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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_menageries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_menageries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Royal menageries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_menageries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Enlightenment era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_modern_zoo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_modern_zoo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The modern zoo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_modern_zoo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Environmentalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_exhibits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_exhibits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Human exhibits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_exhibits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Type</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Type-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Type subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safari_park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safari_park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Safari park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safari_park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aquaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roadside_zoos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadside_zoos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Roadside zoos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadside_zoos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petting_zoos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petting_zoos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Petting zoos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petting_zoos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_theme_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_theme_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Animal theme parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_theme_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoo_population_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoo_population_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zoo population management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zoo_population_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zoo population management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zoo_population_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_of_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sources of animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_constraints_and_surplus_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_constraints_and_surplus_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Space constraints and surplus animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_constraints_and_surplus_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding_and_cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding_and_cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Breeding and cloning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding_and_cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Justification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Justification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Justification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Justification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conservation and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_impacts_on_local_wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_impacts_on_local_wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Positive impacts on local wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_impacts_on_local_wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roadside_zoos_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadside_zoos_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Roadside zoos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadside_zoos_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_welfare_in_zoos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_welfare_in_zoos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Animal welfare in zoos</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animal_welfare_in_zoos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Animal welfare in zoos subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Animal_welfare_in_zoos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Behavioural_restriction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioural_restriction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Behavioural restriction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioural_restriction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormal_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormal_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Abnormal behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormal_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longevity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Longevity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Climate conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Moral criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Moral_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Moral criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Moral_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Live_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Live feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zoo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieretuin" title="Dieretuin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dieretuin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حديقة حيوان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديقة حيوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zool%C3%B3xicu" title="Zoolóxicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zoolóxicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoopark" title="Zoopark – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zoopark" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="চিড়িয়াখানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিড়িয়াখানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabun_binatang" title="Kabun binatang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kabun binatang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt-hn%CC%82g" title="Tōng-bu̍t-hn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōng-bu̍t-hn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebon_Kewan" title="Kebon Kewan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kebon Kewan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Зоопарк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зоопарк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Заалагічны парк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заалагічны парк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Заапарк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заапарк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Зоопарк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зоопарк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolo%C5%A1ki_vrt" title="Zoološki vrt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zoološki vrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zool%C3%B2gic" title="Zoològic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zoològic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Зоопарк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Зоопарк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologick%C3%A1_zahrada" title="Zoologická zahrada – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zoologická zahrada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologisk_have" title="Zoologisk have – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zoologisk have" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomaaed" title="Loomaaed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loomaaed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ζωολογικός κήπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωολογικός κήπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_zool%C3%B3gico" title="Parque zoológico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parque zoológico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besto%C4%9Dardeno" title="Bestoĝardeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bestoĝardeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parke_zoologiko" title="Parke zoologiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parke zoologiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4" title="باغ‌وحش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باغ‌وحش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDragar%C3%B0ar" title="Dýragarðar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dýragarðar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_zoologique" title="Parc zoologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parc zoologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieret%C3%BAn" title="Dieretún – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dieretún" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BA" title="Zú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Zú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_zool%C3%B3xico" title="Parque zoolóxico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parque zoolóxico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC%EC%9B%90" title="동물원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동물원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Կենդանաբանական այգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենդանաբանական այգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0" title="चिड़ियाघर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिड़ियाघर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolo%C5%A1ki_vrt" title="Zoološki vrt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zoološki vrt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun_binatang" title="Kebun binatang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebun binatang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%A1rutiqa%C4%A1vik" title="Niġrutiqaġvik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Niġrutiqaġvik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDragar%C3%B0ur" title="Dýragarður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýragarður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardino_zoologico" title="Giardino zoologico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giardino zoologico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גן חיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גן חיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebon_Kewan" title="Kebon Kewan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kebon Kewan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮೃಗಾಲಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೃಗಾಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ზოოპარკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზოოპარკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Хайуанаттар бағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хайуанаттар бағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustani_ya_wanyama" title="Bustani ya wanyama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bustani ya wanyama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zou" title="Zou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Зоопарк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зоопарк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortus_zoologicus" title="Hortus zoologicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hortus zoologicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolo%C4%A3iskais_d%C4%81rzs" title="Zooloģiskais dārzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zooloģiskais dārzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologijos_sodas" title="Zoologijos sodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zoologijos sodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llatkert" title="Állatkert – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állatkert" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Зоолошка градина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зоолошка градина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="മൃഗശാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൃഗശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جنينة حيوانات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جنينة حيوانات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Амьтны хүрээлэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амьтны хүрээлэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A5%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="တိရစ္ဆာန်ဥယျာဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိရစ္ဆာန်ဥယျာဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierentuin" title="Dierentuin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dierentuin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0" title="चिडिया घर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिडिया घर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92" title="動物園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動物園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrehage" title="Dyrehage – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dyrehage" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrehage" title="Dyrehage – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dyrehage" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddoo_bineeyyii" title="Oddoo bineeyyii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Oddoo bineeyyii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvonot_bog%CA%BBlari" title="Hayvonot bogʻlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayvonot bogʻlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0" title="ਚਿੜੀਆ ਘਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੜੀਆ ਘਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%91%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="چڑیا گھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چڑیا گھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%BC" title="ژوبڼ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوبڼ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogr%C3%B3d_zoologiczny" title="Ogród zoologiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogród zoologiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardim_zool%C3%B3gico" title="Jardim zoológico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jardim zoológico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%83din%C4%83_zoologic%C4%83" title="Grădină zoologică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grădină zoologică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Зоопарк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зоопарк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologick%C3%A1_z%C3%A1hrada" title="Zoologická záhrada – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoologická záhrada" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivalski_vrt" title="Živalski vrt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živalski vrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%DA%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باخچەی ئاژەڵان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باخچەی ئاژەڵان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolo%C5%A1ki_vrt" title="Zoološki vrt – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zoološki vrt" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolo%C5%A1ki_vrt" title="Zoološki vrt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zoološki vrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4intarha" title="Eläintarha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eläintarha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurpark" title="Djurpark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djurpark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="விலங்குக் காட்சிச்சாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விலங்குக் காட்சிச்சாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="జంతు ప్రదర్శనశాల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జంతు ప్రదర్శనశాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="สวนสัตว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สวนสัตว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Боғи ҳайвонот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Боғи ҳайвонот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93_%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏂᏙᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏂᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvanat_bah%C3%A7esi" title="Hayvanat bahçesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayvanat bahçesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Зоопарк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зоопарк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%91%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="چڑیا گھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چڑیا گھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dn_b%C3%A1ch_th%C3%BA" title="Vườn bách thú – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vườn bách thú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%A5rd%C3%A9n_d%27_aclimataedje" title="Djårdén d' aclimataedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djårdén d' aclimataedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92" title="動物園 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="動物園" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zoo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%AD" title="动物园 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="动物园" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%90-%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F" title="זאא-גארטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זאא-גארטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92" title="動物園 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動物園" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92" title="動物園 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="動物園" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ntin" title="Drèntin – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Drèntin" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiqwi_seenlwana" title="Isiqwi seenlwana – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Isiqwi seenlwana" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43501#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zoo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zoo (disambiguation)">Zoo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Lion_and_Keeper_at_the_Welsh_Mountain_Zoo_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4684996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sea_Lion_and_Keeper_at_the_Welsh_Mountain_Zoo_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4684996.jpg/220px-Sea_Lion_and_Keeper_at_the_Welsh_Mountain_Zoo_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4684996.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sea_Lion_and_Keeper_at_the_Welsh_Mountain_Zoo_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4684996.jpg/330px-Sea_Lion_and_Keeper_at_the_Welsh_Mountain_Zoo_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4684996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sea_Lion_and_Keeper_at_the_Welsh_Mountain_Zoo_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4684996.jpg/440px-Sea_Lion_and_Keeper_at_the_Welsh_Mountain_Zoo_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4684996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Sea lion and keeper at the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Mountain_Zoo" title="Welsh Mountain Zoo">Welsh Mountain Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>zoo</b> (short for <b>zoological garden</b>; also called an <b>animal park</b> or <b>menagerie</b>) is a facility in which <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> are kept within enclosures for public <a href="/wiki/Exhibition" title="Exhibition">exhibition</a> and often bred for <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>zoological garden</i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, the study of animals. The term is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζῷον</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">zōion</i></span>, 'animal', and the suffix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-λογία</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">-logia</i></span>, 'study of'. The abbreviation <i>zoo</i> was first used of the <a href="/wiki/London_Zoological_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="London Zoological Gardens">London Zoological Gardens</a>, which was opened for scientific study in 1828, and to the public in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-ZSL_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZSL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first modern zoo was the <a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Hagenbeck" title="Tierpark Hagenbeck">Tierpark Hagenbeck</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> alone, zoos are visited by over 181 million people annually.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Zoological_Gardens1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/View_of_the_Zoological_Gardens1835.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Zoological_Gardens1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/View_of_the_Zoological_Gardens1835.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Zoological_Gardens1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/View_of_the_Zoological_Gardens1835.jpg/440px-View_of_the_Zoological_Gardens1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a>, 1835</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a>, which was opened in 1828, was initially known as the "Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society of London", and it described itself as a <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menagerie</a> or "zoological forest".<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt29_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbreviation "zoo" first appeared in print in the United Kingdom around 1847, when it was used for the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Zoo" title="Bristol Zoo">Clifton Zoo</a>, but it was not until some 20 years later that the shortened form became popular in the rhyming song "<a href="/wiki/Walking_in_the_Zoo" title="Walking in the Zoo">Walking in the Zoo</a>" by music-hall artist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vance" title="Alfred Vance">Alfred Vance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt29_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "zoological park" was used for more expansive facilities in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">Washington, D.C.</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx</a> in New York, which opened in 1846, 1891 and 1899 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatively new terms for zoos in the late 20th century are "<a href="/wiki/Animal_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal conservation">conservation</a> park" or "bio park". Adopting a new name is a strategy used by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "bio park" was first coined and developed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">National Zoo in Washington D.C.</a> in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Zoological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Zoological Society">New York Zoological Society</a> changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</a> and re branded the zoos under its jurisdiction as "wildlife conservation parks".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_menageries">Royal menageries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal menageries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Towrlndn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Towrlndn.JPG/220px-Towrlndn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Towrlndn.JPG/330px-Towrlndn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Towrlndn.JPG/440px-Towrlndn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="2630" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> housed <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>'s royal menagerie for several centuries (picture from the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The predecessor of the zoological garden is the <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menagerie</a>, which has a long history from the ancient world to modern times. The oldest known zoological collection was revealed during excavations at <a href="/wiki/Nekhen#Oldest_known_zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nekhen">Hierakonpolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 2009, of a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3500 BCE</span> menagerie. The exotic animals included <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">hartebeest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildcat" title="Wildcat">wildcats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> created zoological and botanical gardens in the 11th century BCE. In the 2nd century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Chinese Empress</a> Tanki had a "house of deer" built, and <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen of Zhou</a> kept a 1,500-acre (6.1 km<sup>2</sup>) zoo called <i>Ling-Yu,</i> or the Garden of Intelligence. Other well-known collectors of animals included King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="United Monarchy">Kingdom of Israel and Judah</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and King <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadrezzar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadrezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBZoo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBZoo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 4th century BCE, zoos existed in most of the Greek city states; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> is known to have sent animals that he found on his military expeditions back to Greece. The Roman emperors kept private collections of animals for study or for use in the arena,<sup id="cite_ref-EBZoo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBZoo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter faring notoriously poorly. The 19th-century historian <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Hartpole_Lecky" title="William Edward Hartpole Lecky">W. E. H. Lecky</a> wrote of the <a href="/wiki/Ludi_Romani" title="Ludi Romani">Roman games</a>, first held in 366 BCE: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At one time, a <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a>, chained together, rolled in fierce combat across the sand ... Four hundred bears were killed in a single day under <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> ... Under <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, four hundred <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a> fought with bulls and elephants. In a single day, at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, five thousand animals perished. Under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, tigers, elephants, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>, hippopotami, giraffes, bulls, stags, even crocodiles and serpents were employed to give novelty to the spectacle.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> had an elephant named <a href="/wiki/Abul-Abbas" title="Abul-Abbas">Abul-Abbas</a> that was given to him by the Abbasid caliph. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a> kept a collection of animals at his palace in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock</a> which reportedly included lions, leopards, and camels.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent collection in medieval England was in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, created as early as 1204 by King <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John I of England">John I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> received a wedding gift in 1235 of three leopards from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and in 1264, the animals were moved to the Bulwark, renamed the Lion Tower, near the main western entrance of the Tower. It was opened to the public during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 18th century, the price of admission was three half-pence, or the supply of a cat or dog for feeding to the lions.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt15_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animals were moved to the London Zoo when it opened. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma</a> had in his capital city of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> a "house of animals" with a large collection of birds, mammals and reptiles in a garden tended by more than 600 employees. The garden was described by several Spanish conquerors, including <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> in 1520. After the Aztec revolt against the Spanish rule, and during the subsequent battle for the city, Cortés reluctantly ordered the zoo to be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_era">Enlightenment era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enlightenment era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_M2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Versailles_M2.JPG/220px-Versailles_M2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Versailles_M2.JPG/330px-Versailles_M2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Versailles_M2.JPG/440px-Versailles_M2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption><i>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> menagerie during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> in the 17th century</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">List of zoos by country</a></div> <p>The oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the <a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiergarten Schönbrunn">Tiergarten Schönbrunn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria. It was constructed by Adrian van Stekhoven in 1752 at the order of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a>, to serve as an imperial <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menagerie</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a>. The menagerie was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court, but was made accessible to the public in 1765.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1775, a zoo was founded in Madrid, and in 1795, the zoo inside the <i><a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin des Plantes">Jardin des Plantes</a></i> in Paris was founded by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Henri_Bernardin_de_Saint-Pierre" title="Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre">Jacques-Henri Bernardin</a>, with animals from the royal menagerie at Versailles, primarily for scientific research and education. The planning about a space for the conservation and observation of animals was expressed in connection with the political construction of republican citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Zoo" title="Kazan Zoo">Kazan Zoo</a>, the first zoo in Russia was founded in 1806 by the Professor of <a href="/wiki/Kazan_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan State University">Kazan State University</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Fuchs_(museum_founder)" title="Karl Fuchs (museum founder)">Karl Fuchs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_modern_zoo">The modern zoo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The modern zoo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the early 19th century, the function of the zoo was often to symbolize royal power, like King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menagerie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>. Major cities in Europe set up zoos in the 19th century, usually using London and Paris as models. The transition was made from princely menageries designed to entertain high society with strange novelties into public zoological gardens. The new goal was to educate the entire population with information along modern scientific lines. Zoos were supported by local commercial or scientific societies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_report_-_Zoological_Society_of_London_(Page_1)_BHL12918324.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annual_report_-_Zoological_Society_of_London_%28Page_1%29_BHL12918324.jpg/220px-Annual_report_-_Zoological_Society_of_London_%28Page_1%29_BHL12918324.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annual_report_-_Zoological_Society_of_London_%28Page_1%29_BHL12918324.jpg/330px-Annual_report_-_Zoological_Society_of_London_%28Page_1%29_BHL12918324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annual_report_-_Zoological_Society_of_London_%28Page_1%29_BHL12918324.jpg/440px-Annual_report_-_Zoological_Society_of_London_%28Page_1%29_BHL12918324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="2718" /></a><figcaption>Annual report of the Zoological Society of London, 1836</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern zoo that emerged in the 19th century in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was focused on providing scientific study and later educational exhibits to the public for entertainment and inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-Zsl2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zsl2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A growing fascination for <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, coupled with the tremendous expansion in the urbanization of London, led to a heightened demand for a greater variety of public forms of entertainment to be made available. The need for public entertainment, as well as the requirements of scholarly research, came together in the founding of the first modern zoos. <a href="/wiki/Whipsnade_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipsnade Park">Whipsnade Park</a> Zoo in <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, England, opened in 1931. It allowed visitors to drive through the enclosures and come into close proximity with the animals. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a> was founded in 1826 by <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a> two years later in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-science-history_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-history-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its founding, it was the world's first scientific zoo.<sup id="cite_ref-EBZoo_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBZoo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZSL-history_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZSL-history-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally intended to be used as a collection for <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific study</a>, it was opened to the public in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-ZSL-history_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZSL-history-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zoo was located in <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a>—then undergoing development at the hands of the architect <a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a>. What set the London zoo apart from its predecessors was its focus on society at large. The zoo was established in the middle of a city for the public, and its layout was designed to cater for the large London population. The London zoo was widely copied as the archetype of the public city zoo.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1853, the Zoo opened the world's first <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">public aquarium</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Zoo" title="Dublin Zoo">Dublin Zoo</a> was opened in 1831 by members of the medical profession interested in studying animals while they were alive and more particularly getting hold of them when they were dead.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Downs%27_Zoological_Gardens" title="Downs' Zoological Gardens">Downs' Zoological Gardens</a> created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Downs_(zookeeper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Downs (zookeeper) (page does not exist)">Andrew Downs</a> and opened to the Nova Scotia public in 1847. It was originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study. By the early 1860s, the zoo grounds covered 40 hectares with many fine flowers and ornamental trees, picnic areas, statues, walking paths, The Glass House (which contained a greenhouse with an aviary, aquarium, and museum of stuffed animals and birds), a pond, a bridge over a waterfall, an artificial lake with a fountain, a wood-ornamented greenhouse, a forest area, and enclosures and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first zoological garden in Australia was <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Zoo" title="Melbourne Zoo">Melbourne Zoo</a> in 1860. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildpferde_Tripsdrill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wildpferde_Tripsdrill.jpg/220px-Wildpferde_Tripsdrill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wildpferde_Tripsdrill.jpg/330px-Wildpferde_Tripsdrill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wildpferde_Tripsdrill.jpg/440px-Wildpferde_Tripsdrill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3273" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>"Wild" horses in the <a href="/wiki/Erlebnispark_Tripsdrill" title="Erlebnispark Tripsdrill">Erlebnispark Tripsdrill</a> wildlife and theme park near <a href="/wiki/Cleebronn" title="Cleebronn">Cleebronn</a> in Southern Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>In German states leading roles came Berlin (1841), Frankfurt (1856), and Hamburg (1863). In 1907, the entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Hagenbeck" title="Tierpark Hagenbeck">Tierpark Hagenbeck</a> in Stellingen, now a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. His zoo was a radical departure from the layout of the zoo that had been established in 1828. It was the first zoo to use open enclosures surrounded by moats, rather than barred cages, to better approximate animals' natural environments.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also set up mixed-species exhibits and based the layout on the different organizing principle of geography, as opposed to taxonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPKiW_-_ZOO_-_Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA_Brunatny.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WPKiW_-_ZOO_-_Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA_Brunatny.JPG/220px-WPKiW_-_ZOO_-_Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA_Brunatny.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WPKiW_-_ZOO_-_Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA_Brunatny.JPG/330px-WPKiW_-_ZOO_-_Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA_Brunatny.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WPKiW_-_ZOO_-_Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA_Brunatny.JPG/440px-WPKiW_-_ZOO_-_Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA_Brunatny.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Bear in <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Zoological_Garden" title="Silesian Zoological Garden">Silesian Zoological Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrykarium_tunel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Afrykarium_tunel.jpg/220px-Afrykarium_tunel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Afrykarium_tunel.jpg/330px-Afrykarium_tunel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Afrykarium_tunel.jpg/440px-Afrykarium_tunel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption>The largest tank of the <a href="/wiki/Africarium" title="Africarium">Afrykarium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Zoo" title="Wrocław Zoo">Wrocław Zoo</a> shows the depths of the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a>, where sharks, rays, and other large <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic fish</a> can be viewed from this 18 meter long underwater <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic tunnel">acrylic tunnel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Zoo" title="Wrocław Zoo">Wrocław Zoo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ogród Zoologiczny we Wrocławiu</i>) is the oldest zoo in Poland, opened in 1865 when the city was part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and was home to about 10,500 animals representing about 1,132 species (in terms of the number of animal species, it is the third largest in the world<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In 2014 the Wrocław Zoo opened the <a href="/wiki/Africarium" title="Africarium">Africarium</a>, the only themed <a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">oceanarium</a> devoted solely to exhibiting the <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Africa" title="Fauna of Africa">fauna of Africa</a>, comprehensively presenting selected ecosystems from the continent of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Housing over 10 thousand animals, the facility's breadth extends from housing insects such cockroaches to large mammals like elephants on an area of over 33 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Barnum's American Museum</a></div> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Zoo" title="Philadelphia Zoo">Philadelphia Zoo</a>, opened on July 1, 1874, earning its motto "America's First Zoo." The Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens in Chicago and the Cincinnati Zoo opened in 1875. In the 1930s, federal relief programs provided financial aid to most local zoos. The <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> and similar New Deal government agencies helped greatly in the construction, renovation, and expansion of zoos when the Great Depression severely reduced local budgets. It was "a new deal for animals."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Zoo">Atlanta Zoo</a>, founded in 1886, suffered neglect. By 1984 it was ranked among the ten worst zoos in the United States. Systematic reform by 2000 put it on the list of the ten best.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2020, the United States featured 230 accredited zoos and aquariums across 45 states, accommodating 800,000 animals, and 6,000 species out of which about 1,000 are endangered. The zoos provide 208,000 jobs, and with an annual budget of $230 million for <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">wildlife conservation</a>. They attract over 200 million visits a year and have special programs for schools. They are organized by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan's first modern zoo, Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Zoo" title="Ueno Zoo">Ueno Imperial Zoological Gardens</a>, opened in 1882 based on European models. In World War II it was used to teach the Japanese people about the lands recently conquered by the Army. In 1943, fearing American bombing attacks, the government ordered the zoo to euthanize dangerous animals that might escape.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environmentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siperiantiikeri_Korkeasaari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Siperiantiikeri_Korkeasaari.jpg/220px-Siperiantiikeri_Korkeasaari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Siperiantiikeri_Korkeasaari.jpg/330px-Siperiantiikeri_Korkeasaari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Siperiantiikeri_Korkeasaari.jpg/440px-Siperiantiikeri_Korkeasaari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2884" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tiger</a> (<i>Panthera tigris altaica</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Korkeasaari_Zoo" title="Korkeasaari Zoo">Korkeasaari Zoo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> emerged as a matter of public interest in the 1970s, a few zoos began to consider making conservation their central role, with <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Durrell" title="Gerald Durrell">Gerald Durrell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrell Wildlife Park">Jersey Zoo</a>, George Rabb of <a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookfield Zoo">Brookfield Zoo</a>, and William Conway of the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</a>) leading the discussion. From then on, zoo professionals became increasingly aware of the need to engage themselves in conservation programs, and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">American Zoo Association</a> soon said that conservation was its highest priority.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to stress conservation issues, many large zoos stopped the practice of having animals perform tricks for visitors. The <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Zoo" title="Detroit Zoo">Detroit Zoo</a>, for example, stopped its elephant show in 1969, and its chimpanzee show in 1983, acknowledging that the trainers had probably abused the animals to get them to perform.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Mass destruction of wildlife habitat</a> has yet to cease all over the world and many species such as <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">elephants</a>, big cats, <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, tropical birds, primates, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinos</a>, exotic reptiles, and many others are in danger of dying out. Many of today's zoos hope to stop or slow the decline of many endangered species and see their primary purpose as breeding endangered species in captivity and reintroducing them into the wild. Modern zoos also aim to help teach visitors the importance of animal conservation, often through letting visitors witness the animals firsthand.<sup id="cite_ref-Masci,_David_2014_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masci,_David_2014-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics, and the majority of animal rights activists, say that zoos, no matter their intentions, or how noble these intentions, are immoral and serve as nothing but to fulfill human leisure at the expense of the animals (an opinion that has spread over the years). However, zoo advocates argue that their efforts make a difference in wildlife conservation and education.<sup id="cite_ref-Masci,_David_2014_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masci,_David_2014-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_exhibits">Human exhibits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Human exhibits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ota_Benga_at_Bronx_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ota_Benga_at_Bronx_Zoo.jpg/170px-Ota_Benga_at_Bronx_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ota_Benga_at_Bronx_Zoo.jpg/255px-Ota_Benga_at_Bronx_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ota_Benga_at_Bronx_Zoo.jpg/340px-Ota_Benga_at_Bronx_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="5192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ota_Benga" title="Ota Benga">Ota Benga</a>, who was featured as a human exhibit in New York, 1906</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_zoo" title="Human zoo">Human zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></div> <p>Humans were occasionally displayed in cages at zoos along with non-human animals, to illustrate the differences between people of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> and non-European origin. In September 1906, <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Hornaday" title="William Temple Hornaday">William Hornaday</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a> in New York—with the agreement of <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Zoological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Zoological Society">New York Zoological Society</a>—had <a href="/wiki/Ota_Benga" title="Ota Benga">Ota Benga</a>, a Congolese <a href="/wiki/Pygmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy">pygmy</a>, displayed in a cage with the chimpanzees, then with an <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a> named Dohong, and a parrot. The exhibit was intended as an example of the "missing link" between the orangutan and white man. It triggered protests from the city's clergymen, but the public reportedly flocked to see Benga.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTBenga_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTBenga-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans were also displayed at various events, especially colonial expositions such as the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Colonial_Exposition" title="Paris Colonial Exposition">Paris Colonial Exposition</a>, with the practice continuing in Belgium at least to as late as 1958 in a "Congolese village" display at <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2758" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo '58">Expo '58</a> in Brussels. These displays, while sometimes called "human zoos", usually did not take place in zoos or use cages.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Type">Type</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">List of zoos by country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immersion_exhibit" title="Immersion exhibit">Immersion exhibit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoo-sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Zoo-sp.jpg/220px-Zoo-sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Zoo-sp.jpg/330px-Zoo-sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Zoo-sp.jpg/440px-Zoo-sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Monkey islands, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Zoo" title="São Paulo Zoo">São Paulo Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Zoo animals live in enclosures that often attempt to replicate their natural <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitats</a> or behavioral patterns, for the benefit of both the animals and visitors. <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">Nocturnal</a> animals are often housed in buildings with a reversed light-dark cycle, i.e. only dim white or red lights are on during the day so the animals are active during visitor hours, and brighter lights on at night when the animals sleep. Special climate conditions may be created for animals living in extreme environments, such as penguins. Special enclosures for <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, and other aquatic life forms have also been developed. Some zoos have walk-through exhibits where visitors enter enclosures of non-aggressive species, such as <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmoset" title="Marmoset">marmosets</a>, birds, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>. Visitors are asked to keep to paths and avoid showing or eating foods that the animals might snatch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safari_park">Safari park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Safari park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giraffes_at_west_midlands_safari_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Giraffes_at_west_midlands_safari_park.jpg/220px-Giraffes_at_west_midlands_safari_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Giraffes_at_west_midlands_safari_park.jpg/330px-Giraffes_at_west_midlands_safari_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Giraffes_at_west_midlands_safari_park.jpg/440px-Giraffes_at_west_midlands_safari_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Safari_Park" title="West Midlands Safari Park">West Midlands Safari Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some zoos keep animals in larger, outdoor enclosures, confining them with <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moats</a> and fences, rather than in cages. <a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari parks</a>, also known as zoo parks and lion farms, allow visitors to drive through them and come in close proximity to the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-EBZoo_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBZoo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, visitors are able to feed animals through the car windows. </p><p>The first safari park was <a href="/wiki/Whipsnade_Zoo" title="Whipsnade Zoo">Whipsnade Park</a> in Bedfordshire, England, opened by the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a> in 1931 which today (2014) covers 600 acres (2.4 km<sup>2</sup>). Since the early 1970s, an 1,800 acre (7 km<sup>2</sup>) park in the San Pasqual Valley near San Diego has featured the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo_Safari_Park" title="San Diego Zoo Safari Park">San Diego Zoo Safari Park</a>, run by the Zoological Society of San Diego. One of two state-supported zoo parks in North Carolina is the 2,000-acre (8.1 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Zoo" title="North Carolina Zoo">North Carolina Zoo</a> in Asheboro.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 500-acre (2.0 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Werribee_Open_Range_Zoo" title="Werribee Open Range Zoo">Werribee Open Range Zoo</a> in Melbourne, Australia, displays animals living in an artificial <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaria">Aquaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aquaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Public aquarium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seals@melb_zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Seals%40melb_zoo.jpg/220px-Seals%40melb_zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Seals%40melb_zoo.jpg/330px-Seals%40melb_zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Seals%40melb_zoo.jpg/440px-Seals%40melb_zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Sea lions at the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Zoo" title="Melbourne Zoo">Melbourne Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">public aquarium</a> was opened at the London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of public aquaria in continental <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (e.g. Paris in 1859, Hamburg in 1864, Berlin in 1869, and Brighton in 1872) and the United States (e.g. Boston in 1859, Washington in 1873, San Francisco Woodward's Garden in 1873, and the New York Aquarium at <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Park">Battery Park</a> in 1896). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roadside_zoos">Roadside zoos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roadside zoos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roadside zoos are found throughout <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, particularly in remote locations. They are often small, for-profit zoos, often intended to attract visitors to some other facility, such as a gas station. The animals may be trained to perform tricks, and visitors are able to get closer to them than in larger zoos.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since they are sometimes less regulated, roadside zoos are often subject to accusations of <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">cruelty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a> filed a lawsuit against the Iowa-based roadside Cricket Hollow Zoo for violating the Endangered Species Act by failing to provide proper care for its animals.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since filing the lawsuit, ALDF has obtained records from investigations conducted by the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services; these records show that the zoo is also violating the Animal Welfare Act.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petting_zoos">Petting zoos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Petting zoos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petting_farm_in_Germany.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Petting_farm_in_Germany.JPG/220px-Petting_farm_in_Germany.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Petting_farm_in_Germany.JPG/330px-Petting_farm_in_Germany.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Petting_farm_in_Germany.JPG/440px-Petting_farm_in_Germany.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Petting farm in <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Zoological_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Zoological Garden">Berlin Zoological Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A petting zoo, also called petting farms or children's zoos, features a combination of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animal">domestic animals</a> and wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. To ensure the animals' health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from vending machines or a kiosk nearby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_theme_parks">Animal theme parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Animal theme parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></div> <p>An animal theme park is a combination of an <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement park</a> and a zoo, mainly for entertaining and commercial purposes. <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal parks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/SeaWorld" title="SeaWorld">Sea World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marineland_of_Florida" title="Marineland of Florida">Marineland</a> are more elaborate <a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">dolphinariums</a> keeping <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, and containing additional entertainment attractions. Another kind of animal theme park contains more entertainment and amusement elements than the classical zoo, such as stage shows, roller coasters, and mythical creatures. Some examples are <a href="/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Tampa_Bay" title="Busch Gardens Tampa Bay">Busch Gardens Tampa Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom" title="Disney's Animal Kingdom">Disney's Animal Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatorland" title="Gatorland">Gatorland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamingo_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingo Land">Flamingo Land</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yorkshire, England">North Yorkshire, England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Discovery_Kingdom" title="Six Flags Discovery Kingdom">Six Flags Discovery Kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vallejo,_California" title="Vallejo, California">Vallejo, California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoo_population_management">Zoo population management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Zoo population management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_animals">Sources of animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources of animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2000 most animals being displayed in zoos were the offspring of other zoo animals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This trend, however was and still is somewhat species-specific. When animals are transferred between zoos, they usually spend time in quarantine, and are given time to acclimatize to their new enclosures which are often designed to mimic their natural environment. For example, some species of penguins may require refrigerated enclosures. Guidelines on necessary care for such animals is published in the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Zoo_Yearbook" class="mw-redirect" title="International Zoo Yearbook">International Zoo Yearbook</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBProcurement_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBProcurement-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal exchanges between facilities are usually made voluntarily, based on a model of cooperation for conservation. Loaned animals usually remain the property of the original park, and any offspring yielded by loaned animals are usually divided between the lending and holding institutions. For decades the capture of wild animals or purchasing of animals has been broadly considered unethical and has not been practiced by reputable zoos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_constraints_and_surplus_animals">Space constraints and surplus animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Space constraints and surplus animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinoceros_unicornis_-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rhinoceros_unicornis_-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn.jpg/220px-Rhinoceros_unicornis_-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rhinoceros_unicornis_-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn.jpg/330px-Rhinoceros_unicornis_-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rhinoceros_unicornis_-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn.jpg/440px-Rhinoceros_unicornis_-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Rhinoceros unicornis</a></i> found in <a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiergarten Schönbrunn">Tiergarten Schönbrunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Especially in large animals, a limited number of spaces are available in zoos. As a consequence, various management tools are used to preserve the space for the genetically most important individuals and to reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>. Management of animal populations is typically through international organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">AZA</a> and <a href="/wiki/EAZA" class="mw-redirect" title="EAZA">EAZA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PQA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PQA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zoos have several different ways of managing the animal populations, such as moves between zoos, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_contraceptive" title="Wildlife contraceptive">contraception</a>, sale of excess animals and euthanization (culling).<sup id="cite_ref-WMC_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contraception can be an effective way to limit a population's breeding. However it may also have health repercussions and can be difficult or even impossible to reverse in some animals.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some species may lose their reproductive capability entirely if prevented from breeding for a period (whether through contraceptives or isolation), but further study is needed on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-PQA_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PQA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sale of surplus animals from zoos was once common and in some cases animals have ended up in substandard facilities. In recent decades the practice of selling animals from certified zoos has declined.<sup id="cite_ref-WMC_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of animals are culled each year in zoos, but this is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-HPMG_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPMG-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A highly publicized culling as part of population management was that of <a href="/wiki/Marius_(giraffe)" title="Marius (giraffe)">a healthy giraffe</a> at Copenhagen Zoo in 2014. The zoo argued that his genes already were well-represented in captivity, making the giraffe unsuitable for future breeding. There were offers to adopt him and an online petition to save him had many thousand signatories, but the culling proceeded.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although zoos in some countries have been open about culling, the controversy of the subject and pressure from the public has resulted in others being closed.<sup id="cite_ref-WMC_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stands in contrast to most zoos publicly announcing animal births.<sup id="cite_ref-WMC_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while many zoos are willing to cull smaller and/or low-profile animals, fewer are willing to do it with larger high-profile species.<sup id="cite_ref-WMC_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HPMG_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPMG-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding_and_cloning">Breeding and cloning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Breeding and cloning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many animals breed readily in captivity. Zoos frequently are forced to intentionally limit captive breeding because of a lack of natural wild habitat in which to reintroduce animals.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This highlights the importance of in situ conservation, or preservation of natural spaces, in addition to the utility of zoo captive breeding and reintroduction programs. In situ conservation and reintroduction programs are key elements to obtaining certification by reputable organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a> (AZA).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to clone endangered species in the United States, Europe, and Asia are frequently embedded in zoos and zoological parks.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justification">Justification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Justification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_and_research">Conservation and research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Conservation and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NCZooelephants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NCZooelephants.jpg/220px-NCZooelephants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NCZooelephants.jpg/330px-NCZooelephants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NCZooelephants.jpg/440px-NCZooelephants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The African plains exhibit at <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Zoo" title="North Carolina Zoo">North Carolina Zoo</a> illustrates the dimension of an open-range zoo.</figcaption></figure> <p>The position of most modern zoos in <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, particularly those with scientific societies, is that they display wild animals primarily for the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> of endangered <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">research purposes</a> and education, and secondarily for the entertainment of visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zoological Society of London states in its charter that its aim is "the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a> and Animal <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and the introduction of new and curious subjects of the Animal Kingdom." It maintains two research institutes, the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine and the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology. In the United States, the Penrose Research Laboratory of the Philadelphia Zoo focuses on the study of comparative <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBZoo_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBZoo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums produced its first conservation strategy in 1993, and in November 2004, it adopted a new strategy that sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When studying behaviour of captive animals, several things should however be taken into account before drawing conclusions about wild populations. Including that captive populations are often smaller than wild ones and that the space available to each animal is often less than in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowden_2016_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowden_2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservation programs all over the world fight to protect species from going <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>, but many conservation programs are underfunded and under-represented. Conservation programs can struggle to fight bigger issues like habitat loss and illness. It often takes significant funding and long time periods to rebuild degraded habitats, both of which are scarce in conservation efforts. The current state of conservation programs cannot rely solely <i>in situ</i> (on-site conservation) plans alone, <i>ex situ</i> (off-site conservation) may therefore provide a suitable alternative. Off-site conservation relies on zoos, national parks, or other care facilities to support the rehabilitation of the animals and their populations. Zoos benefit conservation by providing suitable habitats and care to endangered animals. When properly regulated, they present a safe, clean environment for the animals to increase populations sizes. A study on amphibian conservation and zoos addressed these problems by writing, </p> <blockquote><p>Whilst addressing <i>in situ</i> threats, particularly habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, is of primary importance; for many amphibian species <i>in situ</i> conservation alone will not be enough, especially in light of current un-mitigatable threats that can impact populations very rapidly such as chytridiomycosis [an infectious fungal disease]. <i>Ex situ</i> programmes can complement <i>in situ</i> activities in a number of ways including maintaining genetically and demographically viable populations while threats are either better understood or mitigated in the wild<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding programmes containing international studbooks and coordinators, who evaluate the roles of individual animals and institutions from a global or regional perspective, and there are regional programmes all over the world for the conservation of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>. In Africa, conservation is handled by the African Preservation Program (APP);<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the U.S. and Canada by Species Survival Plans;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Australasia, by the Australasian Species Management Program;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Europe, by the European Endangered Species Program;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Japan, South Asia, and South East Asia, by the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Zoo_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation</a>, and the South East Asian Zoo Association. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_impacts_on_local_wildlife">Positive impacts on local wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Positive impacts on local wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides conservation of captive species, large zoos may form a suitable environment for wild native animals such as <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a> to live in or visit. A colony of <a href="/wiki/Black-crowned_night_heron" title="Black-crowned night heron">black-crowned night herons</a> has regularly summered at the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">National Zoo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> for more than a century.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian's_mystery_of_the_black-crowned_night_herons_solved_by_satellites_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian's_mystery_of_the_black-crowned_night_herons_solved_by_satellites-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some zoos may provide information to visitors on wild animals visiting or living in the zoo, or encourage them by directing them to specific feeding or breeding platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tiergarten_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiergarten-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roadside_zoos_2">Roadside zoos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Roadside zoos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern, well-regulated zoos, breeding is controlled to maintain a self-sustaining, global captive population. This is not the case in some less well-regulated zoos, often based in poorer regions. Overall "stock turnover" of animals during a year in a select group of poor zoos was reported as 20%-25% with 75% of wild caught apes dying in captivity within the first 20 months.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of the report stated that before successful breeding programs, the high mortality rate was the reason for the "massive scale of importations." </p><p>One 2-year study indicated that of 19,361 mammals that left accredited zoos in the U.S. between 1992 and 1998, 7,420 (38%) went to dealers, auctions, hunting ranches, unaccredited zoos and individuals, and game farms.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_welfare_in_zoos">Animal welfare in zoos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Animal welfare in zoos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Captivity (animal)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalian_zoo_bear_cages,_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dalian_zoo_bear_cages%2C_1997.jpg/220px-Dalian_zoo_bear_cages%2C_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights"><span style="color:#008000;">Animal rights</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paw_(Animal_Rights_symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A paw"><img alt="A paw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg/40px-Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg/60px-Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg/80px-Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Around the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of animal rights">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Primate rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">in research</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_groups" title="List of animal rights groups">Groups</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Animal abuse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_discretionary_invasive_procedures_on_animals" title="Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals">Mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Consumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India" title="Cattle slaughter in India">Cattle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodsports" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodsports">Bloodsports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullfights" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullfights">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing#Ethics" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals" title="Testing cosmetics on animals">Cosmetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Captivity</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Animal_welfare_concerns">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus#Animal_acts" title="Circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park#Criticism_and_animal_welfare" title="Marine mammal park">Oceanariums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation_in_domestic_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpopulation in domestic pets">Companion animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy mills">Puppy mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandonment</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfarism" title="Welfarism">Welfarism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Animal rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Animal rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The welfare of zoo animals varies widely. Many zoos work to improve their animal enclosures and make it fit the animals' needs, but constraints such as size and expense can complicate this.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of enclosure and the husbandry are of great importance in determining the welfare of animals. Substandard enclosures can lead to decreased lifespans, caused by factors as human diseases, unsafe materials in the cages and possible escape attempts (Bendow 382). However, when zoos take time to think about the animal's welfare, zoos can become a place of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife refuge">refuge</a>. Today, many zoos are improving enclosures by including tactile and sensory features in the habitat that allow animals to encourage natural behaviors. These additions can prove to be effective in improving the lives of animals in captivity. The tactile and sensory features will vary depending on the species of animal.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are animals that are injured in the wild and are unable to survive on their own, but in the zoos they can live out the rest of their lives healthy and happy (McGaffin). In recent years, some zoos have chosen to move out some larger animals because they do not have the space available to provide an adequate enclosure for them (Lemonic, McDowell, and Bjerklie 50). </p><p>An issue with animal welfare in zoos is that best animal husbandry practices are often not completely known, especially for species that are only kept in a small number of zoos.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowden_2016_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowden_2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To solve this organizations like EAZA and AZA have begun to develop husbandry manuals.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioural_restriction">Behavioural restriction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Behavioural restriction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many modern zoos attempt to improve animal welfare by providing more space and <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioural enrichment">behavioural enrichments</a>. This often involves housing the animals in naturalistic enclosures that allow the animals to express more of their natural behaviours, such as roaming and foraging. Whilst many zoos have been working hard on this change, in some zoos, some enclosures still remain barren concrete enclosures or other minimally enriched cages.<sup id="cite_ref-Masci2000_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masci2000-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes animals are unable to perform certain behaviors in zoos, like seasonal migration or traveling over large distances. Whether these behaviors are necessary for good welfare however is unclear. Some behaviors are seen as essential for an animal's welfare whilst others are not.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is however shown that even in limited spaces, certain natural behaviors can still be performed. A study in 2014 for example found that <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephants</a> in zoos covered similar or higher walking distances then sedentary wild populations.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migration in the wild can also be related to food scarcity or other unfavorable environmental problems.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However a proper zoo enclosure never runs out of food or water, and in case of unfavorable temperatures or weather animals are provided with (indoor) shelter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abnormal_behaviour">Abnormal behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Abnormal behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abnormal_behaviours_in_animals" title="List of abnormal behaviours in animals">List of abnormal behaviours in animals</a></div> <p>Animals in zoos can exhibit behaviors that are abnormal in their frequency, intensity, or would not normally be part of their <a href="/wiki/Ethogram" title="Ethogram">behavioural repertoire</a>. Whilst these types of behaviors can be a sign of bad welfare and stress, this is not necessarily the case. Other measurements or behavioral research is advised before determining whether an animal performing stereotypical behavior is living in bad welfare or not.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of stereotypical behaviors are pacing, head-bobbing, obsessive grooming and feather-plucking<sup id="cite_ref-Are_zoos_good_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Are_zoos_good-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study examining data collected over four decades found that <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a>, lions, tigers and <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a> can display stereotypical behaviors in many older exhibits. However they also noted that in more modern naturalistic exhibits, these behaviors could completely disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkNYT2003_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkNYT2003-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elephants have also been recorded displaying <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">stereotypical behaviours</a> in the form of swaying back and forth, trunk swaying or route tracing. This has been observed in 54% of individuals in UK zoos.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrisetal.2008_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrisetal.2008-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it has been shown that modern facilities and modern husbandry can greatly decrease or even entirely remove abnormal behaviors. A study of a group of elephants in <a href="/wiki/Planckendael" title="Planckendael">Planckendael</a> showed that the older wild-caught animals displayed many stereotypical behaviors. These elephants had spent part of their lives either in a circus or in other substandard enclosures. On the other hand, the elephants born in the modern facilities that had lived in a herd their whole life barely displayed any stereotypical behaviors at all.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The life history of an animal is thus extremely important when analyzing the causes of stereotypical behavior, as this can be a historical relict instead of a result of present-day husbandry. </p><p>Some zoos have used <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drugs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Prozac" class="mw-redirect" title="Prozac">Prozac</a>, in attempting to stop animals from exhibiting the behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longevity">Longevity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Longevity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influence on a zoological environment on animal's longevity is not straightforward. A study of 50 mammal species found that 84% of them lived longer in zoos than they would in the wild on average.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some research claims that elephants in Japanese zoos would live shorter than their wild counterparts at just 17 years. This has been refuted by other studies however.<sup id="cite_ref-Mott2008_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mott2008-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such studies might not yet fully represent recent improvements in husbandry. For example, studies show that captive-bred elephants already have a lower mortality risk then wild-caught ones.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_conditions">Climate conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Climate conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climatic conditions can make it difficult to keep some animals in zoos in some locations. For example, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Zoo" title="Alaska Zoo">Alaska Zoo</a> had an elephant named Maggie. She was housed in a small, indoor enclosure because the outdoor temperature was too low.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_2016_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune_2016-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBC2007_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC2007-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">Tsetse flies</a> have invaded zoos that have been established in the tsetse zone. More concerning, tsetse-borne species of <a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma" title="Trypanosoma">trypanosomes</a> have entered zoos outside the traditional tsetse zone in infected animals imported and added to their collections. Whether these can be controlled depends on several factors: Vale 1998 found that the technique used in placing <a href="/wiki/Attractant" title="Attractant">attractants</a> was important; and Green 1988, Torr 1994, Torr et al. 1995, and Torr et al. 1997 found the availability for specifically needed attractants for the specific job to also vary widely.<sup id="cite_ref-Mbaya-et-al-2009_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mbaya-et-al-2009-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adler-et-al-2011_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler-et-al-2011-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moral_criticism">Moral criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Moral criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some critics and many animal rights activists argue that zoo animals are treated as voyeuristic objects, rather than living creatures, and often suffer due to the transition from being free and wild to captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ever since imports of wild-caught animals can became more regulated by organizations like CITES and national laws, zoos have started sustaining their populations via breeding. This change started around the 1970s. Many corporations in the form of breeding programs have been set up since, for both common and endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Marris" title="Emma Marris">Emma Marris</a>, writing an opinion piece for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, suggested zoos "stopped breeding all their animals, with the possible exception of any endangered species with a <i>real</i> chance of being released back into the wild ... Eventually, the only animals on display would be a few ancient holdovers from the old menageries, animals in active conservation breeding programs and perhaps a few rescues. Such zoos might even be merged with sanctuaries."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, activist travel company <a href="/wiki/Responsible_Travel" title="Responsible Travel">Responsible Travel</a> and anti-captive animal charity the <a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a> conducted an independent survey of 1,000 members of the UK public who had visited a zoo in the previous five years, to gauge public understanding of zoos' contribution to <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a>. The results showed that zoos spend on average ten times less than visitors expect on conservation. It also emerged that three-quarters of visitors would expect at least one-fifth of the animals in a zoo to be endangered. The actual figure, according to the Born Free Foundation, is 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of these findings and ongoing animal welfare concerns,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2017, Responsible Travel became the first <a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">travel company</a> to stop promoting holidays that include visits to a zoo.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_feeding">Live feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Live feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with China and the United Kingdom and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Zoo" title="Talk:Zoo">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some countries, feeding live vertebrates to zoo animals is illegal under most circumstances. The UK Animal Welfare Act of 2006, for example, states that prey must be killed for feeding, unless this threatens the health of the predator.<sup id="cite_ref-Faunalytics_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faunalytics-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some zoos had already adopted such practices prior to the implementation of such policies. London Zoo, for example, stopped feeding live vertebrates in the 20th century, long before the Animal Welfare Act.<sup id="cite_ref-Faunalytics_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faunalytics-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being illegal in China, some zoos have been found to still feed live vertebrates to their predators. In some parks like Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Mountain Village, live chickens and other livestock were found to be thrown into the enclosures of tigers and other predators. In Guilin, in south-east China, live cows and pigs are thrown to tigers to amuse visitors. Other Chinese parks like Shenzhen Safari Park have already stopped this practice after facing heavy criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-lairweb1999_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lairweb1999-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA_Zoo_Poster_(Elephant).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/WPA_Zoo_Poster_%28Elephant%29.jpg/170px-WPA_Zoo_Poster_%28Elephant%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/WPA_Zoo_Poster_%28Elephant%29.jpg/255px-WPA_Zoo_Poster_%28Elephant%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/WPA_Zoo_Poster_%28Elephant%29.jpg/340px-WPA_Zoo_Poster_%28Elephant%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>WPA 1937 poster promoting visits to American zoos</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>. Depending on the animals they exhibit, the activities of zoos are regulated by laws including the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966" title="Animal Welfare Act of 1966">Animal Welfare Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Grech_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grech-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, zoos in several countries may choose to pursue accreditation by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a> (AZA), which originated in the U.S. To achieve accreditation, a zoo must pass an application and inspection process and meet or exceed the AZA's standards for animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing, and involvement in global conservation efforts. Inspection is performed by three experts (typically one veterinarian, one expert in animal care, and one expert in zoo management and operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation is awarded. This accreditation process is repeated once every five years. The AZA estimates that there are approximately 2,400 animal exhibits operating under USDA license as of February 2007; fewer than 10% are accredited.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> introduced a directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos, making it a statutory requirement that they participate in conservation and education, and requiring all member states to set up systems for their licensing and inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-Defra_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defra-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zoos are regulated in the UK by the Zoo Licensing Act of 1981, which came into effect in 1984. A zoo is defined as any "establishment where wild animals are kept for exhibition [...] to which members of the public have access, with or without charge for admission, seven or more days in any period of twelve consecutive months", excluding circuses and pet shops. The Act requires that all zoos be inspected and licensed, and that animals kept in enclosures are provided with a suitable environment in which they can express most normal behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Defra_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defra-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">List of zoo associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-situ conservation"><i>Ex-situ</i> conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-situ_conservation" title="In-situ conservation"><i>In-situ</i> conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Index of conservation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_team_(zoo)" title="Emergency response team (zoo)">Zoo emergency response team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/zoo">"Zoo | Animals & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Zoo+%7C+Animals+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fzoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZSL-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZSL_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zsl.org/about-us/landmarks-in-zsl-history">"Landmarks in ZSL History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815135643/https://www.zsl.org/about-us/landmarks-in-zsl-history">Archived</a> 2020-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Zoological Society of London and Princess Margareta Hohenzolern Duda move in Zoo withK kinga Tanajewska ( daughter,n 1981 ). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aza.org/partnerships-visitor-demographics">"Visitor Demographics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807092935/https://www.aza.org/partnerships-visitor-demographics">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Zoos+and+Aquariums&rft.atitle=Visitor+Demographics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aza.org%2Fpartnerships-visitor-demographics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt29-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt29_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt29_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt 1976; Reichenbach 2002, pp. 151–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyson 2000, p. 29; Hyson 2003, pp. 1356–1357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maple 1995, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson 1987a, pp. 10–17; Robinson 1987b, pp. 678–682.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway 1995, pp. 259–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World's First Zoo - Hierakonpolis, Egypt, <i>Archaeology Magazine</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.archaeology.org/1001/topten/egypt.html">http://www.archaeology.org/1001/topten/egypt.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712005902/http://www.archaeology.org/1001/topten/egypt.html">Archived</a> 2010-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBZoo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBZoo_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBZoo_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBZoo_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBZoo_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBZoo_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/zoo">"Zoo"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 24 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220065108/https://www.britannica.com/science/zoo">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audubon+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+New+Zoo&rft.date=2001-11&rft.au=Rene+S.+Ebersole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faudubonmagazine.org%2Ffeatures0111%2Fnewzoo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Rothfels, <i>Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo</i> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wroclaw.wyborcza.pl/wroclaw/1,35771,19502168,wielkie-liczenie-w-zoo-we-wroclawiu-zobacz-ile-zwierzat-w.html?disableRedirects=true">"Wielkie liczenie w zoo we Wrocławiu. Zobacz, ile zwierząt w nim mieszka"</a> [Counting great at the zoo in Wrocław. See how many animals live in it]. <i>wroclaw.wyborcza.pl</i> (in Polish). January 19, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506111932/http://wroclaw.wyborcza.pl/wroclaw/1,35771,19502168,wielkie-liczenie-w-zoo-we-wroclawiu-zobacz-ile-zwierzat-w.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wroclaw.wyborcza.pl&rft.atitle=Wielkie+liczenie+w+zoo+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu.+Zobacz%2C+ile+zwierz%C4%85t+w+nim+mieszka&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwroclaw.wyborcza.pl%2Fwroclaw%2F1%2C35771%2C19502168%2Cwielkie-liczenie-w-zoo-we-wroclawiu-zobacz-ile-zwierzat-w.html%3FdisableRedirects%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsler" class="citation web cs1">Isler, Danuta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713232413/http://www.thenews.pl/1/6/Artykul/365527,A-trip-to-Wroclaw-Afrykarium">"A trip to Wroclaw Afrykarium"</a>. <i>Radio Poland</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.pl/1/6/Artykul/365527,A-trip-to-Wroclaw-Afrykarium">the original</a> on 2018-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Poland&rft.atitle=A+trip+to+Wroclaw+Afrykarium&rft.aulast=Isler&rft.aufirst=Danuta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.pl%2F1%2F6%2FArtykul%2F365527%2CA-trip-to-Wroclaw-Afrykarium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesse C. Donahue, and Erik K. Trump, <i>American zoos during the depression: a new deal for animals</i> (McFarland, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Desiderio, "Raising the Bars: The Transformation of Atlanta's Zoo, 1889-2000." <i>Atlanta History</i> 18.4 (2000): 8–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aza.org/about-us">Association of Zoos & Aquariums, 2020</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112005002/https://www.aza.org/about-us">Archived</a> 2020-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel E. Bender, <i>The Animal Game: Searching for Wildness at the American Zoo</i> (Harvard University Press, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Jared Miller, and Harriet Ritvo, <i>The Nature of the Beasts: Empire and Exhibition at the Tokyo Imperial Zoo</i> (2013) pp. 4, 99–105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Nature-Beasts-Exhibition-Imperial-Studies/dp/0520271866/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028220001/https://www.amazon.com/rd/uedata?at&v=0.219733.0&id=EA6NX145BCT9PP7T4DQG&m=1&sc=adblk_no&pc=2088&at=2088&t=1635458401517&csmtags=adblk_no&pty=Detail&spty=Glance&pti=0520271866&tid=EA6NX145BCT9PP7T4DQG&aftb=1">Archived</a> 2021-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aso Noriko, <i>Public Properties: Museums in Imperial Japan</i> (Duke UP, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Kisling, Vernon N. (ed.): <i>Zoo and Aquarium History</i>, Boca Raton 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X">0-8493-2100-X</a>; Hoage, R. J. Deiss and William A. (ed.): <i>New Worlds, New Animals</i>, Washington 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6">0-8018-5110-6</a>; Hanson, Elizabeth. <i>Animal Attractions</i>, Princeton 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05992-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05992-6">0-691-05992-6</a>; and Hancocks, David. <i>A Different Nature</i>, Berkeley 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21879-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21879-5">0-520-21879-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donahue, Jesse and Trump, Erik. <i>Political Animals: Public Art in American Zoos and Aquariums</i>. Lexington Books, 2007, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masci,_David_2014-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masci,_David_2014_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masci,_David_2014_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masci, David. "Zoos in the 21st Century." CQ Researcher 28 Apr. 2000: 353–76. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, Phillips Verner and Blume, Harvey. <i>Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo</i>. St. Martins Press, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTBenga-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTBenga_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E7D81F3EE733A25753C1A96F9C946797D6CF">"Man and Monkey Show Disapproved by Clergy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508081838/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E7D81F3EE733A25753C1A96F9C946797D6CF">Archived</a> 2016-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, September 10, 1906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanchard, Pascal; Bancel, Nicolas; and Lemaire, Sandrine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africultures.com/anglais/articles_anglais/43blanchard.htm">"From human zoos to colonial apotheoses: the era of exhibiting the Other"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418022152/http://www.africultures.com/anglais/articles_anglais/43blanchard.htm">Archived</a> April 18, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Africultures</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerral2010" class="citation web cs1">Ferral, Katelyn (2010-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509111832/http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/07/15/582114/nc-zoo-bucking-a-trend-sets-an.html">"N.C. Zoo, bucking a trend, sets an attendance record"</a>. Newsobserver.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/07/15/582114/nc-zoo-bucking-a-trend-sets-an.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N.C.+Zoo%2C+bucking+a+trend%2C+sets+an+attendance+record&rft.pub=Newsobserver.com&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Ferral&rft.aufirst=Katelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsobserver.com%2F2010%2F07%2F15%2F582114%2Fnc-zoo-bucking-a-trend-sets-an.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theguzoo.com/main_page.html">Guzoo Animal Farm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510051708/http://www.theguzoo.com/main_page.html">Archived</a> May 10, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, website about Canadian roadside zoos, accessed June 18, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KeoyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0AcGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2373,1804633&dq=roadside-zoo&hl=en">Roadside zoo animals starving.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312093125/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KeoyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0AcGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2373,1804633&dq=roadside-zoo&hl=en">Archived</a> 2016-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Free Lance-Star.</i> 11 Jan. 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JUoeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EccEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3844,1173112&dq=roadside-zoo+cruelty&hl=en">House panel told of abuses by zoos.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312093012/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JUoeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EccEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3844,1173112&dq=roadside-zoo+cruelty&hl=en">Archived</a> 2016-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Times Daily.</i> 8 July 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwood2014" class="citation web cs1">Elwood, Ian (8 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629090221/http://aldf.org/blog/animal-abandonment-is-a-crime/">"Animal Abandonment is a Crime"</a>. <i>Animal Legal Defense Fund</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aldf.org/press-room/press-releases/animal-legal-defense-fund-sues-iowa-zoo-over-endangered-species-act-violations/Animal">the original</a> on 29 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Legal+Defense+Fund&rft.atitle=Animal+Abandonment+is+a+Crime&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.aulast=Elwood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faldf.org%2Fpress-room%2Fpress-releases%2Fanimal-legal-defense-fund-sues-iowa-zoo-over-endangered-species-act-violations%2FAnimal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/237127240/USDA-APHIS-Inspection-Report-of-Cricket-Hollow-Zoo-May-21-2014/USDA">"- APHIS Inspection Report of Cricket Hollow Zoo, May 21 2014"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=-+APHIS+Inspection+Report+of+Cricket+Hollow+Zoo%2C+May+21+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F237127240%2FUSDA-APHIS-Inspection-Report-of-Cricket-Hollow-Zoo-May-21-2014%2FUSDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBProcurement-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBProcurement_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Zoo: Procurement and care of animals," <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PQA-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PQA_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PQA_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Population Q&A". <i>Zooquaria</i>. Autumn 2016 (94). EAZA: 32–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zooquaria&rft.atitle=Population+Q%26A&rft.volume=Autumn+2016&rft.issue=94&rft.pages=32-33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMC-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WMC_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMC_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMC_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMC_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMC_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiman,_Thompson_and_Baer2010" class="citation book cs1">Kleiman, Thompson and Baer (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildmammalscapti00klei"><i>Wild Mammals in Captivity</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildmammalscapti00klei/page/n281">265</a>–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-44009-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-44009-5"><bdi>978-0-226-44009-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Mammals+in+Captivity&rft.pages=265-266&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-44009-5&rft.au=Kleiman%2C+Thompson+and+Baer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwildmammalscapti00klei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunn,_D.2014" class="citation web cs1">Hunn, D. (February 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/what-happens-when-zoo-contraceptives-work-too-well/article_8e71a4c4-2cd1-58d7-b8af-8fe8eb1be30c.html">"What happens when zoo contraceptives work too well?"</a>. St. Louis Dispatch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806214001/http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/what-happens-when-zoo-contraceptives-work-too-well/article_8e71a4c4-2cd1-58d7-b8af-8fe8eb1be30c.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+happens+when+zoo+contraceptives+work+too+well%3F&rft.pub=St.+Louis+Dispatch&rft.date=2014-02-16&rft.au=Hunn%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stltoday.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgovt-and-politics%2Fwhat-happens-when-zoo-contraceptives-work-too-well%2Farticle_8e71a4c4-2cd1-58d7-b8af-8fe8eb1be30c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HPMG-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HPMG_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HPMG_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/02/27/marius-giraffe-zoos-cull_n_4865542.html">"Marius The Giraffe Was Not Alone: Zoos in Europe Kill 5,000 Healthy Animals Annually"</a>. Huffington Post. February 27, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153323/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/02/27/marius-giraffe-zoos-cull_n_4865542.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marius+The+Giraffe+Was+Not+Alone%3A+Zoos+in+Europe+Kill+5%2C000+Healthy+Animals+Annually&rft.pub=Huffington+Post&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F2014%2F02%2F27%2Fmarius-giraffe-zoos-cull_n_4865542.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston,_I.2014" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, I. (February 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/copenhagen-zoo-kills-surplus-young-giraffe-marius-despite-online-petition-9117317.html">"Copenhagen Zoo kills 'surplus' young giraffe Marius despite online petition"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210053407/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/copenhagen-zoo-kills-surplus-young-giraffe-marius-despite-online-petition-9117317.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Copenhagen+Zoo+kills+%27surplus%27+young+giraffe+Marius+despite+online+petition.&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft.au=Johnston%2C+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcopenhagen-zoo-kills-surplus-young-giraffe-marius-despite-online-petition-9117317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalls2001" class="citation book cs1">Ralls, Katherine (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of Biodiversity</i>. Smithsonian Institution USA. pp. 599–607.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Biodiversity&rft.pages=599-607&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+USA&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ralls&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aza.org/reintroduction-programs?locale=en">"Reintroduction Programs"</a>. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reintroduction+Programs&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Zoos+and+Aquariums&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aza.org%2Freintroduction-programs%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrie_Friese2013" class="citation book cs1">Carrie Friese (2013). <i>Cloning Wild Life: Zoos, Captivity, and the Future of Endangered Animals</i>. NYU Press. p. 3 and 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814729106" title="Special:BookSources/9780814729106"><bdi>9780814729106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cloning+Wild+Life%3A+Zoos%2C+Captivity%2C+and+the+Future+of+Endangered+Animals&rft.pages=3+and+14&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780814729106&rft.au=Carrie+Friese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tudge, Colin. <i>Last Animals in the Zoo: How Mass Extinction Can Be Stopped</i>, London 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-157-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-157-0">1-55963-157-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/MANIFESTO.pdf">"Manifesto for Zoos"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823075916/http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/MANIFESTO.pdf">Archived</a> August 23, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, John Regan Associates, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waza.org/conservation/wzacs.php">"World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216115923/http://www.waza.org/conservation/wzacs.php">Archived</a> 2007-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World Association of Zoos and Aquariums.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowden_2016-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowden_2016_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowden_2016_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowdenRose2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rowden, Lewis J.; Rose, Paul E. 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"A global survey of banteng (<i>Bos javanicus</i>) housing and husbandry: Banteng Husbandry Survey". <i>Zoo Biology</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 546–555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzoo.21329">10.1002/zoo.21329</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F24538">10871/24538</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27735990">27735990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoo+Biology&rft.atitle=A+global+survey+of+banteng+%28Bos+javanicus%29+housing+and+husbandry%3A+Banteng+Husbandry+Survey&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=546-555&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F24538&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27735990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzoo.21329&rft.aulast=Rowden&rft.aufirst=Lewis+J.&rft.au=Rose%2C+Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradyYoungGoetzDawson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Brady, Leanna; Young, Richard; Goetz, Matthias; Dawson, Jeff (October 2017). "Increasing zoo's conservation potential through understanding barriers to holding globally threatened amphibians". <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>. <b>26</b> (11): 2736 (or 2). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BiCon..26.2735B">2017BiCon..26.2735B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-017-1384-y">10.1007/s10531-017-1384-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24619590">24619590</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1943858410">1943858410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Increasing+zoo%27s+conservation+potential+through+understanding+barriers+to+holding+globally+threatened+amphibians&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2736+%28or+2%29&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24619590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-017-1384-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017BiCon..26.2735B&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Leanna&rft.au=Young%2C+Richard&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">African Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquaria</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aza.org/">American Zoo and Aquarium Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222202601/http://aza.org/">Archived</a> 2011-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caza.ca/">Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728053710/http://www.caza.ca/">Archived</a> 2010-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202150900/http://arazpa.org.au/ASMP_Committee.htm">"AquaZoos - Educational Writing Group"</a>. <i>AquaZoos</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ferocity+training&rft.date=1999-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lairweb.org.nz%2Ftiger%2Frelease7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grech-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grech_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grech, Kali S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animallaw.info/articles/ovuszoos.htm">"Overview of the Laws Affecting Zoos"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624212519/http://animallaw.info/articles/ovuszoos.htm">Archived</a> 2012-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Michigan State University College of Law, Animal Legal & Historical Center, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102132956/http://www.aza.org/Accreditation/AccreditationIntro/">"AZA Accreditation Introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aza.org/Accreditation/AccreditationIntro/">the original</a> on November 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AZA+Accreditation+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aza.org%2FAccreditation%2FAccreditationIntro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defra-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Defra_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Defra_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/zoo.htm">"The Zoo Licensing Act 1981"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504172909/http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/zoo.htm">Archived</a> May 4, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Baratay, Eric, and Elizabeth Hardouin-Fugier. (2002) <i>History of Zoological Gardens in the West</i></li> <li>Blunt, Wilfrid (1976). <i>The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century</i>, Hamish Hamilton, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-89331-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-89331-3">0-241-89331-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irus_Braverman" title="Irus Braverman">Braverman, Irus</a> (2012). <i>Zooland: The Institution of Captivity</i>, Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804783576" title="Special:BookSources/9780804783576">9780804783576</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Zooland-Institution-Captivity-Cultural-Lives/dp/0804783586/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411234324/http://www.amazon.com/Zooland-Institution-Captivity-Cultural-Lives/dp/0804783586">Archived</a> 2021-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bruce, Gary. (2017) <i>Through the Lion Gate: A History of the Berlin Zoo</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Through-Lion-Gate-History-Berlin/dp/0190234989/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028220004/https://www.amazon.com/rd/uedata?ld&v=0.219733.0&id=ZV1GZZ9M8MEG20CVE839&sw=1600&sh=1000&vw=1344&vh=19735&m=1&sc=ZV1GZZ9M8MEG20CVE839&ue=5&bb=110&ns=127&x1=307&be=2068&fp=194&fcp=194&pc=2844&tc=-354&na_=-354&ul_=-1635458401832&_ul=-1635458401832&rd_=-1635458401832&_rd=-1635458401832&fe_=-340&lk_=-340&_lk=-340&co_=-333&_co=-329&sc_=-333&rq_=-329&rs_=-46&_rs=1646&dl_=-26&di_=2126&de_=2127&_de=2127&_dc=2844&ld_=2844&_ld=-1635458401832&ntd=-1&ty=0&rc=0&hob=2&hoe=5&ld=2847&t=1635458404679&ctb=1&rt=__ld:24-0-0-17-3-0-1&ec=23&ecf=0&csmtags=aui%7Caui:aui_build_date:3.21.7-2021-10-25%7Cewc:unpersist%7Cewc:unpersist:emptycart%7Cewc:bview%7Cewc%7Cewc:unrec%7Cewc:cartsize:0%7Cewc:aui%7Cnavbar%7Cfls-na-amazon-com%7Cadblk_no&viz=visible:5&pty=Detail&spty=Glance&pti=0190234989&tid=ZV1GZZ9M8MEG20CVE839&aftb=1">Archived</a> 2021-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Conway, William (1995). "The conservation park: A new zoo synthesis for a changed world", in <i>The Ark Evolving: Zoos and Aquariums in Transition</i>, Wemmer, Christen M. (ed.), Smithsonian Institution <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and Research Center">Conservation and Research Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Front_Royal,_Virginia" title="Front Royal, Virginia">Front Royal, Virginia</a>.</li> <li>Donahue, Jesse C., and Erik K. Trump. (2014) <i>American zoos during the depression: a new deal for animals</i> (McFarland, 2014).</li> <li>Fisher, James. (1967) <i>Zoos of the World: The Story of Animals in Captivity</i>, popular history</li></ul> <ul><li>Hancocks, David. <i>A Different Nature: The Paradoxical World of Zoos and Their Uncertain Future</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Different-Nature-Paradoxical-Uncertain-Future/dp/0520236769/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hardouin-Fugier, Elisabeth. (2004) <i>Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West</i></li> <li>Hyson, Jeffrey (2000). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217084841/http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/Environmentalism/env1.pdf">Jungle of Eden: The Design of American Zoos</a>" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804041323/http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/COEN.html">Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture</a></i>, Conan, Michel (ed.), Dumbarton Oaks, Washington. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-278-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-278-1">0-88402-278-1</a></li> <li>Hochadel, Oliver. "Watching Exotic Animals Next Door: 'Scientific' Observations at the Zoo (ca. 1870–1910)."<i>Science in Context</i>(June 2011) 24#2 pp 183–214. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/85333/1/Hochadel-2011-Watching%20Exotic%20Animals%20Next%20Door....pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817121201/https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/85333/1/Hochadel-2011-Watching%20Exotic%20Animals%20Next%20Door....pdf">Archived</a> 2021-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hyson, Jeffrey (2003). "Zoos," in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrech_IIIMerchantMcNeill2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, eds. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse"><i>Encyclopedia of World Environmental History</i></a></span>. Vol. 3: O–Z, Index. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93735-1"><bdi>978-0-415-93735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Environmental+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93735-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The International Zoo Yearbook</i>, annual since 1959 from the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Kohler" title="Robert E. Kohler">Kohler, Robert E.</a> (2006). <i>All Creatures: Naturalists, Collectors, and Biodiversity, 1850–1950</i> (Princeton University Press).</li> <li>Kisling, Vernon N., ed. (2001) <i>Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Zoo-Aquarium-History-Collections-Zoological/dp/084932100X/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125052733/http://www.amazon.com/Zoo-Aquarium-History-Collections-Zoological/dp/084932100X">Archived</a> 2016-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Maddeaux, Sarah-Joy. (2014) "A 'delightful resort for persons of all ages, and more especially for the young': Children at Bristol Zoo Gardens, 1835–1940." <i>Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth</i> 7.1 (2014): 87–106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/536562/summary">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Maple, Terry (1995). "Toward a Responsible Zoo Agenda", in <i>Ethics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife Conservation</i>, Norton, Bryan G., Hutchins, Michael, Stevens, Elizabeth F. and Maple, Terry L. (ed.), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-515-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-515-1">1-56098-515-1</a></li> <li>Meuser, Natascha (2019). <i>Zoo Buildings. Construction and Design Manual</i>. DOM publishers, Berlin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86922-680-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86922-680-4">978-3-86922-680-4</a></li> <li>Miller, Ian Jared, and Harriet Ritvo. <i>The Nature of the Beasts: Empire and Exhibition at the Tokyo Imperial Zoo</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Nature-Beasts-Exhibition-Imperial-Studies/dp/0520271866/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Murphy, James B. (2007) <i>Herpetological History of the Zoo & Aquarium World</i></li> <li>Reichenbach, Herman (2002). "Lost Menageries: Why and How Zoos Disappear (Part 1)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501154538/http://www.zoonews.ws/IZN/316/IZN-316.htm">International Zoo News Vol.49/3 (No.316)</a>, April–May 2002.</li> <li>Robinson, Michael H. (1987a). "Beyond the zoo: The biopark", <a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Defenders of Wildlife">Defenders of Wildlife</a> Magazine, Vol. 62, No. 6.</li> <li>Robinson, Michael H. (1987b). "Towards the Biopark: The Zoo That Is Not", American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, Annual Proceedings.</li> <li>Rothfels, Nigel. (2008) <i>Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Savages-Beasts-Animals-History-Culture/dp/0801889758/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Woods, Abigail. (2018) "Doctors in the Zoo: Connecting Human and Animal Health in British Zoological Gardens, c. 1828–1890." In <i>Animals and the Shaping of Modern Medicine</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018), pp. 27–69.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115732/http://www.zoos-worldwide.de/">Zoos Worldwide</a> Zoos, aquariums, animal sanctuaries and wildlife parks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianelephant.net">Zoological Gardens keeping Asian Elephants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531130026/http://www.zoohistory.co.uk/downloads">The Bartlett Society: Devoted to studying yesterday's methods of keeping wild animals</a>, download page</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoos" title="Template:Zoos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoos" title="Template talk:Zoos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquariums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviaries">aviaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">Animal sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_pit" title="Bear pit">Bear pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">Herpetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectarium" title="Insectarium">Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_safari" title="Night safari">Night safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguinarium" title="Penguinarium">Penguinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_centre" title="Reptile centre">Reptile centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">Aquariums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest aquaria">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_sanctuaries" title="List of animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterfly_houses" title="List of butterfly houses">Butterfly houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dolphinariums" title="List of dolphinariums">Dolphinariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of former zoos and aquariums">Former zoos and aquariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers" title="List of nature centers">Nature centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">Zoo associations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WAZA_member_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums">WAZA members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Animals in captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_exhibit" title="Immersion exhibit">Immersion exhibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_house" title="Nocturnal house">Nocturnal house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zookeeper" title="Zookeeper">Zookeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_team_(zoo)" title="Emergency response team (zoo)">Zoo emergency response team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_key" title="Zoo key">Zoo key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_society" title="Zoological society">Zoological society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoos" title="Category:Zoos">Category: Zoos</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquariums" title="Category:Aquariums">Category: Aquariums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43501#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43501#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43501#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119781773">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119781773">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561542">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zoologické zahrady"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127667&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parques zoológicos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525102">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536541705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007793">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10663105">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\Z\O\Zoologicalgardensandparks">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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