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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Passive enrichment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Passive_enrichment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Passive enrichment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Passive_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Visual enrichment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auditory_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auditory_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Auditory enrichment</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Structural enrichment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olfactory_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfactory_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Olfactory enrichment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfactory_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cognitive enrichment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Social enrichment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human-interaction_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human-interaction_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Human-interaction enrichment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human-interaction_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessing_the_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessing_the_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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</a> <ul id="toc-Habituation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_and_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_and_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Time and resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_and_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_enrichment" title="Environmentální enrichment – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Environmentální enrichment" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrichment_(Biologie)" title="Enrichment (Biologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enrichment (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriquecimiento_ambiental" title="Enriquecimiento ambiental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enriquecimiento ambiental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="غنی‌سازی رفتاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غنی‌سازی رفتاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Techniques for stimulating captive animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Environmental_enrichment" title="Environmental enrichment">Environmental enrichment</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_elephant_enrichment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asian_elephant_enrichment.jpg/250px-Asian_elephant_enrichment.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asian_elephant_enrichment.jpg/375px-Asian_elephant_enrichment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asian_elephant_enrichment.jpg/500px-Asian_elephant_enrichment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> in a zoo manipulating a suspended ball provided as environmental enrichment</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Behavioral enrichment</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive <a href="/wiki/Animal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal care">animal care</a> by identifying and providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">well-being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enrichment can either be active or passive, depending on whether it requires direct contact between the animal and the enrichment. A variety of enrichment techniques are used to create desired outcomes similar to an animal's individual and species' history. Each of the techniques used is intended to stimulate the animal's senses similarly to how they would be activated in the wild. Provided enrichment may be seen in the form of auditory, olfactory, habitat factors, food, research projects, training, and objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental enrichment can improve the overall <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">welfare</a> of animals in captivity and create a habitat similar to what they would experience in their wild environment. It aims to maintain an animal's physical and psychological health by increasing the range or number of <a href="/wiki/Species-specific_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Species-specific behavior">species-specific behaviors</a>, increasing positive interaction with the captive environment, preventing or reducing the frequency of <a href="/wiki/List_of_abnormal_behaviours_in_animals" title="List of abnormal behaviours in animals">abnormal behaviors</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">stereotypies</a>, and increasing the individual's ability to cope with the challenges of captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stereotypies are seen in captive animals due to stress and boredom. This includes pacing, self-harm, over-grooming, head-weaving, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental enrichment can be offered to any animal in captivity, including: </p> <ul><li>Animals in zoos and related facilities<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Animals in <a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">sanctuaries</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Animals in <a href="/wiki/Animal_shelter" title="Animal shelter">shelters</a> and adoption centers<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman_A_2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman_A_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Animals used for <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">research</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Animals used for <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">companionship</a>, e.g. dogs,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cats, rabbits, etc.</li></ul> <p>Environmental enrichment can be beneficial to a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates such as land <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, specific regulations (<a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966" title="Animal Welfare Act of 1966">Animal Welfare Act of 1966</a>) must be followed for enrichment plans in order to guarantee, regulate, and provide appropriate living environments and stimulation for animals in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a> (also known as the AZA), requires that <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> and welfare be a main concern for those caring for animals in captivity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passive_enrichment">Passive enrichment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Passive enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passive enrichment provides sensory stimulation but no direct contact or control. This type of enrichment is commonly used for its potential to benefit several animals simultaneously as well as requiring limited direct animal contact.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_enrichment">Visual enrichment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Visual enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Visual enrichment is typically provided by changing the layout of an animal's holding area. The type of visual enrichment can vary, from something as simple as adding pictures on walls to videotapes and television. Visual enrichment such as television can especially benefit animals housed in single cages.<sup id="cite_ref-Lutz_2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutz_2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirrors are also a potential form of enrichment, specifically for animals that display an understanding of self-recognition, such as non-human primates. In addition to using mirrors to reflect the animal's own image, mirrors can also be angled so the animal is able to see normally out-of-sight areas of the holding area.<sup id="cite_ref-Lutz_2005_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutz_2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enclosures in modern zoos are often designed to facilitate environmental enrichment. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Denver_Zoo" title="Denver Zoo">Denver Zoo</a>'s exhibit Predator Ridge allows different African <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivores</a> to be rotated among several enclosures, providing the animals with a differently sized environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auditory_enrichment">Auditory enrichment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Auditory enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wild, animals are exposed to a variety of sounds that they normally do not encounter in captivity. Auditory enrichment can be used to mimic the animal's natural habitat. Types of nature-based auditory enrichment include rain forest sounds and con-specific vocalizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Lutz_2005_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutz_2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common form of auditory enrichment is music, whose principal stems primarily from its benefit to humans. The benefits of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> have been widely studied in animals, from sows<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to non-human primates.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have also looked at various other genres, such as pop and rock, but their ability to provide effective enrichment remains inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most types of music that are selected for enrichment are based on human preferences, causing anthropomorphic biases that may not translate to other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, music that is specifically attuned to the animal's auditory senses could be beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species-specific sounds require further research to find what pitch, frequency, and range is most suitable for the animal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Active_enrichment">Active enrichment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Active enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behavioral_enrichment_-_Feeding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Behavioral enrichment – Feeding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Behavioral_enrichment_-_Feeding.JPG/220px-Behavioral_enrichment_-_Feeding.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Behavioral_enrichment_-_Feeding.JPG/330px-Behavioral_enrichment_-_Feeding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Behavioral_enrichment_-_Feeding.JPG/440px-Behavioral_enrichment_-_Feeding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Active enrichment during feeding session</figcaption></figure><p>Active enrichment often requires the animal to perform some sort of physical activity as well as direct interaction with the enrichment object. Active enrichment items can temporarily reduce stereotypic behaviors as their beneficial effects are usually limited to the short periods of active use.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behavioral_enrichment_-_Sensory.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Behavioral enrichment – Sensory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Behavioral_enrichment_-_Sensory.JPG/220px-Behavioral_enrichment_-_Sensory.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Behavioral_enrichment_-_Sensory.JPG/330px-Behavioral_enrichment_-_Sensory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Behavioral_enrichment_-_Sensory.JPG/440px-Behavioral_enrichment_-_Sensory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Inanimate tactile enrichment with <a href="/wiki/Burlap_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlap bag">burlap bag</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food-based_enrichment">Food-based enrichment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Food-based enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Food-based enrichment is meant to mimic what a captive animal would do in the wild for food. This is extremely important because in the wild, animals are adapted to work hard for what they eat. A lot of time and energy is spent finding food, which is why this tactic is used to make it more challenging for the animal rather than just feeding it simple food.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feeding enrichment techniques causes the animal to indulge in natural, active behaviors that allow for more stimulation and prevents boredom.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of enrichment forms active behaviors that can also help with not only a captive animal's mental health, but the animal's physical health.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, food can be hidden and spread across an enclosure making the animal actively search for it. Other common manipulable tactile objects include rubber toys stuffed with treats. Instead of providing the food directly, foraging devices are useful in increasing the amount of searching and foraging of food, comparable to the amount of time they would spend in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Lutz_2005_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutz_2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most food-based enrichment occurs in the context of searching for food, such as cracking open a nut or digging holes in tree trunks for worms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_enrichment">Structural enrichment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structural enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hose2Habitat_Oakland_Zoo_(48431016721).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hose2Habitat_Oakland_Zoo_%2848431016721%29.jpg/220px-Hose2Habitat_Oakland_Zoo_%2848431016721%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hose2Habitat_Oakland_Zoo_%2848431016721%29.jpg/330px-Hose2Habitat_Oakland_Zoo_%2848431016721%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hose2Habitat_Oakland_Zoo_%2848431016721%29.jpg/440px-Hose2Habitat_Oakland_Zoo_%2848431016721%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A structure built for <a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboons</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Zoo" title="Oakland Zoo">Oakland Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Structural Enrichment is when objects are added to an enclosure to mimic an animal's natural habitat. These objects can be switched out occasionally or kept permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The environment of captive animals should be switched frequently since their environment in the wild would bring on new objects and exploration. Research into what constitutes the most beneficial and appropriate forms of enrichment must be used when considering the provision of enrichment options, especially for species where natural-like settings may be difficult to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal should never become too familiar with their environment because that can cause boredom, no stimulation or stereotypical behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this could be swings or climbing structures.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stones have also been shown to encourage exploratory behavior in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_macaque" title="Japanese macaque">Japanese macaques</a>. Interaction with the stones exhibited behaviors such as gathering, rolling in hands, rubbing, and carrying.<sup id="cite_ref-Lutz_2005_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutz_2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other common forms include cardboard, forage, and even the texture of the food (i.e. hard, smooth, cold, warm).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olfactory_enrichment">Olfactory enrichment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Olfactory enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Olfactory enrichment can stimulate naturalistic behavior, enhance exploration, and reduce inactive behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olfactory enrichment can be utilized by itself, paired with novel toys, or paired with food-based enrichment. This type of enrichment is most commonly used with species that commonly utilize their olfactory senses in the wild. Although highly beneficial, it is important for researchers to analyze the long-term effects of certain odors on captive animals. Odors can be scattered on a novel toy such as a ball or semi-randomly throughout an enclosure. Various forms of odors can include catnip, odor of conspecific, perfume, feces of a prey species, or spices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_enrichment">Cognitive enrichment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cognitive enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cognitive enrichment is defined as, improving animal welfare by providing opportunities for captive animals to use cognitive skills for problem solving and providing limited control over some aspects of its environment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wild, animals deal with <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> challenges in order to acquire the resources, such as food and shelter, that they require to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These challenges arise from interactions with other <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, or through changes to their environment that require the individuals to exercise their <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> ability and to improve their behavioral strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, these challenges act as an important problem-solving element in the animals' day-to-day lives, and in-turn, increases their overall <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal anticipates positive benefits from a challenging situation<sup id="cite_ref-:10_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can directly affect its emotional processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognitive enrichment should be provided in addition to a diverse environment that is already structurally and socially enriched; it goes beyond the basic needs of the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_enrichment">Social enrichment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social enrichment can either involve housing a group of conspecifics or animals of different species that would naturally encounter each other in the wild. Social animals in particular (i.e. most primates, lions, flamingos, etc.), benefit from social enrichment because it has the positive effect of creating confidence in the group.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social enrichment can encourage social behaviors that are seen in the wild, including feeding, foraging, defense, territoriality, reproduction, and courtship.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human-interaction_enrichment">Human-interaction enrichment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human-interaction enrichment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common form of human-interaction enrichment is training. The human and animal interaction during training builds trust, and increases the animal's cooperation during clinical and research procedures. In addition, training sessions have been shown to benefit the welfare of both individually housed animals and communally housed animals by providing cognitive stimulation, increasing social play, decreasing inactivity, and mitigating social aggression during feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessing_the_success">Assessing the success</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assessing the success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A range of methods can be used to assess which environmental enrichment should be provided. These are based on the premises that captive animals should perform behaviors in a similar way to those in the <a href="/wiki/Ethogram" title="Ethogram">ethogram</a> of their ancestral species,<sup id="cite_ref-Dawkins,_(1989)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawkins,_(1989)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> animals should be allowed to perform the activities or interactions they prefer, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Preference_test" title="Preference test">preference test studies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin_and_Glenn,_(2003)_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin_and_Glenn,_(2003)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and animals should be allowed to perform those activities for which they are highly motivated, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Consumer_demand_tests_(animals)" title="Consumer demand tests (animals)">motivation studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin,_(2004)_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin,_(2004)-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental enrichment is a way to ensure that an animals natural and instinctual behaviors are kept and able to be passed and taught from one generation to the next. Enrichment techniques that encourage species specific behaviors, like those that are discovered in the wild, have been studied and found to help the process of reintroduction of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> into their natural habitats, as well as helping to create offspring with natural traits and behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main way the success of environmental enrichment can be measured is by recognizing the behavioral changes that occur from the techniques used to shape desired behaviors of the animal compared to the behaviors of those found in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-:4x_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4x-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ways that the success of environmental enrichment can be assessed quantitatively by a range of <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">behavioral and physiological indicators of animal welfare</a>. In addition to those listed above, behavioral indicators include the occurrence of <a href="/wiki/List_of_abnormal_behaviours_in_animals" title="List of abnormal behaviours in animals">abnormal behaviours</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">stereotypies</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Mason,_(1991)_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason,_(1991)-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Claes_et_al.,_(2010)_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claes_et_al.,_(2010)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a> studies,<sup id="cite_ref-Mendl_et_al.,_(2009)_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendl_et_al.,_(2009)-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the effects of <a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">frustration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_and_Wood-Gush,_(1971)_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_and_Wood-Gush,_(1971)-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_et_al.,_(2003)_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman_et_al.,_(2003)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physiological indicators include <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kemppinen_et_al.,_(2009)_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemppinen_et_al.,_(2009)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroids">corticosteroids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Laws_et_al.,_(2007)_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laws_et_al.,_(2007)-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune function</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_et_al.,_(2011)_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_et_al.,_(2011)-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neurobiology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_et_al.,_(2006)_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_et_al.,_(2006)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eggshell" title="Eggshell">eggshell</a> quality<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_et_al.,_(1986)_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_et_al.,_(1986)-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">thermography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox_et_al.,_(2009)_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox_et_al.,_(2009)-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is very difficult for zookeepers to measure the effectiveness of enrichment in terms of the stress due to the fact that animals that are found in zoos are oftentimes on display and presented with very abnormal conditions that can cause uneasiness and stress. Measuring enrichment in terms of <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> is easier because of our ability to record offspring numbers and fertility. By making necessary environment changes and providing mental stimulation, animals in captivity have been seen to reproduce at a more similar rate to their wild ancestors in comparison to those provided with less behavioral and environmental enrichment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4x_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4x-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_and_concerns">Issues and concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Issues and concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habituation">Habituation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Habituation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although environmental enrichment can provide sensory and social stimulations, it can also have limited efficacy if not changed frequently. Animals can become habituated to environmental enrichments, showing positive behaviors at onset of exposure and progressively declining with time. Environmental enrichments are effective primarily because it offers novelty stimuli, making the animal's daily routines less predictable, as would be in the wild. Therefore, maintaining novelty is important for the efficacy of the enrichment. Frequently changing the type of environmental enrichment will help prevent habituation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman_A_2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman_A_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usage of more highly advanced enrichment devices, such as computerized devices, requires training. This can lead to issues as training often consists of food as a reward. While food encourages the animal to participate with the device, the animal could associate the device with food. As a result, the interaction with the enrichment would bring about behaviors that are associated with training instead of the desired playful and voluntary behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_and_resources">Time and resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Time and resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of producing and providing environmental enrichment usually require a large allocation of time and resources. In a survey,<sup id="cite_ref-hoy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "time taken by animal care staff to complete other tasks" was the most significant factor influencing environmental enrichment provisions and scheduling. Therefore, it is important to develop appropriate environmental enrichment programs that can be effectively carried out with the size of staff and time available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shepherdson, D.J. 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class="citation journal cs1">Hoy JM, Murray PJ, Tribe A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24420182">"Thirty years later: enrichment practices for captive mammals"</a>. <i>Zoo Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzoo.20254">10.1002/zoo.20254</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19434736">19434736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoo+Biology&rft.atitle=Thirty+years+later%3A+enrichment+practices+for+captive+mammals&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzoo.20254&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19434736&rft.aulast=Hoy&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Murray%2C+PJ&rft.au=Tribe%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F24420182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehavioral+enrichment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_enrichment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Switzerland (forschung3R.ch)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/environmental-enrichment">Environmental Enrichment</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/environmental-enrichment">Animal Welfare Information Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theshapeofenrichmentinc.wildapricot.org/">The Shape of Enrichment</a> selected articles on enrichment for zoo animals.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815101247/http://www.aspcabehavior.org/articles/23/Enriching-Your-Cats-Life.aspx">Environmental Enrichment for Pet Cats (ASPCA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118100820/http://www.aspcabehavior.org/articles/65/Enriching-Your-Dogs-Life.aspx">Environmental Enrichment for Pet Dogs(ASPCA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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id="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries493" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquariums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviaries">aviaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">Animal sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_pit" title="Bear pit">Bear pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">Herpetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectarium" title="Insectarium">Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_safari" title="Night safari">Night safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguinarium" title="Penguinarium">Penguinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_centre" title="Reptile centre">Reptile centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">Aquariums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest aquaria">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_sanctuaries" title="List of animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterfly_houses" title="List of butterfly houses">Butterfly houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dolphinariums" title="List of dolphinariums">Dolphinariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of former zoos and aquariums">Former zoos and aquariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers" title="List of nature centers">Nature centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">Zoo associations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WAZA_member_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums">WAZA members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Animals in captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Behavioral enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_exhibit" title="Immersion exhibit">Immersion exhibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_house" title="Nocturnal house">Nocturnal house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zookeeper" title="Zookeeper">Zookeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_team_(zoo)" title="Emergency response team (zoo)">Zoo emergency response team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_key" title="Zoo key">Zoo key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_society" title="Zoological society">Zoological society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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