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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ_looduskaitse" title="In situ looduskaitse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="In situ looduskaitse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3n_in_situ" title="Conservación in situ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conservación in situ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ena_konservado" title="Ena konservado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ena konservado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="حفاظت درجا در هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حفاظت درجا در هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_in_situ" title="Conservation in situ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conservation in situ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ_v%C3%A9delem" title="In situ védelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="In situ védelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%81%AF%E5%9F%9F%E5%86%85%E4%BF%9D%E5%85%A8" title="生息域内保全 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生息域内保全" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochrona_in_situ" title="Ochrona in situ – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ochrona in situ" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ_-suojelu" title="In situ -suojelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="In situ -suojelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_in_situ" title="Консервація in situ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Консервація in situ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2994473#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22In-situ+conservation%22">"In-situ conservation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22In-situ+conservation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22In-situ+conservation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22In-situ+conservation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22In-situ+conservation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22In-situ+conservation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>In-situ conservation</b> is the on-site <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> or the conservation of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> in natural populations of plant or animal species, such as <a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">forest genetic resources</a> in natural populations of tree species.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process protects the inhabitants and ensures the sustainability of the environment and ecosystem. </p><p>Its converse is <a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">ex situ conservation</a>, where threatened species are moved to another location. These can include places like seed libraries, gene banks and more where they are protected through human intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Curry_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_reserves">Nature reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nature reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackiston_Falls_Upper,_Waterton_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blackiston_Falls_Upper%2C_Waterton_National_Park.jpg/220px-Blackiston_Falls_Upper%2C_Waterton_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blackiston_Falls_Upper%2C_Waterton_National_Park.jpg/330px-Blackiston_Falls_Upper%2C_Waterton_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blackiston_Falls_Upper%2C_Waterton_National_Park.jpg/440px-Blackiston_Falls_Upper%2C_Waterton_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waterton_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Waterton Biosphere Reserve">Waterton Biosphere Reserve</a> in Canada</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserves</a> (or biosphere reserves) cover very large areas, often more than 5000 km<sup>2</sup>. They are used to protect species for a long time. There are 3 different classifications for these reserves: </p> <ul><li>Strict Natural Areas</li> <li>Managed Natural Areas</li> <li>Wilderness Areas</li></ul> <p>Strict natural areas are creates to protect the state of nature in a given region. It is not made for the purpose of protecting any species within its limits. managed natural areas alternatively are made specifically for the purpose of protecting a certain species or community that is at the point it may be at risk being in a strict natural area. This is a more controlled environment that is created to be the most optimal habitat for the species concerned to thrive. Finally, a wilderness area serves a dual purpose of providing a protection for the natural region as well as providing recreational opportunities for patrons (excluding motorized transport) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks">National parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> is an area dedicated for the conservation of wildlife along with its environment. A national park is an area which is used to conserve scenery, natural and historical objects. It is usually a small reserve covering an area of about 100 to 500 square kilometers. Within biosphere reserves, one or more national parks may also exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_sanctuaries">Wildlife sanctuaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wildlife sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wildlife sanctuaries can provide a higher quality of life for animals who are moved there. These animals are placed in specialized habitats that allows for more species-specific behaviors to take place. Wildlife sanctuaries are often used for animals that have been in zoos, circuses, laboratories and more for a long time, and then live the rest of their lives with greater autonomy in these habitats. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_hotspots">Biodiversity hotspots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biodiversity hotspots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biodiversity_Hotspots_2015.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Biodiversity_Hotspots_2015.svg/220px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Biodiversity_Hotspots_2015.svg/330px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_2015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Biodiversity_Hotspots_2015.svg/440px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_2015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4378" data-file-height="2435" /></a><figcaption>Biodiversity hotspots across the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Several international organizations focus their conservation work on areas designated as <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a>, to qualify as a biodiversity hotspot a region must meet two strict criteria: </p> <ul><li>it must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (∆ 0.5% of the world's total) as endemics,</li> <li>it has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat.</li></ul> <p>Biodiversity hotspots make up 1.4% of the earth's land area, yet they contain more than half of our planets species.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_sanctuary">Gene sanctuary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gene sanctuary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A gene sanctuary is an area where plants are conserved. It includes both biosphere reserves as well as national parks. Biosphere reserves are developed to be both a place for biodiversity conservation as well as sustainable development. The concept was first developed in the 1970s and include a core, buffer and transition zones. These zones act together to harmonize the conservation and development aspects of the biosphere. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2004, and 30 years following the invention of the biosphere reserve concept, there have been about 459 conservation areas developed in 97 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One benefit of <i>in situ</i> conservation is that it maintains recovering populations in the environment where they have developed their distinctive properties. Another benefit is that this strategy helps ensure the ongoing processes of evolution and adaptation within their environments. As a last resort, <a href="/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-situ conservation"><i>ex situ</i> conservation</a> may be used on some or all of the population, when <i>in situ</i> conservation is too difficult, or impossible. The species gets adjusted to the natural disasters like drought, floods, forest fires and this method is very cheap and convenient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reserves">Reserves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wildlife and livestock conservation involves the protection of wildlife habitats. Sufficiently large reserves must be maintained to enable the target species to exist in large numbers. The population size must be sufficient to enable the necessary <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> to survive, so that it has a good chance of continuing to <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptation (biology)">adapt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolve</a> over time. This reserve size can be calculated for target species by examining the population density in naturally occurring situations. The reserves must then be protected from intrusion or destruction by man, and against other catastrophes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <i>in situ</i> conservation techniques are an effective way to improve, maintain, and use traditional or native varieties of agricultural crops. Such methodologies link the positive output of scientific research with farmers' experience and field work. </p><p>First, the accessions of a variety stored at a <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a> bank and those of the same variety multiplied by farmers are jointly tested in the producers field and in the laboratory, under different situations and stresses. Thus, the scientific knowledge about the production characteristics of the native varieties is enhanced. Later, the best tested accessions are crossed, mixed, and multiplied under replicable situations. At last, these improved accessions are supplied to the producers. Thus, farmers are enabled to crop improved selections of their own varieties, instead of being lured to substitute their own varieties with commercial ones or to abandon their crop. This technique of conservation of agricultural biodiversity is more successful in marginal areas, where commercial varieties are not expedient, due to climate and <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a> constraints, or where the taste and cooking characteristics of traditional varieties compensate for their lower yields.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_India">In India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 4% of the total geographical area of India is used for <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> conservation. </p><p>There are 18 <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">biosphere reserves in India</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a> in Uttarakhand, <a href="/wiki/Nokrek" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokrek">Nokrek</a> in Meghalaya, <a href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas National Park</a> in Assam and <a href="/wiki/Sundarban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarban">Sundarban</a> in West Bengal. </p><p>There are 106 <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">national parks in India</a>, including The <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a> which conserves The <a href="/wiki/One-horned_rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="One-horned rhino">one-horned rhino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periyar_National_Park" title="Periyar National Park">Periyar National Park</a> conserving the tiger and elephant, and <a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_National_Park" title="Ranthambore National Park">Ranthambore National Park</a> conserving the tiger. </p><p>There are 551 <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries in India">wildlife sanctuaries in India</a>. </p><p>Biodiversity hotspots include the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Western_Ghats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Western Ghats">the Western Ghats</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Burma_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indo-Burma region (page does not exist)">Indo-Burma region</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a>. </p><p>India has set up its first gene sanctuary in the <a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garo Hills</a> of Meghalaya for wild relatives of citrus. Efforts are also being made to set up gene sanctuaries for banana, sugarcane, rice and mango. </p><p>Community reserves were established as a type of protected area in India in the Wildlife Protection Amendment Act 2002, to provide legal support to community or privately owned reserves which cannot be designated as national park or wildlife sanctuary. </p><p>Sacred groves are tracts of forest set aside where all the trees and wildlife within are venerated and given total protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_China">In China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 2538 nature reserves covering 15% of the country. </p><p>The majority of <i>in situ</i> conservation areas are concentrated in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. These provinces, all in western China, account for about 56% of the country's nature reserves. </p><p>Eastern and southern China contain 90% of the country's population, and there are few nature reserves in these areas. In these regions, nature reserves actively compete with human development projects to support a growing demand for infrastructure. One consequence of this competing development has been the movement of the <a href="/wiki/South_China_tiger" title="South China tiger">South China tiger</a> out of its natural habitat. </p><p>In eastern and southern China, many undeveloped natural landscapes are fragmented; however, nature reserves may provide crucial refuge for key species and ecosystem services.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_(ecology)" title="Refuge (ecology)">Refuge (ecology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintroduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reintroduction">Reintroduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Red_List" title="Regional Red List">Regional Red List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">Wildlife corridor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNegi1993" class="citation book cs1">Negi, Sharad Singh (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjfVFGM4p6wC"><i>Biodiversity and Its Conservation in India</i></a>. Indus Publishing. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185182889" title="Special:BookSources/9788185182889"><bdi>9788185182889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Its+Conservation+in+India&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=9788185182889&rft.aulast=Negi&rft.aufirst=Sharad+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPjfVFGM4p6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn-situ+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curry-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curry_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2019" class="citation journal cs1">Curry, Helen Anne (December 2019). <a 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</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasmann1973" class="citation web cs1">Dasmann, R.F (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/OP-004.pdf">"Classification and use of protected natural and cultural areas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification+and+use+of+protected+natural+and+cultural+areas&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Dasmann&rft.aufirst=R.F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportals.iucn.org%2Flibrary%2Fsites%2Flibrary%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FOP-004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn-situ+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Captive+Wildlife+Sanctuaries%3A+Definition%2C+Ethical+Considerations+and+Public+Perception&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.issn=2201-3008&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fasj%2Fvol6%2Fiss2%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn-situ+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrewMaclean2021" class="citation journal cs1">Trew, Brittany T.; Maclean, Ilya M. D. (April 2021). McGill, Brian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgeb.13272">"Vulnerability of global biodiversity hotspots to climate change"</a>. <i>Global Ecology and Biogeography</i>. <b>30</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">768–</span>783. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgeb.13272">10.1111/geb.13272</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-822X">1466-822X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Ecology+and+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Vulnerability+of+global+biodiversity+hotspots+to+climate+change&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E768-%3C%2Fspan%3E783&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgeb.13272&rft.issn=1466-822X&rft.aulast=Trew&rft.aufirst=Brittany+T.&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Ilya+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fgeb.13272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn-situ+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_CuongDartHockings2017" class="citation journal cs1">Van Cuong, Chu; Dart, Peter; Hockings, Marc (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479716309628">"Biosphere reserves: Attributes for success"</a>. <i>Journal of Environmental Management</i>. <b>188</b>: <span class="nowrap">9–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2016.11.069">10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.069</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4797">0301-4797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27918925">27918925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Biosphere+reserves%3A+Attributes+for+success&rft.volume=188&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.issn=0301-4797&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27918925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2016.11.069&rft.aulast=Van+Cuong&rft.aufirst=Chu&rft.au=Dart%2C+Peter&rft.au=Hockings%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0301479716309628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn-situ+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, George (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/07116780/v32i0003/2_briciase.xml">"Biosphere Reserves in Canada: Ideals and some experience"</a>. <i>Environments: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environments%3A+A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Studies&rft.atitle=Biosphere+Reserves+in+Canada%3A+Ideals+and+some+experience&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.scholarsportal.info%2Fresolve%2F07116780%2Fv32i0003%2F2_briciase.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn-situ+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Avila, L. Guzmán, M. Céspedes 2004. <i>Estrategias para la conservación in situ de razas de maíz boliviano</i>. SINALERC, <a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata" title="Mar del Plata">Mar del Plata</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WILDLIFE INSTITUTE OF INDIA DEHRADUN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuZhangYuZhao2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Ruidong; Zhang, Shuang; Yu, Douglas W; Zhao, Peng; Li, Xinhai; Wang, Longzhu; Yu, Qian; Ma, Jian; Chen, Ai; Long, Yongcheng (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/100093">"Effectiveness of China's nature reserves in representing ecological diversity"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>. <b>9</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">383–</span>389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F100093">10.1890/100093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9295">1540-9295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+China%27s+nature+reserves+in+representing+ecological+diversity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F100093&rft.issn=1540-9295&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Ruidong&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shuang&rft.au=Yu%2C+Douglas+W&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Peng&rft.au=Li%2C+Xinhai&rft.au=Wang%2C+Longzhu&rft.au=Yu%2C+Qian&rft.au=Ma%2C+Jian&rft.au=Chen%2C+Ai&rft.au=Long%2C+Yongcheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1890%2F100093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn-situ+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheldeman,_X.van_Zonneveld,_M.2010" class="citation book cs1">Scheldeman, X.; van Zonneveld, M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927164904/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/training/training_materials/gis_manual.html"><i>Training Manual on Spatial Analysis of Plant Diversity and Distribution</i></a>. Bioversity International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org/training/training_materials/gis_manual.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Training+Manual+on+Spatial+Analysis+of+Plant+Diversity+and+Distribution&rft.pub=Bioversity+International&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Scheldeman%2C+X.&rft.au=van+Zonneveld%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioversityinternational.org%2Ftraining%2Ftraining_materials%2Fgis_manual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn-situ+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In-situ_conservation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/convention/articles/default.shtml?a=cbd-08">In-Situ Conservation, The Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/convention/articles/default.shtml?a=cbd-09">Ex-Situ Conservation, The Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iucn-ctsg.org/">IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627000000/http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829232148/http://www.biodiv.org/default.shtml">The Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225164307/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Themes/Conservation_and_Use/index.asp#In_situ_conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Bios-Cons-Gen-040.pdf">Guidelines: In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservation_of_species" title="Template:Conservation of species"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservation_of_species" title="Template talk:Conservation of species"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation_of_species" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation of species"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservation_of_species526" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation of species</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Index of conservation articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation<br />biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity#Conservation" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservation" title="Compassionate conservation">Compassionate conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_behavior" title="Conservation behavior">Conservation behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation-dependent species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_genetics" title="Conservation genetics">Conservation genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-induced_extinction" title="Conservation-induced extinction">Conservation-induced extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-situ conservation">Ex-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">Extinction threshold</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisms_and_conservation" title="Mutualisms and conservation">Mutualisms and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuisance_wildlife_management" title="Nuisance wildlife management">Nuisance wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">Pest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermin" title="Vermin">Vermin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology_of_parasites" title="Conservation biology of parasites">Conservation biology of parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_translocation" title="Species translocation">Species translocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_welfare" title="Conservation welfare">Conservation welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_and_susceptibility_in_conservation_biology" title="Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology">Vulnerability and susceptibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_agriculture" title="Conservation agriculture">Conservation agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_finance" title="Conservation finance">Conservation finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_management_system" title="Conservation management system">Conservation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_psychology" title="Conservation psychology">Conservation psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_conservation" title="Community-based conservation">Community-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Ecoregion conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_conservation" title="Evidence-based conservation">Evidence-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">Forest protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_conservation" title="Tropical rainforest conservation">Tropical rainforest conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Conservation_and_Development_Project" title="Integrated Conservation and Development Project">Integrated Conservation and Development Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures" title="Other effective area-based conservation measures">Other effective area-based conservation measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_buffer" title="Riparian buffer">Riparian buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadless_area_conservation" title="Roadless area conservation">Roadless area conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_conservation" title="Roadside conservation">Roadside conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-based_conservation" title="Site-based conservation">Site-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Wetland conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">Protected<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_designation" title="Conservation designation">Conservation designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation district">Conservation district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_easement" title="Conservation easement">Conservation easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserve" title="Conservation reserve">Conservation reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_analysis_(conservation)" title="Gap analysis (conservation)">Gap analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_conservation_value_area" class="mw-redirect" title="High conservation value area">High conservation value area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape-scale_conservation" title="Landscape-scale conservation">Landscape-scale conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxan" title="Marxan">Marxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">Open space reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">Wildlife corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30 target</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_refugee" title="Conservation refugee">Conservation refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict" title="Human–wildlife conflict">Human–wildlife conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_natural_regeneration" title="Assisted natural regeneration">Assisted natural regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem restoration">Ecosystem restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">Island restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding" title="Rewilding">Rewilding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_rewilding" title="Sea rewilding">marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By taxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_hotel" title="Insect hotel">Arthropod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper_conservation" title="Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation">Hawaiian honeycreeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_conservation" title="Raptor conservation">Raptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_and_conservation_of_the_golden_eagle" title="Status and conservation of the golden eagle">Golden eagle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_fungi" title="Conservation of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li>Land mammal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_American_bison" title="Conservation of American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx_reintroduction" title="Arabian oryx reintroduction">Arabian oryx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_conservation" title="Bear conservation">Bear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear_conservation" title="Polar bear conservation">Polar bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_reintroduction_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetah reintroduction in India">Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of elephants">Elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Indian elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_slow_lorises" title="Conservation of slow lorises">Slow loris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_conservation" title="Tiger conservation">Tiger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Bengal Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_reintroduction" title="Wolf reintroduction">Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dolphin_(India)" title="Project Dolphin (India)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Gray nurse shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manatee_conservation" title="Manatee conservation">Manatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_painted_turtles" title="Conservation of painted turtles">Painted turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter_conservation" title="Sea otter conservation">Sea otter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plant <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cryopreservation" title="Plant cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Angola" title="Conservation in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Australia" title="Conservation in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Belize" title="Conservation in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Brazil" title="Conservation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Conservation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Iceland" title="Conservation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_India" title="Conservation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Conservation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Italy" title="Conservation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_Wildlife_Conservancies_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_New_Zealand" title="Conservation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Pakistan" title="Conservation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Conservation in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Conservation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Forest conservation in the United States">forests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">Soil conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservation_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservation issues">List of conservation issues</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries493" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoos" title="Template:Zoos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoos" title="Template talk:Zoos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries493" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquariums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviaries">aviaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">Animal sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_pit" title="Bear pit">Bear pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">Herpetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectarium" title="Insectarium">Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_safari" title="Night safari">Night safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguinarium" title="Penguinarium">Penguinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_centre" title="Reptile centre">Reptile centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">Aquariums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest aquaria">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_sanctuaries" title="List of animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterfly_houses" title="List of butterfly houses">Butterfly houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dolphinariums" title="List of dolphinariums">Dolphinariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of former zoos and aquariums">Former zoos and aquariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers" title="List of nature centers">Nature centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">Zoo associations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WAZA_member_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums">WAZA members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal 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