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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Research history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogenetics_and_modern_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogenetics_and_modern_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Phylogenetics and modern definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogenetics_and_modern_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_position_of_turtles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_position_of_turtles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The position of turtles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_position_of_turtles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolutionary history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin of the reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rise of the reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anapsids,_synapsids,_diapsids,_and_sauropsids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anapsids,_synapsids,_diapsids,_and_sauropsids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Anapsids, synapsids, diapsids, and sauropsids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anapsids,_synapsids,_diapsids,_and_sauropsids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permian_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permian_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Permian reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permian_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesozoic_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesozoic_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mesozoic reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesozoic_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cenozoic_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cenozoic_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cenozoic reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cenozoic_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology and physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology and physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Respiratory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turtles_and_tortoises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turtles_and_tortoises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Turtles and tortoises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turtles_and_tortoises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sound production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hearing_in_snakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_in_snakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Hearing in snakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing_in_snakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Shedding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Excretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Nerves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longevity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Longevity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Defense mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defense_mechanisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Defense mechanisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defense_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camouflage_and_warning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camouflage_and_warning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Camouflage and warning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camouflage_and_warning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_defense_in_snakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_defense_in_snakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Alternative defense in snakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_defense_in_snakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_in_crocodilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_in_crocodilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Defense in crocodilians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_in_crocodilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shedding_and_regenerating_tails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shedding_and_regenerating_tails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Shedding and regenerating tails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shedding_and_regenerating_tails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relations with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_cultures_and_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cultures_and_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In cultures and religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cultures_and_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Commercial farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles_in_captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles_in_captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Reptiles in captivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptiles_in_captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reptile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 165 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiel" title="Reptiel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reptiel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilien" title="Reptilien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Reptilien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A2_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B3" title="ተሳቢ እንስሳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተሳቢ እንስሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA" title="सरिसृप – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सरिसृप" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%81" title="زواحف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زواحف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սողուններ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սողուններ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%AA" title="সৰীসৃপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সৰীসৃপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otyryr%C3%BDva" title="Otyryrýva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Otyryrýva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCr%C3%BCn%C9%99nl%C9%99r" title="Sürünənlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sürünənlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B1" title="سوروننلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوروننلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%AA" title="সরীসৃপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সরীসৃপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2-thi%C3%B4ng" title="Pâ-thiông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pâ-thiông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D0%B9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Һөйрәлеүселәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөйрәлеүселәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Паўзуны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўзуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Паўзуны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўзуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilya" title="Reptilya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Reptilya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Влечуги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Влечуги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rept%C3%BClien" title="Reptülien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reptülien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptili" title="Reptili – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Reptili" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stlejvil" title="Stlejvil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stlejvil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Мүлхигшэд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мүлхигшэд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8ptils" title="Rèptils – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rèptils" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%C3%A7%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Шуса çӳрекенсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шуса çӳрекенсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muraghalas" title="Muraghalas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Muraghalas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plazi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzinokambaira" title="Dzinokambaira – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzinokambaira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymlusgiad" title="Ymlusgiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymlusgiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krybdyr" title="Krybdyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krybdyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilien" title="Reptilien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reptilien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaldlooshii_dadich%CA%BC%C3%ADzhii" title="Naaldlooshii dadichʼízhii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naaldlooshii dadichʼízhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomajad" title="Roomajad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roomajad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC" title="Ερπετά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερπετά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilioj" title="Reptilioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reptilioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retil" title="Retil – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Retil" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrasti" title="Narrasti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Narrasti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3tatawo" title="Lãtatawo – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Lãtatawo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خزندگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خزندگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Reptile" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skri%C3%B0d%C3%BDr" title="Skriðdýr – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skriðdýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles" title="Reptiles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reptiles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilen" title="Reptilen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reptilen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reipt%C3%ADl" title="Reiptíl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Reiptíl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ist" title="Pèist – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pèist" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ptiles" title="Réptiles – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Réptiles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%B6%A9%EB%A5%98" title="파충류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파충류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սողուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սողուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA" title="सरीसृप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सरीसृप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%BEaki" title="Łažaki – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Łažaki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmazovi" title="Gmazovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gmazovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptero" title="Reptero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Reptero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptil" title="Reptil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reptil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Reptile" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paam%C4%A1uaq" title="Paamġuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Paamġuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Хилджытæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хилджытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isihuquzi" title="Isihuquzi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isihuquzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skri%C3%B0d%C3%BDr" title="Skriðdýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skriðdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="זוחלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זוחלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8ptil" title="Rèptil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rèptil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9na_wena_atuu_a-lotu_y%C9%94%C9%94_y%C9%94" title="Kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%AA" title="ಸರೀಸೃಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರೀಸೃಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქვეწარმავლები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქვეწარმავლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бауырымен жорғалаушылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бауырымен жорғалаушылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramvil" title="Kramvil – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kramvil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8ptil" title="Rèptil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rèptil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptil" title="Reptil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Reptil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xijende" title="Xijende – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xijende" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retil" title="Retil – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Retil" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81pu%C4%BCi" title="Rāpuļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rāpuļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiller" title="Reptiller – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Reptiller" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropliai" title="Ropliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ropliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiele" title="Reptiele – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Reptiele" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liny%C3%B3ka" title="Linyóka – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Linyóka" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retil" title="Retil – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Retil" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/respa" title="respa – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="respa" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCll%C5%91k" title="Hüllők – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hüllők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8ptil" title="Rèptil – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Rèptil" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Влекачи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Влекачи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ഉരഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉരഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ქვერქვენწეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქვერქვენწეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%81" title="زواحف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زواحف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%81%9F%E1%80%AC" title="မၟာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မၟာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="خزنده – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خزنده" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Мөлхөгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мөлхөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="တွားသွားသတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တွားသွားသတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptielen" title="Reptielen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reptielen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroepdeers" title="Kroepdeers – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kroepdeers" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA" title="सरीसृप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सरीसृप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2" title="रेप्ताइल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेप्ताइल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB%E9%A1%9E" title="爬虫類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="爬虫類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettile" title="Rettile – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Rettile" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krepdiarten" title="Krepdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Krepdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypdyr" title="Krypdyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krypdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypdyr" title="Krypdyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krypdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munyuuqee" title="Munyuuqee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Munyuuqee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudralib_yuruvchilar" title="Sudralib yuruvchilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sudralib yuruvchilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80" title="ਭੁਜੰਗੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੁਜੰਗੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%92" title="کرلے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرلے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%93%D9%86" title="خاپوړن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خاپوړن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptail" title="Reptail – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Reptail" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Кыссиссез – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кыссиссез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9tij" title="Rétij – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rétij" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptail" title="Reptail – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Reptail" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilien" title="Reptilien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Reptilien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gady" title="Gady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9pteis" title="Répteis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Répteis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptil%C4%83" title="Reptilă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reptilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptils" title="Reptils – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Reptils" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchuq" title="Suchuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suchuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Плазы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Плазы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F" title="Пресмыкающиеся – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пресмыкающиеся" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сыыллааччылар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сыыллааччылар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="सर्पण-शीलः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सर्पण-शीलः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Reptile" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segagabi" title="Segagabi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Segagabi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvarranik%C3%ABt" title="Zvarranikët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zvarranikët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reptile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="ريپٽائل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ريپٽائل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazy" title="Plazy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plazy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazilci" title="Plazilci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plazilci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamaarato" title="Xamaarato – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xamaarato" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%A9" title="خشۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خشۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Гмизавци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гмизавци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptil" title="Reptil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Reptil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ptil" title="Réptil – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Réptil" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matelijat" title="Matelijat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matelijat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A4ldjur" title="Kräldjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kräldjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilya" title="Reptilya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Reptilya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9" title="ஊர்வன – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊர்வன" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timraradin" title="Timraradin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timraradin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BB%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сөйрәлүчеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөйрәлүчеләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సరీసృపాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సరీసృపాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สัตว์เลื้อยคลาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์เลื้อยคลาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хазандагон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хазандагон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumanu_ngaolo_pe_totolo" title="Monumanu ngaolo pe totolo – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Monumanu ngaolo pe totolo" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8F%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎠᎾᏓᏂᏏᏂᏙᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎾᏓᏂᏏᏂᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCr%C3%BCngenler" title="Sürüngenler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sürüngenler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Плазуни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плазуни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%81" title="خزندہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خزندہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujelijad" title="Ujelijad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ujelijad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_b%C3%B2_s%C3%A1t" title="Động vật bò sát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật bò sát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruumaja" title="Ruumaja – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ruumaja" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropante_biesse" title="Cropante biesse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cropante biesse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptieln" title="Reptieln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Reptieln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" title="Reptilia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reptilia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%9F%B2%E9%A1%9E" title="爬蟲類 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爬蟲類" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2" title="רעפטיליע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעפטיליע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af%C3%A0y%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Afàyàwọ́ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Afàyàwọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%9F%B2%E9%A1%9E" title="爬蟲類 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="爬蟲類" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptielen" title="Reptielen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Reptielen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruopl%C4%93" title="Ruoplē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruoplē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爬行动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10811#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reptile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reptile (disambiguation)">Reptile (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Reptiles<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Late Carboniferous–Present</span><sup id="cite_ref-M2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:110.54153846154px; width:109.45846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:110.54153846154px; width:109.45846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:111.54153846154px; width:107.45846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/266px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Common_box_turtle" title="Common box turtle">Common box turtle</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinechis_scalaris_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rhinechis_scalaris_cropped.jpg/126px-Rhinechis_scalaris_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rhinechis_scalaris_cropped.jpg/189px-Rhinechis_scalaris_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rhinechis_scalaris_cropped.jpg/252px-Rhinechis_scalaris_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3949" data-file-height="2793" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ladder_snake" title="Ladder snake">Ladder snake</a></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Reptilia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reptilia</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Nicolaus_Laurenti" title="Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti">Laurenti</a>, 1768</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Extant groups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(turtles)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosauria">Dinosauria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dinosaurs)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(birds)</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">See <a href="#Taxonomy">text</a> for extinct groups.</span> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Reptiles</b>, as commonly defined, are a group of <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectothermic</a> ('cold-blooded') <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotic egg">amniotic development</a>. Living traditional reptiles comprise four <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>: Testudines (<a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>), Crocodilia (<a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a>). As of May 2023, about 12,000 living species of reptiles are listed in the <a href="/wiki/Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">Reptile Database</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of the traditional reptile orders, customarily in combination with the study of modern <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, is called <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetology</a>. </p><p>Reptiles have been subject to several conflicting <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomic</a> definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-modestoanderson2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modestoanderson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a>, reptiles are gathered together under the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <b>Reptilia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">rep-<span style="font-size:90%">TIL</span>-ee-ə</i></a>), which corresponds to common usage. Modern <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistic taxonomy</a> regards that group as <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontological</a> evidence has determined that <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> (class Aves), as members of <a href="/wiki/Dinosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosauria">Dinosauria</a>, are more closely related to living crocodilians than to other reptiles, and are thus nested among reptiles from an evolutionary perspective. Many cladistic systems therefore redefine Reptilia as a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> group) including birds, though the precise definition of this clade varies between authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier-1994-Prothero-Schoch_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier-1994-Prothero-Schoch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-modestoanderson2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modestoanderson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others prioritize the clade <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a>, which typically refers to all <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a> more closely related to modern reptiles than to <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier-1994-Prothero-Schoch_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier-1994-Prothero-Schoch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known proto-reptiles originated from the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period, having evolved from advanced <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptiliomorph</a> tetrapods which became increasingly adapted to life on dry land. The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Eureptilia" title="Eureptilia">eureptile</a> ("true reptile") was <i><a href="/wiki/Hylonomus" title="Hylonomus">Hylonomus</a></i>, a small and superficially lizard-like animal which lived in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bashkirian" title="Bashkirian">Bashkirian</a> age of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Carboniferous">Late Carboniferous</a>, around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=318">318</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-M2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic and fossil data argues that the two largest lineages of reptiles, <a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a> (crocodilians, birds, and kin) and <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a> (lizards, and kin), diverged during the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the living reptiles, there are many diverse groups that are now <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>, in some cases due to <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">mass extinction events</a>. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> wiped out the <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plesiosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiosauria">plesiosaurs</a>, and all non-avian <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> alongside many species of <a href="/wiki/Crocodyliformes" title="Crocodyliformes">crocodyliforms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaurs</a>). Modern non-bird reptiles inhabit all the continents except Antarctica. </p><p>Reptiles are tetrapod <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, creatures that either have four limbs or, like snakes, are descended from four-limbed ancestors. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, reptiles do not have an aquatic larval stage. Most reptiles are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>, although several species of squamates are <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous</a>, as were some extinct aquatic clades<sup id="cite_ref-S12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the fetus develops within the mother, using a <a href="/wiki/Placentation#In_lizards_and_snakes" title="Placentation">(non-mammalian) placenta</a> rather than contained in an <a href="/wiki/Eggshell" title="Eggshell">eggshell</a>. As amniotes, reptile eggs are surrounded by membranes for protection and transport, which adapt them to reproduction on dry land. Many of the viviparous species feed their <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetuses</a> through various forms of placenta analogous to those of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, with some providing initial care for their hatchlings. <a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Extant</a> reptiles range in size from a tiny gecko, <i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerodactylus_ariasae" title="Sphaerodactylus ariasae">Sphaerodactylus ariasae</a></i>, which can grow up to 17 mm (0.7 in) to the <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a>, <i>Crocodylus porosus</i>, which can reach over 6 m (19.7 ft) in length and weigh over 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles" title="List of reptiles">List of reptiles</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_history">Research history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">Skull roof</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reptile003d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Reptile003d.jpg/220px-Reptile003d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Reptile003d.jpg/330px-Reptile003d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Reptile003d.jpg/440px-Reptile003d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9604" data-file-height="13600" /></a><figcaption>Reptiles, from <i>Nouveau Larousse Illustré</i>, 1897–1904, notice the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> (below the crocodiles)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century, the category of <i>reptile</i> was recognized in Europe as consisting of a miscellany of egg-laying creatures, including "snakes, various fantastic monsters, lizards, assorted amphibians, and worms", as recorded by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais" title="Vincent of Beauvais">Beauvais</a> in his <i>Mirror of Nature</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, the reptiles were, from the outset of classification, grouped with the <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, working from species-poor <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Common_adder" class="mw-redirect" title="Common adder">common adder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grass_snake" title="Grass snake">grass snake</a> are often found hunting in water, included all reptiles and amphibians in <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae"><span class="nowrap">"III – Amphibia"</span></a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Natur%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Systema Naturæ">Systema Naturæ</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn1758_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <i>reptile</i> and <i>amphibian</i> were largely interchangeable, <i>reptile</i> (from Latin <i>repere</i>, 'to creep') being preferred by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Nicolaus_Laurenti" title="Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti">J.N. Laurenti</a> was the first to formally use the term <i>Reptilia</i> for an expanded selection of reptiles and amphibians basically similar to that of Linnaeus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the two groups are still commonly treated under the single heading <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetology</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MosasaurDiscovery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MosasaurDiscovery.jpg/220px-MosasaurDiscovery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MosasaurDiscovery.jpg/330px-MosasaurDiscovery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MosasaurDiscovery.jpg/440px-MosasaurDiscovery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>"Antediluvian monster", a <i><a href="/wiki/Mosasaurus" title="Mosasaurus">Mosasaurus</a></i> discovered in a <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> limestone quarry, 1770 (contemporary engraving)</figcaption></figure> <p>It was not until the beginning of the 19th century that it became clear that reptiles and amphibians are, in fact, quite different animals, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">P.A. Latreille</a> erected the class <i>Batracia</i> (1825) for the latter, dividing the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> into the four familiar classes of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British anatomist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">T.H. Huxley</a> made Latreille's definition popular and, together with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, expanded Reptilia to include the various fossil "<a href="/wiki/Antediluvian" title="Antediluvian">antediluvian</a> monsters", including <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and the mammal-like (<a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsid</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodon" title="Dicynodon">Dicynodon</a></i> he helped describe. This was not the only possible classification scheme: In the Hunterian lectures delivered at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons</a> in 1863, Huxley grouped the vertebrates into <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, sauroids, and ichthyoids (the latter containing the fishes and amphibians). He subsequently proposed the names of <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ichthyopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyopsida">Ichthyopsida</a> for the latter two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a> demonstrated that vertebrates could be divided based on their reproductive strategies, and that reptiles, birds, and mammals were united by the <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotic egg">amniotic egg</a>. </p><p>The terms <i>Sauropsida</i> ("lizard faces") and <i><a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">Theropsida</a></i> ("beast faces") were used again in 1916 by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stephen_Goodrich" title="Edwin Stephen Goodrich">E.S. Goodrich</a> to distinguish between lizards, birds, and their relatives on the one hand (Sauropsida) and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and their extinct relatives (Theropsida) on the other. Goodrich supported this division by the nature of the hearts and blood vessels in each group, and other features, such as the structure of the forebrain. According to Goodrich, both lineages evolved from an earlier stem group, Protosauria ("first lizards") in which he included some animals today considered <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptile-like amphibians</a>, as well as early reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-goodrich1916_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodrich1916-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, <a href="/wiki/D._M._S._Watson" title="D. M. S. Watson">D.M.S. Watson</a> observed that the first two groups diverged very early in reptilian history, so he divided Goodrich's Protosauria between them. He also reinterpreted Sauropsida and Theropsida to exclude birds and mammals, respectively. Thus his Sauropsida included <a href="/wiki/Procolophonia" title="Procolophonia">Procolophonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eosuchia" title="Eosuchia">Eosuchia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millerettid" class="mw-redirect" title="Millerettid">Millerosauria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Chelonia</a> (turtles), <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> (lizards and snakes), <a href="/wiki/Sphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontia">Rhynchocephalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Thecodontia" title="Thecodontia">thecodonts</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a>), non-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avian" class="extiw" title="wikt:avian">avian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">sauropterygians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-watson1956_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson1956-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, a number of definitions of Reptilia were offered. The biological traits listed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Lydekker</a> in 1896, for example, include a single <a href="/wiki/Occipital_condyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital condyle">occipital condyle</a>, a jaw joint formed by the <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Articular" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular">articular</a> bones, and certain characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">vertebrae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animals singled out by these formulations, the <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a> other than the mammals and the birds, are still those considered reptiles today.<sup id="cite_ref-tudge_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tudge-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captorhinus_aguti_p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Captorhinus_aguti_p.jpg/220px-Captorhinus_aguti_p.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Captorhinus_aguti_p.jpg/330px-Captorhinus_aguti_p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Captorhinus_aguti_p.jpg/440px-Captorhinus_aguti_p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4575" data-file-height="3375" /></a><figcaption>The first reptiles had an <a href="/wiki/Anapsid" title="Anapsid">anapsid</a> type of <a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">skull roof</a>, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Captorhinus" title="Captorhinus">Captorhinus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The synapsid/sauropsid division supplemented another approach, one that split the reptiles into four subclasses based on the number and position of <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestrae</a>, openings in the sides of the skull behind the eyes. This classification was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Henry Fairfield Osborn</a> and elaborated and made popular by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Romer" title="Alfred Romer">Romer</a>'s classic <i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_Paleontology_(Romer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate Paleontology (Romer)">Vertebrate Paleontology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-romer1933_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romer1933-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those four subclasses were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anapsid" title="Anapsid">Anapsida</a> – no fenestrae – <a href="/wiki/Captorhinida" title="Captorhinida">cotylosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">chelonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> and relatives)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> – one low fenestra – <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a> (the '<a href="/wiki/Mammal-like_reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammal-like reptiles">mammal-like reptiles</a>')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryapsida" title="Euryapsida">Euryapsida</a> – one high fenestra (above the postorbital and squamosal) – <a href="/wiki/Protorosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Protorosaur">protorosaurs</a> (small, early lizard-like reptiles) and the marine <a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">sauropterygians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaurs">ichthyosaurs</a>, the latter called <a href="/wiki/Parapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapsida">Parapsida</a> in Osborn's work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsida</a> – two fenestrae – most reptiles, including <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varanodon1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Varanodon1DB.jpg/220px-Varanodon1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Varanodon1DB.jpg/330px-Varanodon1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Varanodon1DB.jpg/440px-Varanodon1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Phylogenetic classifications group the traditional "mammal-like reptiles", like this <i><a href="/wiki/Varanodon" title="Varanodon">Varanodon</a></i>, with other synapsids, not with extant reptiles</figcaption></figure> <p>The composition of Euryapsida was uncertain. <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaurs">Ichthyosaurs</a> were, at times, considered to have arisen independently of the other euryapsids, and given the older name Parapsida. Parapsida was later discarded as a group for the most part (ichthyosaurs being classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> or with Euryapsida). However, four (or three if Euryapsida is merged into Diapsida) subclasses remained more or less universal for non-specialist work throughout the 20th century. It has largely been abandoned by recent researchers: In particular, the anapsid condition has been found to occur so variably among unrelated groups that it is not now considered a useful distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogenetics_and_modern_definition">Phylogenetics and modern definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phylogenetics and modern definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 21st century, vertebrate paleontologists were beginning to adopt <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> taxonomy, in which all groups are defined in such a way as to be <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">monophyletic</a>; that is, groups which include all descendants of a particular ancestor. The reptiles as historically defined are <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>, since they exclude both birds and mammals. These respectively evolved from dinosaurs and from early therapsids, both of which were traditionally called "reptiles".<sup id="cite_ref-Brysse2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brysse2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds are more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a> than the latter are to the rest of extant reptiles. <a href="/wiki/Colin_Tudge" title="Colin Tudge">Colin Tudge</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Mammals are a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, and therefore the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">cladists</a> are happy to acknowledge the traditional taxon <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a>; and birds, too, are a clade, universally ascribed to the formal taxon <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a>. Mammalia and Aves are, in fact, subclades within the grand clade of the Amniota. But the traditional class Reptilia is not a clade. It is just a section of the clade <a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a>: The section that is left after the Mammalia and Aves have been hived off. It cannot be defined by <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphies</a>, as is the proper way. Instead, it is defined by a combination of the features it has and the features it lacks: reptiles are the amniotes that lack fur or feathers. At best, the cladists suggest, we could say that the traditional Reptilia are 'non-avian, non-mammalian amniotes'.<sup id="cite_ref-tudge_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tudge-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Despite the early proposals for replacing the paraphyletic Reptilia with a monophyletic <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a>, which includes birds, that term was never adopted widely or, when it was, was not applied consistently.<sup id="cite_ref-modestoanderson2004_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modestoanderson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bearded_Dragon_Skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bearded_Dragon_Skeleton.jpg/220px-Bearded_Dragon_Skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bearded_Dragon_Skeleton.jpg/330px-Bearded_Dragon_Skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bearded_Dragon_Skeleton.jpg/440px-Bearded_Dragon_Skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bearded dragon (<a href="/wiki/Pogona" title="Pogona">pogona</a>) skeleton on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Osteology" title="Museum of Osteology">Museum of Osteology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Sauropsida was used, it often had the same content or even the same definition as Reptilia. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Jacques Gauthier</a> proposed a <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistic</a> definition of Reptilia as a monophyletic node-based <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> containing turtles, lizards and snakes, crocodilians, and birds, their common ancestor and all its descendants. While Gauthier's definition was close to the modern consensus, nonetheless, it became considered inadequate because the actual relationship of turtles to other reptiles was not yet well understood at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-modestoanderson2004_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modestoanderson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major revisions since have included the reassignment of synapsids as non-reptiles, and classification of turtles as diapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-modestoanderson2004_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modestoanderson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gauthier 1994 and Laurin and Reisz 1995's definition of Sauropsida defined the scope of the group as distinct and broader than that of Reptilia, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Mesosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesosauridae">Mesosauridae</a> as well as Reptilia <i>sensu stricto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier-1994-Prothero-Schoch_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier-1994-Prothero-Schoch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laurin_95_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurin_95-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of other definitions were proposed by other scientists in the years following Gauthier's paper. The first such new definition, which attempted to adhere to the standards of the <a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a>, was published by Modesto and Anderson in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-modestoanderson2004_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modestoanderson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modesto and Anderson reviewed the many previous definitions and proposed a modified definition, which they intended to retain most traditional content of the group while keeping it stable and monophyletic. They defined Reptilia as all amniotes closer to <i><a href="/wiki/Lacerta_agilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacerta agilis">Lacerta agilis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylus niloticus">Crocodylus niloticus</a></i> than to <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>. This stem-based definition is equivalent to the more common definition of Sauropsida, which Modesto and Anderson synonymized with Reptilia, since the latter is better known and more frequently used. Unlike most previous definitions of Reptilia, however, Modesto and Anderson's definition includes birds, as they are within the clade that includes both lizards and crocodiles.<sup id="cite_ref-modestoanderson2004_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modestoanderson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles" title="List of reptiles">List of reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of snakes">List of snakes</a></div> <p>General classification of extinct and living reptiles, focusing on major groups.<sup id="cite_ref-benton2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benton2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benton2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benton2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Reptilia</b>/<b><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eureptilia" title="Eureptilia">Eureptilia</a></b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Captorhinidae" title="Captorhinidae">Captorhinidae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsida</a></b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Araeoscelidia" title="Araeoscelidia">Araeoscelidia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Neodiapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodiapsida">Neodiapsida</a></b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Drepanosauromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepanosauromorpha">Drepanosauromorpha</a> (placement uncertain)</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Younginiformes" title="Younginiformes">Younginiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>)</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Ichthyosauromorpha">Ichthyosauromorpha</a> (placement uncertain)</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Thalattosauria" title="Thalattosauria">Thalattosauria</a> (placement uncertain)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Sauria</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidosauriformes">Lepidosauriformes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a> (tuatara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> (lizards and snakes)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">Choristodera</a> (placement uncertain)</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">Sauropterygia</a> (placement uncertain)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pantestudines" title="Pantestudines">Pantestudines</a></b> (turtles and kin, placement uncertain)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a></b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Protorosauria" title="Protorosauria">Protorosauria</a> (paraphyletic)</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Rhynchosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchosauria">Rhynchosauria</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Allokotosauria" title="Allokotosauria">Allokotosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archosauriformes" title="Archosauriformes">Archosauriformes</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Phytosaur" title="Phytosaur">Phytosauria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Archosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">Pseudosuchia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a> (crocodilians)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ornithodira" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithodira">Ornithodira</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">Pterosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a> (including birds (<b><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a></b>))</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cladistics#Cladograms" title="Cladistics">cladogram</a> presented here illustrates the "family tree" of reptiles, and follows a simplified version of the relationships found by M.S. Lee, in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-scaffold2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scaffold2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">genetic</a> studies have supported the hypothesis that turtles are diapsids; some have placed turtles within Archosauromorpha,<sup id="cite_ref-scaffold2013_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scaffold2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mannen_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mannen-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zardoya_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zardoya-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iwabe_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwabe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roos_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katsu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though a few have recovered turtles as Lepidosauromorpha instead.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cladogram below used a combination of genetic (molecular) and fossil (morphological) data to obtain its results.<sup id="cite_ref-scaffold2013_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scaffold2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and their extinct relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattus_norvegicus_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rattus_norvegicus_%28white_background%29.png/50px-Rattus_norvegicus_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rattus_norvegicus_%28white_background%29.png/75px-Rattus_norvegicus_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rattus_norvegicus_%28white_background%29.png/100px-Rattus_norvegicus_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida / Reptilia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Millerettid" class="mw-redirect" title="Millerettid">Millerettidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg/50px-Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg/75px-Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg/100px-Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eunotosaurus" title="Eunotosaurus">Eunotosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ankyramorpha" title="Ankyramorpha">Ankyramorpha</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Lanthanosuchidae" title="Lanthanosuchidae">Lanthanosuchidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanthanosuchus_NT_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lanthanosuchus_NT_flipped.jpg/50px-Lanthanosuchus_NT_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lanthanosuchus_NT_flipped.jpg/75px-Lanthanosuchus_NT_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lanthanosuchus_NT_flipped.jpg/100px-Lanthanosuchus_NT_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="467" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Procolophonia" title="Procolophonia">Procolophonia</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pareiasauromorpha" title="Pareiasauromorpha">Pareiasauromorpha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/50px-Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/75px-Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/100px-Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Procolophonoidea" title="Procolophonoidea">Procolophonoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sclerosaurus1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sclerosaurus1DB.jpg/50px-Sclerosaurus1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sclerosaurus1DB.jpg/75px-Sclerosaurus1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sclerosaurus1DB.jpg/100px-Sclerosaurus1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1222" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eureptilia" title="Eureptilia">Eureptilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Captorhinidae" title="Captorhinidae">Captorhinidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg/50px-Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg/75px-Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg/100px-Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="596" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Romeriida" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeriida">Romeriida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Paleothyris" title="Paleothyris">Paleothyris</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Araeoscelidia" title="Araeoscelidia">Araeoscelidia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinoaequalis_schultzei_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Spinoaequalis_schultzei_reconstruction.jpg/50px-Spinoaequalis_schultzei_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Spinoaequalis_schultzei_reconstruction.jpg/75px-Spinoaequalis_schultzei_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Spinoaequalis_schultzei_reconstruction.jpg/100px-Spinoaequalis_schultzei_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1113" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neodiapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodiapsida">Neodiapsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Claudiosaurus" title="Claudiosaurus">Claudiosaurus</a></i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudiosaurus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Claudiosaurus_white_background.jpg/50px-Claudiosaurus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Claudiosaurus_white_background.jpg/75px-Claudiosaurus_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Claudiosaurus_white_background.jpg/100px-Claudiosaurus_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Younginiformes" title="Younginiformes">Younginiformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hovasaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hovasaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/50px-Hovasaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hovasaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/75px-Hovasaurus_BW_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hovasaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/100px-Hovasaurus_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="486" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Crown Reptilia</b>/ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Lepidosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Lepidosauria">Pan-Lepidosauria</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Kuehneosauridae" title="Kuehneosauridae">Kuehneosauridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icarosaurus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Icarosaurus_white_background.jpg/50px-Icarosaurus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Icarosaurus_white_background.jpg/75px-Icarosaurus_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Icarosaurus_white_background.jpg/100px-Icarosaurus_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a> and their extinct relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatteria_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hatteria_white_background.jpg/50px-Hatteria_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hatteria_white_background.jpg/75px-Hatteria_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hatteria_white_background.jpg/100px-Hatteria_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="177" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_reptiles,_amphibians,_and_fresh-water_fishes_(1920)_(Lacerta_agilis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/50px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/75px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/100px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="644" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_natalensis_Smith_1840_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Python_natalensis_Smith_1840_white_background.jpg/50px-Python_natalensis_Smith_1840_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Python_natalensis_Smith_1840_white_background.jpg/75px-Python_natalensis_Smith_1840_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Python_natalensis_Smith_1840_white_background.jpg/100px-Python_natalensis_Smith_1840_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Testudines">Pan-Testudines</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Eosauropterygia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosauropterygia">Eosauropterygia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolichorhynchops_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dolichorhynchops_BW_flipped.jpg/50px-Dolichorhynchops_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dolichorhynchops_BW_flipped.jpg/75px-Dolichorhynchops_BW_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dolichorhynchops_BW_flipped.jpg/100px-Dolichorhynchops_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="176" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Placodontia" title="Placodontia">Placodontia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psephoderma_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Psephoderma_BW_flipped.jpg/50px-Psephoderma_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Psephoderma_BW_flipped.jpg/75px-Psephoderma_BW_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Psephoderma_BW_flipped.jpg/100px-Psephoderma_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurosphargis" title="Sinosaurosphargis">Sinosaurosphargis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Odontochelys" title="Odontochelys">Odontochelys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Testudinata" title="Testudinata">Testudinata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Proganochelys" title="Proganochelys">Proganochelys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Centrochelys_sulcata).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg/50px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg/75px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg/100px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="783" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Archosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Archosauria">Pan-Archosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">Choristodera</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png/60px-Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png/90px-Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png/120px-Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="293" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">s. s.</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Prolacertiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolacertiformes">Prolacertiformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prolacerta_broomi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prolacerta_broomi.jpg/50px-Prolacerta_broomi.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prolacerta_broomi.jpg/75px-Prolacerta_broomi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prolacerta_broomi.jpg/100px-Prolacerta_broomi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="796" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Rhynchosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchosauria">Rhynchosauria</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperodapedon_BW2_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hyperodapedon_BW2_white_background.jpg/50px-Hyperodapedon_BW2_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hyperodapedon_BW2_white_background.jpg/75px-Hyperodapedon_BW2_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hyperodapedon_BW2_white_background.jpg/100px-Hyperodapedon_BW2_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Trilophosaurus" title="Trilophosaurus">Trilophosaurus</a></i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilophosaurus_buettneri_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Trilophosaurus_buettneri_%28flipped%29.jpg/50px-Trilophosaurus_buettneri_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Trilophosaurus_buettneri_%28flipped%29.jpg/75px-Trilophosaurus_buettneri_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Trilophosaurus_buettneri_%28flipped%29.jpg/100px-Trilophosaurus_buettneri_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="428" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Archosauriformes" title="Archosauriformes">Archosauriformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, dinosaurs and extinct relatives) <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png/50px-Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png/75px-Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png/100px-Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_(1908)_(Antwerpener_Breiftaube).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/30px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/45px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/60px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="698" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Pantestudines" title="Pantestudines">Pantestudines</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">s. l.</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Sauria</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(total group) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_position_of_turtles">The position of turtles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The position of turtles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The placement of turtles has historically been highly variable. Classically, turtles were considered to be related to the primitive anapsid reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer,_A_1977_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer,_A_1977-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular work has usually placed turtles within the diapsids. As of 2013, three turtle genomes have been sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The results place turtles as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister clade">sister clade</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a>, the group that includes crocodiles, non-avian dinosaurs, and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in their comparative analysis of the timing of <a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">organogenesis</a>, Werneburg and Sánchez-Villagra (2009) found support for the hypothesis that turtles belong to a separate clade within <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a>, outside the <a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">saurian</a> clade altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Werneburg_and_Sánchez-Villagra_2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werneburg_and_Sánchez-Villagra_2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" title="Evolution of reptiles">Evolution of reptiles</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_reptiles">Origin of the reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origin of the reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hylonomus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylonomus_BW.jpg/220px-Hylonomus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylonomus_BW.jpg/330px-Hylonomus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylonomus_BW.jpg/440px-Hylonomus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>An early reptile <i><a href="/wiki/Hylonomus" title="Hylonomus">Hylonomus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europasaurus_holgeri_Scene_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europasaurus_holgeri_Scene_2.jpg/220px-Europasaurus_holgeri_Scene_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europasaurus_holgeri_Scene_2.jpg/330px-Europasaurus_holgeri_Scene_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europasaurus_holgeri_Scene_2.jpg/440px-Europasaurus_holgeri_Scene_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Mesozoic scene showing typical reptilian megafauna: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> including <i><a href="/wiki/Europasaurus_holgeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Europasaurus holgeri">Europasaurus holgeri</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Iguanodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguanodont">iguanodonts</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx_lithographica" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeopteryx lithographica">Archaeopteryx lithographica</a></i> perched on the foreground tree stump</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptiliomorphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laurin_95_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurin_95-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Couldn't validate "310 million years ago" (May 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The oldest known animal that may have been an <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniote</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Casineria" title="Casineria">Casineria</a></i> (though it may have been a <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">temnospondyl</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of footprints from the fossil strata of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> dated to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7015994064400000000♠"></span>315 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> show typical reptilian toes and imprints of scales.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tracks are attributed to <i><a href="/wiki/Hylonomus" title="Hylonomus">Hylonomus</a></i>, the oldest unquestionable reptile known.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a small, lizard-like animal, about 20 to 30 centimetres (7.9 to 11.8 in) long, with numerous sharp teeth indicating an insectivorous diet.<sup id="cite_ref-EoDP_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoDP-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Westlothiana" title="Westlothiana">Westlothiana</a></i> (for the moment considered a <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptiliomorph</a> rather than a true <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniote</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paleothyris" title="Paleothyris">Paleothyris</a></i>, both of similar build and presumably similar habit. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Microsaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsaur">microsaurs</a> have been at times considered true reptiles, so an earlier origin is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_reptiles">Rise of the reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rise of the reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest amniotes, including stem-reptiles (those amniotes closer to modern reptiles than to mammals), were largely overshadowed by larger stem-tetrapods, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cochleosaurus" title="Cochleosaurus">Cochleosaurus</a></i>, and remained a small, inconspicuous part of the fauna until the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_Rainforest_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse">Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sudden collapse affected several large groups. Primitive tetrapods were particularly devastated, while stem-reptiles fared better, being ecologically adapted to the drier conditions that followed. Primitive tetrapods, like modern amphibians, need to return to water to lay eggs; in contrast, amniotes, like modern reptiles – whose eggs possess a shell that allows them to be laid on land – were better adapted to the new conditions. Amniotes acquired new niches at a faster rate than before the collapse and at a much faster rate than primitive tetrapods. They acquired new feeding strategies including herbivory and carnivory, previously only having been insectivores and piscivores.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFalconLang_2010RainforestCollapse-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point forward, reptiles dominated communities and had a greater diversity than primitive tetrapods, setting the stage for the Mesozoic (known as the Age of Reptiles).<sup id="cite_ref-Sahney-Benton-Ferry-2010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahney-Benton-Ferry-2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the best known early stem-reptiles is <i><a href="/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus">Mesosaurus</a></i>, a genus from the <a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Early Permian</a> that had returned to water, feeding on fish. </p><p>A 2021 examination of reptile diversity in the Carboniferous and the Permian suggests a much higher degree of diversity than previously thought, comparable or even exceeding that of synapsids. Thus, the "First Age of Reptiles" was proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anapsids,_synapsids,_diapsids,_and_sauropsids"><span id="Anapsids.2C_synapsids.2C_diapsids.2C_and_sauropsids"></span>Anapsids, synapsids, diapsids, and sauropsids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anapsids, synapsids, diapsids, and sauropsids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skull_comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Skull_comparison.png/170px-Skull_comparison.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Skull_comparison.png/255px-Skull_comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Skull_comparison.png/340px-Skull_comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>A = Anapsid,<br /> B = Synapsid,<br /> C = Diapsid</figcaption></figure> <p>It was traditionally assumed that the first reptiles retained an <a href="/wiki/Anapsid" title="Anapsid">anapsid</a> skull inherited from their ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-Coven_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coven-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of skull has a <a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">skull roof</a> with only holes for the nostrils, eyes and a <a href="/wiki/Pineal_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineal eye">pineal eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer,_A_1977_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer,_A_1977-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsid</a>-like openings (see below) in the skull roof of the skulls of several members of <a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a> (the clade containing most of the amniotes traditionally referred to as "anapsids"), including <a href="/wiki/Lanthanosuchoidea" title="Lanthanosuchoidea">lanthanosuchoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millerettidae" title="Millerettidae">millerettids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolosauridae" title="Bolosauridae">bolosaurids</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Nycteroleteridae" title="Nycteroleteridae">nycteroleterids</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Procolophonoidea" title="Procolophonoidea">procolophonoids</a> and at least some <a href="/wiki/Mesosaur" title="Mesosaur">mesosaurs</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TsujiMuller2009FR_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TsujiMuller2009FR-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PineiroetalCRP2012_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PineiroetalCRP2012-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made it more ambiguous and it is currently uncertain whether the ancestral amniote had an anapsid-like or synapsid-like skull.<sup id="cite_ref-PineiroetalCRP2012_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PineiroetalCRP2012-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These animals are traditionally referred to as "anapsids", and form a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> basic stock from which other groups evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-modestoanderson2004_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modestoanderson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very shortly after the first amniotes appeared, a lineage called <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> split off; this group was characterized by a temporal opening in the skull behind each eye giving room for the jaw muscle to move. These are the "mammal-like amniotes", or stem-mammals, that later gave rise to the true <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, another group evolved a similar trait, this time with a double opening behind each eye, earning them the name <a href="/wiki/Diapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsida">Diapsida</a> ("two arches").<sup id="cite_ref-Coven_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coven-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function of the holes in these groups was to lighten the skull and give room for the jaw muscles to move, allowing for a more powerful bite.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer,_A_1977_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer,_A_1977-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turtles have been traditionally believed to be surviving parareptiles, on the basis of their anapsid skull structure, which was assumed to be primitive trait.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationale for this classification has been disputed, with some arguing that turtles are diapsids that evolved anapsid skulls, improving their armor.<sup id="cite_ref-Laurin_95_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurin_95-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later morphological <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within Diapsida.<sup id="cite_ref-Rieppel_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieppel-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular</a> studies have strongly upheld the placement of turtles within diapsids, most commonly as a sister group to extant <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zardoya_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zardoya-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iwabe_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwabe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roos_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katsu_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permian_reptiles">Permian reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Permian reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the close of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, the amniotes became the dominant tetrapod fauna. While primitive, terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptiliomorphs</a> still existed, the synapsid amniotes evolved the first truly terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> (giant animals) in the form of <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelycosaurs">pelycosaurs</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Edaphosaurus" title="Edaphosaurus">Edaphosaurus</a></i> and the carnivorous <i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i>. In the mid-Permian period, the climate became drier, resulting in a change of fauna: The pelycosaurs were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Therapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsids">therapsids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2001_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2001-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parareptiles, whose massive <a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">skull roofs</a> had no postorbital holes, continued and flourished throughout the Permian. The <a href="/wiki/Pareiasaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasaur">pareiasaurian</a> parareptiles reached giant proportions in the late Permian, eventually disappearing at the close of the period (the turtles being possible survivors).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2001_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2001-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in the period, the modern reptiles, or <a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">crown-group reptiles</a>, evolved and split into two main lineages: the <a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a> (forebears of <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a> (predecessors of modern <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuataras</a>). Both groups remained lizard-like and relatively small and inconspicuous during the Permian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesozoic_reptiles">Mesozoic reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mesozoic reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The close of the Permian saw the greatest mass extinction known (see the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>), an event prolonged by the combination of two or more distinct extinction pulses.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the earlier parareptile and synapsid megafauna disappeared, being replaced by the true reptiles, particularly <a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">archosauromorphs</a>. These were characterized by elongated hind legs and an erect pose, the early forms looking somewhat like long-legged crocodiles. The <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> became the dominant group during the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period, though it took 30 million years before their diversity was as great as the animals that lived in the Permian.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archosaurs developed into the well-known <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, as well as the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>. Since reptiles, first <a href="/wiki/Rauisuchia" title="Rauisuchia">rauisuchians</a> and then dinosaurs, dominated the Mesozoic era, the interval is popularly known as the "Age of Reptiles". The dinosaurs also developed smaller forms, including the feather-bearing smaller <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropods</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period, these gave rise to the first true <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-divergence_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divergence-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to Archosauromorpha is <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a>, containing <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuataras</a>, as well as their fossil relatives. Lepidosauromorpha contained at least one major group of the Mesozoic sea reptiles: the <a href="/wiki/Mosasaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosasaurs">mosasaurs</a>, which lived during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period. The phylogenetic placement of other main groups of fossil sea reptiles – the <a href="/wiki/Ichthyopterygia" title="Ichthyopterygia">ichthyopterygians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">sauropterygians</a>, which evolved in the early Triassic – is more controversial. Different authors linked these groups either to lepidosauromorphs<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier-1994-Prothero-Schoch_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier-1994-Prothero-Schoch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to archosauromorphs,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ichthyopterygians were also argued to be diapsids that did not belong to the least inclusive clade containing lepidosauromorphs and archosauromorphs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cenozoic_reptiles">Cenozoic reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cenozoic reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varanus_priscus_Melbourne_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Varanus_priscus_Melbourne_Museum.jpg/220px-Varanus_priscus_Melbourne_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Varanus_priscus_Melbourne_Museum.jpg/330px-Varanus_priscus_Melbourne_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Varanus_priscus_Melbourne_Museum.jpg/440px-Varanus_priscus_Melbourne_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Megalania" title="Megalania">Varanus priscus</a></i> was a giant carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Goanna" title="Goanna">goanna</a> lizard, perhaps as long as 7 metres and weighing up to 1,940 kilograms<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champsosaurus_natator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Champsosaurus_natator.jpg/220px-Champsosaurus_natator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Champsosaurus_natator.jpg/330px-Champsosaurus_natator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Champsosaurus_natator.jpg/440px-Champsosaurus_natator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4196" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of <i><a href="/wiki/Champsosaurus" title="Champsosaurus">Champsosaurus</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Choristodere" class="mw-redirect" title="Choristodere">choristodere</a>, the latest surviving order of extinct reptiles. The last known choristoderes are known from the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, around 11.3 million years ago </figcaption></figure> <p>The close of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period saw the demise of the Mesozoic era reptilian megafauna (see the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>, also known as K-T extinction event). Of the large <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> were left; and of the non-marine large reptiles, only the semi-aquatic <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodiles</a> and broadly similar <a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">choristoderes</a> survived the extinction, with last members of the latter, the lizard-like <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarussuchus" title="Lazarussuchus">Lazarussuchus</a></i>, becoming extinct in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the great host of dinosaurs dominating the Mesozoic, only the small beaked <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> survived. This dramatic extinction pattern at the end of the Mesozoic led into the Cenozoic. Mammals and birds filled the empty niches left behind by the reptilian megafauna and, while reptile diversification slowed, bird and mammal diversification took an exponential turn.<sup id="cite_ref-Sahney-Benton-Ferry-2010_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahney-Benton-Ferry-2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, reptiles were still important components of the megafauna, particularly in the form of large and giant <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cione_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cione-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the extinction of most archosaur and marine reptile lines by the end of the Cretaceous, reptile diversification continued throughout the Cenozoic. <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamates</a> took a massive hit during the K–Pg event, only recovering ten million years after it,<sup id="cite_ref-LBG12_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBG12-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they underwent a great radiation event once they recovered, and today squamates make up the majority of living reptiles (> 95%).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Reptile_Database_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Reptile_Database-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 10,000 extant species of traditional reptiles are known, with birds adding about 10,000 more, almost twice the number of mammals, represented by about 5,700 living species (excluding <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">domesticated</a> species).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Species diversity of living reptiles (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Reptile group </th> <th>Described species </th> <th>Percent of reptile species </th></tr> <tr> <td>Squamates </td> <td>9193 </td> <td>96.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>- Lizards</i> </td> <td><i>5634</i> </td> <td><i>59%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>- Snakes</i> </td> <td><i>3378</i> </td> <td><i>35%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>- Amphisbaenians</i> </td> <td><i>181</i> </td> <td><i>2%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turtles </td> <td>327 </td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crocodilians </td> <td>25 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhynchocephalians </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>9546 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_and_physiology">Morphology and physiology<span class="anchor" id="Systems"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Morphology and physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulation">Circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_varano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wiki_varano.jpg/220px-Wiki_varano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wiki_varano.jpg/330px-Wiki_varano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Wiki_varano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Thermographic image of <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizards</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">lepidosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> have a three-chambered <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> consisting of two <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a>, one variably partitioned <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a>, and two aortas that lead to the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>. The degree of mixing of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygenated</a> and deoxygenated blood in the three-chambered heart varies depending on the species and physiological state. Under different conditions, deoxygenated blood can be shunted back to the body or oxygenated blood can be shunted back to the lungs. This variation in blood flow has been hypothesized to allow more effective thermoregulation and longer diving times for aquatic species, but has not been shown to be a <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a> advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisected_Iguana_Heart_Image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bisected_Iguana_Heart_Image.png/220px-Bisected_Iguana_Heart_Image.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bisected_Iguana_Heart_Image.png/330px-Bisected_Iguana_Heart_Image.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bisected_Iguana_Heart_Image.png/440px-Bisected_Iguana_Heart_Image.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile <a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">iguana</a> <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> bisected through the ventricle, bisecting the left and right atrium</figcaption></figure> <p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">iguana</a> hearts, like the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamate</a> hearts, are composed of three chambers with two aorta and one ventricle, cardiac involuntary muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main structures of the heart are the <a href="/wiki/Sinus_venosus" title="Sinus venosus">sinus venosus</a>, the pacemaker, the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">left atrium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">right atrium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">atrioventricular valve</a>, the cavum venosum, cavum arteriosum, the cavum pulmonale, the muscular ridge, the ventricular ridge, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>, and paired <a href="/wiki/Aortic_arches" title="Aortic arches">aortic arches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some squamate species (e.g., pythons and monitor lizards) have three-chambered hearts that become functionally four-chambered hearts during contraction. This is made possible by a muscular ridge that subdivides the ventricle during <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">ventricular diastole</a> and completely divides it during <a href="/wiki/Systole_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systole (medicine)">ventricular systole</a>. Because of this ridge, some of these <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamates</a> are capable of producing ventricular pressure differentials that are equivalent to those seen in mammalian and avian hearts.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilians</a> have an anatomically four-chambered heart, similar to <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, but also have two systemic aortas and are therefore capable of bypassing their <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turtles, the ventricle is not perfectly divided, so a mix of aerated and nonaerated blood can occur.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeothermy-poikilothermy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Homeothermy-poikilothermy.png/220px-Homeothermy-poikilothermy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Homeothermy-poikilothermy.png/330px-Homeothermy-poikilothermy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Homeothermy-poikilothermy.png/440px-Homeothermy-poikilothermy.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Sustained energy output (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a>) of a typical reptile versus a similar size mammal as a function of core body temperature. The mammal has a much higher peak output, but can only function over a very narrow range of body temperature.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern non-avian reptiles exhibit some form of <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">cold-bloodedness</a> (i.e. some mix of <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">poikilothermy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectothermy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bradymetabolism" title="Bradymetabolism">bradymetabolism</a>) so that they have limited physiological means of keeping the body temperature constant and often rely on external sources of heat. Due to a less stable core temperature than <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, reptilian biochemistry requires <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> capable of maintaining efficiency over a greater range of temperatures than in the case for <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a> animals. The optimum body temperature range varies with species, but is typically below that of warm-blooded animals; for many lizards, it falls in the 24–35 °C (75–95 °F) range,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while extreme heat-adapted species, like the American <a href="/wiki/Desert_iguana" title="Desert iguana">desert iguana</a> <i>Dipsosaurus dorsalis</i>, can have optimal physiological temperatures in the mammalian range, between 35 and 40 °C (95 and 104 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the optimum temperature is often encountered when the animal is active, the low basal metabolism makes body temperature drop rapidly when the animal is inactive. </p><p>As in all animals, reptilian muscle action produces heat. In large reptiles, like <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leatherback turtle">leatherback turtles</a>, the low surface-to-volume ratio allows this metabolically produced heat to keep the animals warmer than their environment even though they do not have a <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a> metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of homeothermy is called <a href="/wiki/Gigantothermy" title="Gigantothermy">gigantothermy</a>; it has been suggested as having been common in large <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and other extinct large-bodied reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The benefit of a low resting metabolism is that it requires far less fuel to sustain bodily functions. By using temperature variations in their surroundings, or by remaining cold when they do not need to move, reptiles can save considerable amounts of energy compared to endothermic animals of the same size.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crocodile needs from a tenth to a fifth of the food necessary for a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> of the same weight and can live half a year without eating.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnett_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnett-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower food requirements and adaptive metabolisms allow reptiles to dominate the animal life in regions where net <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> availability is too low to sustain large-bodied mammals and birds. </p><p>It is generally assumed that reptiles are unable to produce the sustained high energy output necessary for long distance chases or flying.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher energetic capacity might have been responsible for the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-bloodedness</a> in birds and mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, investigation of correlations between active capacity and <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermophysiology</a> show a weak relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-CGF1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGF1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most extant reptiles are carnivores with a sit-and-wait feeding strategy; whether reptiles are cold blooded due to their ecology is not clear. Energetic studies on some reptiles have shown active capacities equal to or greater than similar sized warm-blooded animals.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_system">Respiratory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Respiratory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/220px--X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_(Alligator_mississippiensis)_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_(Alligator_mississippiensis)_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>X-ray <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a> videos of a female American alligator showing contraction of the lungs while breathing</figcaption></figure> <p>All reptiles breathe using <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>. Aquatic <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> have developed more permeable skin, and some species have modified their <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> to increase the area for <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with these adaptations, breathing is never fully accomplished without lungs. Lung ventilation is accomplished differently in each main reptile group. In <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamates</a>, the lungs are ventilated almost exclusively by the axial musculature. This is also the same musculature that is used during locomotion. Because of this <a href="/wiki/Carrier%27s_constraint" title="Carrier's constraint">constraint</a>, most squamates are forced to hold their breath during intense runs. Some, however, have found a way around it. Varanids, and a few other lizard species, employ <a href="/wiki/Buccal_pumping" title="Buccal pumping">buccal pumping</a> as a complement to their normal "axial breathing". This allows the animals to completely fill their lungs during intense locomotion, and thus remain aerobically active for a long time. <a href="/wiki/Tupinambis" title="Tupinambis">Tegu lizards</a> are known to possess a proto-<a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>, which separates the pulmonary cavity from the visceral cavity. While not actually capable of movement, it does allow for greater lung inflation, by taking the weight of the viscera off the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilians</a> actually have a muscular diaphragm that is analogous to the mammalian diaphragm. The difference is that the muscles for the crocodilian diaphragm pull the pubis (part of the pelvis, which is movable in crocodilians) back, which brings the liver down, thus freeing space for the lungs to expand. This type of diaphragmatic setup has been referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">hepatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">airways</a> form a number of double tubular chambers within each lung. On inhalation and exhalation air moves through the airways in the same direction, thus creating a unidirectional airflow through the lungs. A similar system is found in birds,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> monitor lizards<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and iguanas.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most reptiles lack a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_palate" title="Secondary palate">secondary palate</a>, meaning that they must hold their breath while swallowing. Crocodilians have evolved a bony secondary palate that allows them to continue breathing while remaining submerged (and protect their brains against damage by struggling prey). Skinks (family <a href="/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">Scincidae</a>) also have evolved a bony secondary palate, to varying degrees. Snakes took a different approach and extended their trachea instead. Their tracheal extension sticks out like a fleshy straw, and allows these animals to swallow large prey without suffering from asphyxiation.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turtles_and_tortoises">Turtles and tortoises</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Turtles and tortoises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortue_de_Floride_Amiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tortue_de_Floride_Amiens.jpg/220px-Tortue_de_Floride_Amiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tortue_de_Floride_Amiens.jpg/330px-Tortue_de_Floride_Amiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tortue_de_Floride_Amiens.jpg/440px-Tortue_de_Floride_Amiens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red-eared_slider" title="Red-eared slider">Red-eared slider</a> taking a gulp of air</figcaption></figure> <p>How <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> breathe has been the subject of much study. To date, only a few species have been studied thoroughly enough to get an idea of how those turtles <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathe</a>. The varied results indicate that turtles have found a variety of solutions to this problem. </p><p>The difficulty is that most <a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell" title="Turtle shell">turtle shells</a> are rigid and do not allow for the type of expansion and contraction that other amniotes use to ventilate their lungs. Some turtles, such as the Indian flapshell (<i><a href="/wiki/Indian_flapshell_turtle" title="Indian flapshell turtle">Lissemys punctata</a></i>), have a sheet of muscle that envelops the lungs. When it contracts, the turtle can exhale. When at rest, the turtle can retract the limbs into the body cavity and force air out of the lungs. When the turtle protracts its limbs, the pressure inside the lungs is reduced, and the turtle can suck air in. Turtle lungs are attached to the inside of the top of the shell (carapace), with the bottom of the lungs attached (via connective tissue) to the rest of the viscera. By using a series of special muscles (roughly equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>), turtles are capable of pushing their viscera up and down, resulting in effective respiration, since many of these muscles have attachment points in conjunction with their forelimbs (indeed, many of the muscles expand into the limb pockets during contraction).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breathing during locomotion has been studied in three species, and they show different patterns. Adult female green sea turtles do not breathe as they crutch along their nesting beaches. They hold their breath during terrestrial locomotion and breathe in bouts as they rest. North American box turtles breathe continuously during locomotion, and the ventilation cycle is not coordinated with the limb movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Landberg_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landberg-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because they use their abdominal muscles to breathe during locomotion. The last species to have been studied is the red-eared slider, which also breathes during locomotion, but takes smaller breaths during locomotion than during small pauses between locomotor bouts, indicating that there may be mechanical interference between the limb movements and the breathing apparatus. Box turtles have also been observed to breathe while completely sealed up inside their shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Landberg_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landberg-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_production">Sound production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sound production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared with frogs, birds, and mammals, reptiles are less vocal. Sound production is usually limited to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hiss" class="extiw" title="wikt:hiss">hissing</a>, which is produced merely by forcing air though a partly closed <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> and is not considered to be a true vocalization. The ability to vocalize exists in crocodilians, some lizards and turtles; and typically involves vibrating fold-like structures in the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> or glottis. Some <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">geckos</a> and turtles possess true <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal cord">vocal cords</a>, which have <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a>-rich connective tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hearing_in_snakes">Hearing in snakes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hearing in snakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hearing in humans relies on 3 parts of the ear; the outer ear that directs sound waves into the ear canal, the middle ear that transmits incoming sound waves to the inner ear, and the inner ear that helps in hearing and keeping their balance. Unlike humans and other mammals, snakes do not possess an outer ear, a middle ear, and a <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(anatomy)" title="Tympanum (anatomy)">tympanum</a> but have an inner ear structure with <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochleas</a> directly connected to their jawbone.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are able to feel the vibrations generated from the sound waves in their jaw as they move on the ground. This is done by the use of <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a>, sensory nerves that run along the body of snakes directing the vibrations along the spinal nerves to the brain. Snakes have a sensitive auditory perception and can tell which direction sound being made is coming from so that they can sense the presence of prey or predator but it is still unclear how sensitive snakes are to sound waves traveling through the air.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacertae_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lacertae_skin.jpg/220px-Lacertae_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lacertae_skin.jpg/330px-Lacertae_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lacertae_skin.jpg/440px-Lacertae_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Skin of a <a href="/wiki/Sand_lizard" title="Sand lizard">sand lizard</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamate reptiles</a> iconic <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Reptilian skin is covered in a horny <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermis</a>, making it watertight and enabling reptiles to live on dry land, in contrast to amphibians. Compared to mammalian skin, that of reptiles is rather thin and lacks the thick <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermal</a> layer that produces <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> in mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposed parts of reptiles are protected by <a href="/wiki/Reptile_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptile scales">scales</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutes">scutes</a>, sometimes with a bony base (<a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a>), forming <a href="/wiki/Armour_(zoology)" title="Armour (zoology)">armor</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Lepidosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidosaur">lepidosaurs</a>, such as lizards and snakes, the whole skin is covered in overlapping <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermal</a> scales. Such scales were once thought to be typical of the class Reptilia as a whole, but are now known to occur only in lepidosaurs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The scales found in turtles and crocodiles are of <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermal</a>, rather than epidermal, origin and are properly termed scutes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In turtles, the body is hidden inside a hard shell composed of fused scutes. </p><p>Lacking a thick dermis, reptilian leather is not as strong as mammalian leather. It is used in leather-wares for decorative purposes for shoes, belts and handbags, particularly crocodile skin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shedding">Shedding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shedding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reptiles shed their skin through a process called <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a> which occurs continuously throughout their lifetime. In particular, younger reptiles tend to shed once every five to six weeks while adults shed three to four times a year.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger reptiles shed more because of their rapid growth rate. Once full size, the frequency of shedding drastically decreases. The process of ecdysis involves forming a new layer of skin under the old one. <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">Proteolytic</a> enzymes and <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymphatic fluid</a> is secreted between the old and new layers of skin. Consequently, this lifts the old skin from the new one allowing shedding to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Dermatological_Diseases_in_Lizards_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dermatological_Diseases_in_Lizards-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snakes will shed from the head to the tail while lizards shed in a "patchy pattern".<sup id="cite_ref-Dermatological_Diseases_in_Lizards_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dermatological_Diseases_in_Lizards-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysecdysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysecdysis (page does not exist)">Dysecdysis</a>, a common skin disease in snakes and lizards, will occur when ecdysis, or shedding, fails.<sup id="cite_ref-Veterinary_Nursing_of_Exotic_Pets_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veterinary_Nursing_of_Exotic_Pets-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous reasons why shedding fails and can be related to inadequate humidity and temperature, nutritional deficiencies, dehydration and traumatic injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Dermatological_Diseases_in_Lizards_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dermatological_Diseases_in_Lizards-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nutritional deficiencies decrease proteolytic enzymes while dehydration reduces lymphatic fluids to separate the skin layers. Traumatic injuries on the other hand, form scars that will not allow new scales to form and disrupt the process of ecdysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Veterinary_Nursing_of_Exotic_Pets_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veterinary_Nursing_of_Exotic_Pets-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excretion">Excretion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Excretion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a> is performed mainly by two small <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>. In diapsids, <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogenous</a> waste product; turtles, like <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, excrete mainly <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_kidney" title="Mammalian kidney">kidneys of mammals</a> and birds, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_(vertebrates)#Reptile_kidney" title="Kidney (vertebrates)">reptile kidneys</a> are unable to produce liquid urine more concentrated than their body fluid. This is because they lack a specialized structure called a <a href="/wiki/Loop_of_Henle" title="Loop of Henle">loop of Henle</a>, which is present in the <a href="/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron">nephrons</a> of birds and mammals. Because of this, many reptiles use the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> to aid in the <a href="/wiki/Reabsorption" title="Reabsorption">reabsorption</a> of water. Some are also able to take up water stored in the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladder</a>. Excess salts are also excreted by nasal and lingual <a href="/wiki/Salt_gland" title="Salt gland">salt glands</a> in some reptiles. </p><p>In all reptiles, the urinogenital ducts and the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> both empty into an organ called a <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>. In some reptiles, a midventral wall in the cloaca may open into a urinary bladder, but not all. It is present in all turtles and tortoises as well as most lizards, but is lacking in the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legless_lizard" title="Legless lizard">legless lizards</a>. It is absent in the snakes, alligators, and crocodiles.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many turtles and lizards have proportionally very large bladders. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> noted that the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos tortoise">Galapagos tortoise</a> had a bladder which could store up to 20% of its body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such adaptations are the result of environments such as remote islands and deserts where water is very scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143">: 143 </span></sup> Other desert-dwelling reptiles have large bladders that can store a long-term reservoir of water for up to several months and aid in <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders, located lateral to the neck of the urinary bladder and dorsal to the pubis, occupying a significant portion of their body cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their bladder is also usually bilobed with a left and right section. The right section is located under the liver, which prevents large stones from remaining in that side while the left section is more likely to have <a href="/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal)" title="Bladder stone (animal)">calculi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion">Digestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_37648_Nature_and_Colors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A colubrid snake, <i><a href="/wiki/Dolichophis_jugularis" title="Dolichophis jugularis">Dolichophis jugularis</a></i>, eating a <a href="/wiki/Sheltopusik" title="Sheltopusik">legless lizard</a>, <i>Pseudopus apodus</i>. Most reptiles are carnivorous, and many primarily eat other reptiles and small mammals.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V53_D226_Silicious_pebbles_from_the_stomach_of_a_plesiosaur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PSM_V53_D226_Silicious_pebbles_from_the_stomach_of_a_plesiosaur.jpg/220px-PSM_V53_D226_Silicious_pebbles_from_the_stomach_of_a_plesiosaur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PSM_V53_D226_Silicious_pebbles_from_the_stomach_of_a_plesiosaur.jpg/330px-PSM_V53_D226_Silicious_pebbles_from_the_stomach_of_a_plesiosaur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PSM_V53_D226_Silicious_pebbles_from_the_stomach_of_a_plesiosaur.jpg/440px-PSM_V53_D226_Silicious_pebbles_from_the_stomach_of_a_plesiosaur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">Gastroliths</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaur</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most reptiles are insectivorous or carnivorous and have simple and comparatively short digestive tracts due to meat being fairly simple to break down and digest. <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestion</a> is slower than in <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, reflecting their lower resting <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and their inability to divide and <a href="/wiki/Masticate" class="mw-redirect" title="Masticate">masticate</a> their food.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">poikilotherm</a> metabolism has very low energy requirements, allowing large reptiles like crocodiles and large constrictors to live from a single large meal for months, digesting it slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnett_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnett-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While modern reptiles are predominantly carnivorous, during the early history of reptiles several groups produced some herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>: in the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pareiasaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasaur">pareiasaurs</a>; and in the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> several lines of <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sahney-Benton-Ferry-2010_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahney-Benton-Ferry-2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> are the only predominantly herbivorous reptile group, but several lines of <a href="/wiki/Agamidae" title="Agamidae">agamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iguanidae" title="Iguanidae">iguanas</a> have evolved to live wholly or partly on plants.<sup id="cite_ref-herbivory_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herbivory-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herbivorous reptiles face the same problems of mastication as herbivorous mammals but, lacking the complex teeth of mammals, many species swallow rocks and pebbles (so called <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastroliths</a>) to aid in digestion: The rocks are washed around in the stomach, helping to grind up plant matter.<sup id="cite_ref-herbivory_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herbivory-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil gastroliths have been found associated with both <a href="/wiki/Ornithopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithopod">ornithopods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropods">sauropods</a>, though whether they actually functioned as a gastric mill in the latter is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salt_water_crocodile" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt water crocodile">Salt water crocodiles</a> also use gastroliths as <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ballast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing ballast">ballast</a>, stabilizing them in the water or helping them to dive.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dual function as both stabilizing ballast and digestion aid has been suggested for gastroliths found in <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerves">Nerves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nerves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reptilian nervous system contains the same basic part of the <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> brain, but the reptile <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> are slightly larger. Most typical sense organs are well developed with certain exceptions, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a>'s lack of external ears (middle and inner ears are present). There are twelve pairs of <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their short cochlea, reptiles use <a href="/wiki/Electrical_tuning" title="Electrical tuning">electrical tuning</a> to expand their range of audible frequencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision">Vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most reptiles are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> animals. The vision is typically adapted to daylight conditions, with color vision and more advanced visual <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a> than in amphibians and most mammals. </p><p>Reptiles usually have excellent vision, allowing them to detect shapes and motions at long distances. They often have poor vision in low-light conditions. Birds, crocodiles and turtles have three types of <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a>, single <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a> and double cones, which gives them sharp color vision and enables them to see <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-Brames_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brames-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lepidosaurs appear to have lost the <a href="/wiki/Duplex_retina" title="Duplex retina">duplex retina</a> and only have a single class of receptor that is cone-like or rod-like depending on whether the species is diurnal or nocturnal.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many burrowing species, such as <a href="/wiki/Blind_snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind snake">blind snakes</a>, vision is reduced. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">lepidosaurs</a> have a photosensory organ on the top of their heads called the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">parietal eye</a>, which are also called <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">third eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineal_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineal eye">pineal eye</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>. This "eye" does not work the same way as a normal eye does as it has only a rudimentary retina and lens and thus, cannot form images. It is, however, sensitive to changes in light and dark and can detect movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Brames_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brames-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some snakes have extra sets of visual organs (in the loosest sense of the word) in the form of <a href="/wiki/Loreal_pit" title="Loreal pit">pits</a> sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation (heat). Such heat-sensitive pits are particularly well developed in the <a href="/wiki/Pit_vipers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit vipers">pit vipers</a>, but are also found in <a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">boas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">pythons</a>. These pits allow the snakes to sense the body heat of birds and mammals, enabling pit vipers to hunt rodents in the dark.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most reptiles, as well as birds, possess a <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membrane</a>, a translucent third eyelid which is drawn over the eye from the inner corner. In crocodilians, it protects its eyeball surface while allowing a degree of vision underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many squamates, geckos and snakes in particular, lack eyelids, which are replaced by a transparent scale. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Brille" title="Brille">brille</a>, spectacle, or eyecap. The brille is usually not visible, except for when the snake molts, and it protects the eyes from dust and dirt.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocodile_Egg_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Crocodile_Egg_Diagram.svg/220px-Crocodile_Egg_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Crocodile_Egg_Diagram.svg/330px-Crocodile_Egg_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Crocodile_Egg_Diagram.svg/440px-Crocodile_Egg_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Crocodilian egg diagram<br /> (1) eggshell, (2) yolk sac, (3) yolk (nutrients), (4) vessels, (5) <a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a>, (6) <a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a>, (7) air space, (8) <a href="/wiki/Allantois" title="Allantois">allantois</a>, (9) albumin (egg white), (10) amniotic sac, (11) crocodile embryo, (12) amniotic fluid</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemidactylus_frenatus_mating,_ventral_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hemidactylus_frenatus_mating%2C_ventral_view.jpg/220px-Hemidactylus_frenatus_mating%2C_ventral_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hemidactylus_frenatus_mating%2C_ventral_view.jpg/330px-Hemidactylus_frenatus_mating%2C_ventral_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hemidactylus_frenatus_mating%2C_ventral_view.jpg/440px-Hemidactylus_frenatus_mating%2C_ventral_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="5030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_house_gecko" title="Common house gecko">Common house geckos</a> mating, ventral view with <a href="/wiki/Hemipenis" title="Hemipenis">hemipenis</a> inserted in the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachylepis_maculilabris_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Trachylepis_maculilabris_mating.jpg/220px-Trachylepis_maculilabris_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Trachylepis_maculilabris_mating.jpg/330px-Trachylepis_maculilabris_mating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Trachylepis_maculilabris_mating.jpg/440px-Trachylepis_maculilabris_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Most reptiles reproduce sexually, for example this <i>Trachylepis maculilabris</i> <a href="/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">skink</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg/220px-Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg/330px-Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg/440px-Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>Reptiles have <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotic</a> eggs with hard or leathery shells, requiring <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a> when mating.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reptiles generally <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">reproduce sexually</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some are capable of <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>. All reproductive activity occurs through the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>, the single exit/entrance at the base of the tail where waste is also eliminated. Most reptiles have <a href="/wiki/Copulatory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Copulatory organ">copulatory organs</a>, which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body. In turtles and crocodilians, the male has a single median <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a>, while squamates, including snakes and lizards, possess a pair of <a href="/wiki/Hemipenis" title="Hemipenis">hemipenes</a>, only one of which is typically used in each session. Tuatara, however, lack copulatory organs, and so the male and female simply press their cloacas together as the male discharges sperm.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most reptiles lay amniotic eggs covered with leathery or calcareous shells. An <a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a> (5), <a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a> (6), and <a href="/wiki/Allantois" title="Allantois">allantois</a> (8) are present during <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> life. The eggshell (1) protects the crocodile embryo (11) and keeps it from drying out, but it is flexible to allow gas exchange. The chorion (6) aids in gas exchange between the inside and outside of the egg. It allows carbon dioxide to exit the egg and oxygen gas to enter the egg. The albumin (9) further protects the embryo and serves as a reservoir for water and protein. The allantois (8) is a sac that collects the metabolic waste produced by the embryo. The amniotic sac (10) contains amniotic fluid (12) which protects and cushions the embryo. The amnion (5) aids in osmoregulation and serves as a saltwater reservoir. The yolk sac (2) surrounding the yolk (3) contains protein and fat rich nutrients that are absorbed by the embryo via vessels (4) that allow the embryo to grow and metabolize. The air space (7) provides the embryo with oxygen while it is hatching. This ensures that the embryo will not suffocate while it is hatching. There are no <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> stages of development. <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">Viviparity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparity</a> have evolved in squamates and many extinct clades of reptiles. Among squamates, many species, including all boas and most vipers, use this mode of reproduction. The degree of viviparity varies; some species simply retain the eggs until just before hatching, others provide maternal nourishment to supplement the yolk, and yet others lack any yolk and provide all nutrients via a structure similar to the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>. The earliest documented case of viviparity in reptiles is the Early <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesosaur" title="Mesosaur">mesosaurs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PFML12_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFML12-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some individuals or taxa in that clade may also have been oviparous because a putative isolated egg has also been found. Several groups of Mesozoic marine reptiles also exhibited viviparity, such as <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">Sauropterygia</a>, a group that includes <a href="/wiki/Pachypleurosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachypleurosaur">pachypleurosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plesiosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiosauria">Plesiosauria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-S12_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asexual reproduction has been identified in <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamates</a> in six families of lizards and one snake. In some species of squamates, a population of females is able to produce a unisexual diploid clone of the mother. This form of asexual reproduction, called <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>, occurs in several species of <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">gecko</a>, and is particularly widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Teiidae" title="Teiidae">teiids</a> (especially <i>Aspidocelis</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Lacertidae" title="Lacertidae">lacertids</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lacerta_(genus)" title="Lacerta (genus)">Lacerta</a></i>). In captivity, <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragons</a> (Varanidae) have reproduced by <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>. </p><p>Parthenogenetic species are suspected to occur among <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agamidae" title="Agamidae">agamids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Night_lizard" title="Night lizard">xantusiids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typhlopidae" title="Typhlopidae">typhlopids</a>. </p><p>Some reptiles exhibit <a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">temperature-dependent sex determination</a> (TDSD), in which the incubation temperature determines whether a particular egg hatches as male or female. TDSD is most common in turtles and crocodiles, but also occurs in lizards and tuatara.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, there has been no confirmation of whether TDSD occurs in snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longevity">Longevity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Longevity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giant <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a> are among the longest-lived vertebrate animals (over 100 years by some estimates) and have been used as a model for studying <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quesada2019_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quesada2019-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lonesome_George" title="Lonesome George">Lonesome George</a>, the iconic last member of <i><a href="/wiki/Pinta_Island_tortoise" title="Pinta Island tortoise">Chelonoidis abingdonii</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aldabra_giant_tortoise" title="Aldabra giant tortoise">Aldabra giant tortoise</a> <i>Aldabrachelys gigantea</i> led to the detection of lineage-specific variants affecting <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> genes that might contribute to our understanding of increased lifespan.<sup id="cite_ref-Quesada2019_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quesada2019-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cognition">Cognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></div> <p>Reptiles are generally considered less intelligent than mammals and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer,_A_1977_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer,_A_1977-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brain-to-body_mass_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-to-body mass ratio">size of their brain relative to their body</a> is much less than that of mammals, the <a href="/wiki/Encephalization_quotient" title="Encephalization quotient">encephalization quotient</a> being about one tenth of that of mammals,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though larger reptiles can show more complex brain development. Larger lizards, like the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitors</a>, are known to exhibit complex behavior, including cooperation<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cognitive abilities allowing them to optimize their <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territoriality</a> over time.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crocodiles have relatively larger brains and show a fairly complex social structure. The <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> is even known to engage in play,<sup id="cite_ref-firefly_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firefly-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are turtles, which are also considered to be social creatures,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes switch between monogamy and promiscuity in their sexual behavior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One study found that <a href="/wiki/Wood_turtle" title="Wood turtle">wood turtles</a> were better than <a href="/wiki/White_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="White rat">white rats</a> at learning to navigate mazes.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study found that giant tortoises are capable of learning through <a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a>, visual discrimination and retained learned behaviors with long-term memory.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea turtles have been regarded as having simple brains, but their flippers are used for a variety of foraging tasks (holding, bracing, corralling) in common with marine mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that reptiles are <a href="/wiki/Sentient" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentient">sentient</a> and able to feel emotions including <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense_mechanisms">Defense mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Defense mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards, that live on the ground or in the water are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Conflict_avoidance" title="Conflict avoidance">avoidance</a> is the most common form of defense in reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the first sign of danger, most snakes and lizards crawl away into the undergrowth, and turtles and crocodiles will plunge into water and sink out of sight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camouflage_and_warning">Camouflage and warning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Camouflage and warning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phelsuma_dubia_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phelsuma_dubia_edit1.jpg/220px-Phelsuma_dubia_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phelsuma_dubia_edit1.jpg/330px-Phelsuma_dubia_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phelsuma_dubia_edit1.jpg/440px-Phelsuma_dubia_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A camouflaged <i><a href="/wiki/Dull_day_gecko" class="mw-redirect" title="Dull day gecko">Phelsuma deubia</a></i> on a palm frond</figcaption></figure> <p>Reptiles tend to avoid confrontation through <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>. Two major groups of reptile predators are birds and other reptiles, both of which have well-developed color vision. Thus the skins of many reptiles have <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">cryptic</a> coloration of plain or mottled gray, green, and brown to allow them to blend into the background of their natural environment.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aided by the reptiles' capacity for remaining motionless for long periods, the camouflage of many snakes is so effective that people or domestic animals are most typically bitten because they accidentally step on them.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When camouflage fails to protect them, <a href="/wiki/Blue-tongued_skink" title="Blue-tongued skink">blue-tongued skinks</a> will try to ward off attackers by displaying their blue tongues, and the <a href="/wiki/Frill-necked_lizard" class="mw-redirect" title="Frill-necked lizard">frill-necked lizard</a> will display its brightly colored frill. These same displays are used in territorial disputes and during courtship.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogger_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If danger arises so suddenly that flight is useless, crocodiles, turtles, some lizards, and some snakes hiss loudly when confronted by an enemy. <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattlesnakes">Rattlesnakes</a> rapidly vibrate the tip of the tail, which is composed of a series of nested, hollow beads to ward off approaching danger. </p><p>In contrast to the normal drab coloration of most reptiles, the lizards of the genus <i>Heloderma</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Gila_monster" title="Gila monster">Gila monster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beaded_lizard" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaded lizard">beaded lizard</a>) and many of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_snake" title="Coral snake">coral snakes</a> have high-contrast warning coloration, warning potential predators they are venomous.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of non-venomous North American snake species have colorful markings similar to those of the coral snake, an oft cited example of <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_defense_in_snakes">Alternative defense in snakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Alternative defense in snakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">Venom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom" title="Evolution of snake venom">Evolution of snake venom</a></div> <p>Camouflage does not always fool a predator. When caught out, snake species adopt different defensive tactics and use a complicated set of behaviors when attacked. Some species, like cobras or hognose snakes, first elevate their head and spread out the skin of their neck in an effort to look large and threatening. Failure of this strategy may lead to other measures practiced particularly by cobras, vipers, and closely related species, which use <a href="/wiki/Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">venom</a> to attack. The venom is modified saliva, delivered through fangs from a <a href="/wiki/Venom_gland" title="Venom gland">venom gland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non-venomous snakes, such as American <a href="/wiki/Hognose_snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hognose snakes">hognose snakes</a> or European <a href="/wiki/Grass_snake" title="Grass snake">grass snake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanatosis">play dead</a> when in danger; some, including the grass snake, exude a foul-smelling liquid to deter attackers.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_in_crocodilians"><span class="anchor" id="Defense_in_crocodiles"></span>Defense in crocodilians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Defense in crocodilians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilian</a> is concerned about its safety, it will gape to expose the teeth and tongue. If this does not work, the crocodilian gets a little more agitated and typically begins to make hissing sounds. After this, the crocodilian will start to change its posture dramatically to make itself look more intimidating. The body is inflated to increase apparent size. If absolutely necessary, it may decide to attack an enemy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-headed_dwarf_gecko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/White-headed_dwarf_gecko.jpg/220px-White-headed_dwarf_gecko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/White-headed_dwarf_gecko.jpg/330px-White-headed_dwarf_gecko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/White-headed_dwarf_gecko.jpg/440px-White-headed_dwarf_gecko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/White-headed_dwarf_gecko" title="White-headed dwarf gecko">White-headed dwarf gecko</a> with shed tail</figcaption></figure> <p>Some species try to bite immediately. Some will use their heads as <a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer" title="Sledgehammer">sledgehammers</a> and literally smash an opponent, some will rush or swim toward the threat from a distance, even chasing the opponent onto land or galloping after it.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main weapon in all crocodiles is the bite, which can generate very high bite force. Many species also possess <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine</a>-like teeth. These are used primarily for seizing prey, but are also used in fighting and display.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shedding_and_regenerating_tails">Shedding and regenerating tails</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Shedding and regenerating tails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autotomy" title="Autotomy">Autotomy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geckos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geckos">Geckos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinks">skinks</a>, and some other lizards that are captured by the tail will shed part of the tail structure through a process called <a href="/wiki/Autotomy" title="Autotomy">autotomy</a> and thus be able to flee. The detached tail will continue to thrash, creating a deceptive sense of continued struggle and distracting the predator's attention from the fleeing prey animal. The detached tails of <a href="/wiki/Leopard_gecko" title="Leopard gecko">leopard geckos</a> can wiggle for up to 20 minutes. The tail grows back in most species, but some, like crested geckos, lose their tails for the rest of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many species the tails are of a separate and dramatically more intense color than the rest of the body so as to encourage potential predators to strike for the tail first. In the <a href="/wiki/Tiliqua_rugosa" title="Tiliqua rugosa">shingleback skink</a> and some species of geckos, the tail is short and broad and resembles the head, so that the predators may attack it rather than the more vulnerable front part.<sup id="cite_ref-pianka_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pianka-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reptiles that are capable of shedding their tails can partially <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regenerate</a> them over a period of weeks. The new section will however contain cartilage rather than bone, and will never grow to the same length as the original tail. It is often also distinctly discolored compared to the rest of the body and may lack some of the external sculpting features seen in the original tail.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_humans">Relations with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Relations with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_reptiles" title="Human uses of reptiles">Human uses of reptiles</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_cultures_and_religions">In cultures and religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: In cultures and religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reptiles_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles in culture">Reptiles in culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg/220px-Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg/330px-Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg/440px-Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2405" /></a><figcaption>Painting of fighting "<i>Laelaps</i>" (now <i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosaurus" title="Dryptosaurus">Dryptosaurus</a></i>) by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Knight" title="Charles R. Knight">Charles R. Knight</a> (1897)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dinosaurs have been widely depicted in culture since the English palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> coined the name <i><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a></i> in 1842. As soon as 1854, the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs" title="Crystal Palace Dinosaurs">Crystal Palace Dinosaurs</a> were on display to the public in south London.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrens_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrens-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glut_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glut-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One dinosaur appeared in literature even earlier, as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> placed a <i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a></i> in the first chapter of his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Bleak_House" title="Bleak House">Bleak House</a></i> in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dinosaurs featured in books, films, television programs, artwork, and other media have been used for both education and entertainment. The depictions range from the realistic, as in the television <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentaries</a> of the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, to the fantastic, as in the <a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">monster movies</a> of the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Glut_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glut-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Searles_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Searles-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The snake or serpent has played a powerful <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">symbolic role</a> in different cultures. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egyptian history</a>, the Nile cobra adorned the crown of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/Snake_worship" title="Snake worship">worshipped</a> as one of the gods and was also used for sinister purposes: murder of an adversary and ritual suicide (<a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII of Egypt">Cleopatra</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, snakes are associated with deadly antagonists, as a <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> symbol, roughly translated as <i>earthbound</i>. The nine-headed <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a> that <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> defeated and the three <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a> sisters are children of <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>, the earth. <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> was one of the three Gorgon sisters who <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> defeated. Medusa is described as a hideous mortal, with snakes instead of hair and the power to turn men to stone with her gaze. After killing her, Perseus gave her head to <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> who fixed it to her shield called the <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">Aegis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a> are depicted in art with their legs replaced by bodies of snakes for the same reason: They are children of Gaia, so they are bound to the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-BF85_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF85-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Snake_worship" title="Snake worship">snakes are worshipped</a> as gods, with many women pouring milk on snake pits. The cobra is seen on the neck of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is depicted often as sleeping on a seven-headed snake or within the coils of a serpent. There are temples in India solely for cobras sometimes called <i>Nagraj</i> (King of Snakes), and it is believed that snakes are symbols of fertility. In the annual Hindu festival of <a href="/wiki/Nag_Panchami" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Panchami">Nag Panchami</a>, snakes are venerated and prayed to.<sup id="cite_ref-Deane_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In religious terms, the snake and <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a> are arguably the most important animals in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. "In states of ecstasy, lords dance a serpent dance; great descending snakes adorn and support buildings from <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> word <i>coatl</i> meaning serpent or twin, forms part of primary deities such as <a href="/wiki/Mixcoatl" title="Mixcoatl">Mixcoatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coatlicue" class="mw-redirect" title="Coatlicue">Coatlicue</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Christianity and Judaism, a serpent appears in Genesis to tempt <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">forbidden fruit</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Knowledge_of_Good_and_Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil">Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The turtle has a prominent position as a symbol of steadfastness and tranquility in religion, mythology, and folklore from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Plotkin_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plotkin-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tortoise's longevity is suggested by its long lifespan and its shell, which was thought to protect it from any foe.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological myth">cosmological myths</a> of several cultures a <i><a href="/wiki/World_Turtle" title="World Turtle">World Turtle</a></i> carries the world upon its back or supports the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-Stookey_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stookey-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites" title="Epidemiology of snakebites">Epidemiology of snakebites</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/60px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/90px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/120px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a> symbolizes medicine</figcaption></figure> <p>Deaths from <a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">snakebites</a> are uncommon in many parts of the world, but are still counted in tens of thousands per year in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snakebite can be treated with <a href="/wiki/Antivenom" title="Antivenom">antivenom</a> made from the venom of the snake. To produce antivenom, a mixture of the venoms of different species of snake is injected into the body of a horse in ever-increasing dosages until the horse is immunized. Blood is then extracted; the serum is separated, purified and freeze-dried.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytotoxic">cytotoxic</a> effect of snake venom is being researched as a potential treatment for cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lizards such as the Gila monster produce toxins with medical applications. Gila toxin reduces plasma glucose; the substance is now synthesised for use in the anti-<a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> drug <a href="/wiki/Exenatide" title="Exenatide">exenatide</a> (Byetta).<sup id="cite_ref-Casey2013_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casey2013-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another toxin from Gila monster saliva has been studied for use as an anti-<a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's">Alzheimer's</a> drug.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geckos have also been used as medicine, especially in China.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turtles have been used in Chinese traditional medicine for thousands of years, with every part of the turtle believed to have medical benefits. There is a lack of scientific evidence that would correlate claimed medical benefits to turtle consumption. Growing demand for turtle meat has placed pressure on vulnerable wild populations of turtles.<sup id="cite_ref-MongabayNews-2014-08-08_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MongabayNews-2014-08-08-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_farming">Commercial farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Commercial farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">Crocodile farm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake_farm" title="Snake farm">Snake farm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtle farming</a></div> <p>Crocodiles are protected in many parts of the world, and are <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">farmed commercially</a>. Their hides are tanned and used to make leather goods such as shoes and <a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">handbags</a>; <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">crocodile meat</a> is also considered a delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly farmed species are the saltwater and Nile crocodiles. Farming has resulted in an increase in the saltwater crocodile population in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, as eggs are usually harvested from the wild, so landowners have an incentive to conserve their habitat. <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_leather" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile leather">Crocodile leather</a> is made into wallets, briefcases, purses, handbags, belts, hats, and shoes. <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_oil" title="Crocodile oil">Crocodile oil</a> has been used for various purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snakes are also farmed, primarily in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and their production has become more intensive in the last decade. <a href="/wiki/Snake_farm" title="Snake farm">Snake farming</a> has been troubling for conservation in the past as it can lead to <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> of wild snakes and their natural prey to supply the farms. However, farming snakes can limit the hunting of wild snakes, while reducing the slaughter of higher-order vertebrates like cows. The energy efficiency of snakes is higher than expected for carnivores, due to their ectothermy and low metabolism. Waste protein from the poultry and pig industries is used as feed in snake farms.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snake farms produce meat, <a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">snake skin</a>, and antivenom. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtle farming</a> is another known but controversial practice. Turtles have been farmed for a variety of reasons, ranging from food to traditional medicine, the pet trade, and scientific conservation. Demand for turtle meat and medicinal products is one of the main threats to turtle conservation in Asia. Though commercial breeding would seem to insulate wild populations, it can stoke the demand for them and increase wild captures.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MongabayNews-2014-08-08_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MongabayNews-2014-08-08-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the potentially appealing concept of raising turtles at a farm to release into the wild is questioned by some veterinarians who have had some experience with farm operations. They caution that this may introduce into the wild populations infectious diseases that occur on the farm, but have not (yet) been occurring in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reptiles_in_captivity">Reptiles in captivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Reptiles in captivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Herpetoculture" title="Herpetoculture">Herpetoculture</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">herpetarium</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoological exhibition</a> space for reptiles and amphibians. </p><p>In the Western world, some snakes (especially relatively docile species such as the <a href="/wiki/Python_regius" class="mw-redirect" title="Python regius">ball python</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn_snake" title="Corn snake">corn snake</a>) are sometimes kept as pets.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous species of lizard are kept as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pogona" title="Pogona">bearded dragons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Virata_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virata-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">iguanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anole">anoles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">geckos</a> (such as the popular <a href="/wiki/Leopard_gecko" title="Leopard gecko">leopard gecko</a> and the crested gecko).<sup id="cite_ref-Virata_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virata-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turtles and tortoises are increasingly popular pets, but keeping them can be challenging due to their particular requirements, such as temperature control, the need for UV light sources, and a varied diet. The long lifespans of turtles and especially tortoises mean they can potentially outlive their owners. Good hygiene and significant maintenance is necessary when keeping reptiles, due to the risks of <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> and other pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular hand-washing after handling is an important measure to prevent infection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_reptiles" title="Outline of reptiles">Outline of reptiles</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibian_and_reptile_tunnel" title="Amphibian and reptile tunnel">Amphibian and reptile tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles" title="List of reptiles">List of reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_reptiles_by_region" title="Lists of reptiles by region">Lists of reptiles by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">Reptile Database</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/32px-Lizardicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/48px-Lizardicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/64px-Lizardicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reptiles" title="Portal:Reptiles">Reptiles portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> This taxonomy does not reflect modern molecular evidence, which places turtles within <a href="/wiki/Diapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsida">Diapsida</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "The copperhead is a pit viper and, like others pit vipers, it has heat-sensitive pit organs on each side of its head between the eye and the nostril. These pits detect objects that are warmer than the environment and enable copperheads to locate nocturnal, mammalian prey."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Michaelmas term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln's Inn Hall. Implacable November weather. As much mud in the streets, as if the waters had but newly retired from the face of the earth, and it would not be wonderful to meet a <i>Megalosaurus</i>, forty feet long or so, waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborne Hill."<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-M2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarjanović2021" class="citation journal cs1">Marjanović, D. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8149952">"The Making of Calibration Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>12</b>. 521693. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.521693">10.3389/fgene.2021.521693</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8149952">8149952</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34054911">34054911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Calibration+Sausage+Exemplified+by+Recalibrating+the+Transcriptomic+Timetree+of+Jawed+Vertebrates&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=521693&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8149952%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34054911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.521693&rft.aulast=Marjanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8149952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reptile-database.org/db-info/news.html">"Reptile Database News"</a>. <i>reptile-database.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%3A+Secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Holmiae+%28Laurentii+Salvii%29&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carolus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/UnColl/EnBrit/Amphibia.html">"Amphibia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (9th ed.). 1878.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amphibia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph0.clarku.edu%2Fhuxley%2FUnColl%2FEnBrit%2FAmphibia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurenti,_J.N.1768" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Nicolaus_Laurenti" title="Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti">Laurenti, J.N.</a> (1768). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013401/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=281657"><i>Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena</i></a> [<i>Medical Specimen: Presenting an improved synopsis of reptiles with experiments on poisons</i>] (in Latin). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=281657">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(facsimile)</span> on 2015-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimen+medicum%2C+exhibens+synopsin+reptilium+emendatam+cum+experimentis+circa+venena&rft.date=1768&rft.au=Laurenti%2C+J.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fno_cache%2Fdms%2Fload%2Fimg%2F%3FIDDOC%3D281657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span> — shows the mixed composition of <i>Reptilia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatreielle,_P.A.1804" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Latreielle, P.A.</a> (1804). <i>Nouveau Dictionnaire à Histoire Naturelle</i> [<i>New Dictionary of Natural History</i>] (in French). p. xxiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouveau+Dictionnaire+%C3%A0+Histoire+Naturelle&rft.pages=xxiv&rft.date=1804&rft.au=Latreielle%2C+P.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatreille,_P.A.1825" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Latreille, P.A. (1825). <i>Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposés succinctement et dans un ordre analytique</i> [<i>Natural families of the animal kingdom, succinctly presented in analytical order</i>] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familles+naturelles+du+r%C3%A8gne+animal%2C+expos%C3%A9s+succinctement+et+dans+un+ordre+analytique&rft.date=1825&rft.au=Latreille%2C+P.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley,_T.H.1863" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Huxley, T.H.</a> (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/UnColl/Gazettes/Mamma.html">"The structure and classification of the Mammalia"</a>. <i>Medical Times and Gazette</i>. Hunterian lectures.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Times+and+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+structure+and+classification+of+the+Mammalia&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Huxley%2C+T.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph0.clarku.edu%2Fhuxley%2FUnColl%2FGazettes%2FMamma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodrich1916-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goodrich1916_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich1916" class="citation journal cs1">Goodrich, E.S. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1916.0012">"On the classification of the Reptilia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B</i>. <b>89</b> (615): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916RSPSB..89..261G">1916RSPSB..89..261G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1916.0012">10.1098/rspb.1916.0012</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B&rft.atitle=On+the+classification+of+the+Reptilia&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=615&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1916.0012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916RSPSB..89..261G&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspb.1916.0012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watson1956-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-watson1956_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1957" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, D.M.S. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1957.0003">"On millerosaurus and the early history of the sauropsid reptiles"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B</i>. <b>240</b> (673): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957RSPTB.240..325W">1957RSPTB.240..325W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1957.0003">10.1098/rstb.1957.0003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B&rft.atitle=On+millerosaurus+and+the+early+history+of+the+sauropsid+reptiles&rft.volume=240&rft.issue=673&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1957.0003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957RSPTB.240..325W&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=D.M.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstb.1957.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydekker1896" class="citation book cs1">Lydekker, Richard (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110219"><i>Reptiles and Fishes</i></a>. The Royal Natural History. London, UK: Frederick Warne & Son. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110219/page/n26">2</a>–3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reptiles+and+Fishes&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=The+Royal+Natural+History&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+%26+Son&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Lydekker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.110219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tudge-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tudge_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tudge_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudge2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Tudge" title="Colin Tudge">Tudge, Colin</a> (2000). <i>The Variety of Life</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860426-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860426-2"><bdi>0-19-860426-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Variety+of+Life&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-860426-2&rft.aulast=Tudge&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn1903" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn, H.F.</a> (1903). "The reptilian subclasses <i>Diapsida</i> and <i>Synapsida</i> and [the] early history of <i>Diaptosauria</i>". <i>Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">451–</span>507.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=The+reptilian+subclasses+Diapsida+and+Synapsida+and+%5Bthe%5D+early+history+of+Diaptosauria&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=H.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-romer1933-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-romer1933_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Romer" title="Alfred Romer">Romer, A.S.</a> (1966) [1933]. <i>Vertebrate Paleontology</i> (3rd ed.). 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmmng.200800011">"Assembling the History of the Parareptilia: Phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade"</a>. <i>Fossil Record</i>. <b>12</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009FossR..12...71T">2009FossR..12...71T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmmng.200800011">10.1002/mmng.200800011</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fossil+Record&rft.atitle=Assembling+the+History+of+the+Parareptilia%3A+Phylogeny%2C+diversification%2C+and+a+new+definition+of+the+clade&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmmng.200800011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009FossR..12...71T&rft.aulast=Tsuji&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fmmng.200800011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brysse2008-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brysse2008_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrysse2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brysse, K. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lizardswindowsto00pian"><i>Lizards: Windows to the evolution of diversity</i></a>. Organisms and Environments. Vol. 5 (1 ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23401-7"><bdi>978-0-520-23401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lizards%3A+Windows+to+the+evolution+of+diversity&rft.series=Organisms+and+Environments&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23401-7&rft.aulast=Pianka&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft.au=Vitt%2C+Laurie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flizardswindowsto00pian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlibardi2010" class="citation book cs1">Alibardi, Lorenzo (2010). 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Heidelberg, DE: Springer. pp. iii, <span class="nowrap">v–</span>x, <span class="nowrap">1–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-03733-7_1">10.1007/978-3-642-03733-7_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-03733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-03733-7"><bdi>978-3-642-03733-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20334040">20334040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regeneration+in+Reptiles+and+Its+Position+Among+Vertebrates&rft.btitle=Morphological+and+Cellular+Aspects+of+Tail+and+Limb+Regeneration+in+Lizards&rft.place=Heidelberg%2C+DE&rft.series=Advances+in+Anatomy%2C+Embryology+and+Cell+Biology&rft.pages=iii%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ev-%3C%2Fspan%3Ex%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20334040&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-03733-7_1&rft.isbn=978-3-642-03733-7&rft.aulast=Alibardi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torrens-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torrens_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrens,_Hugh" class="citation book cs1">Torrens, Hugh. 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Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780253333490/page/675">675–706</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33349-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33349-0"><bdi>978-0-253-33349-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dinosaurs+and+the+media&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Dinosaur&rft.pages=675-706&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33349-0&rft.aulast=Glut&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft.au=Brett-Surman%2C+Michael+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780253333490%2Fpage%2F675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1852" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Charles J.H. 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St. Martin's Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">113–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26226-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26226-6"><bdi>978-0-312-26226-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+art+of+Charles+R.+Knight&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+American+Book+of+Dinosaurs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-26226-6&rft.au=Paul%2C+G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Searles-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Searles_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearles1988" class="citation book cs1">Searles, Baird (1988). "Dinosaurs and others". <i>Films of Science Fiction and Fantasy</i>. New York, NY: AFI Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">104–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0922-9"><bdi>978-0-8109-0922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dinosaurs+and+others&rft.btitle=Films+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=AFI+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-0922-9&rft.aulast=Searles&rft.aufirst=Baird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BF85-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BF85_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullfinch2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bullfinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bullfinch">Bullfinch, Thomas</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209004721/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/bulfinch/thomas/"><i>Bullfinch's Complete Mythology</i></a> (reprint ed.). London: Chancellor Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7537-0381-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7537-0381-6"><bdi>978-0-7537-0381-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/bulfinch/thomas/">the original</a> on 2009-02-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bullfinch%27s+Complete+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=85&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Chancellor+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7537-0381-6&rft.aulast=Bullfinch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fb%2Fbulfinch%2Fthomas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deane-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deane_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeane1833" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Worship_of_the_Serpent" title="The Worship of the Serpent">Deane, John</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/wos/index.htm"><i>The Worship of the Serpent</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56459-898-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56459-898-1"><bdi>978-1-56459-898-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worship+of+the+Serpent&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1833&rft.isbn=978-1-56459-898-1&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fetc%2Fwos%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Mary1993" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Mary (1993). <i>The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya</i>. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27928-1"><bdi>978-0-500-27928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mexico+and+the+Maya&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27928-1&rft.au=Miller%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Genesis/3?1">Genesis 3:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plotkin-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plotkin_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlotkin,_Pamela_T.2007" class="citation book cs1">Plotkin, Pamela T. (2007). <i>Biology and Conservation of Ridley Sea Turtles</i>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8611-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8611-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-8611-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+and+Conservation+of+Ridley+Sea+Turtles&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8611-9&rft.au=Plotkin%2C+Pamela+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ball_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall,_Catherine2004" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Catherine (2004). <i>Animal Motifs in Asian Art</i>. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43338-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-43338-2"><bdi>0-486-43338-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Motifs+in+Asian+Art&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-486-43338-2&rft.au=Ball%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stookey-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stookey_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStookey,_Lorena_Laura2004" class="citation book cs1">Stookey, Lorena Laura (2004). <i>Thematic Guide to World Mythology</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31505-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31505-3"><bdi>978-0-313-31505-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thematic+Guide+to+World+Mythology&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31505-3&rft.au=Stookey%2C+Lorena+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2006" class="citation news cs1">Sinha, Kounteya (25 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1803026.cms">"No more the land of snake charmers..."</a> <i>The Times of India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=No+more+the+land+of+snake+charmers...&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Kounteya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F1803026.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubinsky1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dubinsky, I. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2146932">"Rattlesnake bite in a patient with horse allergy and von Willebrand's disease: Case report"</a>. <i>Can. Fam. Physician</i>. <b>42</b>: <span class="nowrap">2207–</span>2211. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2146932">2146932</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8939322">8939322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Can.+Fam.+Physician&rft.atitle=Rattlesnake+bite+in+a+patient+with+horse+allergy+and+von+Willebrand%27s+disease%3A+Case+report&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2207-%3C%2Fspan%3E2211&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2146932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8939322&rft.aulast=Dubinsky&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2146932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyas,_Vivek_KumarBrahmbahtt,_KeyurParmar,_Ustav2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vyas, Vivek Kumar; Brahmbahtt, Keyur; Parmar, Ustav (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627178">"Therapeutic potential of snake venom in cancer therapy: Current perspective"</a>. <i>Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2221-1691%2813%2960042-8">10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60042-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627178">3627178</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23593597">23593597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Pacific+Journal+of+Tropical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+potential+of+snake+venom+in+cancer+therapy%3A+Current+perspective&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3627178%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23593597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2221-1691%2813%2960042-8&rft.au=Vyas%2C+Vivek+Kumar&rft.au=Brahmbahtt%2C+Keyur&rft.au=Parmar%2C+Ustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3627178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casey2013-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casey2013_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Casey, Constance (26 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/04/gila_monster_revolting_creature_the_large_venomous_lizard_of_the_u_s_southwest.html">"Don't call it a monster"</a>. <i>Slate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Don%27t+call+it+a+monster&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fhealth_and_science%2Fscience%2F2013%2F04%2Fgila_monster_revolting_creature_the_large_venomous_lizard_of_the_u_s_southwest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1912396.stm">"Alzheimer's research seeks out lizards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 April 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alzheimer%27s+research+seeks+out+lizards&rft.date=2002-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F1912396.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerDittmann2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, P.; Dittmann, A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025183720/http://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=375&Itemid=76">"Medicinal use of <i>Gekko gecko</i> (Squamata: Gekkonidae) has an impact on agamid lizards"</a>. <i>Salamandra</i>. <b>50</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">185–</span>186. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salamandra-journal.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=375&Itemid=76">the original</a> on 2014-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salamandra&rft.atitle=Medicinal+use+of+Gekko+gecko+%28Squamata%3A+Gekkonidae%29+has+an+impact+on+agamid+lizards&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Dittmann%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salamandra-journal.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D375%26Itemid%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MongabayNews-2014-08-08-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MongabayNews-2014-08-08_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MongabayNews-2014-08-08_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2014/08/the-threat-of-traditional-medicine-chinas-boom-may-mean-doom-for-turtles/">"The threat of traditional medicine: China's boom may mean doom for turtles"</a>. <i>Mongabay Environmental News</i>. 2014-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongabay+Environmental+News&rft.atitle=The+threat+of+traditional+medicine%3A+China%27s+boom+may+mean+doom+for+turtles&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2014%2F08%2Fthe-threat-of-traditional-medicine-chinas-boom-may-mean-doom-for-turtles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1998" class="citation news cs1">Lyman, Rick (30 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/30/us/anahuac-journal-alligator-farmer-feeds-demand-for-all-the-parts.html">"Alligator farmer feeds demand for all the parts"</a>. Anahuac Journal. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alligator+farmer+feeds+demand+for+all+the+parts&rft.date=1998-11-30&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F11%2F30%2Fus%2Fanahuac-journal-alligator-farmer-feeds-demand-for-all-the-parts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanos2004" class="citation book cs1">Janos, Elisabeth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUaaDBFsYFEC&pg=PA56"><i>Country Folk Medicine: Tales of skunk oil, sassafras tea, and other old-time remedies</i></a> (1 ed.). Lyon's Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-178-7"><bdi>978-1-59228-178-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Folk+Medicine%3A+Tales+of+skunk+oil%2C+sassafras+tea%2C+and+other+old-time+remedies&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Lyon%27s+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59228-178-7&rft.aulast=Janos&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUaaDBFsYFEC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustTriNatuschAlexander2017" class="citation journal cs1">Aust, Patrick W.; Tri, Ngo Van; Natusch, Daniel J.D.; Alexander, Graham J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003060531600034X">"Asian snake farms: Conservation curse or sustainable enterprise?"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>51</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">498–</span>505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003060531600034X">10.1017/S003060531600034X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-6053">0030-6053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Asian+snake+farms%3A+Conservation+curse+or+sustainable+enterprise%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E498-%3C%2Fspan%3E505&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003060531600034X&rft.issn=0030-6053&rft.aulast=Aust&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rft.au=Tri%2C+Ngo+Van&rft.au=Natusch%2C+Daniel+J.D.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Graham+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS003060531600034X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaitaoParhamZhiyongMeiling2008" class="citation journal cs1">Haitao, Shi; Parham, James F.; Zhiyong, Fan; Meiling, Hong; Feng, Yin (2008). 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(January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn72/mtn72p13.shtml">"Marine turtle farming and health issues"</a>. <i>Marine Turtle Newsletter</i> (guest editorial). Vol. 72. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Turtle+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Marine+turtle+farming+and+health+issues&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1996-01&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Elliott+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaturtle.org%2Fmtn%2Farchives%2Fmtn72%2Fmtn72p13.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116071147/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/05/wildlife-watch-cayman-turtle-farm-welfare-controversy/">"This turtle tourist center also raises endangered turtles for meat"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. 2017-05-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/05/wildlife-watch-cayman-turtle-farm-welfare-controversy/">the original</a> on January 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=This+turtle+tourist+center+also+raises+endangered+turtles+for+meat&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2Fwildlife-watch-cayman-turtle-farm-welfare-controversy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnestGeorge_R._ZugMolly_Dwyer_Griffin1996" class="citation book cs1">Ernest, Carl; George R. Zug; Molly Dwyer Griffin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/snakesinquestion00erns/page/203"><i>Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book</i></a>. Smithsonian Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/snakesinquestion00erns/page/203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-648-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-648-5"><bdi>978-1-56098-648-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snakes+in+Question%3A+The+Smithsonian+Answer+Book&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-648-5&rft.aulast=Ernest&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=George+R.+Zug&rft.au=Molly+Dwyer+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsnakesinquestion00erns%2Fpage%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virata-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Virata_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virata_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirata" class="citation web cs1">Virata, John B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Lizards/5-Great-Beginner-Pet-Lizards/">"5 Great Beginner Pet Lizards"</a>. Reptiles Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+Great+Beginner+Pet+Lizards&rft.pub=Reptiles+Magazine&rft.aulast=Virata&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reptilesmagazine.com%2FLizards%2F5-Great-Beginner-Pet-Lizards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod" class="citation web cs1">McLeod, Lianne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruce.com/green-anoles-pets-1236900">"An Introduction to Green Anoles as Pets"</a>. <i>The Spruce</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Green+Anoles+as+Pets&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Lianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruce.com%2Fgreen-anoles-pets-1236900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-06-turtles-great-pets-homework.html">"Turtles can make great pets, but do your homework first"</a>. <i>phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Turtles+can+make+great+pets%2C+but+do+your+homework+first&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2018-06-turtles-great-pets-homework.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbert1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Harris_Colbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Harris Colbert">Colbert, Edwin H.</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofverte00colb"><i>Evolution of the Vertebrates</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-16466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-16466-1"><bdi>978-0-471-16466-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Vertebrates&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-471-16466-1&rft.aulast=Colbert&rft.aufirst=Edwin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofverte00colb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Duellman, William E., Berg, Barbara (1962), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73551">Type Specimens of Amphibians and Reptiles in the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandberg,_TobiasMailhot,_JeffreyBrainerd,_Elizabeth2003" class="citation journal cs1">Landberg, Tobias; Mailhot, Jeffrey; Brainerd, Elizabeth (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.00553">"Lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion in a terrestrial turtle, <i>Terrapene carolina</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Experimental Biology">Journal of Experimental Biology</a></i>. <b>206</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">3391–</span>3404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.00553">10.1242/jeb.00553</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12939371">12939371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Lung+ventilation+during+treadmill+locomotion+in+a+terrestrial+turtle%2C+Terrapene+carolina&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3391-%3C%2Fspan%3E3404&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.00553&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12939371&rft.au=Landberg%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Mailhot%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Brainerd%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.00553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPianka,_EricVitt,_Laurie2003" class="citation book cs1">Pianka, Eric; Vitt, Laurie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lizardswindowsto00pian/page/116"><i>Lizards: Windows to the evolution of diversity</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lizardswindowsto00pian/page/116">116–118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23401-7"><bdi>978-0-520-23401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lizards%3A+Windows+to+the+evolution+of+diversity&rft.pages=116-118&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23401-7&rft.au=Pianka%2C+Eric&rft.au=Vitt%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flizardswindowsto00pian%2Fpage%2F116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPough,_HarveyJanis,_ChristineHeiser,_John2005" class="citation book cs1">Pough, Harvey; Janis, Christine; Heiser, John (2005). <i>Vertebrate Life</i>. Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-145310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-145310-4"><bdi>978-0-13-145310-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Life&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-13-145310-4&rft.au=Pough%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Janis%2C+Christine&rft.au=Heiser%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reptile&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Reptilia">Reptilia</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Reptilia" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Reptilia">Reptilia</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reptiles"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Reptiles">"Reptiles" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reptiles&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whozoo.org/herps/herpphylogeny.html">"Reptile phylogeny"</a>. <i>whozoo.org</i>. Herpetology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whozoo.org&rft.atitle=Reptile+phylogeny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whozoo.org%2Fherps%2Fherpphylogeny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23742"><i>Reptile images</i></a>. 1833.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reptile+images&rft.date=1833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F23742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227082759/http://www.wildreach.com/reptile/">"Sri Lanka wildlife information database"</a>. <i>wildreach.com</i>. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wildreach.com&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+wildlife+information+database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildreach.com%2Freptile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carlgans.org/biology-reptilia-online/">"Biology of the reptilia"</a>. <i>carlgans.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carlgans.org&rft.atitle=Biology+of+the+reptilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarlgans.org%2Fbiology-reptilia-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReptile" class="Z3988"></span> — an online full text copy of a 22 volume 13,000 page summary of the state of reptile research.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></li> <li>Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cephalochordata73" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Cephalochordata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">Leptocardii (lancelets)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larvacean" title="Larvacean">Appendicularia (larvaceans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acopa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stolidobranchia" title="Stolidobranchia">Stolidobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaliacea" title="Thaliacea">Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enterogona" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterogona">Enterogona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phlebobranchia" title="Phlebobranchia">Phlebobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplousobranchia" title="Aplousobranchia">Aplousobranchia</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cyclostomata87" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Myxini (hagfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia (lampreys)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-37px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(jawed vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:left;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bony vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(lobe-finned fish)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia (coelacanths)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Dipnoi (lungfish)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-25px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia (mammals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-19px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Sauria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards)</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines (turtles)</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archosauria81" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia (crocodilians)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves (birds)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹orders of class <i><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea" title="Ascidiacea">Ascidiacea (sea squirts)</a></i></li> <li>²subclasses of class <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)</a></li> <li>³orders of class <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reptilia (reptiles)</a></i></li> <li><i>italics</i> denote paraphyletic groups</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reptiliomorpha_(Pan‑Amniota)513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiliomorpha" title="Template:Reptiliomorpha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reptiliomorpha" title="Template talk:Reptiliomorpha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiliomorpha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiliomorpha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reptiliomorpha_(Pan‑Amniota)513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pan‑Amniota)</span></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Osteichthyes_*_Clade:_Sarcopterygii_*_Clade:_Tetrapoda513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetrapodomorpha72" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Template:Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha / Pan-Amniota</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Reptiliomorpha105" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Caerorhachis" title="Caerorhachis">Caerorhachis</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Casineria" title="Casineria">Casineria</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eldeceeon" title="Eldeceeon">Eldeceeon</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Romeriscus" title="Romeriscus">Romeriscus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Silvanerpeton" title="Silvanerpeton">Silvanerpeton</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Solenodonsaurus" title="Solenodonsaurus">Solenodonsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Termonerpeton" title="Termonerpeton">Termonerpeton</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Westlothiana" title="Westlothiana">Westlothiana</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Embolomeri" title="Embolomeri">Embolomeri</a></b>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Gephyrostegidae" title="Gephyrostegidae">Gephyrostegidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Chroniosuchia" title="Chroniosuchia">Chroniosuchia</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laosuchus" title="Laosuchus">Laosuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bystrowianidae" title="Bystrowianidae">Bystrowianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Axitectum" title="Axitectum">Axitectum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bystrowiana" title="Bystrowiana">Bystrowiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bystrowiella" title="Bystrowiella">Bystrowiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromotectum" title="Dromotectum">Dromotectum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hassiacoscutum" title="Hassiacoscutum">Hassiacoscutum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiyuanitectum" title="Jiyuanitectum">Jiyuanitectum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Synesuchus" title="Synesuchus">Synesuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yumenerpeton" title="Yumenerpeton">Yumenerpeton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chroniosuchidae" title="Chroniosuchidae">Chroniosuchidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chroniosaurus" title="Chroniosaurus">Chroniosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chroniosuchus" title="Chroniosuchus">Chroniosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingentidens" title="Ingentidens">Ingentidens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jarilinus" title="Jarilinus">Jarilinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madygenerpeton" title="Madygenerpeton">Madygenerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phratochronis" title="Phratochronis">Phratochronis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchonica" title="Suchonica">Suchonica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uralerpeton" title="Uralerpeton">Uralerpeton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Seymouriamorpha" title="Seymouriamorpha">Seymouriamorpha</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariekanerpeton" title="Ariekanerpeton">Ariekanerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biarmica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biarmica (page does not exist)">Biarmica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discosauriscus" title="Discosauriscus">Discosauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosuchus" title="Enosuchus">Enosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karpinskiosaurus" title="Karpinskiosaurus">Karpinskiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotlassia" title="Kotlassia">Kotlassia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptoropha" title="Leptoropha">Leptoropha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makowskia" title="Makowskia">Makowskia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microphon (page does not exist)">Microphon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyctiboetus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyctiboetus (page does not exist)">Nyctiboetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seymouria" title="Seymouria">Seymouria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinarerpeton" title="Spinarerpeton">Spinarerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utegenia" title="Utegenia">Utegenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volgerpeton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volgerpeton (page does not exist)">Volgerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waggoneria" title="Waggoneria">Waggoneria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Microsauria" title="Microsauria">Microsauria</a>"?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Microsauria" title="Template:Microsauria">Microsauria</a></li> <li>possibly includes <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limnoscelis" title="Limnoscelis">Limnoscelis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tseajaia" title="Tseajaia">Tseajaia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diadectidae" title="Diadectidae">Diadectidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alveusdectes" title="Alveusdectes">Alveusdectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambedus" title="Ambedus">Ambedus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desmatodon" title="Desmatodon">Desmatodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diadectes" title="Diadectes">Diadectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diasparactus" title="Diasparactus">Diasparactus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuwavaatakdectes" title="Kuwavaatakdectes">Kuwavaatakdectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orobates" title="Orobates">Orobates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phanerosaurus" title="Phanerosaurus">Phanerosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stephanospondylus" title="Stephanospondylus">Stephanospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="/wiki/Protorothyrididae" title="Protorothyrididae">Protorothyrididae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthracodromeus" title="Anthracodromeus">Anthracodromeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brouffia" title="Brouffia">Brouffia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cephalerpeton" title="Cephalerpeton">Cephalerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelostegus" title="Coelostegus">Coelostegus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylonomus" title="Hylonomus">Hylonomus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleothyris" title="Paleothyris">Paleothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protorothyris" title="Protorothyris">Protorothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thuringothyris" title="Thuringothyris">Thuringothyris</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Araeoscelidia" title="Araeoscelidia">Araeoscelidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphelosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphelosaurus (page does not exist)">Aphelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araeoscelis" title="Araeoscelis">Araeoscelis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictybolos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictybolos (page does not exist)">Dictybolos</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halgaitosaurus" title="Halgaitosaurus">Halgaitosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaliosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadaliosaurus (page does not exist)">Kadaliosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrolacosaurus" title="Petrolacosaurus">Petrolacosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinoaequalis" title="Spinoaequalis">Spinoaequalis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarcasaurus" title="Zarcasaurus">Zarcasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Captorhinidae" title="Captorhinidae">Captorhinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrodenta" title="Acrodenta">Acrodenta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baeotherates" title="Baeotherates">Baeotherates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captorhinoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captorhinoides (page does not exist)">Captorhinoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captorhinus" title="Captorhinus">Captorhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euconcordia" title="Euconcordia">Euconcordia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labidosauriscus" title="Labidosauriscus">Labidosauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labidosaurus" title="Labidosaurus">Labidosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthodontosaurus" title="Opisthodontosaurus">Opisthodontosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protocaptorhinus" title="Protocaptorhinus">Protocaptorhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puercosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puercosaurus (page does not exist)">Puercosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reiszorhinus" title="Reiszorhinus">Reiszorhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhiodenticulatus" title="Rhiodenticulatus">Rhiodenticulatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodotheratus" title="Rhodotheratus">Rhodotheratus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riabininus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riabininus (page does not exist)">Riabininus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeria_(reptile)" title="Romeria (reptile)">Romeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurorictus" title="Saurorictus">Saurorictus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moradisaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moradisaurinae">Moradisaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Balearosaurus" title="Balearosaurus">Balearosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captorhinikos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captorhinikos (page does not exist)">Captorhinikos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gansurhinus" title="Gansurhinus">Gansurhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gecatogomphius" title="Gecatogomphius">Gecatogomphius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indosauriscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indosauriscus (page does not exist)">Indosauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahneria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahneria (page does not exist)">Kahneria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labidosaurikos" title="Labidosaurikos">Labidosaurikos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moradisaurus" title="Moradisaurus">Moradisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothianiscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rothianiscus (page does not exist)">Rothianiscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumidadectes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumidadectes (page does not exist)">Sumidadectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tramuntanasaurus" title="Tramuntanasaurus">Tramuntanasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:120%"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(crown group)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pan‑Mammalia)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pan‑Reptilia)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropsida" title="Template:Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li>includes <a class="mw-selflink selflink">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silvanerpeton miripedes"><img alt="Silvanerpeton miripedes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg/100px-Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg/150px-Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg/200px-Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bystrowiana permira"><img alt="Bystrowiana permira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg/100px-Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg/150px-Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg/200px-Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="803" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seymouria2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seymouria baylorensis"><img alt="Seymouria baylorensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seymouria2.jpg/100px-Seymouria2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seymouria2.jpg/150px-Seymouria2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seymouria2.jpg/200px-Seymouria2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2793" data-file-height="1257" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westlothiana_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westlothiana lizziae"><img alt="Westlothiana lizziae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Westlothiana_BW.jpg/100px-Westlothiana_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Westlothiana_BW.jpg/150px-Westlothiana_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Westlothiana_BW.jpg/200px-Westlothiana_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="262" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadectes1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diadectes sideropelicus"><img alt="Diadectes sideropelicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg/100px-Diadectes1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg/150px-Diadectes1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg/200px-Diadectes1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hylonomus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hylonomus lyelli"><img alt="Hylonomus lyelli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylonomus_BW.jpg/100px-Hylonomus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylonomus_BW.jpg/150px-Hylonomus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylonomus_BW.jpg/200px-Hylonomus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="338" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petrolacosaurus kansensis"><img alt="Petrolacosaurus kansensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg/100px-Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg/150px-Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg/200px-Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="313" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labidosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Labidosaurus hamatus"><img alt="Labidosaurus hamatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Labidosaurus.jpg/100px-Labidosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Labidosaurus.jpg/150px-Labidosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Labidosaurus.jpg/200px-Labidosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="659" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthodontia" title="Labyrinthodontia">Labyrinthodontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepospondyli" title="Lepospondyli">Lepospondyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracosauria" title="Anthracosauria">Anthracosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachosauria" title="Batrachosauria">Batrachosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotylosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotylosauria">Cotylosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureptilia" title="Eureptilia">Eureptilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_extant_reptile_clades335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiles" title="Template:Reptiles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reptiles" title="Template talk:Reptiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_extant_reptile_clades335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">reptile</a> clades</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia (tuataras)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata (snakes and lizards)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines (turtles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves (birds)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_reptiles" title="Outline of reptiles">Outline of reptiles</a></b>   <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/32px-Lizardicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/48px-Lizardicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/64px-Lizardicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reptiles" title="Portal:Reptiles">Reptiles portal</a></b> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum: <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3083" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3083" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Reptilia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10811" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10811">Q10811</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Reptilia">Reptilia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Reptilia/">Reptilia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Reptilia">Reptilia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=76">76</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1703">1703</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1REPTC">1REPTC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:15455">15455</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/788ccb1a-4adc-409c-9d3f-65463b7b35b7">788ccb1a-4adc-409c-9d3f-65463b7b35b7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/358">358</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/26036">26036</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1448">1448</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173747">173747</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/0a31bfec-e16a-46d0-94e3-6456aeae39ec">0a31bfec-e16a-46d0-94e3-6456aeae39ec</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5257442">5257442</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36322">36322</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F7087F7-FF82-CD1E-FCA7-6A08D8E8FB06">8F7087F7-FF82-CD1E-FCA7-6A08D8E8FB06</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1838">1838</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10811#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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