john-kasper-the-national-states-rights-party-and-the-demise-of-the-old-south/">Picture of John Kaspar of the National States Rights Party speaking in front of the party’s lightning bolt flag (the flag was red, white, and blue)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203185623/http://mauryk2.com/2010/11/06/john-kasper-the-national-states-rights-party-and-the-demise-of-the-old-south/">Archived</a> February 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mauryk2.com (November 6, 2010). Retrieved on April 9, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615014320/https://www.weather.gov/media/hazstat/80years_2021.pdf">"80-Year List of Severe Weather Fatalities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. National Weather Service</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/hazstat/80years_2021.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Weather+Service&rft.atitle=80-Year+List+of+Severe+Weather+Fatalities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmedia%2Fhazstat%2F80years_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rakov" class="citation book cs1">Rakov, Vladimir A.; Uman, Martin A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NviMsvVOHJ4C&pg=PA296"><i>Lightning: Physics and effects</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521583275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521583275"><bdi>978-0521583275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lightning%3A+Physics+and+effects&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521583275&rft.au=Rakov%2C+Vladimir+A.&rft.au=Uman%2C+Martin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNviMsvVOHJ4C%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Uman" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Uman" title="Martin A. Uman">Uman, Martin A.</a> (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allaboutlightnin0000uman/page/103"><i>All About Lightning</i></a></span>. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allaboutlightnin0000uman/page/103">103–110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25237-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25237-7"><bdi>978-0-486-25237-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+About+Lightning&rft.pages=103-110&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25237-7&rft.au=Uman%2C+Martin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallaboutlightnin0000uman%2Fpage%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdcinfo/privacy.html">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/science/science_electrication.htm"><i>Understanding Lightning: Thunderstorm Electrification</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Lightning%3A+Thunderstorm+Electrification&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightningsafety.noaa.gov%2Fscience%2Fscience_electrication.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnders2003" class="citation journal cs1">Anders, André (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc785933/">"Tracking Down the Origin of Arc Plasma Science I. Early Pulsed and Oscillating Discharges"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 1052–1059. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ITPS...31.1052A">2003ITPS...31.1052A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTPS.2003.815476">10.1109/TPS.2003.815476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46204216">46204216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Plasma+Science&rft.atitle=Tracking+Down+the+Origin+of+Arc+Plasma+Science+I.+Early+Pulsed+and+Oscillating+Discharges&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1052-1059&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46204216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTPS.2003.815476&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ITPS...31.1052A&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc785933%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span> This is also available at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnders2003" class="citation journal cs1">Anders, A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/823201-oEL59M/native/823201.pdf">"Energy Citations Database (ECD)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 1052–1059. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ITPS...31.1052A">2003ITPS...31.1052A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTPS.2003.815476">10.1109/TPS.2003.815476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46204216">46204216</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Plasma+Science&rft.atitle=Energy+Citations+Database+%28ECD%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1052-1059&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46204216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTPS.2003.815476&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ITPS...31.1052A&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fenergycitations%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F823201-oEL59M%2Fnative%2F823201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooray2014" class="citation book cs1">Cooray, Vernon (2014). <i>An Introduction to Lightning</i>. Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-8938-7">10.1007/978-94-017-8938-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-8937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-8937-0"><bdi>978-94-017-8937-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127691542">127691542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Lightning&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A127691542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-8938-7&rft.isbn=978-94-017-8937-0&rft.aulast=Cooray&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField,_P._R.W._H._HandG._Cappelluti2010" class="citation web cs1">Field, P. R.; W. H. Hand; G. Cappelluti; et al. (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207052634/http://www.easa.europa.eu/safety-and-research/research-projects/docs/large-aeroplanes/EASA.2008_5.pdf">"Hail Threat Standardisation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Aviation Safety Agency. Research Project EASA.2008/5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easa.europa.eu/safety-and-research/research-projects/docs/large-aeroplanes/EASA.2008_5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hail+Threat+Standardisation&rft.pub=European+Aviation+Safety+Agency&rft.date=2010-11&rft.au=Field%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=W.+H.+Hand&rft.au=G.+Cappelluti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easa.europa.eu%2Fsafety-and-research%2Fresearch-projects%2Fdocs%2Flarge-aeroplanes%2FEASA.2008_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosline2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gosline, Anna (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18624981.200">"Thunderbolts from space"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <b>186</b> (2498): 30–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Thunderbolts+from+space&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=2498&rft.pages=30-34&rft.date=2005-05&rft.aulast=Gosline&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg18624981.200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/052158/3276/sample/0521583276WS.pdf">Sample</a>, in .PDF form, consisting of the book through page 20.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12873">"Effects of Lightning"</a>. <i>The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction</i>. Vol. 12, no. 323. Columbia College, New York. July 19, 1828 – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>. Early lightning research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mirror+of+Literature%2C+Amusement%2C+and+Instruction&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Lightning&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=323&rft.date=1828-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F12873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lightning" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Lightning">Lightning</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lightning" class="extiw" title="commons:Lightning"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Lightning</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lightning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lightning">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/lightning" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/lightning">lightning</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lightning"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lightning">"Lightning" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lightning&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=673&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALightning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwlln.net">World Wide Lightning Location Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_09.html#Ch9-S6">Feynman's lecture on lightning</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Meteorological data and variables</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">Adiabatic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advection" title="Advection">Advection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">Buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">Lapse rate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">Surface solar radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">Surface weather analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visibility" title="Visibility">Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticity" title="Vorticity">Vorticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">Wind shear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei" title="Cloud condensation nuclei">Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_condensation_level" title="Convective condensation level">Convective condensation level (CCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_condensation_level" title="Lifting condensation level">Lifting condensation level (LCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitable_water" title="Precipitable water">Precipitable water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Water vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convective_available_potential_energy" title="Convective available potential energy">Convective available potential energy (CAPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_inhibition" title="Convective inhibition">Convective inhibition (CIN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_instability" title="Convective instability">Convective instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_momentum_transport" title="Convective momentum transport">Convective momentum transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_symmetric_instability" title="Conditional symmetric instability">Conditional symmetric instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_temperature" title="Convective temperature">Convective temperature (<i>T</i><sub>c</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_level" title="Equilibrium level">Equilibrium level (EL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_convective_layer" title="Free convective layer">Free convective layer (FCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamical_helicity#Meteorology" title="Hydrodynamical helicity">Helicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-index_(meteorology)" title="K-index (meteorology)">K Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_free_convection" title="Level of free convection">Level of free convection (LFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifted_index" title="Lifted index">Lifted index (LI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_parcel_level" title="Maximum parcel level">Maximum parcel level (MPL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_Richardson_number" title="Bulk Richardson number">Bulk Richardson number (BRN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">Dew point (<i>T</i><sub>d</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_point_depression" title="Dew point depression">Dew point depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature" title="Dry-bulb temperature">Dry-bulb temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_temperature" title="Equivalent temperature">Equivalent temperature (<i>T</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fire_weather_index" title="Forest fire weather index">Forest fire weather index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haines_Index" title="Haines Index">Haines Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">Heat index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">Humidex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">Relative humidity (RH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_ratio" title="Mixing ratio">Mixing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_temperature" title="Potential temperature">Potential temperature (<i>θ</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_potential_temperature" title="Equivalent potential temperature">Equivalent potential temperature (<i>θ</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature (SST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_anomaly" title="Temperature anomaly">Temperature anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">Thermodynamic temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_temperature" title="Virtual temperature">Virtual temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperature" title="Wet-bulb temperature">Wet-bulb temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_globe_temperature" title="Wet-bulb globe temperature">Wet-bulb globe temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_potential_temperature" title="Wet-bulb potential temperature">Wet-bulb potential temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">Wind chill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">Atmospheric pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Barotropic">Barotropicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_gradient" title="Pressure gradient">Pressure gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-gradient_force" title="Pressure-gradient force">Pressure-gradient force (PGF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: skyblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">Velocity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_potential_intensity" title="Maximum potential intensity">Maximum potential intensity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atmospheric_electricity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atmospheric_electricity" title="Template:Atmospheric electricity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atmospheric_electricity" title="Template talk:Atmospheric electricity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheric_electricity" 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title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electromagnetism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ELF/VLF emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_atmospheric" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio atmospheric">Radio atmospherics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistler_(radio)" title="Whistler (radio)">Whistlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_chorus_(electromagnetic)" title="Dawn chorus (electromagnetic)">Chorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiss_(electromagnetic)" title="Hiss (electromagnetic)">Hiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optical emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper-atmospheric_lightning" title="Upper-atmospheric lightning">Upper-atmospheric lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(lightning)" title="Sprite (lightning)">Sprites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elmo%27s_fire" title="St. Elmo's fire">St. Elmo's fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_lightning" title="Ball lightning">Ball lightning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">Solar irradiance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_electrojet" title="Equatorial electrojet">Equatorial electrojet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_tether" title="Electrodynamic tether">Electrodynamic tethers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetotellurics" title="Magnetotellurics">Magnetotellurics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Richmann" title="Georg Wilhelm Richmann">Georg Wilhelm Richmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schweidler" title="Egon Schweidler">Egon Schweidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Simpson_(meteorologist)" title="George Simpson (meteorologist)">George Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Atmospheric_electricity" 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