CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Extinction - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"244889c8-95bf-4122-a92b-f5e328ce415f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Extinction","wgTitle":"Extinction","wgCurRevisionId":1258808382,"wgRevisionId":1258808382,"wgArticleId":49417,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from February 2022","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Extinction","Biota by conservation status", "Environmental conservation","Evolutionary biology","IUCN Red List"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Extinction","wgRelevantArticleId":49417,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader": true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q123509","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="799"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg/800px-Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg/640px-Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Extinction - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Extinction rootpage-Extinction skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Extinction" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Extinction" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Extinction" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Extinction" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pseudoextinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoextinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pseudoextinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoextinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lazarus_taxa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lazarus_taxa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lazarus taxa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lazarus_taxa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetics_and_demographic_phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics_and_demographic_phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Genetics and demographic phenomena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics_and_demographic_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Genetic pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Habitat degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predation,_competition,_and_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predation,_competition,_and_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Predation, competition, and disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predation,_competition,_and_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coextinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coextinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Coextinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coextinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_selection_and_male_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_selection_and_male_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Sexual selection and male investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_selection_and_male_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_extinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_extinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mass extinctions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mass_extinctions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mass extinctions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mass_extinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_extinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_extinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Modern extinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_extinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_scientific_understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_scientific_understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History of scientific understanding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_scientific_understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_attitudes_and_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_attitudes_and_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human attitudes and interests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_attitudes_and_interests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human attitudes and interests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_attitudes_and_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planned_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Planned extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Completed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Completed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Completed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Completed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Proposed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disease_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2.1</span> <span>Disease agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_vectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_vectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2.2</span> <span>Disease vectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_vectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cloning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Extinction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitsterwing" title="Uitsterwing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uitsterwing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="انقراض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انقراض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3n" title="Extinción – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Extinción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estinci%C3%B3n" title="Estinción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estinción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99sil_k%C9%99silm%C9%99si" title="Nəsil kəsilməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəsil kəsilməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نسیل کسیلمه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نسیل کسیلمه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বিলুপ্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিলুপ্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%CC%8Dt-choa%CC%8Dt" title="Bia̍t-choa̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bia̍t-choa̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D2%A1%D2%A1%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Юҡҡа сығыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Юҡҡа сығыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Выміранне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Выміранне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Измиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Измиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumiranje" title="Izumiranje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izumiranje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3" title="Extinció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extinció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkapuo" title="Pagkapuo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pagkapuo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vym%C3%ADr%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Vymírání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vymírání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difodiant" title="Difodiant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Difodiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udryddelse" title="Udryddelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udryddelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aussterben" title="Aussterben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aussterben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ljasuremine" title="Väljasuremine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väljasuremine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Εξαφάνιση (βιολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξαφάνιση (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3n" title="Extinción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Extinción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formorto" title="Formorto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Formorto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3n" title="Extinción – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Extinción" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espezieen_iraungipen" title="Espezieen iraungipen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espezieen iraungipen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="انقراض – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقراض" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Extinction des espèces – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extinction des espèces" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utstjerren_(biology)" title="Utstjerren (biology) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Utstjerren (biology)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADobhadh_(speiceas)" title="Díobhadh (speiceas) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Díobhadh (speiceas)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3n" title="Extinción – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Extinción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ейна дӀаялар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ейна дӀаялар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="વિલુપ્ત જાતિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિલુપ્ત જાતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhie%CC%8Dt-ch%C3%BAng" title="Chhie̍t-chúng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhie̍t-chúng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%A9%B8" title="절멸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="절멸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="विलुप्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलुप्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumiranje" title="Izumiranje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izumiranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mgbukp%E1%BB%8D" title="Mgbukpọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mgbukpọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakaungaw" title="Pannakaungaw – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pannakaungaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepunahan" title="Kepunahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepunahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atdau%C3%B0i" title="Útdauði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Útdauði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estinzione" title="Estinzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estinzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95" title="מינים שנכחדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינים שנכחדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies_cures" title="Spesies cures – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Spesies cures" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ამოწყდომა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამოწყდომა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Қырылу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырылу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difeudhans" title="Difeudhans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Difeudhans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstenksyon" title="Ekstenksyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekstenksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstenksyon_di_s%C3%A9_l%C3%A8sp%C3%A8s" title="Ekstenksyon di sé lèspès – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ekstenksyon di sé lèspès" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemab%C3%BBy%C3%AE" title="Nemabûyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nemabûyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exstinctio" title="Exstinctio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Exstinctio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmir%C5%A1ana" title="Izmiršana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izmiršana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1nykimas" title="Išnykimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išnykimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihal%C3%A1s" title="Kihalás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kihalás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fongana" title="Fongana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fongana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="വംശനാശം സംഭവിച്ച ജീവികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശനാശം സംഭവിച്ച ജീവികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="नामशेष प्रजाती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नामशेष प्रजाती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="انقراض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انقراض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepupusan" title="Kepupusan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepupusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မျိုးသုဉ်းခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးသုဉ်းခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitsterven" title="Uitsterven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uitsterven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B6%E6%BB%85" title="絶滅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="絶滅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utryddelse" title="Utryddelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utryddelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utd%C3%B8ydde_artar" title="Utdøydde artar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utdøydde artar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extincion_de_las_esp%C3%A8cias" title="Extincion de las espècias – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Extincion de las espècias" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA" title="ਲੋਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6/_%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" title="انقراض/ له منځه تلل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انقراض/ له منځه تلل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymieranie" title="Wymieranie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wymieranie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Extinção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Extinção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bie" title="Extincție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Extincție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aq_wa%C3%B1uy" title="Rikch'aq wañuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aq wañuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Вымирание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вымирание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Extinction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llojet_e_zhdukura" title="Llojet e zhdukura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Llojet e zhdukura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8" title="වඳ වී යාම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වඳ වී යාම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extinction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyhynutie_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Vyhynutie (biológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vyhynutie (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumrtje" title="Izumrtje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izumrtje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabar_Go%27" title="Dabar Go' – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dabar Go'" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قڕان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قڕان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Изумирање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изумирање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumiranje" title="Izumiranje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izumiranje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukupuutto" title="Sukupuutto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukupuutto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utd%C3%B6d" title="Utdöd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utdöd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkalipol" title="Pagkalipol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkalipol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அற்றுவிட்ட இனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அற்றுவிட்ட இனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angar" title="Angar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Angar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Юкка чыгу – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Юкка чыгу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="కనుమరుగైన జాతులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కనుమరుగైన జాతులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C" title="การสูญพันธุ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสูญพันธุ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D2%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Инқироз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инқироз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_t%C3%BCkenmesi" title="Soy tükenmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soy tükenmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вимирання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вимирання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="معدومیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معدومیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1%BB%A7ng" title="Tuyệt chủng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuyệt chủng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naubos_pagkamatay" title="Naubos pagkamatay – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Naubos pagkamatay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="灭绝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="灭绝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" title="絕種 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="絕種" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E7%81%AD" title="绝灭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="绝灭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123509#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Extinction" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Extinction"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Extinction"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Extinction" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Extinction" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&oldid=1258808382" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Extinction&id=1258808382&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExtinction"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExtinction"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Extinction&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinction" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Extinction" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123509" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Termination of a taxon by the death of its last member</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Extinct" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Extinct_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Extinct (disambiguation)">Extinct (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extinction_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Extinction (disambiguation)">Extinction (disambiguation)</a>. For lists, see <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_extinct_species" title="Lists of extinct species">Lists of extinct species</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thylacinus_cynocephalus_(Gould).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg/260px-Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg/390px-Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg/520px-Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a> (<i>Thylacinus cynocephalus</i>) is an example of an extinct species.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a> <div style="font-size:75%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List#Categories" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List category</a></div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: white">Extinct</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extinct (EX)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_extinct_species" title="IUCN Red List of extinct species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the Wild (EW)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_extinct_in_the_wild_species" title="IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species">list</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species"><span style="color: white">Threatened</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered (CR)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_critically_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List critically endangered species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)" title="Endangered species (IUCN status)">Endangered (EN)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable (VU)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List vulnerable species">list</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Lower_risk" title="Lower risk"><span style="color: white">Lower Risk</span></a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">Near Threatened (NT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_near_threatened_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List near threatened species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation Dependent (CD)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_conservation_dependent_species" title="IUCN Red List conservation dependent species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern (LC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> Other categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">Data Deficient (DD)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_data_deficient_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List data deficient species">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_evaluated" title="Not evaluated">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#006600;color:white;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for<br />Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population" title="Lists of organisms by population">Lists of organisms by population</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: 202122;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Status_iucn3.1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="IUCN Red List category abbreviations (version 3.1, 2001)"><img alt="IUCN Red List category abbreviations (version 3.1, 2001)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></a></span><br />Comparison of <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List#Categories" title="IUCN Red List">Red List classes</a> above<br />and <a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe status</a> below<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Status_TNC.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NatureServe category abbreviations"><img alt="NatureServe category abbreviations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Status_TNC.svg/220px-Status_TNC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Status_TNC.svg/330px-Status_TNC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Status_TNC.svg/440px-Status_TNC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservation_status" title="Template:Conservation status"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservation_status" title="Template talk:Conservation status"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation_status" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation status"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90ee90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90ee90;padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/180px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/270px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/360px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History of evolutionary theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Before Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Before synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_research_in_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current research in evolutionary biology">Current research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_evolution" title="Applications of evolution">Applications of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Speciation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">Island biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Social implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">Objections to evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature-nurture controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/16px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/24px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Extinction</b> is the termination of a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Endling" title="Endling">last member</a>. A taxon may become <a href="/wiki/Functional_extinction" title="Functional extinction">functionally extinct</a> before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduce</a> and recover. Because a species' potential <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">range</a> may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_taxon" title="Lazarus taxon">Lazarus taxa</a>, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" (typically in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil record</a>) after a period of apparent absence. </p><p>More than 99% of all <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> that ever <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">lived</a> on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, amounting to over five billion species,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are estimated to have <a href="/wiki/Died" class="mw-redirect" title="Died">died</a> out.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that there are currently around 8.7 million species of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> globally,<sup id="cite_ref-PLoSbiologyspeciescensus_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoSbiologyspeciescensus-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly many times more if <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, are included.<sup id="cite_ref-NSF-2016002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-2016002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable extinct animal species include <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">non-avian dinosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machairodontinae" title="Machairodontinae">saber-toothed cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloth" title="Ground sloth">ground sloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad">golden toads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeons</a>. </p><p>Through <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, species arise through the process of <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a>—where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a>—and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competition</a>. The relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance,<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some species, called <a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">living fossils</a>, survive with little to no <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> change for hundreds of millions of years. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Mass extinctions</a> are relatively rare events; however, isolated extinctions of species and clades are quite common, and are a natural part of the evolutionary process.<sup id="cite_ref-Sudakow2022_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sudakow2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction#Contemporary_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">current high rate of extinctions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented. Some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 report indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic diversity</a> of 300 mammalian species erased during the human era since the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> would require 5 to 7 million years to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-davis2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a>, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction—all largely as a result of human actions. Twenty-five percent of plant and animal species are <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> with extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190506_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190506-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPBES-20190506_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPBES-20190506-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a subsequent report, IPBES listed unsustainable fishing, hunting and logging as being some of the primary drivers of the global extinction crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019, one million species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction. At least 571 plant species have been lost since 1750, but likely many more. The main cause of the extinctions is the destruction of natural habitats by human activities, such as cutting down forests and converting land into fields for farming.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger symbol</a> (†) placed next to the name of a species or other taxon normally indicates its status as extinct. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of species and subspecies that are extinct include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_cow" title="Steller's sea cow">Steller's sea cow</a> (the last known member died circa 1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">Dodo</a> (the last confirmed sighting was in 1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paddlefish" title="Chinese paddlefish">Chinese paddlefish</a> (last seen in 2003; declared extinct in 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_auk" title="Great auk">Great auk</a> (last confirmed pair was killed in the 1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">Thylacine</a> (the last thylacine killed in the wild was shot in 1930; the last captive tiger lived in <a href="/wiki/Hobart_Zoo" title="Hobart Zoo">Hobart Zoo</a> until 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaua%CA%BBi_%CA%BB%C5%8D%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Kauaʻi ʻōʻō">Kauai O'o</a> (last known member was heard in 1987; the entire <a href="/wiki/Mohoidae" title="Mohoidae">Mohoidae</a> family became extinct with it)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_cormorant" title="Spectacled cormorant">Spectacled cormorant</a> (last known members were said to live in the 1850s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_parakeet" title="Carolina parakeet">Carolina parakeet</a> (last known member named <a href="/wiki/Incas_(Carolina_parakeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas (Carolina parakeet)">Incas</a> died in captivity in 1918; declared extinct in 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">Passenger pigeon</a> (last known member named <a href="/wiki/Martha_(passenger_pigeon)" title="Martha (passenger pigeon)">Martha</a> died in captivity in 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_emu" title="Tasmanian emu">Tasmanian emu</a> (the last claimed sighting of the emu was in 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sea_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Sea Lion">Japanese Sea Lion</a> (the last confirmed record was a juvenile specimen captured in 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schomburgk%27s_deer" title="Schomburgk's deer">Schomburgk's deer</a> (became <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a> in 1932; the last captive deer was killed in 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quagga" title="Quagga">Quagga</a> (hunted to extinction in the late 19th century; the last captive quagga died in <a href="/wiki/Natura_Artis_Magistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura Artis Magistra">Natura Artis Magistra</a> in 1883)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LepidodendronOhio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LepidodendronOhio.jpg/220px-LepidodendronOhio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LepidodendronOhio.jpg/330px-LepidodendronOhio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LepidodendronOhio.jpg/440px-LepidodendronOhio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>External mold of the extinct <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Carboniferous">Upper Carboniferous</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A species is extinct when the last existing member dies. Extinction therefore becomes a certainty when there are no surviving individuals that can reproduce and create a new generation. A species may become <a href="/wiki/Functional_extinction" title="Functional extinction">functionally extinct</a> when only a handful of individuals survive, which cannot reproduce due to poor health, age, sparse distribution over a large range, a lack of individuals of both sexes (in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually reproducing</a> species), or other reasons. </p><p>Pinpointing the extinction (or <a href="/wiki/Pseudoextinction" title="Pseudoextinction">pseudoextinction</a>) of a species requires a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of species">clear definition of that species</a>. If it is to be declared extinct, the species in question must be uniquely distinguishable from any ancestor or daughter species, and from any other closely related species. Extinction of a species (or replacement by a daughter species) plays a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">punctuated equilibrium</a> hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Niles Eldredge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_dinosaurs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Various_dinosaurs.png/220px-Various_dinosaurs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Various_dinosaurs.png/330px-Various_dinosaurs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Various_dinosaurs.png/440px-Various_dinosaurs.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of various extinct <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>; some other dinosaur lineages still flourish in the form of <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <i>extinction</i> is sometimes used informally to refer to <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">local extinction</a>, in which a species ceases to exist in the chosen area of study, despite still existing elsewhere. Local extinctions may be made good by the reintroduction of individuals of that species taken from other locations; <a href="/wiki/Wolf_reintroduction" title="Wolf reintroduction">wolf reintroduction</a> is an example of this. Species that are not globally extinct are termed <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a>. Those species that are extant, yet are threatened with extinction, are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg/220px-Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg/330px-Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg/440px-Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, shown here in a 1626 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Roelant_Savery" title="Roelant Savery">Roelant Savery</a>, is an often-cited example of <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">modern extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Currently, an important aspect of extinction is human attempts to preserve critically endangered species. These are reflected by the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">conservation status</a> <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">"extinct in the wild" (EW)</a>. Species listed under this status by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) are not known to have any living specimens in the wild and are maintained only in <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoos</a> or other artificial environments. Some of these species are functionally extinct, as they are no longer part of their natural habitat and it is unlikely the species will ever be restored to the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When possible, modern <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoological</a> institutions try to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Viable_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Viable population">viable population</a> for species preservation and possible future <a href="/wiki/Reintroduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reintroduction">reintroduction</a> to the wild, through use of carefully planned <a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">breeding programs</a>. </p><p>The extinction of one species' wild population can have knock-on effects, causing further extinctions. These are also called "chains of extinction".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially common with extinction of <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a>. </p><p>A 2018 study indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth mass extinction">sixth mass extinction</a> started in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> could take up to 5 to 7 million years to restore mammal diversity to what it was before the human era.<sup id="cite_ref-davis2018_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudoextinction">Pseudoextinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pseudoextinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pseudoextinction" title="Pseudoextinction">Pseudoextinction</a></div> <p>Extinction of a parent species where daughter species or subspecies are still extant is called pseudoextinction or phyletic extinction. Effectively, the old taxon vanishes, transformed (<a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">anagenesis</a>) into a successor,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or split into more than one (<a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">cladogenesis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pseudoextinction is difficult to demonstrate unless one has a strong chain of evidence linking a living species to members of a pre-existing species. For example, it is sometimes claimed that the extinct <i><a href="/wiki/Hyracotherium" title="Hyracotherium">Hyracotherium</a></i>, which was an early horse that shares a common ancestor with the modern <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>, is pseudoextinct, rather than extinct, because there are several extant species of <i><a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a></i>, including <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>; however, as fossil species typically leave no genetic material behind, one cannot say whether <i>Hyracotherium</i> <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">evolved into more modern horse species</a> or merely evolved from a common ancestor with modern horses. Pseudoextinction is much easier to demonstrate for larger taxonomic groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lazarus_taxa">Lazarus taxa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lazarus taxa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_taxon" title="Lazarus taxon">Lazarus taxon</a></div> <p>A Lazarus taxon or Lazarus species refers to instances where a species or taxon was thought to be extinct, but was later rediscovered. It can also refer to instances where large gaps in the fossil record of a taxon result in fossils reappearing much later, although the taxon may have ultimately become extinct at a later point. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanth</a>, a fish related to <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, is an example of a Lazarus taxon that was known only from the fossil record and was considered to have been extinct since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous Period">Cretaceous Period</a>. In 1938, however, a living specimen was found off the <a href="/wiki/Chalumna_River" title="Chalumna River">Chalumna River</a> (now Tyolomnqa) on the east coast of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-dinofish_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinofish-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Calliostoma_bullatum" title="Calliostoma bullatum">Calliostoma bullatum</a></i>, a species of deepwater <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snail</a> originally described from fossils in 1844 proved to be a Lazarus species when extant individuals were described in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zaglossus_attenboroughi" title="Zaglossus attenboroughi">Attenborough's long-beaked echidna</a> (<i>Zaglossus attenboroughi</i>) is an example of a Lazarus species from <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> that had last been sighted in 1962 and believed to be possibly extinct, until it was recorded again in November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species currently thought to be extinct have had continued speculation that they may still exist, and in the event of rediscovery would be considered Lazarus species. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a>, or Tasmanian tiger (<i>Thylacinus cynocephalus</i>), the last known example of which died in Hobart Zoo in Tasmania in 1936; the <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū wolf">Japanese wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus hodophilax</i>), last sighted over 100 years ago; the <a href="/wiki/Ivory-billed_woodpecker" title="Ivory-billed woodpecker">American ivory-billed woodpecker</a> (<i>Campephilus principalis</i>), with the last universally accepted sighting in 1944; and the <a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_curlew" title="Slender-billed curlew">slender-billed curlew</a> (<i>Numenius tenuirostris</i>), not seen since 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ectopistes_migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ectopistes_migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg/170px-Ectopistes_migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ectopistes_migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg/255px-Ectopistes_migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ectopistes_migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg/340px-Ectopistes_migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a>, one of the hundreds of species of extinct birds, was hunted to extinction over the course of a few decades.</figcaption></figure> <p>As long as species have been evolving, species have been going extinct. It is estimated that over 99.9% of all species that ever lived are extinct. The average lifespan of a species is 1–10 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this varies widely between taxa. A variety of causes can contribute directly or indirectly to the extinction of a species or group of species. "Just as each species is unique", write Beverly and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Stearns" title="Stephen C. Stearns">Stephen C. Stearns</a>, "so is each extinction ... the causes for each are varied—some subtle and complex, others obvious and simple".<sup id="cite_ref-Stearns_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most simply, any species that cannot <a href="/wiki/Survival_skills" title="Survival skills">survive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduce</a> in its environment and cannot move to a new environment where it can do so, dies out and becomes extinct. Extinction of a species may come suddenly when an otherwise healthy species is wiped out completely, as when <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> renders its entire <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> unliveable; or may occur gradually over thousands or millions of years, such as when a species gradually loses out in competition for food to better adapted competitors. Extinction may occur a long time after the events that set it in motion, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">extinction debt</a>. </p><p>Assessing the relative importance of genetic factors compared to environmental ones as the causes of extinction has been compared to the debate on <a href="/wiki/Nature_and_nurture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature and nurture">nature and nurture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raup_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raup-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of whether more extinctions in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record have been caused by <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> or by competition or by predation or by disease or by catastrophe is a subject of discussion; Mark Newman, the author of <i>Modeling Extinction</i>, argues for a mathematical model that falls in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation biology</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Extinction_vortex" title="Extinction vortex">extinction vortex</a> model to classify extinctions by cause. When concerns about <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">human extinction</a> have been raised, for example in Sir <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a>' 2003 book <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Final_Hour" title="Our Final Hour">Our Final Hour</a></i>, those concerns lie with the effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> or <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technological</a> disaster. </p><p>Human-driven extinction started as humans migrated out of Africa more than 60,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, environmental groups and some governments are concerned with the extinction of species caused by humanity, and they try to prevent further extinctions through a variety of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> programs.<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans can cause extinction of a species through <a href="/wiki/Overharvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overharvesting">overharvesting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, introduction of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> (such as new <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> and food <a href="/wiki/Competitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitors">competitors</a>), overhunting, and other influences. Explosive, unsustainable human <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">increasing per capita consumption</a> are essential drivers of the extinction crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceballos2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceballos2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN), 784 extinctions have been recorded since the year 1500, the arbitrary date selected to define "recent" extinctions, up to the year 2004; with many more likely to have gone unnoticed. Several species have also been listed as extinct since 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCNno_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNno-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics_and_demographic_phenomena">Genetics and demographic phenomena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetics and demographic phenomena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extinction_vortex" title="Extinction vortex">Extinction vortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutational_meltdown" title="Mutational meltdown">Mutational meltdown</a></div> <p>If <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> increasing population <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a> is slower than <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> plus the accumulation of slightly deleterious <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>, then a population will go extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller populations have fewer beneficial mutations entering the population each generation, slowing adaptation. It is also easier for slightly deleterious mutations to <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(population_genetics)" title="Fixation (population genetics)">fix</a> in small populations; the resulting positive feedback loop between small population size and low fitness can cause <a href="/wiki/Mutational_meltdown" title="Mutational meltdown">mutational meltdown</a>. </p><p>Limited geographic range is the most important determinant of <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> extinction at background rates but becomes increasingly irrelevant as <a href="#Mass_extinctions">mass extinction</a> arises.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited geographic range is a cause both of small population size and of greater vulnerability to local environmental catastrophes. </p><p>Extinction rates can be affected not just by population size, but by any factor that affects <a href="/wiki/Evolvability" title="Evolvability">evolvability</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing selection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptic_genetic_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptic genetic variation">cryptic genetic variation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">phenotypic plasticity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robustness_(evolution)" title="Robustness (evolution)">robustness</a>. A diverse or deep <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a> gives a population a higher chance in the short term of surviving an adverse change in conditions. Effects that cause or reward a loss in <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> can increase the chances of extinction of a species. <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">Population bottlenecks</a> can dramatically reduce genetic diversity by severely limiting the number of reproducing individuals and make <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> more frequent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_pollution">Genetic pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetic pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></div> <p>Extinction sometimes results for species evolved to specific ecologies<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are subjected to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">genetic pollution</a>—i.e., uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a> and genetic swamping that lead to homogenization or <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">out-competition</a> from the introduced (<a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">or hybrid</a>) species.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endemic populations can face such extinctions when new populations are imported or <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selectively bred</a> by people, or when habitat modification brings previously isolated species into contact. Extinction is likeliest for <a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">rare species</a> coming into contact with more abundant ones;<sup id="cite_ref-RareEucalypts_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RareEucalypts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbreeding">interbreeding</a> can swamp the rarer gene pool and create hybrids, depleting the purebred gene pool (for example, the endangered <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild water buffalo</a> is most threatened with extinction by genetic pollution from <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">the abundant domestic water buffalo</a>). Such extinctions are not always apparent from <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> (non-genetic) observations. Some degree of <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> is a normal evolutionary process; nevertheless, hybridization (with or without introgression) threatens rare species' existence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gene pool of a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> is the variety of genetic information in its living members. A large gene pool (extensive <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>) is associated with robust populations that can survive bouts of intense <a href="/wiki/Selection_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection (biology)">selection</a>. Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_bottlenecks" class="mw-redirect" title="Population bottlenecks">population bottlenecks</a>) reduces the range of adaptions possible.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Replacing native with alien genes narrows genetic diversity within the original population,<sup id="cite_ref-RareEucalypts_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RareEucalypts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby increasing the chance of extinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_degradation">Habitat degradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Habitat degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DirkvdM_santa_fe_scorched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DirkvdM_santa_fe_scorched.jpg/220px-DirkvdM_santa_fe_scorched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DirkvdM_santa_fe_scorched.jpg/330px-DirkvdM_santa_fe_scorched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DirkvdM_santa_fe_scorched.jpg/440px-DirkvdM_santa_fe_scorched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Scorched land resulting from <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> agriculture</figcaption></figure> <p>Habitat degradation is currently the main anthropogenic cause of species extinctions. The main cause of habitat degradation worldwide is agriculture, with <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, logging, mining, and some fishing practices close behind. The degradation of a species' <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a> may alter the <a href="/wiki/Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">fitness landscape</a> to such an extent that the species is no longer able to survive and becomes extinct. This may occur by direct effects, such as the environment becoming <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>, or indirectly, by limiting a species' ability to compete effectively for diminished resources or against new competitor species. </p><p>Habitat destruction, particularly the removal of vegetation that stabilizes soil, enhances erosion and diminishes nutrient availability in terrestrial ecosystems. This degradation can lead to a reduction in agricultural productivity. Furthermore, increased erosion contributes to poorer water quality by elevating the levels of sediment and pollutants in rivers and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habitat degradation through toxicity can kill off a species very rapidly, by killing all living members through <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilizing</a> them. It can also occur over longer periods at lower toxicity levels by affecting life span, reproductive capacity, or competitiveness. </p><p>Habitat degradation can also take the form of a physical destruction of niche habitats. The widespread destruction of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a> and replacement with open pastureland is widely cited as an example of this;<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elimination of the dense forest eliminated the infrastructure needed by many species to survive. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a> that depends on dense shade for protection from direct sunlight can no longer survive without forest to shelter it. Another example is the destruction of ocean floors by <a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">bottom trawling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diminished resources or introduction of new competitor species also often accompany habitat degradation. <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> has allowed some species to expand their range, bringing competition to other species that previously occupied that area. Sometimes these new competitors are predators and directly affect prey species, while at other times they may merely outcompete vulnerable species for limited resources. Vital resources including <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and food can also be limited during habitat degradation, leading to extinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predation,_competition,_and_disease"><span id="Predation.2C_competition.2C_and_disease"></span>Predation, competition, and disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Predation, competition, and disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">Island restoration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/220px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/330px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/440px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad">golden toad</a> was last seen on May 15, 1989. <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a> is ongoing worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the natural course of events, species become extinct for a number of reasons, including but not limited to: extinction of a necessary host, prey or pollinator, <a href="/wiki/Interspecific_competition" title="Interspecific competition">interspecific competition</a>, inability to deal with evolving diseases and changing environmental conditions (particularly sudden changes) which can act to introduce novel predators, or to remove prey. Recently in geological time, humans have become an additional cause of extinction of some species, either as a new mega-predator or by <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">transporting</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> from one part of the world to another. Such introductions have been occurring for thousands of years, sometimes intentionally (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> released by sailors on islands as a future source of food) and sometimes accidentally (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> escaping from boats). In most cases, the introductions are unsuccessful, but when an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive alien species</a> does become established, the consequences can be catastrophic. Invasive alien species can affect <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">native</a> species directly by eating them, competing with them, and introducing <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> that sicken or kill them; or indirectly by destroying or degrading their habitat. Human populations may themselves act as invasive predators. According to the "overkill hypothesis", the swift extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> in areas such as Australia (40,000 years before present), <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (12,000 years before present), <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (AD 300–1000), and New Zealand (AD 1300–1500), resulted from the sudden introduction of human beings to environments full of animals that had never seen them before and were therefore completely unadapted to their predation techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coextinction">Coextinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coextinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/220px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/330px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/440px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>The large <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> from New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>Coextinction refers to the loss of a species due to the extinction of another; for example, the extinction of <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a> insects following the loss of their hosts. Coextinction can also occur when a species loses its <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinator</a>, or to <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> who lose their prey. "Species coextinction is a manifestation of one of the interconnectednesses of organisms in complex ecosystems ... While coextinction may not be the most important cause of species extinctions, it is certainly an insidious one."<sup id="cite_ref-Koh_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koh-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coextinction is especially common when a <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> goes extinct. Models suggest that coextinction is the most common form of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>. There may be a cascade of coextinction across the <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a>. Such effects are most severe in <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> and parasitic relationships. An example of coextinction is the <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>: the Haast's eagle was a predator that became extinct because its food source became extinct. The moa were several species of flightless birds that were a food source for the Haast's eagle.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect of climate change on plant biodiversity">Effect of climate change on plant biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on marine mammals">Effects of climate change on marine mammals</a></div> <p>Extinction as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has been confirmed by fossil studies.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly, the extinction of amphibians during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_Rainforest_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse">Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse</a>, 305 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2003 review across 14 biodiversity research centers predicted that, because of climate change, 15–37% of land species would be "committed to extinction" by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhattacharya_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ecologically rich areas that would potentially suffer the heaviest losses include the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Basin" title="Caribbean Basin">Caribbean Basin</a>. These areas might see a doubling of present carbon dioxide levels and rising temperatures that could eliminate 56,000 plant and 3,700 animal species.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change has also been found to be a factor in <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_selection_and_male_investment">Sexual selection and male investment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sexual selection and male investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies of fossils following species from the time they evolved to their extinction show that species with high <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, especially characteristics in males that are used to compete for mating, are at a higher risk of extinction and die out faster than less sexually dimorphic species, the least sexually dimorphic species surviving for millions of years while the most sexually dimorphic species die out within mere thousands of years. Earlier studies based on counting the number of currently living species in modern taxa have shown a higher number of species in more sexually dimorphic taxa which have been interpreted as higher survival in taxa with more sexual selection, but such studies of modern species only measure indirect effects of extinction and are subject to error sources such as dying and doomed taxa speciating more due to splitting of habitat ranges into more small isolated groups during the habitat retreat of taxa approaching extinction. Possible causes of the higher extinction risk in species with more sexual selection shown by the comprehensive fossil studies that rule out such error sources include expensive sexually selected ornaments having negative effects on the ability to survive <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> removing a diversity of genes that under current ecological conditions are neutral for natural selection but some of which may be important for surviving climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_extinctions">Mass extinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mass extinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:332px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:252px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:10px; top:30px; width:320px; position:absolute;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Extinction_intensity.svg" title="File:Extinction intensity.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Extinction_intensity.svg/320px-Extinction_intensity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Extinction_intensity.svg/480px-Extinction_intensity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Extinction_intensity.svg/640px-Extinction_intensity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="324" usemap="#ImageMap_dd6b8fd031a424b3" /></a><map name="ImageMap_dd6b8fd031a424b3"><area href="/wiki/Cambrian" shape="rect" coords="16,0,46,14" alt="Cambrian" title="Cambrian" /><area href="/wiki/Ordovician" shape="rect" coords="47,0,70,14" alt="Ordovician" title="Ordovician" /><area href="/wiki/Silurian" shape="rect" coords="71,0,86,14" alt="Silurian" title="Silurian" /><area href="/wiki/Devonian" shape="rect" coords="87,0,117,14" alt="Devonian" title="Devonian" /><area href="/wiki/Carboniferous" shape="rect" coords="118,0,151,14" alt="Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous" /><area href="/wiki/Permian" shape="rect" coords="151,0,178,14" alt="Permian" title="Permian" /><area href="/wiki/Triassic" shape="rect" coords="178,0,206,14" alt="Triassic" title="Triassic" /><area href="/wiki/Jurassic" shape="rect" coords="207,0,236,14" alt="Jurassic" title="Jurassic" /><area href="/wiki/Cretaceous" shape="rect" coords="237,0,280,14" alt="Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous" /><area href="/wiki/Paleogene" shape="rect" coords="281,0,304,14" alt="Paleogene" title="Paleogene" /><area href="/wiki/Neogene" shape="rect" coords="304,0,316,14" alt="Neogene" title="Neogene" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_30x10" style="position:absolute; left:30px; top:10px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">Marine extinction intensity during <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_10x15" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:15px; font-weight:normal; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="apparent percentage of readily fossilized marine genera becoming extinct">%</span></span></div> <div id="annotation_115x235" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:235px; font-weight:normal; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">Millions of years ago</span></div> <div id="annotation_312x135" style="position:absolute; left:312px; top:135px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction"><small>(H)</small></a></span></div> <div id="annotation_275x105" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:105px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">K–Pg</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_203x110" style="position:absolute; left:203px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Tr–J</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_175x50" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:50px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">P–Tr</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_158x96" style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:96px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitanian_mass_extinction_event" title="Capitanian mass extinction event">Cap</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_97x130" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:130px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late D</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_70x110" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">O–S</a></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Extinction_intensity.svg" title="File:Extinction intensity.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Extinction_intensity.svg/320px-Extinction_intensity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Extinction_intensity.svg/480px-Extinction_intensity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Extinction_intensity.svg/640px-Extinction_intensity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="324" usemap="#ImageMap_dd6b8fd031a424b3" /></a><map name="ImageMap_dd6b8fd031a424b3"><area href="/wiki/Cambrian" shape="rect" coords="16,0,46,14" alt="Cambrian" title="Cambrian" /><area href="/wiki/Ordovician" shape="rect" coords="47,0,70,14" alt="Ordovician" title="Ordovician" /><area href="/wiki/Silurian" shape="rect" coords="71,0,86,14" alt="Silurian" title="Silurian" /><area href="/wiki/Devonian" shape="rect" coords="87,0,117,14" alt="Devonian" title="Devonian" /><area href="/wiki/Carboniferous" shape="rect" coords="118,0,151,14" alt="Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous" /><area href="/wiki/Permian" shape="rect" coords="151,0,178,14" alt="Permian" title="Permian" /><area href="/wiki/Triassic" shape="rect" coords="178,0,206,14" alt="Triassic" title="Triassic" /><area href="/wiki/Jurassic" shape="rect" coords="207,0,236,14" alt="Jurassic" title="Jurassic" /><area href="/wiki/Cretaceous" shape="rect" coords="237,0,280,14" alt="Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous" /><area href="/wiki/Paleogene" shape="rect" coords="281,0,304,14" alt="Paleogene" title="Paleogene" /><area href="/wiki/Neogene" shape="rect" coords="304,0,316,14" alt="Neogene" title="Neogene" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption">The blue graph shows the apparent <i>percentage</i> (not the absolute number) of marine <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> becoming extinct during any given time interval. It does not represent all marine species, just those that are readily fossilized. The labels of the traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised <a href="/wiki/Capitanian_mass_extinction_event" title="Capitanian mass extinction event">Capitanian mass extinction event</a> are clickable links; see <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a> for more details. <i>(<a href="/wiki/File:Extinction_intensity.svg" title="File:Extinction intensity.svg">source and image info</a>)</i></div> </div></div> <p>There have been at least five mass extinctions in the history of life on earth, and four in the last 350 million years in which many species have disappeared in a relatively short period of geological time. A massive eruptive event that released large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> particles into the atmosphere is considered to be one likely cause of the "<a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>" about 250 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is estimated to have killed 90% of species then existing.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence to suggest that this event was preceded by another mass extinction, known as <a href="/wiki/Olson%27s_Extinction" title="Olson's Extinction">Olson's Extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> (K–Pg) occurred 66 million years ago, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period; it is best known for having wiped out non-avian <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, among many other species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_extinctions">Modern extinctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern extinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png/330px-Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png/495px-Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png/660px-Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>The changing distribution of the world's land mammals in tonnes of carbon. The <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of wild land mammals has declined by 85% since the emergence of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a 1998 survey of 400 biologists conducted by <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>, nearly 70% believed that the Earth is currently in the early stages of a human-caused mass extinction,<sup id="cite_ref-AMNH_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMNH-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>. In that survey, the same proportion of respondents agreed with the prediction that up to 20% of all living populations could become extinct within 30 years (by 2028). A 2014 special edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> declared there is widespread consensus on the issue of human-driven mass species extinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i> stated that the contemporary extinction crisis "may be the most serious environmental threat to the persistence of civilization, because it is irreversible."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biologist <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> estimated<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2002 that if current rates of human destruction of the biosphere continue, one-half of all plant and animal species of life on earth will be extinct in 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More significantly, the current rate of global species extinctions is estimated as 100 to 1,000 times "background" rates (the average extinction rates in the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> time scale of planet Earth),<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeVos2014_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeVos2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> faster than at any other time in human history,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while future rates are likely 10,000 times higher.<sup id="cite_ref-DeVos2014_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeVos2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some groups are going extinct much faster. Biologists <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pimm" title="Stuart Pimm">Stuart Pimm</a>, among others, contend that <a href="/wiki/Human_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population growth">human population growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a> are the main drivers of the modern extinction crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ceballos2017_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceballos2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, the UN's <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> drafted a plan to mitigate the contemporary extinction crisis by establishing a deadline of 2030 to protect 30% of the Earth's land and oceans and reduce pollution by 50%, with the goal of allowing for the restoration of ecosystems by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2020 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <i>Global Biodiversity Outlook</i> report stated that of the 20 biodiversity goals laid out by the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010, only 6 were "partially achieved" by the deadline of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report warned that biodiversity will continue to decline if the status quo is not changed, in particular the "currently unsustainable patterns of production and consumption, population growth and technological developments".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2021 report published in the journal <i>Frontiers in Conservation Science</i>, some top scientists asserted that even if the Aichi Biodiversity Targets set for 2020 had been achieved, it would not have resulted in a significant mitigation of biodiversity loss. They added that failure of the global community to reach these targets is hardly surprising given that biodiversity loss is "nowhere close to the top of any country's priorities, trailing far behind other concerns such as employment, healthcare, economic growth, or currency stability."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_scientific_understanding">History of scientific understanding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History of scientific understanding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyrannosaurus-rex-Profile-steveoc86.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tyrannosaurus-rex-Profile-steveoc86.png/220px-Tyrannosaurus-rex-Profile-steveoc86.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tyrannosaurus-rex-Profile-steveoc86.png/330px-Tyrannosaurus-rex-Profile-steveoc86.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tyrannosaurus-rex-Profile-steveoc86.png/440px-Tyrannosaurus-rex-Profile-steveoc86.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a></i>, one of the many extinct dinosaur genera. The cause of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> is a subject of much debate amongst researchers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg/220px-Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg/330px-Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg/440px-Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Georges Cuvier's 1812 unpublished version of the skeletal reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Anoplotherium" title="Anoplotherium">Anoplotherium</a> commune</i> with muscles. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> mammal is thought to have gone extinct from the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Coupure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Coupure">Grande Coupure</a> extinction event in western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg/220px-Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg/330px-Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg/440px-Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2661" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> compared fossil <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> jaws to those of living elephants, concluding that they were distinct from any known living species.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>For much of history, the modern understanding of extinction as the end of a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> was incompatible with the prevailing worldview. Prior to the 19th century, much of Western society adhered to the belief that the world was created by God and as such was complete and perfect.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept reached its heyday in the 1700s with the peak popularity of a theological concept called the <a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">great chain of being</a>, in which all life on earth, from the tiniest microorganism to God, is linked in a continuous chain.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extinction of a species was impossible under this model, as it would create gaps or missing links in the chain and destroy the natural order.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> was a firm supporter of the great chain of being and an opponent of extinction,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> famously denying the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> on the grounds that nature never allows a race of animals to become extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of fossils were discovered in the late 17th century that appeared unlike any living species. As a result, the scientific community embarked on a voyage of creative rationalization, seeking to understand what had happened to these species within a framework that did not account for total extinction. In October 1686, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> presented an impression of a <a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautilus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> that was more than two feet in diameter,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and morphologically distinct from any known living species. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a> theorized that this was simply because the species lived in the deep ocean and no one had discovered them yet.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he contended that it was possible a species could be "lost", he thought this highly unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 1695, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Molyneux" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Molyneux">Sir Thomas Molyneux</a> published an account of enormous antlers found in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> that did not belong to any extant taxa in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molyneux reasoned that they came from the North American <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> and that the animal had once been common on the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than suggest that this indicated the possibility of species going extinct, he argued that although organisms could become locally extinct, they could never be entirely lost and would continue to exist in some unknown region of the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antlers were later confirmed to be from the extinct <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Megaloceros" title="Megaloceros">Megaloceros</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooke and Molyneux's line of thinking was difficult to disprove. When parts of the world had not been thoroughly examined and charted, scientists could not rule out that animals found only in the fossil record were not simply "hiding" in unexplored regions of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> is credited with establishing the modern conception of extinction in a 1796 lecture to the <a href="/wiki/French_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="French Institute">French Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:52_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he would spend most of his career trying to convince the wider scientific community of his theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuvier was a well-regarded geologist, lauded for his ability to reconstruct the anatomy of an unknown species from a few fragments of bone.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His primary evidence for extinction came from mammoth skulls found in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuvier recognized them as distinct from any known living species of elephant, and argued that it was highly unlikely such an enormous animal would go undiscovered.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1812, Cuvier, along with <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Brongniart" title="Alexandre Brongniart">Alexandre Brongniart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" title="Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire</a>, mapped the <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> of the Paris basin.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They saw alternating saltwater and freshwater deposits, as well as patterns of the appearance and disappearance of fossils throughout the record.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these patterns, Cuvier inferred historic cycles of catastrophic flooding, extinction, and repopulation of the earth with new species.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_88-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuvier's fossil evidence showed that very different life forms existed in the past than those that exist today, a fact that was accepted by most scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary debate focused on whether this turnover caused by extinction was gradual or abrupt in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuvier understood extinction to be the result of cataclysmic events that wipe out huge numbers of species, as opposed to the gradual decline of a species over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His catastrophic view of the nature of extinction garnered him many opponents in the newly emerging school of <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">uniformitarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradualist</a> and colleague of Cuvier, saw the fossils of different life forms as evidence of the mutable character of species.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Lamarck did not deny the possibility of extinction, he believed that it was exceptional and rare and that most of the change in species over time was due to gradual change.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_93-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Cuvier, Lamarck was skeptical that catastrophic events of a scale large enough to cause total extinction were possible. In his geological history of the earth titled Hydrogeologie, Lamarck instead argued that the surface of the earth was shaped by gradual erosion and deposition by water, and that species changed over time in response to the changing environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_93-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, a noted geologist and founder of <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">uniformitarianism</a>, believed that past processes should be understood using present day processes. Like Lamarck, Lyell acknowledged that extinction could occur, noting the total extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> and the extirpation of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_Britain" title="History of the horse in Britain">indigenous horses</a> to the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_87-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He similarly argued against <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a>, believing that any extinction must be a gradual process.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyell also showed that Cuvier's original interpretation of the Parisian strata was incorrect. Instead of the catastrophic floods inferred by Cuvier, Lyell demonstrated that patterns of saltwater and freshwater <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposits</a>, like those seen in the Paris basin, could be formed by a slow rise and fall of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea levels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_88-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of extinction was integral to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>, with less fit lineages disappearing over time. For Darwin, extinction was a constant side effect of <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the wide reach of <i>On the Origin of Species</i>, it was widely accepted that extinction occurred gradually and evenly (a concept now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Background_extinction_rate" title="Background extinction rate">background extinction</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:42_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1982, when <a href="/wiki/David_M._Raup" title="David M. Raup">David Raup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sepkoski" title="Jack Sepkoski">Jack Sepkoski</a> published their seminal paper on mass extinctions, that Cuvier was vindicated and catastrophic extinction was accepted as an important mechanism<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="A lot of history separates Cuvier from Raup and Sepkoski's 1982 work, including such figures as Bretz from the University of Chicago (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The current understanding of extinction is a synthesis of the cataclysmic extinction events proposed by Cuvier, and the background extinction events proposed by Lyell and Darwin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_attitudes_and_interests">Human attitudes and interests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human attitudes and interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphyrna_mokarran_fishing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sphyrna_mokarran_fishing.jpg/180px-Sphyrna_mokarran_fishing.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sphyrna_mokarran_fishing.jpg/270px-Sphyrna_mokarran_fishing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sphyrna_mokarran_fishing.jpg/360px-Sphyrna_mokarran_fishing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Great_hammerhead" title="Great hammerhead">great hammerhead</a> caught by a sport fisherman. Human exploitation now threatens the survival of this species. <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> is the primary driver of shark population declines, which have fallen over 71% since 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Extinction is an important research topic in the field of <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> in general, and has also become an area of concern outside the scientific community. A number of organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/WWF_(conservation_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="WWF (conservation organization)">Worldwide Fund for Nature</a>, have been created with the goal of preserving species from extinction. <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Governments</a> have attempted, through enacting laws, to avoid habitat destruction, agricultural over-harvesting, and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. While many human-caused extinctions have been accidental, humans have also engaged in the deliberate destruction of some species, such as dangerous <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, and the total destruction of other problematic species has been suggested. Other species were deliberately driven to extinction, or nearly so, due to <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> or because they were "undesirable", or to push for other human agendas. One example was the near extinction of the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>, which was nearly wiped out by mass hunts sanctioned by the United States government, to force the removal of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, many of whom relied on the bison for food.<sup id="cite_ref-Kotzman_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotzman-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biologist <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Walsh_(scientist)" title="Bruce Walsh (scientist)">Bruce Walsh</a> states three reasons for scientific interest in the preservation of species: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a>, ecosystem stability, and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>; and today the scientific community "stress[es] the importance" of maintaining biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CREOcare_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CREOcare-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, commercial and industrial interests often have to contend with the effects of production on plant and animal life. However, some technologies with minimal, or no, proven harmful effects on <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> can be devastating to wildlife (for example, <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-INCHEM_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INCHEM-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> notes that while <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a> may label environmental concerns as "exaggerated", and often cause "devastating damage", some corporations find it in their interest to adopt good conservation practices, and even engage in preservation efforts that surpass those taken by <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DiamondCollapse_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiamondCollapse-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governments sometimes see the loss of native species as a loss to <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Drewry_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewry-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can enact laws with severe punishment against the trade in native species in an effort to prevent extinction in the wild. <a href="/wiki/Nature_preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature preserve">Nature preserves</a> are created by governments as a means to provide continuing habitats to species crowded by human expansion. The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> has resulted in international <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">Biodiversity Action Plan</a> programmes, which attempt to provide comprehensive guidelines for government biodiversity conservation. Advocacy groups, such as The Wildlands Project<sup id="cite_ref-WildlandsProject_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WildlandsProject-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Alliance for Zero Extinctions,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> work to educate the public and pressure governments into action. </p><p>People who live close to nature can be dependent on the survival of all the species in their environment, leaving them highly exposed to extinction <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risks</a>. However, people prioritize day-to-day survival over species conservation; with <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a> in tropical <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, there has been enormous pressure on forests due to <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> agricultural techniques that can reduce endangered species's habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antinatalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinatalist">Antinatalist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a> concludes that any popular concern about non-human species extinction usually arises out of concern about how the loss of a species will impact human wants and needs, that "we shall live in a world impoverished by the loss of one aspect of faunal diversity, that we shall no longer be able to behold or use that species of animal." He notes that typical concerns about possible human extinction, such as the loss of individual members, are not considered in regards to non-human species extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Jason Hickel</a> speculates that the reason humanity seems largely indifferent to anthropogenic mass species extinction is that we see ourselves as separate from the natural world and the organisms within it. He says that this is due in part to the logic of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>: "that the world is not really alive, and it is certainly not our kin, but rather just stuff to be extracted and discarded – and that includes most of the human beings living here too."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_extinction">Planned extinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Planned extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Completed">Completed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Completed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> virus is now extinct in the wild,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_Factsheet_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Factsheet-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although samples are retained in laboratory settings.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">rinderpest</a> virus, which <a href="/wiki/Cattle_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle diseases">infected domestic cattle</a>, is now extinct in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Normile2008_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normile2008-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed">Proposed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proposed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Disease_agents">Disease agents</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Disease agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">poliovirus</a> is now confined to small parts of the world due to extermination efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-polio_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polio-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a></i>, or Guinea worm, a parasitic worm which causes the disease <a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">dracunculiasis</a>, is now close to eradication thanks to efforts led by the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum pertenue</a></i>, a bacterium which causes the disease <a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">yaws</a>, is in the process of being eradicated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Disease_vectors">Disease vectors</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Disease vectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biologist <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Judson" title="Olivia Judson">Olivia Judson</a> has advocated the deliberate extinction of certain disease-carrying <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> species. In a September 25, 2003 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, she advocated "specicide" of thirty mosquito species by introducing a genetic element that can insert itself into another crucial gene, to create <a href="/wiki/Recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive">recessive</a> "<a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">knockout genes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Judson_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judson-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She says that the <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i> mosquitoes (which spread <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes" title="Aedes">Aedes</a></i> mosquitoes (which spread <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephantiasis_tropica" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantiasis tropica">elephantiasis</a>, and other diseases) represent only 30 of around 3,500 mosquito species; eradicating these would save at least one million human lives per year, at a cost of reducing the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Culicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Culicidae">Culicidae</a> by only 1%. She further argues that since species become extinct "all the time" the disappearance of a few more will not destroy the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>: "We're not left with a wasteland every time a species vanishes. Removing one species sometimes causes shifts in the populations of other species—but different need not mean worse." In addition, anti-malarial and <a href="/wiki/Mosquito#Control" title="Mosquito">mosquito control programs</a> offer little realistic hope to the 300 million people in <a href="/wiki/Developing_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing nation">developing nations</a> who will be infected with acute illnesses this year. Although trials are ongoing, she writes that if they fail "we should consider the ultimate swatting."<sup id="cite_ref-Judson_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judson-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biologist <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> has advocated the eradication of several species of mosquito, including malaria vector <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles_gambiae" title="Anopheles gambiae">Anopheles gambiae</a></i>. Wilson stated, "I'm talking about a very small number of species that have co-evolved with us and are preying on humans, so it would certainly be acceptable to remove them. I believe it's just common sense."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been many campaigns – some successful – to locally eradicate <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse flies</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma" title="Trypanosoma">trypanosomes</a> in areas, countries, and islands of Africa (including <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Costa-et-al-1916_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costa-et-al-1916-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature-book-review-1916_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-book-review-1916-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently serious efforts to do away with them all across Africa, and this is generally viewed as beneficial and morally necessary,<sup id="cite_ref-Simarro-et-al-2008_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simarro-et-al-2008-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although not always.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouyer-et-al-2018_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouyer-et-al-2018-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloning">Cloning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cloning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrenean_Ibex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyrenean_Ibex.png/220px-Pyrenean_Ibex.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyrenean_Ibex.png/330px-Pyrenean_Ibex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyrenean_Ibex.png/440px-Pyrenean_Ibex.png 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_ibex" title="Pyrenean ibex">Pyrenean ibex</a>, the only animal to have been brought back from extinction and the only one to go extinct twice.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></div> <p>Some, such as Harvard geneticist <a href="/wiki/George_M._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="George M. Church">George M. Church</a>, believe that ongoing technological advances will let us "bring back to life" an extinct species by <a href="/wiki/Cloning#Cloning_extinct_and_endangered_species" title="Cloning">cloning</a>, using <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from the remains of that species. Proposed targets for cloning include the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_ibex" title="Pyrenean ibex">Pyrenean ibex</a>. For this to succeed, enough individuals would have to be cloned, from the DNA of different individuals (in the case of sexually reproducing organisms) to create a viable population. Though <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> objections have been raised,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cloning of extinct creatures seems theoretically possible.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, scientists tried to clone the extinct Pyrenean ibex (<i>C. p. pyrenaica</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attempt failed: of the 285 embryos reconstructed, 54 were transferred to 12 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ibex" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish ibex">Spanish ibexes</a> and ibex–domestic <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> hybrids, but only two survived the initial two months of gestation before they, too, died.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a second attempt was made to clone the Pyrenean ibex: one clone was born alive, but died seven minutes later, due to physical defects in the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioevent" title="Bioevent">Bioevent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_forest" title="Empty forest">Empty forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endling" title="Endling">Endling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction:_The_Facts" title="Extinction: The Facts"><i>Extinction: The Facts</i> (2020 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_extinct_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of extinct animals">Lists of extinct animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extinct birds">List of extinct birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Index" title="Living Planet Index">Living Planet Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Final_Hour" title="Our Final Hour">Our Final Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">Refugium (population biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepilok_Orang_Utan_Rehabilitation_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre">Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History" title="The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History">The Sixth Extinction</a></i> (2014 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1997" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, Michael L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">"How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view"</a>. In Kunin, W. E.; Gaston, K. J. (eds.). <i>The Biology of Rarity</i>. pp. 110–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-5874-9_7">10.1007/978-94-011-5874-9_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-6483-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-6483-5"><bdi>978-94-010-6483-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051637/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+do+rare+species+avoid+extinction%3F+A+paleontological+view&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity&rft.pages=110-129&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-5874-9_7&rft.isbn=978-94-010-6483-5&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LHnCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jablonski2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jablonski, D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F427589a">"Extinction: past and present"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>427</b> (6975): 589. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.427..589J">2004Natur.427..589J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F427589a">10.1038/427589a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14961099">14961099</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4412106">4412106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Extinction%3A+past+and+present&rft.volume=427&rft.issue=6975&rft.pages=589&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F427589a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4412106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14961099&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.427..589J&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F427589a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearnsStearnsStearns2000" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S.C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. preface x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6"><bdi>978-0-300-08469-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051614/https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&rft.pages=preface+x&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08469-6&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson&rft.au=Stearns%2C+S.C.&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BHeC-tXIB4C%26q%3D99%2520percent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovacek2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Novacek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Novacek (page does not exist)">Novacek, Michael J.</a> (8 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">"Prehistory's Brilliant Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229225657/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prehistory%27s+Brilliant+Future&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft.aulast=Novacek&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fprehistorys-brilliant-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Mark (1997). "<i>A model of mass extinction</i>". <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i>. <b>189</b> (3): 235–252. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/adap-org/9702003">adap-org/9702003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JThBi.189..235N">1997JThBi.189..235N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjtbi.1997.0508">10.1006/jtbi.1997.0508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9441817">9441817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9892809">9892809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=A+model+of+mass+extinction&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-252&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9892809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JThBi.189..235N&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fadap-org%2F9702003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9441817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjtbi.1997.0508&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLoSbiologyspeciescensus-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PLoSbiologyspeciescensus_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraTittensorAdlSimpson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Worm, Boris (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (8): e1001127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">3160336</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21886479">21886479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+Are+There+on+Earth+and+in+the+Ocean%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1001127&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21886479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127&rft.aulast=Mora&rft.aufirst=Camilo&rft.au=Tittensor%2C+Derek+P.&rft.au=Adl%2C+Sina&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Alastair+G.+B.&rft.au=Worm%2C+Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF-2016002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSF-2016002_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446">"Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a></i>. 2 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504111108/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&rft.atitle=Researchers+find+that+Earth+may+be+home+to+1+trillion+species&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D138446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahneyBentonFerry2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">"Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 544–547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024">10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">2936204</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20106856">20106856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Links+between+global+taxonomic+diversity%2C+ecological+diversity+and+the+expansion+of+vertebrates+on+land&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544-547&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20106856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024&rft.aulast=Sahney&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Ferry%2C+P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sudakow2022-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sudakow2022_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudakowMyersPetrovskiiSumrall2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sudakow, Ivan; Myers, Corinne; Petrovskii, Sergei; Sumrall, Colin D.; Witts, James (July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2022.04.001">"Knowledge gaps and missing links in understanding mass extinctions: Can mathematical modeling help?"</a>. <i>Physics of Life Reviews</i>. <b>41</b>: 22–57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PhLRv..41...22S">2022PhLRv..41...22S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2022.04.001">10.1016/j.plrev.2022.04.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35523056">35523056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248215038">248215038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+of+Life+Reviews&rft.atitle=Knowledge+gaps+and+missing+links+in+understanding+mass+extinctions%3A+Can+mathematical+modeling+help%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=22-57&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2022.04.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248215038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35523056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PhLRv..41...22S&rft.aulast=Sudakow&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Myers%2C+Corinne&rft.au=Petrovskii%2C+Sergei&rft.au=Sumrall%2C+Colin+D.&rft.au=Witts%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.plrev.2022.04.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSNBC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6502368">"Species disappearing at an alarming rate, report says"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 17 November 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209131517/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6502368">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Species+disappearing+at+an+alarming+rate%2C+report+says&rft.date=2004-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna6502368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9gHuAwxwAs"><span class="plainlinks">The Sixth Extinction</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (<a href="/wiki/PBS_Digital_Studios" title="PBS Digital Studios">PBS Digital Studios</a>, November 17, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichBarnoskyGarcía2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_David_Barnosky" title="Anthony David Barnosky">Barnosky, Anthony D.</a>; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640606">"Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>1</b> (5): e1400253. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E0253C">2015SciA....1E0253C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400253">10.1126/sciadv.1400253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640606">4640606</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26601195">26601195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Accelerated+modern+human%E2%80%93induced+species+losses%3A+Entering+the+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1400253&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640606%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26601195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E0253C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Barnosky%2C+Anthony+D.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft.au=Pringle%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Todd+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippleWolfNewsomeGaletti2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a></i>. <b>67</b> (12): 1026–1028. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125">10.1093/biosci/bix125</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F71342">11336/71342</a></span>. <q>Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=World+Scientists%27+Warning+to+Humanity%3A+A+Second+Notice&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1026-1028&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F71342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125&rft.aulast=Ripple&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Wolf%2C+C&rft.au=Newsome%2C+TM&rft.au=Galetti%2C+M&rft.au=Alamgir%2C+M&rft.au=Crist%2C+E&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+MI&rft.au=Laurance%2C+WF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowieBouchetFontaine2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (10 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03525883/document">"The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?"</a>. <i>Biological Reviews</i>. <b>97</b> (2): 640–663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12816">10.1111/brv.12816</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9786292">9786292</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35014169">35014169</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245889833">245889833</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209132106/https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03525883/document">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Sixth+Mass+Extinction%3A+fact%2C+fiction+or+speculation%3F&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=640-663&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9786292%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245889833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35014169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbrv.12816&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Bouchet%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Fontaine%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-03525883%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E.O._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="E.O. Wilson">Wilson, E.O.</a>, <i>The Future of Life</i> (2002) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-76811-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-76811-4">0-679-76811-4</a>). See also: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leakey" title="Richard Leakey">Leakey, Richard</a>, <i>The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-46809-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-46809-1">0-385-46809-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis2018-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis2018_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis2018_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisFaurbySvenning2018" class="citation journal cs1">Davis M, Faurby S, Svenning JC (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6217385">"Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>115</b> (44): 11262–11267. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..11511262D">2018PNAS..11511262D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1804906115">10.1073/pnas.1804906115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6217385">6217385</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30322924">30322924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.atitle=Mammal+diversity+will+take+millions+of+years+to+recover+from+the+current+biodiversity+crisis&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=11262-11267&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6217385%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30322924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1804906115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..11511262D&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Faurby%2C+S&rft.au=Svenning%2C+JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6217385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2019" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Jonathan (6 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report">"Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614160705/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Human+society+under+urgent+threat+from+loss+of+Earth%27s+natural+life&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Fmay%2F06%2Fhuman-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20190506-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20190506_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumer2019" class="citation news cs1">Plumer, Brad (6 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html">"Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614201836/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Humans+Are+Speeding+Extinction+and+Altering+the+Natural+World+at+an+%27Unprecedented%27+Pace&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Plumer&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F06%2Fclimate%2Fbiodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPBES-20190506-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPBES-20190506_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment">"Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a></i>. 6 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614220133/https://www.ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intergovernmental+Science-Policy+Platform+on+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Services&rft.atitle=Media+Release%3A+Nature%27s+Dangerous+Decline+%27Unprecedented%27%3B+Species+Extinction+Rates+%27Accelerating%27&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipbes.net%2Fnews%2FMedia-Release-Global-Assessment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2022" class="citation news cs1">Briggs, Helen (8 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62094405">"Unsustainable logging, fishing and hunting 'driving extinction'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801105751/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62094405">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Unsustainable+logging%2C+fishing+and+hunting+%27driving+extinction%27&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-62094405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/10/frightening-number-of-plant-extinctions-found-in-global-survey">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Frightening' number of plant extinctions found in global survey"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 10 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422133201/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/10/frightening-number-of-plant-extinctions-found-in-global-survey">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Frightening%27+number+of+plant+extinctions+found+in+global+survey&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Fjun%2F10%2Ffrightening-number-of-plant-extinctions-found-in-global-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenrickDavis2004" class="citation book cs1">Kenrick, Paul; Davis, Paul (2004). <i>Fossil Plants</i>. Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-565-09176-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-565-09176-7"><bdi>978-0-565-09176-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossil+Plants&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-565-09176-7&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Davis%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2004" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Robbin Craig (2004). <i>A Natural History of Ferns</i>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-667-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-667-5"><bdi>978-0-88192-667-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Ferns&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-667-5&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Robbin+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Niles Eldredge, <i>Time Frames: Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria</i>, 1986, Heinemann <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-22610-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-22610-6">0-434-22610-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diamond-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diamond_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared</a> (1999). "Up to the Starting Line". <a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel"><i>Guns, Germs, and Steel</i></a>. W.W. Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelfa00diam/page/43">43–44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31755-8"><bdi>978-0-393-31755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Up+to+the+Starting+Line&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Germs%2C+and+Steel&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31755-8&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maas-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maas_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maas, Peter. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/wilduk.htm">Extinct in the Wild" <i>The Extinction Website</i>. URL accessed January 26 2007.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216030551/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/wilduk.htm">Archived</a> February 16, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinceHiggsMcKane2005" class="citation journal cs1">Quince, Christopher; Higgs, Paul G.; McKane, Alan J. (August 2005). "Deleting species from model food webs". <i>Oikos</i>. <b>110</b> (2): 283–296. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0401037">q-bio/0401037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Oikos.110..283Q">2005Oikos.110..283Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0030-1299.2005.13493.x">10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13493.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16750824">16750824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oikos&rft.atitle=Deleting+species+from+model+food+webs&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-296&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fq-bio%2F0401037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16750824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0030-1299.2005.13493.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Oikos.110..283Q&rft.aulast=Quince&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Higgs%2C+Paul+G.&rft.au=McKane%2C+Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosbergen2018" class="citation news cs1">Mosbergen, Dominique (16 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mammal-diversity-extinction-study_n_5bc59f68e4b055bc94796ecf">"Mammals Will Still Be Recovering From Human Destruction Long After We're Gone"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209131519/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mammal-diversity-extinction-study_n_5bc59f68e4b055bc94796ecf">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Mammals+Will+Still+Be+Recovering+From+Human+Destruction+Long+After+We%27re+Gone&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft.aulast=Mosbergen&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmammal-diversity-extinction-study_n_5bc59f68e4b055bc94796ecf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingMulliganStansfield2014" class="citation book cs1">King, Michael; Mulligan, Pamela; Stansfield, William (2014). "Pseudoextinction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199766444.001.0001/acref-9780199766444-e-5536?rskey=f8g543&result=5527"><i>A Dictionary of Genetics</i></a> (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976644-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976644-4"><bdi>978-0-19-976644-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321194758/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199766444.001.0001/acref-9780199766444-e-5536?rskey=f8g543&result=5527">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pseudoextinction&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Genetics&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976644-4&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mulligan%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Stansfield%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199766444.001.0001%2Facref-9780199766444-e-5536%3Frskey%3Df8g543%26result%3D5527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Leighton, Lindsey R. (2009). "Taxon Characteristics That Promote Survivorship Through the Permian-Triassic Interval: Transition from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic Brachiopod Fauna". <i>Paleobiology</i>. <b>34</b>: 65–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F06082.1">10.1666/06082.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86843206">86843206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Taxon+Characteristics+That+Promote+Survivorship+Through+the+Permian-Triassic+Interval%3A+Transition+from+the+Paleozoic+to+the+Mesozoic+Brachiopod+Fauna&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=65-79&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F06082.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86843206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dinofish-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dinofish_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dinofish.com/discoa.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Discovery" of the Coelacanth"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130121205250/http://www.dinofish.com/discoa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Discovery%22+of+the+Coelacanth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinofish.com%2Fdiscoa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreiwaldLavaleyeHeugtenBeuck2019" class="citation journal cs1">Freiwald, André; Lavaleye, Marc; Heugten, Bart Van; Beuck, Lydia; Hoffman, Leon (4 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4613.1.4">"Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic"</a>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>4613</b> (1): 93–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4613.1.4">10.11646/zootaxa.4613.1.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334">1175-5334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31716426">31716426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Last+snails+standing+since+the+Early+Pleistocene%2C+a+tale+of+Calliostomatidae+%28Gastropoda%29+living+in+deep-water+coral+habitats+in+the+north-eastern+Atlantic&rft.volume=4613&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-110&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft.issn=1175-5334&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31716426&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4613.1.4&rft.aulast=Freiwald&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Lavaleye%2C+Marc&rft.au=Heugten%2C+Bart+Van&rft.au=Beuck%2C+Lydia&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11646%252Fzootaxa.4613.1.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67363874">"First-ever images prove 'lost echidna' not extinct"</a>. 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First-ever+images+prove+%27lost+echidna%27+not+extinct&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-67363874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2013" class="citation web cs1">Platt, John R. (21 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/4-extinct-species-hope-rediscover/">"4 Extinct Species That People Still Hope to Rediscover"</a>. <i>Scientific American Blog Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209131524/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/4-extinct-species-hope-rediscover/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American+Blog+Network&rft.atitle=4+Extinct+Species+That+People+Still+Hope+to+Rediscover&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fextinction-countdown%2F4-extinct-species-hope-rediscover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2009" class="citation book cs1">Mills, L. Scott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVLEV64qYfcC"><i>Conservation of Wildlife Populations: Demography, Genetics and Management</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0893-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0893-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-0893-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+Wildlife+Populations%3A+Demography%2C+Genetics+and+Management&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-0893-8&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=L.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVLEV64qYfcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearns-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stearns_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2000" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Beverly Peterson and Stephen C. (2000). "Preface". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300084696"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6"><bdi>978-0-300-08469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08469-6&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson+and+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300084696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raup-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raup_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaupJ._John_Sepkoski_Jr.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Raup, David M.; J. John Sepkoski Jr. (March 1982). "Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record". <i>Science</i>. <b>215</b> (4539): 1501–1503. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Sci...215.1501R">1982Sci...215.1501R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.215.4539.1501">10.1126/science.215.4539.1501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17788674">17788674</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43002817">43002817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mass+extinctions+in+the+marine+fossil+record&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=4539&rft.pages=1501-1503&rft.date=1982-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.215.4539.1501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43002817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17788674&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Sci...215.1501R&rft.aulast=Raup&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=J.+John+Sepkoski+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsCristSahgal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Johns, David; Crist, Eileen; Sahgal, Bittu, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/biological-conservation/special-issue/10574WDL8SQ">"Ending the Colonization of the Non-Human World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biological_Conservation_(journal)" title="Biological Conservation (journal)">Biological Conservation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118015916/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/biological-conservation/special-issue/10574WDL8SQ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Ending+the+Colonization+of+the+Non-Human+World&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fjournal%2Fbiological-conservation%2Fspecial-issue%2F10574WDL8SQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceballos2017-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ceballos2017_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceballos2017_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichDirzo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311">"Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">PNAS</a></i>. <b>114</b> (30): E6089–E6096. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114E6089C">2017PNAS..114E6089C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1704949114">10.1073/pnas.1704949114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311">5544311</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28696295">28696295</a>. <q>Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Biological+annihilation+via+the+ongoing+sixth+mass+extinction+signaled+by+vertebrate+population+losses+and+declines&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=E6089-E6096&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544311%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28696295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1704949114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114E6089C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R&rft.au=Dirzo%2C+Rodolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokstad2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stokstad, Erik (6 May 2019). "Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature". <i>Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax9287">10.1126/science.aax9287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166478506">166478506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Landmark+analysis+documents+the+alarming+global+decline+of+nature&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aax9287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166478506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stokstad&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndermannFaurbyTurveyAntonelli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Andermann, Tobias; Faurby, Søren; Turvey, Samuel T.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Silvestro, Daniele (1 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473673">"The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>6</b> (36): eabb2313. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.2313A">2020SciA....6.2313A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abb2313">10.1126/sciadv.abb2313</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473673">7473673</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32917612">32917612</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221498762">221498762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+past+and+future+human+impact+on+mammalian+diversity&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=eabb2313&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7473673%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221498762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.2313A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32917612&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abb2313&rft.aulast=Andermann&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Faurby%2C+S%C3%B8ren&rft.au=Turvey%2C+Samuel+T.&rft.au=Antonelli%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Silvestro%2C+Daniele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7473673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text and images are available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Archived</a> 16 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Sophie (9 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biodiversity-endangered-species-animal-population-decline-world-wildlife-fund-report-2020-09-09/">"Animal populations worldwide have declined by almost 70% in just 50 years, new report says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200910152119/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biodiversity-endangered-species-animal-population-decline-world-wildlife-fund-report-2020-09-09/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Animal+populations+worldwide+have+declined+by+almost+70%25+in+just+50+years%2C+new+report+says&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbiodiversity-endangered-species-animal-population-decline-world-wildlife-fund-report-2020-09-09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNno-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNno_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827093621/http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/red_list_2004/GSAexecsumm_EN.htm">"2004 Red List"</a>. <i>IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="World Conservation Union">World Conservation Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/red_list_2004/GSAexecsumm_EN.htm">the original</a> on 27 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=2004+Red+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fthemes%2Fssc%2Fred_list_2004%2FGSAexecsumm_EN.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertramGomezMasel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bertram, J; Gomez, K; Masel, J (February 2017). "Predicting patterns of long-term adaptation and extinction with population genetics". <i>Evolution</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 204–214. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.08717">1605.08717</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.13116">10.1111/evo.13116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27868195">27868195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4705439">4705439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Predicting+patterns+of+long-term+adaptation+and+extinction+with+population+genetics&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=204-214&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1605.08717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4705439%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27868195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fevo.13116&rft.aulast=Bertram&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Gomez%2C+K&rft.au=Masel%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne,_J.L.S._Finnegan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Payne, J.L.; S. Finnegan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890565">"The effect of geographic range on extinction risk during background and mass extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.</a></i> <b>104</b> (25): 10506–10511. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..10410506P">2007PNAS..10410506P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0701257104">10.1073/pnas.0701257104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890565">1890565</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17563357">17563357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+geographic+range+on+extinction+risk+during+background+and+mass+extinction&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=10506-10511&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1890565%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17563357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0701257104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..10410506P&rft.au=Payne%2C+J.L.&rft.au=S.+Finnegan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1890565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooneyCleland,_E.E.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mooney, H.A.; Cleland, E.E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33232">"The evolutionary impact of invasive species"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">PNAS</a></i>. <b>98</b> (10): 5446–5451. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.5446M">2001PNAS...98.5446M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.091093398">10.1073/pnas.091093398</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33232">33232</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11344292">11344292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+impact+of+invasive+species&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5446-5451&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33232%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11344292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.091093398&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...98.5446M&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rft.au=Cleland%2C+E.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222092651/http://www.nativeseednetwork.org/article_view?id=13">"Glossary: definitions from the following publication: Aubry, C., R. Shoal and V. Erickson. 2005. Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest. USDA Forest Service. 44 pages, plus appendices.; Native Seed Network (NSN), Institute for Applied Ecology, 563 SW Jefferson Ave, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativeseednetwork.org/article_view?id=13">the original</a> on 22 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary%3A+definitions+from+the+following+publication%3A+Aubry%2C+C.%2C+R.+Shoal+and+V.+Erickson.+2005.+Grass+cultivars%3A+their+origins%2C+development%2C+and+use+on+national+forests+and+grasslands+in+the+Pacific+Northwest.+USDA+Forest+Service.+44+pages%2C+plus+appendices.%3B+Native+Seed+Network+%28NSN%29%2C+Institute+for+Applied+Ecology%2C+563+SW+Jefferson+Ave%2C+Corvallis%2C+OR+97333%2C+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nativeseednetwork.org%2Farticle_view%3Fid%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RareEucalypts-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RareEucalypts_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RareEucalypts_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313092336/http://adl.brs.gov.au/data/warehouse/brsShop/data/12858_10_1_3.pdf">"Australia's state of the forests report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2003. p. 107. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adl.brs.gov.au/data/warehouse/brsShop/data/12858_10_1_3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+state+of+the+forests+report&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadl.brs.gov.au%2Fdata%2Fwarehouse%2FbrsShop%2Fdata%2F12858_10_1_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhymerSimberloff1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rhymer, J.M.; Simberloff, D. (November 1996). "Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression". <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>27</b>. Annual Reviews: 83–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.27.1.83">10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2097230">2097230</a>. <q>Introduced species, in turn, are seen as competing with or preying on native species or destroying their habitat. Introduces species (or <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>), however, can generate another kind of extinction, a genetic extinction by hybridization and introgression with native flora and fauna</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=Extinction+by+Hybridization+and+Introgression&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=83-109&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.27.1.83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2097230%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rhymer&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Simberloff%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts2001" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Brad M. (September 2001). <i>Genetic pollution from farm forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids : a report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program</i>. Robert C. Barbour, Andrew B. Hingston. Australian Government, Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-58336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-642-58336-9"><bdi>978-0-642-58336-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetic+pollution+from+farm+forestry+using+eucalypt+species+and+hybrids+%3A+a+report+for+the+RIRDC%2FL%26WA%2FFWPRDC+Joint+Venture+Agroforestry+Program&rft.pub=Australian+Government%2C+Rural+Industrial+Research+and+Development+Corporation&rft.date=2001-09&rft.isbn=978-0-642-58336-9&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Brad+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313092336/http://adl.brs.gov.au/data/warehouse/brsShop/data/12858_10_1_3.pdf">"Genetic diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2003. p. 104. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adl.brs.gov.au/data/warehouse/brsShop/data/12858_10_1_3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>In other words, greater genetic diversity can offer greater resilience. In order to maintain the capacity of our forests to <a href="/wiki/Adaption" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaption">adapt</a> to future changes, therefore, genetic diversity must be preserved</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genetic+diversity&rft.pages=104&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadl.brs.gov.au%2Fdata%2Fwarehouse%2FbrsShop%2Fdata%2F12858_10_1_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindenmayerHobbsSalt2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lindenmayer, D. B.; Hobbs, R. J.; Salt, D. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4637/1/plantation_forests.pdf">"Plantation forests and biodiversity conservation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Forestry</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 62–66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AuFor..66...62L">2003AuFor..66...62L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00049158.2003.10674891">10.1080/00049158.2003.10674891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53968395">53968395</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217143102/https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4637/1/plantation_forests.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Forestry&rft.atitle=Plantation+forests+and+biodiversity+conservation&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-66&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53968395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00049158.2003.10674891&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AuFor..66...62L&rft.aulast=Lindenmayer&rft.aufirst=D.+B.&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Salt%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.murdoch.edu.au%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4637%2F1%2Fplantation_forests.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugc.berkeley.edu/background-content/habitat-loss-restoration/">"Habitat loss / restoration"</a>. <i>Understanding Global Change</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Understanding+Global+Change&rft.atitle=Habitat+loss+%2F+restoration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugc.berkeley.edu%2Fbackground-content%2Fhabitat-loss-restoration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover2004" class="citation book cs1">Clover, Charles (2004). <i>The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat</i>. London: Ebury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-189780-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-189780-2"><bdi>978-0-09-189780-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Line%3A+How+overfishing+is+changing+the+world+and+what+we+eat&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-09-189780-2&rft.aulast=Clover&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Anita. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.berkeley.edu/ProgramCourses/CoursePagesFA2002/geog148/Term%20Papers/Anita%20Lee/THEPLE~1.html">The Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014100508/http://geography.berkeley.edu/ProgramCourses/CoursePagesFA2002/geog148/Term%20Papers/Anita%20Lee/THEPLE~1.html">Archived</a> October 14, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>University of California at Berkeley Geography Program.</i> Retrieved January 11, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koh-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koh_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohDunnSodhiColwell2004" class="citation journal cs1">Koh, Lian Pin; Dunn, Robert R.; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Colwell, Robert K.; Proctor, Heather C.; Smith, Vincent S. (10 September 2004). "Species Coextinctions and the Biodiversity Crisis". <i>Science</i>. <b>305</b> (5690): 1632–1634. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305.1632K">2004Sci...305.1632K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101101">10.1126/science.1101101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15361627">15361627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30713492">30713492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Species+Coextinctions+and+the+Biodiversity+Crisis&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5690&rft.pages=1632-1634&rft.date=2004-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30713492%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15361627&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305.1632K&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Lian+Pin&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Robert+R.&rft.au=Sodhi%2C+Navjot+S.&rft.au=Colwell%2C+Robert+K.&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Heather+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Vincent+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnHarrisColwellKoh2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Robert R.; Harris, Nyeema C.; Colwell, Robert K.; Koh, Lian Pin; Sodhi, Navjot S. (7 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817118">"The sixth mass coextinction: are most endangered species parasites and mutualists?"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>276</b> (1670): 3037–3045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0413">10.1098/rspb.2009.0413</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817118">2817118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19474041">19474041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+sixth+mass+coextinction%3A+are+most+endangered+species+parasites+and+mutualists%3F&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1670&rft.pages=3037-3045&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817118%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19474041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0413&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Nyeema+C.&rft.au=Colwell%2C+Robert+K.&rft.au=Koh%2C+Lian+Pin&rft.au=Sodhi%2C+Navjot+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahneyBentonFalcon-Lang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079">"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>38</b> (12): 1079–1082. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geo....38.1079S">2010Geo....38.1079S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG31182.1">10.1130/G31182.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144357/http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Rainforest+collapse+triggered+Pennsylvanian+tetrapod+diversification+in+Euramerica&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1079-1082&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG31182.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Geo....38.1079S&rft.aulast=Sahney&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Falcon-Lang%2C+H.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F38%2F12%2F1079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasCameronGreenBakkenes2004" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Chris D.; Cameron, Alison; Green, Rhys E.; Bakkenes, Michel; Beaumont, Linda J.; Collingham, Yvonne C.; Erasmus, Barend F. N.; de Siqueira, Marinez Ferreira; Grainger, Alan; Hannah, Lee; Hughes, Lesley; Huntley, Brian; van Jaarsveld, Albert S.; Midgley, Guy F.; Miles, Lera; Ortega-Huerta, Miguel A.; Townsend Peterson, A.; Phillips, Oliver L.; Williams, Stephen E. (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/733227/Thomas%26Cameron_Extinctions_Cover%26Article_Nature_2004.pdf">"Extinction risk from climate change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>427</b> (6970): 145–148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.427..145T">2004Natur.427..145T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02121">10.1038/nature02121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14712274">14712274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:969382">969382</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429130413/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/733227/Thomas%26Cameron_Extinctions_Cover%26Article_Nature_2004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Extinction+risk+from+climate+change&rft.volume=427&rft.issue=6970&rft.pages=145-148&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A969382%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14712274&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.427..145T&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Chris+D.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Alison&rft.au=Green%2C+Rhys+E.&rft.au=Bakkenes%2C+Michel&rft.au=Beaumont%2C+Linda+J.&rft.au=Collingham%2C+Yvonne+C.&rft.au=Erasmus%2C+Barend+F.+N.&rft.au=de+Siqueira%2C+Marinez+Ferreira&rft.au=Grainger%2C+Alan&rft.au=Hannah%2C+Lee&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Lesley&rft.au=Huntley%2C+Brian&rft.au=van+Jaarsveld%2C+Albert+S.&rft.au=Midgley%2C+Guy+F.&rft.au=Miles%2C+Lera&rft.au=Ortega-Huerta%2C+Miguel+A.&rft.au=Townsend+Peterson%2C+A.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Oliver+L.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F733227%2FThomas%2526Cameron_Extinctions_Cover%2526Article_Nature_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhattacharya-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Bhattacharya, Shaoni (7 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4545-global-warming-threatens-millions-of-species.html">"Global warming threatens millions of species"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421082210/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4545-global-warming-threatens-millions-of-species.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>the effects of climate change should be considered as great a threat to biodiversity as the "Big Three"—<a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasions by alien species</a> and overexploitation by humans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Global+warming+threatens+millions+of+species&rft.date=2004-01-07&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Shaoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn4545-global-warming-threatens-millions-of-species.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandwerkHendwerk2006" class="citation web cs1">Handwerk, Brian; Hendwerk, Brian (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612161507/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/04/0412_060412_global_warming.html">"Global Warming Could Cause Mass Extinctions by 2050, Study Says"</a>. National Geographic News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/04/0412_060412_global_warming.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Warming+Could+Cause+Mass+Extinctions+by+2050%2C+Study+Says&rft.pub=National+Geographic+News&rft.date=2006-04&rft.aulast=Handwerk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Hendwerk%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F04%2F0412_060412_global_warming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonScottRyanBuhlmann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbon, J. Whitfield; Scott, David E.; Ryan, Travis J.; Buhlmann, Kurt A.; Tuberville, Tracey D.; Metts, Brian S.; Greene, Judith L.; Mills, Tony; Leiden, Yale; Poppy, Sean; Winne, Christopher T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers/536">"The Global Decline of Reptiles, Déjà Vu Amphibians"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>50</b> (8): 653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282000%29050%5B0653%3ATGDORD%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0653:TGDORD]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12094030">12094030</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213114220/https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers/536/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=The+Global+Decline+of+Reptiles%2C+D%C3%A9j%C3%A0+Vu+Amphibians&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=653&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2F0006-3568%282000%29050%5B0653%3ATGDORD%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12094030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=J.+Whitfield&rft.au=Scott%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Travis+J.&rft.au=Buhlmann%2C+Kurt+A.&rft.au=Tuberville%2C+Tracey+D.&rft.au=Metts%2C+Brian+S.&rft.au=Greene%2C+Judith+L.&rft.au=Mills%2C+Tony&rft.au=Leiden%2C+Yale&rft.au=Poppy%2C+Sean&rft.au=Winne%2C+Christopher+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.butler.edu%2Ffacsch_papers%2F536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinsPuckettLockwoodSwaddle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Martins, Maria João Fernandes; Puckett, T. Markham; Lockwood, Rowan; Swaddle, John P.; Hunt, Gene (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=17927&context=fac_pubs">"High male sexual investment as a driver of extinction in fossil ostracods"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>556</b> (7701): 366–369. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.556..366M">2018Natur.556..366M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0020-7">10.1038/s41586-018-0020-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29643505">29643505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4925632">4925632</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002122147/https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=17927&context=fac_pubs">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=High+male+sexual+investment+as+a+driver+of+extinction+in+fossil+ostracods&rft.volume=556&rft.issue=7701&rft.pages=366-369&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0020-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4925632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29643505&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.556..366M&rft.aulast=Martins&rft.aufirst=Maria+Jo%C3%A3o+Fernandes&rft.au=Puckett%2C+T.+Markham&rft.au=Lockwood%2C+Rowan&rft.au=Swaddle%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faquila.usm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D17927%26context%3Dfac_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahneyBenton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596898">"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>275</b> (1636): 759–765. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1370">10.1098/rspb.2007.1370</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596898">2596898</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18198148">18198148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Recovery+from+the+most+profound+mass+extinction+of+all+time&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1636&rft.pages=759-765&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2596898%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18198148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1370&rft.aulast=Sahney&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2596898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2005" class="citation book cs1">Benton, M.J. (2005). <i>When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28573-2"><bdi>978-0-500-28573-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Life+Nearly+Died%3A+The+Greatest+Mass+Extinction+of+All+Time&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28573-2&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie" title="Hannah Ritchie">Ritchie, Hannah</a> (20 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/wild-mammal-decline">"Wild mammals have declined by 85% since the rise of humans, but there is a possible future where they flourish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216013950/https://ourworldindata.org/wild-mammal-decline">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Wild+mammals+have+declined+by+85%25+since+the+rise+of+humans%2C+but+there+is+a+possible+future+where+they+flourish&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fwild-mammal-decline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMNH-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMNH_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.well.com/~davidu/amnh.html">National Survey Reveals Biodiversity Crisis – Scientific Experts Believe We are in the Midst of the Fastest Mass Extinction in Earth's History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410162439/http://www.well.com/~davidu/amnh.html">Archived</a> 10 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved September 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVignieri2014" class="citation journal cs1">Vignieri, S. (25 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.345.6195.392">"Vanishing fauna (Special issue)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>345</b> (6195): 392–412. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...345..392V">2014Sci...345..392V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.345.6195.392">10.1126/science.345.6195.392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25061199">25061199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Vanishing+fauna+%28Special+issue%29&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=6195&rft.pages=392-412&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25061199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.345.6195.392&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...345..392V&rft.aulast=Vignieri&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.345.6195.392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichRaven2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Raven, Peter H. (1 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7306750">"Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <b>117</b> (24): 13596–13602. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11713596C">2020PNAS..11713596C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1922686117">10.1073/pnas.1922686117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7306750">7306750</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32482862">32482862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Vertebrates+on+the+brink+as+indicators+of+biological+annihilation+and+the+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=13596-13602&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7306750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32482862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1922686117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11713596C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7306750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation interview cs1">Wilson, E.O. (30 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grist.org/article/e-o-wilson-wants-to-know-why-youre-not-protesting-in-the-streets/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"E. O. Wilson wants to know why you're not protesting in the streets"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Grist</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Lisa Hymas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104234523/http://grist.org/article/e-o-wilson-wants-to-know-why-youre-not-protesting-in-the-streets/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grist&rft.atitle=%22E.+O.+Wilson+wants+to+know+why+you%27re+not+protesting+in+the+streets%22&rft.date=2012-04-30&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=E.O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrist.org%2Farticle%2Fe-o-wilson-wants-to-know-why-youre-not-protesting-in-the-streets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span> E.O. Wilson repeats his estimation in 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.H.Lawton and R.M.May, <i>Extinction rates</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> Press, Oxford, UK</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeVos2014-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeVos2014_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeVos2014_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_VosJoppaGittlemanStephens2015" class="citation journal cs1">De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf">"Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction: Background Rate of Extinction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 452–462. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ConBi..29..452D">2015ConBi..29..452D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcobi.12380">10.1111/cobi.12380</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25159086">25159086</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19121609">19121609</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104111411/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+normal+background+rate+of+species+extinction%3A+Background+Rate+of+Extinction&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=452-462&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcobi.12380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19121609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25159086&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ConBi..29..452D&rft.aulast=De+Vos&rft.aufirst=Jurriaan+M.&rft.au=Joppa%2C+Lucas+N.&rft.au=Gittleman%2C+John+L.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Patrick+R.&rft.au=Pimm%2C+Stuart+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F98443%2F1%2FConservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation news cs1">Carrington D (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations">"Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524182314/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Economics+of+biodiversity+review%3A+what+are+the+recommendations%3F&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F02%2Feconomics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Partha_Dasgupta" title="Partha Dasgupta">Dasgupta, Partha</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf">"The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UK government. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520070152/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>Biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history. Current extinction rates, for example, are around 100 to 1,000 times higher than the baseline rate, and they are increasing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Biodiversity%3A+The+Dasgupta+Review+Headline+Messages&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=UK+government&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Partha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F957629%2FDasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimmJenkinsAbellBrooks2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection". <i>Science</i>. <b>344</b> (6187): 1246752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1246752">10.1126/science.1246752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24876501">24876501</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206552746">206552746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+biodiversity+of+species+and+their+rates+of+extinction%2C+distribution%2C+and+protection&rft.volume=344&rft.issue=6187&rft.pages=1246752&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206552746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24876501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1246752&rft.aulast=Pimm&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+C.+N.&rft.au=Abell%2C+R.&rft.au=Brooks%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Gittleman%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Joppa%2C+L.+N.&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Sexton%2C+J.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutter2016" class="citation web cs1">Sutter, John D. (12 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/12/world/sutter-vanishing-help/">"How to stop the sixth mass extinction"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213131234/http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/12/world/sutter-vanishing-help/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+to+stop+the+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F12%2F12%2Fworld%2Fsutter-vanishing-help%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2017" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Chris (11 July 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/11/earth-undergoing-sixth-mass-extinction-humans-spur-biological/">"Earth undergoing sixth 'mass extinction' as humans spur 'biological annihilation' of wildlife"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/11/earth-undergoing-sixth-mass-extinction-humans-spur-biological/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Earth+undergoing+sixth+%27mass+extinction%27+as+humans+spur+%27biological+annihilation%27+of+wildlife&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F07%2F11%2Fearth-undergoing-sixth-mass-extinction-humans-spur-biological%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2020" class="citation news cs1">Greenfield, Patrick (13 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/13/un-draft-plan-sets-2030-target-to-avert-earths-sixth-mass-extinction-aoe">"UN draft plan sets 2030 target to avert Earth's sixth mass extinction"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224095816/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/13/un-draft-plan-sets-2030-target-to-avert-earths-sixth-mass-extinction-aoe">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UN+draft+plan+sets+2030+target+to+avert+Earth%27s+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2020%2Fjan%2F13%2Fun-draft-plan-sets-2030-target-to-avert-earths-sixth-mass-extinction-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung2020" class="citation news cs1">Yeung, Jessie (14 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/14/world/un-biodiversity-draft-plan-intl-hnk-scli-scn/index.html">"We have 10 years to save Earth's biodiversity as mass extinction caused by humans takes hold, UN warns"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215051020/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/14/world/un-biodiversity-draft-plan-intl-hnk-scli-scn/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=We+have+10+years+to+save+Earth%27s+biodiversity+as+mass+extinction+caused+by+humans+takes+hold%2C+UN+warns&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F01%2F14%2Fworld%2Fun-biodiversity-draft-plan-intl-hnk-scli-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2020" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Li (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/more-than-150-countries-made-a-plan-to-save-the-worlds-species-and-ecosystems-a-decade-ago-a-new-report-says-they-mostly-failed/">"More than 150 countries made a plan to preserve biodiversity a decade ago. A new report says they mostly failed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192230/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/more-than-150-countries-made-a-plan-to-save-the-worlds-species-and-ecosystems-a-decade-ago-a-new-report-says-they-mostly-failed/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=More+than+150+countries+made+a+plan+to+preserve+biodiversity+a+decade+ago.+A+new+report+says+they+mostly+failed.&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fmore-than-150-countries-made-a-plan-to-save-the-worlds-species-and-ecosystems-a-decade-ago-a-new-report-says-they-mostly-failed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung2020" class="citation news cs1">Yeung, Jessie (16 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/16/world/un-biodiversity-report-intl-hnk-scli-scn/">"The world set a 2020 deadline to save nature but not a single target was met, UN report says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192230/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/16/world/un-biodiversity-report-intl-hnk-scli-scn/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+world+set+a+2020+deadline+to+save+nature+but+not+a+single+target+was+met%2C+UN+report+says&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F09%2F16%2Fworld%2Fun-biodiversity-report-intl-hnk-scli-scn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston2021" class="citation news cs1">Weston, Phoebe (13 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/13/top-scientists-warn-of-ghastly-future-of-mass-extinction-and-climate-disruption-aoe">"Top scientists warn of 'ghastly future of mass extinction' and climate disruption"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113050606/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/13/top-scientists-warn-of-ghastly-future-of-mass-extinction-and-climate-disruption-aoe">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Top+scientists+warn+of+%27ghastly+future+of+mass+extinction%27+and+climate+disruption&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fjan%2F13%2Ftop-scientists-warn-of-ghastly-future-of-mass-extinction-and-climate-disruption-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawEhrlichBeattieCeballos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel T. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419">"Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Conservation Science</i>. <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419">10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Conservation+Science&rft.atitle=Underestimating+the+Challenges+of+Avoiding+a+Ghastly+Future&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Corey+J.+A.&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Beattie%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ceballos%2C+Gerardo&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Joan&rft.au=Dirzo%2C+Rodolfo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Anne+H.&rft.au=Harte%2C+John&rft.au=Harte%2C+Mary+Ellen&rft.au=Pyke%2C+Graham&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft.au=Ripple%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Saltr%C3%A9%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rik&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Christine&rft.au=Wackernagel%2C+Mathis&rft.au=Blumstein%2C+Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffcosc.2020.615419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHookerCollinsonSille2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Collinson" title="Margaret Collinson">Hooker, Jerry J.</a>; Collinson, Margaret E.; Sille, Nicholas P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/13418/files/PAL_E228.pdf">"Eocene–Oligocene mammalian faunal turnover in the Hampshire Basin, UK: calibration to the global time scale and the major cooling event"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Geological Society</i>. <b>161</b> (2): 161–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGSoc.161..161H">2004JGSoc.161..161H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2F0016-764903-091">10.1144/0016-764903-091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140576090">140576090</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230808072039/https://doc.rero.ch/record/13418/files/PAL_E228.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene+mammalian+faunal+turnover+in+the+Hampshire+Basin%2C+UK%3A+calibration+to+the+global+time+scale+and+the+major+cooling+event&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-172&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140576090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2F0016-764903-091&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JGSoc.161..161H&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Jerry+J.&rft.au=Collinson%2C+Margaret+E.&rft.au=Sille%2C+Nicholas+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F13418%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E228.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_85-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_08">"Extinctions: Georges Cuvier"</a>. <i>evolution.berkeley.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429200852/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_08">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=evolution.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Extinctions%3A+Georges+Cuvier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolution.berkeley.edu%2Fevolibrary%2Farticle%2Fhistory_08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rowland, Stephen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memoirs.gsapubs.org/content/203/225.abstract">"Thomas Jefferson, extinction, and the evolving view of Earth history in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries"</a>. <i>GSA Memoirs</i>. <b>203</b>: 225–246. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150901223048/http://memoirs.gsapubs.org/content/203/225.abstract">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GSA+Memoirs&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson%2C+extinction%2C+and+the+evolving+view+of+Earth+history+in+the+late+eighteenth+and+early+nineteenth+centuries&rft.volume=203&rft.pages=225-246&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemoirs.gsapubs.org%2Fcontent%2F203%2F225.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_87-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_87-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyells1854" class="citation book cs1">Lyells, Charles (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33224/33224-h/33224-h.htm"><i>The Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology</i></a>. New York: Appleton Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025005756/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33224/33224-h/33224-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Geology+or%2C+The+Modern+Changes+of+the+Earth+and+its+Inhabitants+Considered+as+Illustrative+of+Geology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Appleton+Co&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Lyells&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F33224%2F33224-h%2F33224-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_88-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_88-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBressan2011" class="citation web cs1">Bressan, David (17 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/on-the-extinction-of-species/">"On the Extinction of Species"</a>. <i>Scientific American Blog Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105110/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/on-the-extinction-of-species/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American+Blog+Network&rft.atitle=On+the+Extinction+of+Species&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.aulast=Bressan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fhistory-of-geology%2Fon-the-extinction-of-species%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidalDias2015" class="citation book cs1">Vidal, Fernando; Dias, Nélia (2015). <i>Endangerment, Biodiversity and Culture</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53807-3"><bdi>978-1-317-53807-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangerment%2C+Biodiversity+and+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-53807-3&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Dias%2C+N%C3%A9lia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInwood2005" class="citation book cs1">Inwood, Stephen (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottengeniusb0000inwo"><i>The Forgotten Genius: The Biography of Robert Hooke, 1635–1703</i></a></span>. MacAdam/Cage Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottengeniusb0000inwo/page/403">403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59692-115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59692-115-3"><bdi>978-1-59692-115-3</bdi></a>. <q>hooke nautilus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Genius%3A+The+Biography+of+Robert+Hooke%2C+1635%E2%80%931703&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=MacAdam%2FCage+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59692-115-3&rft.aulast=Inwood&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottengeniusb0000inwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolyneux1697" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Molyneux,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Molyneux, 1st Baronet">Molyneux, Thomas</a> (April 1697). "II. A discourse concerning the large horns frequently found under ground in Ireland, concluding from them that the great American deer, call'd a moose, was formerly common in that Island: with remarks on some other things natural to that country". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>19</b> (227): 489–512. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1695RSPT...19..489M">1695RSPT...19..489M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1695.0083">10.1098/rstl.1695.0083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186207711">186207711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=II.+A+discourse+concerning+the+large+horns+frequently+found+under+ground+in+Ireland%2C+concluding+from+them+that+the+great+American+deer%2C+call%27d+a+moose%2C+was+formerly+common+in+that+Island%3A+with+remarks+on+some+other+things+natural+to+that+country&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=227&rft.pages=489-512&rft.date=1697-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186207711%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1695.0083&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1695RSPT...19..489M&rft.aulast=Molyneux&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson2-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson2_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud</i> (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Watson_(business_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Watson (business writer)">Peter Watson</a> Weidenfeld & Nicolson <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-60726-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-60726-X">0-297-60726-X</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_93-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_93-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor2003" class="citation book cs1">Trevor, Palmer (2003). <i>Perilous planet earth : catastrophes and catastrophism through the ages</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81928-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81928-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912273245">912273245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perilous+planet+earth+%3A+catastrophes+and+catastrophism+through+the+ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912273245&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81928-2&rft.aulast=Trevor&rft.aufirst=Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._J._S.Cuvier1998" class="citation book cs1">M. J. S., Rudwick; <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier, Georges</a> (1998). <i>Georges Cuvier, fossil bones, and geological catastrophes : new translations & interpretations of the primary texts</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73106-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73106-3"><bdi>978-0-226-73106-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45730036">45730036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georges+Cuvier%2C+fossil+bones%2C+and+geological+catastrophes+%3A+new+translations+%26+interpretations+of+the+primary+texts&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45730036&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73106-3&rft.aulast=M.+J.+S.&rft.aufirst=Rudwick&rft.au=Cuvier%2C+Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorsi1988" class="citation book cs1">Corsi, Pietro (1988). <i>The age of Lamarck : evolutionary theories in France, 1790–1830</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05830-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05830-9"><bdi>978-0-520-05830-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898833548">898833548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+Lamarck+%3A+evolutionary+theories+in+France%2C+1790%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898833548&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05830-9&rft.aulast=Corsi&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/16/the-lost-world-2">"The Lost World"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. 9 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051615/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/16/the-lost-world-2">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Lost+World&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2013%2F12%2F16%2Fthe-lost-world-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinhorn2021" class="citation news cs1">Einhorn, Catrin (27 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/climate/sharks-population-study.html">"Shark Populations Are Crashing, With a 'Very Small Window' to Avert Disaster"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131005226/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/climate/sharks-population-study.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shark+Populations+Are+Crashing%2C+With+a+%27Very+Small+Window%27+to+Avert+Disaster&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft.aulast=Einhorn&rft.aufirst=Catrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F27%2Fclimate%2Fsharks-population-study.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacoureauRigbyKyneSherley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; Kyne, Peter M.; Sherley, Richard B.; Winker, Henning; Carlson, John K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Barreto, Rodrigo; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Jabado, Rima W.; Herman, Katelyn B.; Liu, Kwang-Ming; Marshall, Andrea D.; Pollom, Riley A.; Romanov, Evgeny V.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Yin, Jamie S.; Kindsvater, Holly K.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (28 January 2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". <i>Nature</i>. <b>589</b> (7843): 567–571. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.589..567P">2021Natur.589..567P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03173-9">10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F124531">10871/124531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33505035">33505035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231723355">231723355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Half+a+century+of+global+decline+in+oceanic+sharks+and+rays&rft.volume=589&rft.issue=7843&rft.pages=567-571&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F124531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231723355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.589..567P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33505035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03173-9&rft.aulast=Pacoureau&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Rigby%2C+Cassandra+L.&rft.au=Kyne%2C+Peter+M.&rft.au=Sherley%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Winker%2C+Henning&rft.au=Carlson%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Fordham%2C+Sonja+V.&rft.au=Barreto%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Fernando%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Francis%2C+Malcolm+P.&rft.au=Jabado%2C+Rima+W.&rft.au=Herman%2C+Katelyn+B.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Kwang-Ming&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Andrea+D.&rft.au=Pollom%2C+Riley+A.&rft.au=Romanov%2C+Evgeny+V.&rft.au=Simpfendorfer%2C+Colin+A.&rft.au=Yin%2C+Jamie+S.&rft.au=Kindsvater%2C+Holly+K.&rft.au=Dulvy%2C+Nicholas+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotzman-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kotzman_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Cormack_GatesCurtis_H._FreesePeter_J.P._GoganMandy_Kotzman2010" class="citation book cs1">C. Cormack Gates; Curtis H. Freese; Peter J.P. Gogan; Mandy Kotzman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koUrGx-i2ucC&pg=PR15"><i>American bison: status survey and conservation guidelines 2010</i></a>. IUCN. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-1149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-1149-2"><bdi>978-2-8317-1149-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+bison%3A+status+survey+and+conservation+guidelines+2010&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-1149-2&rft.au=C.+Cormack+Gates&rft.au=Curtis+H.+Freese&rft.au=Peter+J.P.+Gogan&rft.au=Mandy+Kotzman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkoUrGx-i2ucC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Walsh_(scientist)" title="Bruce Walsh (scientist)">Walsh, Bruce</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/courses/EEB105/lectures/extinction/extinction.html">Extinction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970802184301/http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/courses/EEB105/lectures/extinction/extinction.html">Archived</a> 1997-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bioscience at University of Arizona. Retrieved July 26, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CREOcare-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CREOcare_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Committee on Recently Extinct Organisms. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creo.amnh.org/care.html">Why Care About Species That Have Gone Extinct?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060713045653/http://creo.amnh.org/care.html">Archived</a> 13 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved July 30, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INCHEM-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INCHEM_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Programme on Chemical Safety (1989). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc83.htm">DDT and its Derivatives – Environmental Aspects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927215945/http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc83.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Environmental Health Criteria 83. Retrieved September 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc009.htm">"DDT and its derivatives (EHC 9, 1979)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225180744/http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc009.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDT+and+its+derivatives+%28EHC+9%2C+1979%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inchem.org%2Fdocuments%2Fehc%2Fehc%2Fehc009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiamondCollapse-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiamondCollapse_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collapsehowsocie00diam">"A Tale of Two Farms"</a></span>. <i>Collapse</i>. Penguin. pp. 15–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03337-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03337-9"><bdi>978-0-670-03337-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Farms&rft.btitle=Collapse&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03337-9&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollapsehowsocie00diam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drewry-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drewry_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drewry, Rachel. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit51/orang.htm">Ecotourism: Can it save the orangutans?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216200744/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit51/orang.htm">Archived</a> February 16, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>Inside Indonesia</i>. Retrieved January 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WildlandsProject-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WildlandsProject_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wild-earth.org/cms/page1090.cfm">The Wildlands Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122155849/http://www.wild-earth.org/cms/page1090.cfm">Archived</a> November 22, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved January 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeroextinction.org/">Alliance for Zero Extinctions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423151342/http://www.zeroextinction.org/">Archived</a> April 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved January 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich1981" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Anne (1981). <i>Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species</i>. Random House, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51312-6"><bdi>978-0-394-51312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extinction%3A+The+Causes+and+Consequences+of+the+Disappearance+of+Species&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+New+York&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-394-51312-6&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenatar2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">Benatar, David</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betternevertohav0000bena/page/197"><i>Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betternevertohav0000bena/page/197">197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954926-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954926-9"><bdi>978-0-19-954926-9</bdi></a>. <q>It is noteworthy that human concern about human extinction takes a different form from human concern (where there is any) about the extinction of non-human species. Most humans who are concerned about the extinction of non-human species are not concerned about the individual animals whose lives are cut short in the passage to extinction, even though that is one of the best reasons to be concerned about extinction (at least in its killing form). The popular concern about animal extinction is usually concern for humans—that we shall live in a world impoverished by the loss of one aspect of faunal diversity, that we shall no longer be able to behold or use that species of animal. In other words, none of the typical concerns about human extinction are applied to non-human species extinction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Better+Never+to+Have+Been%3A+The+Harm+of+Coming+into+Existence&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954926-9&rft.aulast=Benatar&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetternevertohav0000bena%2Fpage%2F197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickel2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Hickel, Jason</a> (2021). <i>Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World</i>. Windmill Books. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786091215" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786091215"><bdi>978-1786091215</bdi></a>. <q>It's no wonder that we react so nonchalantly to the ever-mounting statistics about the crisis of mass extinction. We have a habit of taking this information with surprising calm. We don't weep. We don't get worked up. Why? Because we see humans as fundamentally separate from the rest of the living community. Those species are out there, in the environment. They aren't in here; they aren't part of us. It is not surprising that we behave this way. After all, this is the core principle of capitalism: that the world is not really alive, and it is certainly not our kin, but rather just stuff to be extracted and discarded – and that includes most of the human beings living here too. From its very first principles, capitalism has set itself at war against life itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Less+is+More%3A+How+Degrowth+Will+Save+the+World&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Windmill+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1786091215&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_Factsheet-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_Factsheet_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/">"Smallpox"</a>. <i>WHO Factsheet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/">the original</a> on 21 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO+Factsheet&rft.atitle=Smallpox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Fsmallpox%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Normile2008-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Normile2008_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormile2008" class="citation journal cs1">Normile, Dennis (21 March 2008). "Driven to Extinction". <i>Science</i>. <b>319</b> (5870): 1606–1609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.319.5870.1606">10.1126/science.319.5870.1606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356500">18356500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46157093">46157093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Driven+to+Extinction&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5870&rft.pages=1606-1609&rft.date=2008-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46157093%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18356500&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.319.5870.1606&rft.aulast=Normile&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polio-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polio_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring.aspx">"Polio cases in the world in 2015"</a>. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219015412/http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polio+cases+in+the+world+in+2015&rft.pub=The+Global+Polio+Eradication+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polioeradication.org%2FDataandmonitoring.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3680439/guinea-worm-almost-extinct/">"This Species is Close to Extinction and That's a Good Thing"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 23 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224032526/http://time.com/3680439/guinea-worm-almost-extinct/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=This+Species+is+Close+to+Extinction+and+That%27s+a+Good+Thing&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3680439%2Fguinea-worm-almost-extinct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judson-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judson_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judson_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Judson" title="Olivia Judson">Judson, Olivia</a> (25 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/25/opinion/a-bug-s-death.html">"A Bug's Death"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306163542/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/25/opinion/a-bug-s-death.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Bug%27s+Death&rft.date=2003-09-25&rft.aulast=Judson&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F09%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fa-bug-s-death.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson2016" class="citation news cs1">Paulson, Steve (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theworld.org/stories/2016-04-04/why-famous-biologist-wants-eradicate-killer-mosquitoes">"Why a famous biologist wants to eradicate killer mosquitoes"</a>. <i>The World from PRX</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209131520/https://theworld.org/stories/2016-04-04/why-famous-biologist-wants-eradicate-killer-mosquitoes">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+from+PRX&rft.atitle=Why+a+famous+biologist+wants+to+eradicate+killer+mosquitoes&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheworld.org%2Fstories%2F2016-04-04%2Fwhy-famous-biologist-wants-eradicate-killer-mosquitoes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Costa-et-al-1916-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Costa-et-al-1916_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruto_da_CostaSant'_Annados_Santosde_Araujo_Alvares1916" class="citation book cs1">Bruto da Costa, B. F.; Sant' Anna, J. F.; dos Santos, A. C.; de Araujo Alvares, M. G. (1916). <i>Sleeping Sickness, A Record of Four Years' War against It in the Island of Principe</i>. Translated by Lieutenant Colonel J. A. Wyllie. <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: Centro Colonial (<a href="/wiki/Bailli%C3%A8re_Tindall" class="mw-redirect" title="Baillière Tindall">Baillière Tindall</a> and Cox). pp. xxii+260. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82867664">82867664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleeping+Sickness%2C+A+Record+of+Four+Years%27+War+against+It+in+the+Island+of+Principe&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=xxii%2B260&rft.pub=Centro+Colonial+%28Bailli%C3%A8re+Tindall+and+Cox%29&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82867664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bruto+da+Costa&rft.aufirst=B.+F.&rft.au=Sant%27+Anna%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=dos+Santos%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=de+Araujo+Alvares%2C+M.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span> (Other <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82229617">82229617</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-book-review-1916-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature-book-review-1916_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.1916" class="citation journal cs1">S., J. W. W. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F098311a0">"The Eradication of Sleeping Sickness from Principe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>98</b> (2460). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 311–312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916Natur..98..311J">1916Natur..98..311J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F098311a0">10.1038/098311a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3964040">3964040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Eradication+of+Sleeping+Sickness+from+Principe&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2460&rft.pages=311-312&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3964040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F098311a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916Natur..98..311J&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=J.+W.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F098311a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simarro-et-al-2008-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simarro-et-al-2008_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimarroJanninCattand2008" class="citation journal cs1">Simarro, Pere P; Jannin, Jean; Cattand, Pierre (26 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253612">"Eliminating Human African Trypanosomiasis: Where Do We Stand and What Comes Next?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_Medicine" title="PLOS Medicine">PLOS Medicine</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a> (PLoS): e55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050055">10.1371/journal.pmed.0050055</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253612">2253612</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18303943">18303943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17608648">17608648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=Eliminating+Human+African+Trypanosomiasis%3A+Where+Do+We+Stand+and+What+Comes+Next%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e55&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2253612%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17608648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18303943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050055&rft.aulast=Simarro&rft.aufirst=Pere+P&rft.au=Jannin%2C+Jean&rft.au=Cattand%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2253612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouyer-et-al-2018-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bouyer-et-al-2018_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouyerCarterBataviaNelson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bouyer, Jérémy; Carter, Neil H; Batavia, Chelsea; <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Nelson" title="Michael P. Nelson">Nelson, Michael Paul</a> (19 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6377282">"The Ethics of Eliminating Harmful Species: The Case of the Tsetse Fly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a></i>. <b>69</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Biological_Sciences" title="American Institute of Biological Sciences">American Institute of Biological Sciences</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">OUP</a>): 125–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiy155">10.1093/biosci/biy155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6377282">6377282</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30792543">30792543</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67788418">67788418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+Eliminating+Harmful+Species%3A+The+Case+of+the+Tsetse+Fly&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-135&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6377282%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67788418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30792543&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiy155&rft.aulast=Bouyer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my&rft.au=Carter%2C+Neil+H&rft.au=Batavia%2C+Chelsea&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Michael+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6377282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Zitner2000" class="citation news cs1">A. Zitner (24 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825212540/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/24/news/mn-4250/2">"Cloned Goat Would Revive Extinct Line"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/24/news/mn-4250/2">the original</a> on 25 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Cloned+Goat+Would+Revive+Extinct+Line&rft.date=2000-12-24&rft.au=A.+Zitner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2000%2Fdec%2F24%2Fnews%2Fmn-4250%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Wade2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Nicholas Wade</a> (19 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/20/science/20mammoth.html?_r=1">"Regenerating a Mammoth for $10 Million"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312075740/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/20/science/20mammoth.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Regenerating+a+Mammoth+for+%2410+Million&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.au=Nicholas+Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F20%2Fscience%2F20mammoth.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span> <i>The cell could be converted into an embryo and brought to term by an elephant, a project he estimated would cost some $10 million. "This is something that could work, though it will be tedious and expensive," </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolchCoceroChesnéAlabart2009" class="citation journal cs1">Folch, J.; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.theriogenology.2008.11.005">"First birth of an animal from an extinct subspecies (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) by cloning"</a>. <i>Theriogenology</i>. <b>71</b> (6): 1026–1034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.theriogenology.2008.11.005">10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.11.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19167744">19167744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theriogenology&rft.atitle=First+birth+of+an+animal+from+an+extinct+subspecies+%28Capra+pyrenaica+pyrenaica%29+by+cloning&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1026-1034&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.theriogenology.2008.11.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19167744&rft.aulast=Folch&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Cocero%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Chesn%C3%A9%2C+P.&rft.au=Alabart%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Dom%C3%ADnguez%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.theriogenology.2008.11.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Connor2009" class="citation news cs1">Steve Connor (2 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/cloned-goat-dies-after-attempt-to-bring-species-back-from-extinction-1522974.html">"Cloned goat dies after attempt to bring species back from extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013205333/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/cloned-goat-dies-after-attempt-to-bring-species-back-from-extinction-1522974.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Cloned+goat+dies+after+attempt+to+bring+species+back+from+extinction&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft.au=Steve+Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fcloned-goat-dies-after-attempt-to-bring-species-back-from-extinction-1522974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayDobson2009" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Richard; Dobson, Roger (31 January 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html">"Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning"</a></span>. <i>Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Extinct+ibex+is+resurrected+by+cloning&rft.date=2009-01-31&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Dobson%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F4409958%2FExtinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1981" class="citation book cs1">Day, David (1981). <i>The Doomsday Book of Animals: A Natural History of Vanished Species</i>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670279876" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670279876"><bdi>978-0670279876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Book+of+Animals%3A+A+Natural+History+of+Vanished+Species&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0670279876&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirzoCeballosEhrlich2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Dirzo" title="Rodolfo Dirzo">Dirzo, Rodolfo</a>; Ceballos, Gerardo; <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Ehrlich, Paul R.</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9237743">"Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_B" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>377</b> (1857). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2021.0378">10.1098/rstb.2021.0378</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9237743">9237743</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35757873">35757873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Circling+the+drain%3A+the+extinction+crisis+and+the+future+of+humanity&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=1857&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9237743%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35757873&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2021.0378&rft.aulast=Dirzo&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rft.au=Ceballos%2C+Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9237743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Pennisi2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pennisi" title="Elizabeth Pennisi">Elizabeth Pennisi</a> (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/bringing-back-woolly-mammoth-and-other-extinct-creatures-may-be-impossible">"Bringing back the woolly mammoth and other extinct creatures may be impossible"</a>. <i>Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Bringing+back+the+woolly+mammoth+and+other+extinct+creatures+may+be+impossible&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.au=Elizabeth+Pennisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fbringing-back-woolly-mammoth-and-other-extinct-creatures-may-be-impossible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelley2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Pelley" title="Scott Pelley">Pelley, Scott</a> (1 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/earth-mass-extinction-60-minutes-2023-01-01/">"Scientists say planet in midst of sixth mass extinction, Earth's wildlife running out of places to live"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Scientists+say+planet+in+midst+of+sixth+mass+extinction%2C+Earth%27s+wildlife+running+out+of+places+to+live&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft.aulast=Pelley&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fearth-mass-extinction-60-minutes-2023-01-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinction&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extinction" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:extinction">extinction</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinction" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Extinction">Extinction</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Extinction" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Extinction">Extinction</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Extinction_of_Species" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Extinction of Species">Extinction of Species</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creo.amnh.org">Committee on recently extinct organisms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/series/the-age-of-extinction">The age of extinction</a> series in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extinction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extinction" title="Template:Extinction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extinction" title="Template talk:Extinction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extinction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extinction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extinction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extinction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_extinction_rate" title="Background extinction rate">Background extinction rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_extinction" title="Functional extinction">Functional extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_taxon" title="Lazarus taxon">Lazarus taxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">Local extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoextinction" title="Pseudoextinction">Pseudoextinction</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad"><img alt="The species Bufo periglenes (Golden Toad) was last reported in 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/140px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/210px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/280px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="1986" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_vortex" title="Extinction vortex">Extinction vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muller%27s_ratchet" title="Muller's ratchet">Muller's ratchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutational_meltdown" title="Mutational meltdown">Mutational meltdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overabundant_species" title="Overabundant species">Overabundant species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_enrichment" title="Paradox of enrichment">Paradox of enrichment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories<br />and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">Extinction debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">Extinction threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_of_Bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of Bullets">Field of Bullets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_species" title="Hypothetical species">Hypothetical species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">Living fossil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">Ordovician–Silurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_extinctions_in_the_Holocene" title="Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-Ediacaran_extinction" title="End-Ediacaran extinction">End-Ediacaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-Botomian_mass_extinction" title="End-Botomian mass extinction">End-Botomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresbachian" title="Dresbachian">Dresbachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian%E2%80%93Ordovician_extinction_event" title="Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event">Cambrian–Ordovician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireviken_event" title="Ireviken event">Ireviken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulde_event" title="Mulde event">Mulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_event" title="Lau event">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse" title="Carboniferous rainforest collapse">Carboniferous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olson%27s_Extinction" title="Olson's Extinction">Olson's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeishan_Traps" title="Emeishan Traps">End-Capitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnian_pluvial_episode" title="Carnian pluvial episode">Carnian Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toarcian_turnover" class="mw-redirect" title="Toarcian turnover">Toarcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">End-Jurassic or Tithonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptian_extinction" title="Aptian extinction">Aptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenomanian-Turonian_boundary_event" title="Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event">Cenomanian-Turonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene_extinction_event" title="Eocene–Oligocene extinction event">Eocene–Oligocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene_disruption" title="Middle Miocene disruption">Middle Miocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene#Supernovae" title="Pliocene">Pliocene–Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_species" title="Category:Extinct species">Extinct species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_extinct_species" title="Lists of extinct species">Lists of extinct species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct species">IUCN Red List extinct species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Species_Survival_Commission" title="IUCN Species Survival Commission">IUCN Species Survival Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_symbol" title="Extinction symbol">Extinction symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History" title="The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History">The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Extinction" title="Category:Extinction">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinction" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Extinction">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocalypticism" title="Category:Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hazards" title="Category:Hazards">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Risk_analysis" title="Category:Risk analysis">Risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoos" title="Template:Zoos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoos" title="Template talk:Zoos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquariums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviaries">aviaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">Animal sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_pit" title="Bear pit">Bear pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">Herpetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectarium" title="Insectarium">Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_safari" title="Night safari">Night safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguinarium" title="Penguinarium">Penguinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_centre" title="Reptile centre">Reptile centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">Aquariums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest aquaria">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_sanctuaries" title="List of animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterfly_houses" title="List of butterfly houses">Butterfly houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dolphinariums" title="List of dolphinariums">Dolphinariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of former zoos and aquariums">Former zoos and aquariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers" title="List of nature centers">Nature centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">Zoo associations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WAZA_member_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums">WAZA members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Animals in captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_exhibit" title="Immersion exhibit">Immersion exhibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_house" title="Nocturnal house">Nocturnal house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zookeeper" title="Zookeeper">Zookeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_team_(zoo)" title="Emergency response team (zoo)">Zoo emergency response team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_key" title="Zoo key">Zoo key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_society" title="Zoological society">Zoological society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoos" title="Category:Zoos">Category: Zoos</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquariums" title="Category:Aquariums">Category: Aquariums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deforestation_and_desertification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deforestation_and_desertification" title="Template:Deforestation and desertification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deforestation_and_desertification" title="Template talk:Deforestation and desertification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation_and_desertification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation and desertification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deforestation_and_desertification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assarting" title="Assarting">Assarting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation by region">Deforestation by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaintop removal">Mountaintop removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">Slash-and-char</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illegal slash and burn in Madagascar"><img alt="Illegal slash and burn in Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/140px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/210px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/280px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2166" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">Aridification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_desertification" title="Historic desertification">Historic desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisture_recycling" title="Moisture recycling">Moisture recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">Soil retrogression and degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_the_Gobi_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Lebanon" title="Desertification in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_the_Sahel" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">Afforestation</a></li> <li>Arid Lands Information Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">Biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_greening" title="Desert greening">Desert greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer-managed_natural_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-managed natural regeneration">Farmer-managed regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_Mechanisms" title="Flexible Mechanisms">Flexible Mechanisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_intensive_rotational_grazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Managed intensive rotational grazing">Managed intensive rotational grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasification" title="Oasification">Oasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">Intact forest landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use, land-use change and forestry">Land use, land-use change and forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscape</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123509#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003882-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85046568">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Espèces (biologie) -- Extinction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120495793">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Espèces (biologie) -- Extinction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120495793">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001202518">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562804505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33991">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extinction&oldid=1258808382">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extinction&oldid=1258808382</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinction" title="Category:Extinction">Extinction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_by_conservation_status" title="Category:Biota by conservation status">Biota by conservation status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_conservation" title="Category:Environmental conservation">Environmental conservation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List" title="Category:IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from February 2022">Articles with self-published sources from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 19:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extinction&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-strx4","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.835","walltime":"2.169","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13356,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":508066,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17813,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":576032,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1729.819 1 -total"," 57.19% 989.275 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.97% 310.909 44 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.98% 189.954 24 Template:Cite_book"," 7.45% 128.843 25 Template:Cite_news"," 7.17% 124.060 10 Template:Fix"," 6.59% 113.994 11 Template:Navbox"," 6.37% 110.106 1 Template:Conservation_status"," 6.23% 107.849 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.33% 92.231 18 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.071","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8179026,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","16.9"],["?","160","13.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.4"],["[others]","260","22.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-67468f59cb-lkqg5","timestamp":"20241127132727","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Extinction","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extinction","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q123509","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q123509","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-17T11:23:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T19:03:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fb\/Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg","headline":"termination of a taxon by the death of its last member"}</script> </body> </html>