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<li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_between_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_between_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Conflict between factions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_between_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolshevisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolshevisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bolshevisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolshevisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Resistance to fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-war years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_1950s_to_the_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_1950s_to_the_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>From the 1950s to the 1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_1950s_to_the_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_of_Enrico_Berlinguer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_of_Enrico_Berlinguer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Leadership of Enrico Berlinguer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_of_Enrico_Berlinguer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Popular support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Italian Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Regional elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian Communist Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="الحزب الشيوعي الإيطالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الشيوعي الإيطالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Comunista_Italianu" title="Partíu Comunista Italianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partíu Comunista Italianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Comunista_Itali%C3%A0" title="Partit Comunista Italià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Comunista Italià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsk%C3%A1_komunistick%C3%A1_strana" title="Italská komunistická strana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italská komunistická strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Italiano" title="Partito Comunista Italiano – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Partito Comunista Italiano" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia_Kommunistlik_Partei" title="Itaalia Kommunistlik Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia Kommunistlik Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ιταλικό Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλικό Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%A9_Comun%C3%A9ssta_Itagli%C3%A0n" title="Parté Comunéssta Itagliàn – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Parté Comunéssta Itagliàn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_Italiano" title="Partido Comunista Italiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Comunista Italiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itala_Komunista_Partio" title="Itala Komunista Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Itala Komunista Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiako_Alderdi_Komunista" title="Italiako Alderdi Komunista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italiako Alderdi Komunista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="حزب کمونیست ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب کمونیست ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_communiste_italien" title="Parti communiste italien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti communiste italien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_Italiano" title="Partido Comunista Italiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Comunista Italiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%8B%B9" title="이탈리아 공산당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아 공산당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Italia" title="Partai Komunis Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Komunis Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dtalski_komm%C3%BAnistaflokkurinn" title="Ítalski kommúnistaflokkurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ítalski kommúnistaflokkurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Italiano" title="Partito Comunista Italiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Comunista Italiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית האיטלקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית האיטלקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_Communistica_Italica" title="Factio Communistica Italica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio Communistica Italica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_Comunista_Italian" title="Partio Comunista Italian – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Partio Comunista Italian" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olasz_Kommunista_P%C3%A1rt" title="Olasz Kommunista Párt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olasz Kommunista Párt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="الحزب الشيوعى الايطالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحزب الشيوعى الايطالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaanse_Communistische_Partij" title="Italiaanse Communistische Partij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italiaanse Communistische Partij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A" title="イタリア共産党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア共産党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Italiano" title="Partito Comunista Italiano – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Partito Comunista Italiano" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_italienske_kommunistpartiet" title="Det italienske kommunistpartiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det italienske kommunistpartiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82oska_Partia_Komunistyczna" title="Włoska Partia Komunistyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włoska Partia Komunistyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_Italiano" title="Partido Comunista Italiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Comunista Italiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Итальянская коммунистическая партия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итальянская коммунистическая партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitu_Cumunista_Italianu" title="Partitu Cumunista Italianu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Partitu Cumunista Italianu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijanska_komunisti%C4%8Dna_partija" title="Italijanska komunistična partija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italijanska komunistična partija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Италијанска комунистичка партија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Италијанска комунистичка партија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijanska_komunisti%C4%8Dka_partija" title="Italijanska komunistička partija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Italijanska komunistička partija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_kommunistinen_puolue" title="Italian kommunistinen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian kommunistinen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienska_kommunistpartiet" title="Italienska kommunistpartiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italienska kommunistpartiet" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Communist political party in Italy (1921–1991)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the minor party established in 2016, see <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party_(2016)" title="Italian Communist Party (2016)">Italian Communist Party (2016)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Communist Party of Italy" redirects here. For the party founded in 2014, see <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(2014)" title="Communist Party of Italy (2014)">Communist Party of Italy (2014)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #C72F35; border-bottom:2px solid #C72F35; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Italian Communist Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Partito Comunista Italiano</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg/180px-Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg/270px-Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg/360px-Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">PCI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party" title="List of secretaries of the Italian Communist Party">Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a> (first)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a> (last)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (first)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Tortorella" title="Aldo Tortorella">Aldo Tortorella</a> (last)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">21 January 1921<span class="noprint">; 103 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">21 January 1921</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3 February 1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1991-02-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> <small>(official successor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> <small>(split)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_delle_Botteghe_Oscure" class="extiw" title="it:Via delle Botteghe Oscure">Via delle Botteghe Oscure 4</a>, Rome</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Youth_Federation" title="Italian Communist Youth Federation">Italian Communist Youth Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1947)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,252,446</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_road_to_socialism" title="Italian road to socialism">Italian</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a> (1943–1947)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a> (1947–1956)</li><li>PCI–<a href="/wiki/PSIUP" class="mw-redirect" title="PSIUP">PSIUP</a> (1966–1973)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_and_Allies_Group" title="Communist and Allies Group">Communists and Allies</a> (1973–1989)</li><li><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left_(1989%E2%80%931993)" title="European United Left (1989–1993)">European United Left</a> (1989–1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> (1921–1943)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> (1947–1956)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C72F35; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (politics)">Red</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bandiera_Rossa" title="Bandiera Rossa">Bandiera Rossa</a></i> ("Red Flag")</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #C72F35;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Italian Communist Party</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Partito Comunista Italiano</i>, <b>PCI</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> political party in Italy. It was founded in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> as the <b>Communist Party of Italy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Partito Comunista d'Italia</i>, <b>PCd'I</b>) on 21 January 1921, when it seceded from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Bombacci" title="Nicola Bombacci">Nicola Bombacci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outlawed during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian fascist">Italian fascist</a> regime, the party continued to operate underground and played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Treccani_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treccani-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's peaceful and national road to socialism, or the <a href="/wiki/Italian_road_to_socialism" title="Italian road to socialism">Italian road to socialism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the realisation of the communist project through democracy,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> repudiating the use of violence and applying the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a> in all its parts,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a strategy inaugurated under <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> but that some date back to Gramsci,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would become the leitmotif of the party's history.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having changed its name in 1943, the PCI became the second largest political party of Italy after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s. At the time, it was the largest <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, with peak support reaching 2.3 million members in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and peak share being 34.4% of the vote (12.6 million votes) in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Italian_general_election" title="1976 Italian general election">1976 Italian general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Treccani_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treccani-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PCI was part of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly of Italy</a> and the Italian government from 1944 to 1947, when the United States ordered a removal from government of the PCI and PSI.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PCI–PSI alliance lasted until 1956;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two parties continued to govern at the local and regional level until the 1990s. Apart from the 1944–1947 years and occasional external support to the <a href="/wiki/Organic_centre-left" title="Organic centre-left">organic centre-left</a> (1960s–1970s), which included the PSI, the PCI always remained at the opposition in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a>, with more accommodation as part of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a> of the 1970s, which ended in 1980, until its dissolution in 1991, not without controversy and much debate among its members.<sup id="cite_ref-Treccani_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treccani-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PCI included <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninists">Marxist–Leninists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionists">Marxist revisionists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a notable <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> faction being the <i><a href="/wiki/Miglioristi" class="mw-redirect" title="Miglioristi">miglioristi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> and the influence of the <i>miglioristi</i> in the 1970s and 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxism–Leninism was removed from the party statute<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the PCI adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunist</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hobday1986_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobday1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trend, seeking independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and moving into a democratic socialist direction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, it was dissolved and re-launched as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> (PDS), which joined the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a>. The more radical members of the organisation formally seceded to establish the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> (PRC).<sup id="cite_ref-Treccani_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treccani-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesserapcd21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tesserapcd21.jpg/200px-Tesserapcd21.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Tesserapcd21.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the first membership card of PCd'I in 1921</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background:white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Italy" title="Category:Communism in Italy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Covelli" title="Emilio Covelli">Emilio Covelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Lazzari" title="Costantino Lazzari">Costantino Lazzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidio_Gennari" title="Egidio Gennari">Egidio Gennari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Bombacci" title="Nicola Bombacci">Nicola Bombacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fortichiari" title="Bruno Fortichiari">Bruno Fortichiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvano_Della_Volpe" title="Galvano Della Volpe">Galvano Della Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Panzieri" title="Raniero Panzieri">Raniero Panzieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Lama" title="Luciano Lama">Luciano Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livio_Maitan" title="Livio Maitan">Livio Maitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Colletti" title="Lucio Colletti">Lucio Colletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giangiacomo_Feltrinelli" title="Giangiacomo Feltrinelli">Giangiacomo Feltrinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Cossutta" title="Armando Cossutta">Armando Cossutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Mario Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Scuderi" title="Giovanni Scuderi">Giovanni Scuderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Gianni Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Bertinotti" title="Fausto Bertinotti">Fausto Bertinotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Curcio" title="Renato Curcio">Renato Curcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Domenico Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Silvia Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Cagol" title="Margherita Cagol">Margherita Cagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Ernesto Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Virno" title="Paolo Virno">Paolo Virno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Ferrando" title="Marco Ferrando">Marco Ferrando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Battisti_(militant)" title="Cesare Battisti (militant)">Cesare Battisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliviero_Diliberto" title="Oliviero Diliberto">Oliviero Diliberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Ferrero" title="Paolo Ferrero">Paolo Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Alberto Toscano</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVII_Congress_of_the_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="XVII Congress of the Italian Socialist Party">XVII Congress of the PSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="I Congress of the Communist Party of Italy">I Congress of the PCd'I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%C5%A1tina_rebellion" title="Proština rebellion">Proština rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Republic_of_Caulonia" title="Red Republic of Caulonia">Red Republic of Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_De_Gasperi_government" title="Third De Gasperi government">Third De Gasperi government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portella_della_Ginestra_massacre" title="Portella della Ginestra massacre">Portella della Ginestra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_101" title="Manifesto of the 101">Manifesto of the 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primavalle_fire" title="Primavalle fire">Primavalle fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sergio_Ramelli" title="Assassination of Sergio Ramelli">Assassination of Sergio Ramelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Moro case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitterrand_doctrine" title="Mitterrand doctrine">Mitterrand doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_1977" title="Movement of 1977">Movement of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_road_to_socialism" title="Italian road to socialism">Italian road to socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migliorismo" title="Migliorismo">Migliorismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterhegemony" title="Counterhegemony">Counterhegemony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">Organic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subalterns</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticapitalist_Left_(Italy)" title="Anticapitalist Left (Italy)">Anticapitalist Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Alternative_Party" title="Communist Alternative Party">Communist Alternative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Front_(Italy)" title="Communist Front (Italy)">Communist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Communist Party (Italy)">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communists_(Italy)" title="Young Communists (Italy)">GC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Comunista" title="Lotta Comunista">Communist Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_(Italy,_2006)" title="Countercurrent (Italy, 2006)">Countercurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party_(2016)" title="Italian Communist Party (2016)">Italian Communist Party (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">Italian General Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_Communists" title="Network of Communists">Network of Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Italy)" title="People's Union (Italy)">People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_Trotskista_d%27Italia" title="Lega Trotskista d'Italia">Trotskyist League of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="Unified Communist Party of Italy">Unified Communist Party of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Workers' Communist Party (Italy)">Workers' Communist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Proletarians_for_Communism" title="Armed Proletarians for Communism">Armed Proletarians for Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomia_Operaia" title="Autonomia Operaia">Autonomia Operaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(2014)" title="Communist Party of Italy (2014)">Communist Party of Italy (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Red_Line" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Left" title="Critical Left">Critical Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_Linea" title="Prima Linea">Front Line</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Youth_Federation" title="Italian Communist Youth Federation">FGCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_%E2%80%93_The_Rainbow" title="The Left – The Rainbow">The Left – The Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Continua" title="Lotta Continua">Lotta Continua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Unitarian_Communists" title="Movement of Unitarian Communists">Movement of Unitarian Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22_Group" title="October 22 Group">October 22 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Christian_Left" title="Party of the Christian Left">Party of the Christian Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Federation_of_Italian_Communists" title="Youth Federation of Italian Communists">FGCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Democracy" title="Proletarian Democracy">Proletarian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Unity_Party_(Italy)" title="Proletarian Unity Party (Italy)">Proletarian Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volante_Rossa" title="Volante Rossa">Volante Rossa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potere_Operaio" title="Potere Operaio">Workers' Power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberazione_(newspaper)" title="Liberazione (newspaper)">Liberazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_manifesto" title="Il manifesto">il manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattuglia" title="Pattuglia">Pattuglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Pioniere" title="Il Pioniere">Il Pioniere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Politecnico" title="Il Politecnico">Il Politecnico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Plebe_(newspaper)" title="La Plebe (newspaper)">La Plebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_piacentini" title="Quaderni piacentini">Quaderni piacentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_Rossi" title="Quaderni Rossi">Quaderni Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinascita" title="Rinascita">Rinascita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0" title="Società">Società</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_Nuove" title="Vie Nuove">Vie Nuove</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Anarchism in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandiera_Rossa" title="Bandiera Rossa">Bandiera Rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The roots of the PCI date back to 1921, when the <a href="/wiki/I_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="I Congress of the Communist Party of Italy">I Congress of the Communist Party of Italy</a> was held in Livorno on 21 January, following a split in the <a href="/wiki/XVII_Congress_of_the_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="XVII Congress of the Italian Socialist Party">XVII Congress of the Italian Socialist Party</a>. The split occurred after the Congress of Livorno refused to expel the <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> group as required by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern). The main factions of the new party were L'Ordine Nuovo, based in Turin and led by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, and the Maximalist faction led by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Bombacci" title="Nicola Bombacci">Nicola Bombacci</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a> was elected secretary of the new party.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party was officially founded as the <b>Communist Party of Italy – Section of the Communist International</b> (<i>Partito Comunista d'Italia – Sezione dell'Internazionale Comunista</i>), since the Comintern was structured as a single world party according to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s vision. In the <a href="/wiki/1921_Italian_general_election" title="1921 Italian general election">1921 Italian general election</a>, the party obtained 4.6% of the vote and 15 seats in the country's <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a>. At the time, it was an active yet small faction within the Italian political left, which was strongly led by the PSI, while on the international level it was <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a>-led. </p><p>During its 2nd Congress in 1922, the new party registered 43,000 members. This was in part due to the entrance of almost the whole Socialist Youth Federation (<i>Federazione Giovanile Socialista</i>). The party adopted a slim structure headed by a Central Committee of 15 members, five of whom were also in the Executive Committee (EC), namely Ambrogio Belloni, Nicola Bombacci, Amadeo Bordiga (EC), <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fortichiari" title="Bruno Fortichiari">Bruno Fortichiari</a> (EC), <a href="/wiki/Egidio_Gennari" title="Egidio Gennari">Egidio Gennari</a>, Antonio Gramsci, <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a> (EC), Anselmo Marabini, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Misiano" title="Francesco Misiano">Francesco Misiano</a>, Giovanni Parodi, Luigi Polano, Luigi Repossi (EC), Cesare Sessa, Ludovico Tarsia, and Umberto Terracini (EC). </p><p>Since its formation, the party strived to organise itself on some bases that were not a mere reproduction of the traditional parties' bases. It then took again some arguments that distinguished the battle within the PSI, namely the idea that it is necessary to form an environment fiercely hostile to bourgeois society and that is an anticipation of the future socialist society. The purpose of this was not considered utopian because already in this society, especially in production, some structures are born on future results. In the first years of the PCd'I, there was no official leader; the accepted leader, first of the faction/tendency and then of the party, was Bordiga (Left) of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist left">communist left</a> current. Leaders of the minority currents were Angelo Tasca (Right) and Gramsci (Centre). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_between_factions">Conflict between factions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conflict between factions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a territorial section of Comintern, the PCd'I adopted the same program, the same conception of the party and the same tactics adopted by the II Congress in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> of 1920. The official program, drawn up in ten points, began with the intrinsically catastrophic nature of the capitalist system and terminated with the extinction of the state. It follows in a synthetic way the model outlined by Lenin for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a>. For a while, this identity resisted, but the fast progress of the reaction in Europe produced a change of tactics in a democratic direction within the Bolshevik party and consequently within the Comintern. This happened in particular regarding the possibility, previously opposed, of an alliance with the social democratic and bourgeois parties. This provoked a tension in the party between the majority (Left) and the minority factions (the Right and the Centre) supported by the Comintern. The proposals of the Left were no longer accepted and the conflict between the factions became irremediable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolshevisation">Bolshevisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bolshevisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gramsci.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gramsci.png/150px-Gramsci.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gramsci.png/225px-Gramsci.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gramsci.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1923, some members of the party were arrested and put on trial for "conspiracy against the State". This allowed the intense activity of the Communist International to deprive the party's left-wing of authority and give control to the minority centre which had aligned with Moscow. In 1924–1925, the Comintern began a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Bolshevisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevisation">Bolshevisation</a>, which forced each party to conform to the discipline and orders of Moscow. During the clandestine conference held in Como to ratify the party leadership in May 1924, 35 of the 45 federation secretaries, plus the secretary of the youth federation, voted for Bordiga's Left, four for Gramsci's Centre, and five for Tasca's Right. </p><p>Before the Lyon Congress in 1926, the Centre won almost all the votes in the absence of much of the Left, who were unable to attend as a result of fascist controls and lack of Comintern support. Recourse to the Comintern against this evident manoeuvre had little effect. The PCd'I as conceived by the Left terminated. The organisation continued with the support of the Comintern and a new structure and leadership. In 1922, the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ordine_Nuovo" title="L'Ordine Nuovo">L'Ordine Nuovo</a></i> was closed and in 1924 a new Centre newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></i>, edited by Gramsci, was founded. The Left continued as a faction, principally functioning in exile. It published the newspaper <i>Bilan</i>, a monthly theoretical bulletin. </p><p>In 1926, Bordiga and Gramsci were arrested and imprisoned on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a>. In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> was elected secretary in place of Gramsci. In 1930, Bordiga was expelled from the Comintern and accused of <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> dissolved the Communist International in 1943, the exiled members of the PCd'I in Moscow changed the party's name to the PCI on 15 May. Under this name, it reorganised in Italy and became a parliamentary party after the fall of Fascism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_to_fascism">Resistance to fascism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resistance to fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party and its militants were actively involved in the resistance to <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s regime through clandestine action. They were well prepared for clandestine activity because of the structure of their organisation, and the fact that they had been victims of systematic repression by the authorities; more than three quarters of the political prisoners between 1926 and 1943 were communists. Throughout the dictatorship, the party was able to maintain and feed a clandestine network, distribute propaganda leaflets and newspapers, and infiltrate fascist unions and youth organisations. In 1935, the party led a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party and communist partisans, among others, then went on to play a major role in the resistance movement that led to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">fall of the Fascist regime in Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Treccani_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treccani-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 May 1943, the party changed its official name to the Italian Communist Party (<i>Partito Comunista Italiano</i>), often shortened to PCI. This change was not surprising as PCI started being used as the party's acronym around 1924–1925. This name change also reflected a change in the Comintern's role—it increasingly became a federation of national communist parties. This trend accelerated after Lenin's death and its new name emphasised the party's shift from an international focus to an Italian one. At the time, it was a hotly contested issue for the two major factions of the party. On one side, the Leninist preferred the single world party as it was internationalist and strongly centralised, while on the other side the Italians wanted a party more tailored to their nation's peculiarities and more autonomy. </p><p>After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> on 25 July 1943, the PCI returned to a formally legal status, playing a major role during the national liberation, known in Italy as <i><a href="/wiki/Resistenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistenza">Resistenza</a></i> (Resistance) and forming many partisan groups. In April 1944, after the <i>Svolta di Salerno</i> (<a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>'s turning point), Togliatti, who had returned to Italy the month prior after 18 years of exile,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> agreed to cooperate with <a href="/wiki/King_Victor_Emmanuel_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Victor Emmanuel III">King Victor Emmanuel III</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Italy">prime minister of Italy</a>, the Marshal <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a>. After the turn, the PCI took part in every government during the national liberation and constitutional period from June 1944 to May 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their contribution to the new Italian democratic constitution was decisive. The Gullo decrees of 1944, named after <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Gullo" title="Fausto Gullo">Fausto Gullo</a>, sought to improve social and economic conditions in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Badoglio and <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a>'s cabinets, Togliatti served as the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Italy">Deputy Prime Minister of Italy</a>. During the Resistance, the PCI became increasingly popular, as the majority of partisans were communists. The <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi Brigades">Garibaldi Brigades</a>, promoted by the PCI, were among the more numerous partisan forces.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_years">Post-war years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PCI took part in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election" title="1946 Italian general election">1946 Italian general election</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a>, campaigning for a republic. In the election, the PCI was third, behind <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (DC) and the PSI, gaining almost 19% of votes and electing 104 members of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular referendum resulted in the replacement of the monarchy with a republic,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after 54% of the votes were in favour and 46% against.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Canfora" title="Luciano Canfora">Luciano Canfora</a> saw the Salerno Turn and 1944 as a rebirth of the PCI, and said "the PCI had gradually followed a path which required it, as a historical task, to occupy the space of social democracy in the Italian political panorama."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a>, the PCI was excluded from government. <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, the DC leader and prime minister of Italy, was losing popularity, and feared that the <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> coalition would take power. While the PCI was growing particularly fast due to its organising efforts supporting sharecroppers in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, movements that were also bolstered by the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Gullo" title="Fausto Gullo">Fausto Gullo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Agriculture">Italian Minister of Agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsborg_2003,_pp._106–113_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsborg_2003,_pp._106–113-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 May, the nation was thrown into crisis by the <a href="/wiki/Portella_della_Ginestra_massacre" title="Portella della Ginestra massacre">Portella della Ginestra massacre</a>, in which eleven leftist peasants (including four children) were murdered at an <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> parade in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Giuliano" title="Salvatore Giuliano">Salvatore Giuliano</a> and his gang. In the political chaos that ensued, the United States government engineered the expulsion of all left-wing ministers from the cabinet on 31 May. The PCI would not have a national position in government again. De Gasperi did this under pressure from the United States Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>, who had informed him that <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> was a pre-condition for receiving American aid,<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsborg_2003,_pp._106–113_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsborg_2003,_pp._106–113-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ambassador <a href="/wiki/James_Clement_Dunn" title="James Clement Dunn">James Clement Dunn</a>, who had directly asked de Gasperi to dissolve the parliament and remove the PCI.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948 Italian general election</a>, the party joined the PSI in the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a> (FDP) but was defeated by the DC. The United States government provided support to anti-PCI groups in the election,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and argued that should the PCI win, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and other aids could be terminated. It spent $10–20 million on anti-communist propaganda and other covert operations, much of it through the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Administration" title="Economic Cooperation Administration">Economic Cooperation Administration</a> of the Marshall Plan, and then laundered through individual banks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearful of the possible FDP's electoral victory, the British and American governments also undermined their campaign for legal justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italy's top authorities to prevent any of the alleged <a href="/wiki/Italian_war_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian war criminals">Italian war criminals</a> from being extradited and taken to court.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_2001_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The denial of Italian war crimes was backed up by the Italian state, academe, and media, re-inventing Italy as only a victim of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and the post-war <a href="/wiki/Foibe_massacres" title="Foibe massacres">Foibe massacres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_2001_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party gained considerable electoral success during the following years and occasionally supplied external support to the <a href="/wiki/Organic_centre-left" title="Organic centre-left">Organic centre-left</a> governments, although it never directly joined a government. It successfully lobbied <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> to set up the <a href="/wiki/AvtoVAZ" title="AvtoVAZ">AvtoVAZ</a> (Lada) car factory in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (1966). The party did best in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, Tuscany, and Umbria, where it regularly won the local administrative elections, and in some of the industrialised cities of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>. At the city government level during the course of the post-war period, the PCI demonstrated in cities like <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> their capacity for uncorrupt, efficient and clean government.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/1975_Italian_local_elections" title="1975 Italian local elections">1975 Italian local elections</a>, the PCI was the strongest force in nearly all of the municipal councils of the great cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsborg_2003,_p._372_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsborg_2003,_p._372-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_1950s_to_the_1960s">From the 1950s to the 1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From the 1950s to the 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmiro_Togliatti_Official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palmiro_Togliatti_Official.jpg/150px-Palmiro_Togliatti_Official.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palmiro_Togliatti_Official.jpg/225px-Palmiro_Togliatti_Official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Palmiro_Togliatti_Official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet Union's brutal suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> created a split within the PCI.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party leadership, including <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> (who in 2006 became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a>), regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries as reported at the time in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></i>, the official PCI newspaper. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a>, chief of the communist trade union <a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">Italian General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGIL), repudiated the leadership position, as did prominent party member <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Giolitti" title="Antonio Giolitti">Antonio Giolitti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> national secretary <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a>, a close ally of the PCI. Napolitano later hinted at doubts over the propriety of his decision.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would eventually write in <i>From the Communist Party to European Socialism. A Political Autobiography</i> (<i>Dal Pci al socialismo europeo. Un'autobiografia politica</i>) that he regretted his justification of the Soviet intervention but quieted his concerns at the time for the sake of party unity and the international leadership of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Communism">Soviet Communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giolitti and Nenni went on to split with the PCI over this issue. Napolitano became a leading member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Miglioristi" class="mw-redirect" title="Miglioristi">miglioristi</a></i> faction within the PCI that promoted a <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> direction in party policy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1960s, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> estimated the party membership to be approximately 1,350,000, or 4.2% of the working age population, making it the largest Communist party in per capita terms in the capitalist world at the time and the largest party at all in the whole of Western Europe with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States government sources said that the party was receiving $40–50 million per year from the Soviets when their investment in Italy was $5–6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-TMNK_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMNK-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the PCI relied on Soviet financial assistance more than any other Communist party supported by Moscow, declassified information shows this to be exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake_2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the former <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> archivist <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a>, Longo and other PCI leaders became alarmed at the possibility of a coup in Italy after the Athens Colonel coup in April 1967 that led to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a>. These fears were not completely unfounded as there had been two attempted coups in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Piano_Solo" title="Piano Solo">Piano Solo</a> in 1964 and <a href="/wiki/Golpe_Borghese" title="Golpe Borghese">Golpe Borghese</a> in 1970, by military and <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> groups. The PCI's <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Amendola" title="Giorgio Amendola">Giorgio Amendola</a> formally requested Soviet assistance to prepare the party in case of such an event. The KGB drew up and implemented a plan to provide the PCI with its own intelligence and clandestine signal corps. From 1967 through 1973, PCI members were sent to <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and Moscow to receive training in clandestine warfare and information gathering techniques by both the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> and the KGB. Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1972_Italian_general_election" title="1972 Italian general election">1972 Italian general election</a>, Longo personally wrote to <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> asking for and receiving an additional $5.7 million in funding. This was on top of the $3.5 million that the Soviet Union gave the PCI in 1971. The Soviets also provided additional funding through the use of <a href="/wiki/Front_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Front organisations">front organisations</a> providing generous contracts to PCI members.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_&_Mitrokhin_2001_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_&_Mitrokhin_2001-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_of_Enrico_Berlinguer">Leadership of Enrico Berlinguer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leadership of Enrico Berlinguer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg/150px-Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg/225px-Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg/300px-Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a>, the PCI deputy national secretary and later secretary general, took part in the international conference of the communist parties in Moscow, where his delegation disagreed with the official political line and refused to support the final report. Unexpectedly to his hosts, his speech challenged the communist leadership in Moscow. He refused to excommunicate the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and directly told Brezhnev that the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>, which he called "the tragedy in Prague", had made clear the considerable differences within the communist movement on fundamental questions, such as national sovereignty, socialist democracy, and the freedom of culture. At the time, the PCI, which had absorbed the PSI's left-wing, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_of_Proletarian_Unity" title="Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity">Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity</a>, so strengthening its leadership over the Italian left, was the largest communist party in a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">capitalist state</a>, garnering 34.4% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Italian_general_election" title="1976 Italian general election">1976 Italian general election</a>. </p><p>Relationships between the PCI and the Soviet Union gradually fell apart as the party moved away from Soviet obedience and <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> orthodoxy in the 1970s and 1980s and toward <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>. The PCI sought a collaboration with the socialist and Christian democracy parties, a policy known the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro</a>, the DC leader, by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a> in May 1978 put an end to any hopes of such a compromise. The compromise was largely abandoned as a PCI policy in 1981. The <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Unity_Party_(Italy)" title="Proletarian Unity Party (Italy)">Proletarian Unity Party</a> merged into the PCI in 1984. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a>, the PCI strongly opposed the terrorism and the Red Brigades, who in turn murdered or wounded many PCI members or trade unionists close to the PCI. According to Mitrokhin, the party asked the Soviets to pressure the <a href="/wiki/StB" title="StB">StB</a>, Czechoslovakia's State Security, to withdraw their support to the group, which Moscow was unable or unwilling to do.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_&_Mitrokhin_2001_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_&_Mitrokhin_2001-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, along with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>, led to a complete break with Moscow in 1979. In 1980, the PCI refused to participate in the international conference of Communist parties in Paris; cash payments to the PCI continued until 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_2004_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake_2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a> became general secretary of the PCI in 1988. At a 1989 conference in a working-class section of Bologna, Occhetto stunned the party faithful with a speech heralding the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, a move now referred to in Italian politics as the <i>svolta della Bolognina</i> (Bolognina turning point). The collapse of the Communist governments in the Eastern Europe led Occhetto to conclude that the era of Eurocommunism was over. Under his leadership, the PCI dissolved and refounded itself as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a>, which branded itself as a progressive left-wing and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third of the PCI membership, led by <a href="/wiki/Armando_Cossutta" title="Armando Cossutta">Armando Cossutta</a>, refused to join the PDS, and instead seceded to form the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_support">Popular support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Popular support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all its history, the PCI was particularly strong in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>, in the Red Regions of <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, as well as in the industrialised cities of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>. The party's municipal showcase was <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, which was held continuously by the PCI from 1945 onwards. Amongst other measures, the local PCI administration tackled urban problems with successful programmes of health for the elderly, nursery education and traffic reform,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also undertaking initiatives in housing and school meal provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communist administrations at a local level helped to aid new businesses while also introducing innovative social reforms. From 1946 to 1956, the Communist city council built 31 nursery schools, 896 flats, and 9 schools. Health care improved substantially, street lighting was installed, new drains and municipal launderettes were built and 8,000 children received subsidised school meals. In 1972, the then-mayor of Bologna, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Zangheri" title="Renato Zangheri">Renato Zangheri</a>, introduced a new and innovative traffic plan with strict limitations for private vehicles and a renewed concentration on cheap public transport. Bologna's social services continued to expand throughout the early and mid-1970s. The city centre was restored, centres for the mentally sick were instituted to help those who had been released from recently closed <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospitals</a>, handicapped persons were offered training and found suitable jobs, afternoon activities for schoolchildren were made less mindless than the traditional <i>doposcuola</i> (after-school activities), and school programming for the whole day helped working parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsborg_2003,_p._372_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsborg_2003,_p._372-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The electoral results of the PCI in general (<a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a>) and <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> elections since 1946 are shown in the chart above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Parliament">Italian Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Italian Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/− </th> <th width="18%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1921_Italian_general_election" title="1921 Italian general election">1921</a> </th> <td>304,719 (7th) </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">15 / 535</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Bordiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Amedeo Bordiga">Amedeo Bordiga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1924_Italian_general_election" title="1924 Italian general election">1924</a> </th> <td>268,191 (6th) </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">19 / 535</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1929_Italian_general_election" title="1929 Italian general election">1929</a> </th> <td><i>Banned</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1934_Italian_general_election" title="1934 Italian general election">1934</a> </th> <td><i>Banned</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election" title="1946 Italian general election">1946</a> </th> <td>4,356,686 (3rd) </td> <td>18.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">104 / 556</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 104</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948</a> </th> <td>8,136,637 (2nd)<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>31.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">130 / 574</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 23%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 26</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Italian_general_election" title="1953 Italian general election">1953</a> </th> <td>6,120,809 (2nd) </td> <td>22.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">143 / 590</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_Italian_general_election" title="1958 Italian general election">1958</a> </th> <td>6,704,454 (2nd) </td> <td>22.7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">140 / 596</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 23%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1963_Italian_general_election" title="1963 Italian general election">1963</a> </th> <td>7,767,601 (2nd) </td> <td>25.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">166 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 26</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1968_Italian_general_election" title="1968 Italian general election">1968</a> </th> <td>8,557,404 (2nd) </td> <td>26.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">177 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Italian_general_election" title="1972 Italian general election">1972</a> </th> <td>9,072,454 (2nd) </td> <td>27.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">179 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_Italian_general_election" title="1976 Italian general election">1976</a> </th> <td>12,622,728 (2nd) </td> <td>34.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">228 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 49</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_Italian_general_election" title="1979 Italian general election">1979</a> </th> <td>11,139,231 (2nd) </td> <td>30.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">201 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 27</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1983_Italian_general_election" title="1983 Italian general election">1983</a> </th> <td>11,032,318 (2nd) </td> <td>29.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">198 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_Italian_general_election" title="1987 Italian general election">1987</a> </th> <td>10,254,591 (2nd) </td> <td>26.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">177 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 24</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate of the Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/− </th> <th width="18%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948</a> </th> <td>6,969,122 (2nd)<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>30.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">50 / 237</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Italian_general_election" title="1953 Italian general election">1953</a> </th> <td>6,120,809 (2nd) </td> <td>22.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">56 / 237</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_Italian_general_election" title="1958 Italian general election">1958</a> </th> <td>6,704,454 (2nd) </td> <td>22.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">60 / 246</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1963_Italian_general_election" title="1963 Italian general election">1963</a> </th> <td>6,933,842 (2nd) </td> <td>25.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">84 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 24</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1968_Italian_general_election" title="1968 Italian general election">1968</a> </th> <td>8,583,285 (2nd) </td> <td>30.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">101 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Italian_general_election" title="1972 Italian general election">1972</a> </th> <td>8,475,141 (2nd) </td> <td>28.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">94 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_Italian_general_election" title="1976 Italian general election">1976</a> </th> <td>10,640,471 (2nd) </td> <td>33.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">116 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 22</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_Italian_general_election" title="1979 Italian general election">1979</a> </th> <td>9,859,004 (2nd) </td> <td>31.5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">109 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1983_Italian_general_election" title="1983 Italian general election">1983</a> </th> <td>9,579,699 (2nd) </td> <td>30.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">107 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_Italian_general_election" title="1987 Italian general election">1987</a> </th> <td>9,181,579 (2nd) </td> <td>28.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">101 / 315</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/− </th> <th width="18%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="1979 European Parliament election in Italy">1979</a> </th> <td>10,361,344 (2nd) </td> <td>29.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">24 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="1984 European Parliament election in Italy">1984</a> </th> <td>11,714,428 (1st) </td> <td>33.3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">27 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="1989 European Parliament election in Italy">1989</a> </th> <td>9,598,369 (2nd) </td> <td>27.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">22 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_elections">Regional elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regional elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions of Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="13%">Election year </th> <th width="16%">Votes </th> <th width="6%">% </th> <th width="1%">Seats </th> <th width="8%">+/− </th> <th width="19%">Leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1970_Italian_regional_elections" title="1970 Italian regional elections">1970</a> </th> <td>7,586,983 (2nd) </td> <td>27.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">200 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1975_Italian_regional_elections" title="1975 Italian regional elections">1975</a> </th> <td>10.148,723 (2nd) </td> <td>33.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">247 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 47</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1980_Italian_regional_elections" title="1980 Italian regional elections">1980</a> </th> <td>9,555,767 (2nd) </td> <td>31.5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">233 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1985_Italian_regional_elections" title="1985 Italian regional elections">1985</a> </th> <td>9,686,140 (2nd) </td> <td>30.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">225 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_Italian_regional_elections" title="1990 Italian regional elections">1990</a> </th> <td>7,660,553 (2nd) </td> <td>24.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">182 / 720</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 43</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> (1926), <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Ravera" title="Camilla Ravera">Camilla Ravera</a> (1927–1930), <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1930–1934), <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a> (1934–1938), <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1938–1964), <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1964–1972), <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> (1972–1984), <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1984–1988), <a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a> (1988–1991)</li> <li>President: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1972–1980), <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1989–1990), <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Tortorella" title="Aldo Tortorella">Aldo Tortorella</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li>Leader in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1946–1947), <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1947–1964), <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ingrao" title="Pietro Ingrao">Pietro Ingrao</a> (1964–1972), <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1972–1979), <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Di_Giulio" title="Fernando Di Giulio">Fernando Di Giulio</a> (1979–1981), <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> (1981–1986), <a href="/wiki/Renato_Zangheri" title="Renato Zangheri">Renato Zangheri</a> (1986–1990), <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Quercini" title="Giulio Quercini">Giulio Quercini</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li>Leader in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Scoccimarro" title="Mauro Scoccimarro">Mauro Scoccimarro</a> (1948–1958), <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Terracini" title="Umberto Terracini">Umberto Terracini</a> (1958–1973), Edoardo Pema (1973–1986), <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Chiaromonte" title="Gerardo Chiaromonte">Gerardo Chiaromonte</a> (1983–1986), Ugo Pecchioli (1986–1991)</li> <li>Leader in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Amendola" title="Giorgio Amendola">Giorgio Amendola</a> (1979–1980), <a href="/wiki/Guido_Fanti" title="Guido Fanti">Guido Fanti</a> (1980–1984), Giovanni Cervetti (1984–1989), Luigi Alberto Colajanni (1989–1991)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liste_1924_-_19.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1921–1945"><img alt="1921–1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/120px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/180px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/240px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1921–1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano_1946.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1945–1951"><img alt="1945–1951" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano_1946.svg/120px-Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano_1946.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano_1946.svg/180px-Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano_1946.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano_1946.svg/240px-Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano_1946.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1945–1951</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1951–1991"><img alt="1951–1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg/120px-Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg/180px-Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg/240px-Logo_Partito_Comunista_Italiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1951–1991</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The official change of the party's name to the Italian Communist Party was 15 May 1943<span class="noprint">; 81 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">15 May 1943</span>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Into the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCortesi1999" class="citation book cs1">Cortesi, Luigi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUf-ozFKkw8C"><i>Le origini del PCI: studi e interventi sulla storia del comunismo in Italia</i></a>. FrancoAngeli. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8464-1300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8464-1300-0"><bdi>978-8-8464-1300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+origini+del+PCI%3A+studi+e+interventi+sulla+storia+del+comunismo+in+Italia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=FrancoAngeli&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8-8464-1300-0&rft.aulast=Cortesi&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUf-ozFKkw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Mack Smith, Denis</a> (1994). <i>Mussolini</i>. London: Phoenix. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8579-9240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8579-9240-3"><bdi>978-1-8579-9240-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini&rft.place=London&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-8579-9240-3&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treccani-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treccani_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treccani_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treccani_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treccani_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treccani_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/partito-comunista-italiano/">"Partito comunista italiano"</a>. <i>Treccani</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treccani&rft.atitle=Partito+comunista+italiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpartito-comunista-italiano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmendola1977" class="citation journal cs1">Amendola, Giorgio (November–December 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/i106/articles/giorgio-amendola-the-italian-road-to-socialism">"The Italian Road to Socialism"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i> (106): 39–50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+Italian+Road+to+Socialism&rft.issue=106&rft.pages=39-50&rft.date=1977-11%2F1977-12&rft.aulast=Amendola&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fi106%2Farticles%2Fgiorgio-amendola-the-italian-road-to-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracke2007" class="citation book cs1">Bracke, Maud (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ceup/1356?lang=en">"West European Communism and the Changes of 1956"</a>. <i>Which Socialism, Whose Détente? West European Communism and the Czechoslovak Crisis of 1968</i>. Budapest: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6-1552-1126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-6-1552-1126-3"><bdi>978-6-1552-1126-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+European+Communism+and+the+Changes+of+1956&rft.btitle=Which+Socialism%2C+Whose+D%C3%A9tente%3F+West+European+Communism+and+the+Czechoslovak+Crisis+of+1968&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-6-1552-1126-3&rft.aulast=Bracke&rft.aufirst=Maud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fceup%2F1356%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welfarenetwork.it/accaddeoggi-21-agosto-1964-togliatti-muore-a-yalta-20190821/">"Accaddeoggi 21 agosto 1964: Togliatti muore a Yalta"</a>. <i>WelfareNetwork</i> (in Italian). 21 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WelfareNetwork&rft.atitle=Accaddeoggi+21+agosto+1964%3A+Togliatti+muore+a+Yalta&rft.date=2022-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welfarenetwork.it%2Faccaddeoggi-21-agosto-1964-togliatti-muore-a-yalta-20190821%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFemia1987" class="citation book cs1">Femia, Joseph P. (April 1987). "A Peaceful Road to Socialism?". <i>Gramsci's Political Thought: Hegemony, Consciousness, and the Revolutionary Process</i> (paperback ed.). University of Oxford Press. pp. 190–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198275435.003.0006">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198275435.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0045-0334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0045-0334-2"><bdi>978-9-0045-0334-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Peaceful+Road+to+Socialism%3F&rft.btitle=Gramsci%27s+Political+Thought%3A+Hegemony%2C+Consciousness%2C+and+the+Revolutionary+Process&rft.pages=190-216&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford+Press&rft.date=1987-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198275435.003.0006&rft.isbn=978-9-0045-0334-2&rft.aulast=Femia&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Steven (2006). <i>Antonio Gramsci</i>. Routledge Critical Thinkers (paperback ed.). London: Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-1947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-1947-8"><bdi>978-0-4153-1947-8</bdi></a>. Togliatti himself stated that the PCI's practices during this period, which also foresaw the later Eurocommunist trend, were congruent with Gramscian thought. It is speculated that Gramsci would likely have been expelled from his party if his true views had been known, particularly his growing hostility towards Stalin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Critical+Thinkers&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-4153-1947-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiguori2021" class="citation book cs1">Liguori, Guido (21 December 2021). "Gramsci and the Italian Road to Socialism (1956–59)". <i>Gramsci Contested: Interpretations, Debates, and Polemics, 1922–2012</i>. Historical Materialism. Translated by Braude, Richard (E-book ed.). Brill. pp. 94–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004503342_005">10.1163/9789004503342_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-7543-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-7543-5"><bdi>978-0-1982-7543-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245586587">245586587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gramsci+and+the+Italian+Road+to+Socialism+%281956%E2%80%9359%29&rft.btitle=Gramsci+Contested%3A+Interpretations%2C+Debates%2C+and+Polemics%2C+1922%E2%80%932012&rft.series=Historical+Materialism&rft.pages=94-123&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245586587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004503342_005&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-7543-5&rft.aulast=Liguori&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2023" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, R. J. B. (13 January 2023). "Giorgio Amendola and a National Road to Socialism and the End of History". <i>Politics, Murder and Love in an Italian Family: The Amendolas in the Age of Totalitarianisms</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 152–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009280167.008">10.1017/9781009280167.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0092-8016-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0092-8016-7"><bdi>978-1-0092-8016-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giorgio+Amendola+and+a+National+Road+to+Socialism+and+the+End+of+History&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Murder+and+Love+in+an+Italian+Family%3A+The+Amendolas+in+the+Age+of+Totalitarianisms&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=152-186&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009280167.008&rft.isbn=978-1-0092-8016-7&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sassoon, Donald (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gn8iBQAAQBAJ"><i>Togliatti e il partito di massa</i></a> (in Italian). Translated by Salvatorelli, Franco; Zippel, Nicola (E-book ed.). Castelvecchi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8682-6482-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8682-6482-6"><bdi>978-8-8682-6482-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Togliatti+e+il+partito+di+massa&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Castelvecchi&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8-8682-6482-6&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGn8iBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110124209/http://www.cattaneo.org/archivi/adele/iscritti.xls">"Gli iscritti ai principali partiti politici italiani della Prima Repubblica dal 1945 al 1991"</a> (in Italian). Cattaneo Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cattaneo.org/archivi/adele/iscritti.xls">the original</a> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gli+iscritti+ai+principali+partiti+politici+italiani+della+Prima+Repubblica+dal+1945+al+1991&rft.pub=Cattaneo+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cattaneo.org%2Farchivi%2Fadele%2Fiscritti.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbe2012" class="citation book cs1">Robbe, Federico (2012). FrancoAngeli (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLGMYDwRyHAC"><i>L'impossibile incontro: gli Stati Uniti e la destra italiana negli anni Cinquanta</i></a>. FrancoAngeli. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8568-4830-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8568-4830-4"><bdi>978-8-8568-4830-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27impossibile+incontro%3A+gli+Stati+Uniti+e+la+destra+italiana+negli+anni+Cinquanta&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=FrancoAngeli&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8-8568-4830-4&rft.aulast=Robbe&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLGMYDwRyHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobagi2009" class="citation book cs1">Tobagi, Walter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_ID1RbNjR0C"><i>La rivoluzione impossibile: l'attentato a Togliatti, violenza politica e reazione popolare</i></a>. Il Saggiatore. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8565-0112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8565-0112-4"><bdi>978-8-8565-0112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+rivoluzione+impossibile%3A+l%27attentato+a+Togliatti%2C+violenza+politica+e+reazione+popolare&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Il+Saggiatore&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8-8565-0112-4&rft.aulast=Tobagi&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_ID1RbNjR0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernocchi2021" class="citation web cs1">Bernocchi, Piero (8 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pierobernocchi.it/scritti-teorici/la-rivoluzione-ungherese-del-1956-e-il-ruolo-del-pci/">"La rivoluzione ungherese del 1956 e il ruolo del PCI"</a>. <i>PieroBernocchi.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>La rottura che ne seguì fu completa. Il Psi si staccò definitivamente da ogni legame e sudditanza con l'Urss ma contemporaneamente si ruppero anche la forte intesa e l'attività unitaria con il Pci, avviata a partire al Patto di unità d'azione stipulato a Parigi nel 1934 e poi rinnovato nel settembre 1943 e nell'ottobre 1946, e con il frontismo negli anni del dopoguerra. Saltò anche il Patto di consultazione, che in un primo momento sembrò poter sostituire il Patto d'unità d'azione, e prevalse il rifiuto di un'alleanza organica con il Pci per conquistare il governo in Italia: obiettivo che invece il Psi raggiunse con i governi di centro-sinistra negli anni Ottanta.</q> [The ensuing break was complete. The PSI definitively detached itself from all ties and subjection to the USSR but at the same time the strong understanding and unitary activity with the PCI was also broken, initiated starting from the Pact of unity of Action stipulated in Paris in 1934 and then renewed in September 1943 and in October 1946, and with frontism in the post-war years. The Consultation pact, which at first seemed to be able to replace the Unity action pact, was also broken, and the refusal of an organic alliance with the PCI to conquer the government in Italy prevailed: an objective that the PSI instead achieved with centre-left governments in the 1980s.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PieroBernocchi.it&rft.atitle=La+rivoluzione+ungherese+del+1956+e+il+ruolo+del+PCI&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.aulast=Bernocchi&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pierobernocchi.it%2Fscritti-teorici%2Fla-rivoluzione-ungherese-del-1956-e-il-ruolo-del-pci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628153212/https://books.google.it/books?id=0AIZAQAAIAAJ"><i>La Civiltà Cattolica</i></a>. Vol. 117. 1966. pp. 41–43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AIZAQAAIAAJ">the original</a> on 28 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Civilt%C3%A0+Cattolica&rft.pages=41-43&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AIZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmyot1990" class="citation journal cs1">Amyot, G. Grant (1990). "The PCI and Occhetto's New Course: The Italian Road to Reform". <i>Italian Politics</i>. <b>4</b>: 146–161. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43039625">43039625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Politics&rft.atitle=The+PCI+and+Occhetto%27s+New+Course%3A+The+Italian+Road+to+Reform&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=146-161&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43039625%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Amyot&rft.aufirst=G.+Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basileus88.wordpress.com/2011/07/12/correnti-interne-al-pci/">"Correnti interne al PCI"</a>. <i>Res Pvblica delle Poleis</i>. 12 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Res+Pvblica+delle+Poleis&rft.atitle=Correnti+interne+al+PCI&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasileus88.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F07%2F12%2Fcorrenti-interne-al-pci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorando2010" class="citation book cs1">Morando, Enrico (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-KE0laJoIUC&pg=PA42"><i>Riformisti e comunisti?: dal Pci al Pd: i "miglioristi" nella politica italiana nella politica italiana</i></a>. Donzelli Editore. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8603-6482-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8603-6482-1"><bdi>978-8-8603-6482-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riformisti+e+comunisti%3F%3A+dal+Pci+al+Pd%3A+i+%22miglioristi%22+nella+politica+italiana+nella+politica+italiana&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Donzelli+Editore&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8-8603-6482-1&rft.aulast=Morando&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-KE0laJoIUC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_RosaMonina2003" class="citation book cs1">De Rosa, Gabriele; Monina, Giancarlo (2003). 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I.B.Tauris. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8504-3027-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8504-3027-8"><bdi>978-1-8504-3027-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow+and+the+Italian+Communist+Party%3A+From+Togliatti+to+Berlinguer&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1-8504-3027-8&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Joan+Barth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HDEhJQON1AC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/06/11/il-socialismo-democratico-abita-botteghe-oscure.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Il socialismo democratico abita a Botteghe Oscure'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>La Repubblica</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Palgrave Macmillan. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6153-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6153-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Contemporary+Italy%3A+Society+and+Politics%2C+1943%E2%80%931988&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6153-2&rft.aulast=Ginsborg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnGQBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DCommunist%2BGullo%2Bdecrees%2Bjuly%2B1944%2Bland%2Breform%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bianchi, Giovanni. 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Italian Ministry of the Interior<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Referendum+02%2F06%2F1946&rft.pub=Italian+Ministry+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felezionistorico.interno.gov.it%2Findex.php%3Ftpel%3DF%26dtel%3D02%2F06%2F1946%26tpa%3DI%26tpe%3DA%26lev0%3D0%26levsut0%3D0%26es0%3DS%26ms%3DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305171243/http://www.sturzo.it/edu/l-italia-repubblicana-e-gli-anni-dello-sviluppo/445-1-la-fondazione-dell-italia-repubblicana/612-il-referendum-istituzionale-e-la-scelta-repubblicana">"Il referendum istituzionale e la scelta repubblicana"</a> (in Italian). Luigi Sturzo Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sturzo.it/edu/l-italia-repubblicana-e-gli-anni-dello-sviluppo/445-1-la-fondazione-dell-italia-repubblicana/612-il-referendum-istituzionale-e-la-scelta-repubblicana">the original</a> on 5 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+referendum+istituzionale+e+la+scelta+repubblicana&rft.pub=Luigi+Sturzo+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sturzo.it%2Fedu%2Fl-italia-repubblicana-e-gli-anni-dello-sviluppo%2F445-1-la-fondazione-dell-italia-repubblicana%2F612-il-referendum-istituzionale-e-la-scelta-repubblicana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230422/https://www.simone.it/newdiz/newdiz.php?action=view&id=1011&index=H&dizionario=2">"Savoia"</a>. <i>Dizionari Simone Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simone.it/newdiz/newdiz.php?action=view&id=1011&index=H&dizionario=2">the original</a> on 7 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dizionari+Simone+Online&rft.atitle=Savoia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simone.it%2Fnewdiz%2Fnewdiz.php%3Faction%3Dview%26id%3D1011%26index%3DH%26dizionario%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFai2021" class="citation news cs1">Fai, Paolo (1 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laterza.it/wp-content/uploads/recensioni/CANFORA-9.pdf">"Il Pci rifondato da Togliatti si perde nel berlinguerismo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>La Terza</i>. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Terza&rft.atitle=Il+Pci+rifondato+da+Togliatti+si+perde+nel+berlinguerismo&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft.aulast=Fai&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laterza.it%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Frecensioni%2FCANFORA-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginsborg_2003,_pp._106–113-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ginsborg_2003,_pp._106–113_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginsborg_2003,_pp._106–113_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsborg2003" class="citation book cs1">Ginsborg, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cnGQBAAAQBAJ&q=may+1947"><i>A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 106–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6153-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6153-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Contemporary+Italy%3A+Society+and+Politics%2C+1943%E2%80%931988&rft.pages=106-113&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6153-2&rft.aulast=Ginsborg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnGQBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmay%2B1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiment2015" class="citation book cs1">Ciment, James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpCXBwAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II</i></a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpCXBwAAQBAJ&q=forced+de+Gasperi+to+remove+the+Socialists+and+Communists+from+the+government+as+a+condition+of+receiving+U.S.+aid&pg=PT2073">2073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3174-7185-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3174-7185-1"><bdi>978-1-3174-7185-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Conflicts+Since+World+War+II&rft.pages=2073&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3174-7185-1&rft.aulast=Ciment&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcpCXBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorke2007" class="citation book cs1">Corke, Sarah-Jane (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKN8AgAAQBAJ&q=James+C.+Dunn+asked.+1947&pg=PA232"><i>US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0"><bdi>978-1-1341-0413-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Covert+Operations+and+Cold+War+Strategy%3A+Truman%2C+Secret+Warfare+and+the+CIA%2C+1945%E2%80%9353&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-1341-0413-0&rft.aulast=Corke&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKN8AgAAQBAJ%26q%3DJames%2BC.%2BDunn%2Basked.%2B1947%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStazi2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stazi, Guido (30 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/sessanta-anni-senza-einaudi-il-governatore-che-da-chigi-sali-al-colle-202110301157412373">"Sessanta anni senza Einaudi, il governatore che da Chigi salì al Colle"</a>. <i>MF Milano Finanza</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>Einaudi annotava nel suo Diario di una cena a casa dell'Ambasciatore d'Italia in Unione Sovietica Quaroni, in cui si conveniva che gli Stati Uniti gli aiuti veri non li avrebbero concessi con i comunisti ancora al governo.</q> [Einaudi noted in his Diary of a dinner at the home of the Italian Ambassador to the Soviet Union Quaroni, in which it was agreed that the United States would not grant real aid with the Communists still in government.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MF+Milano+Finanza&rft.atitle=Sessanta+anni+senza+Einaudi%2C+il+governatore+che+da+Chigi+sal%C3%AC+al+Colle&rft.date=2021-10-30&rft.aulast=Stazi&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milanofinanza.it%2Fnews%2Fsessanta-anni-senza-einaudi-il-governatore-che-da-chigi-sali-al-colle-202110301157412373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrogi2011" class="citation book cs1">Brogi, Alessandro (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejrgDj-SYiUC&pg=PA140"><i>Confronting America: The Cold War between the United States and the Communists in France and Italy</i></a>. UNC Press Books. pp. 140–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7774-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7774-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-7774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+America%3A+The+Cold+War+between+the+United+States+and+the+Communists+in+France+and+Italy&rft.pages=140-149&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7774-6&rft.aulast=Brogi&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejrgDj-SYiUC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorke2007" class="citation book cs1">Corke, Sarah-Jane (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKN8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 49–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0"><bdi>978-1-1341-0413-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Covert+Operations+and+Cold+War+Strategy%3A+Truman%2C+Secret+Warfare+and+the+CIA%2C+1945%E2%80%9353&rft.pages=49-58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-1341-0413-0&rft.aulast=Corke&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKN8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_2001-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2001_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2001_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2001" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (25 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130716012326/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2001/jun/25/artsandhumanities.highereducation">"Italy's bloody secret"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jun/25/artsandhumanities.highereducation">the original</a> on 16 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+bloody+secret&rft.date=2001-06-25&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2001%2Fjun%2F25%2Fartsandhumanities.highereducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedaliu2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Effie_Pedaliu" title="Effie Pedaliu">Pedaliu, Effie</a> (2004). "Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>39</b> (4, Special Issue: Collective Memory): 503–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009404046752">10.1177/0022009404046752</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4141408">4141408</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159985182">159985182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Britain+and+the+%27Hand-over%27+of+Italian+War+Criminals+to+Yugoslavia%2C+1945%E2%80%9348&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4%2C+Special+Issue%3A+Collective+Memory&rft.pages=503-529&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159985182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4141408%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009404046752&rft.aulast=Pedaliu&rft.aufirst=Effie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1993" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, David (1993). <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Politics</i> (2nd ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1405-1276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1405-1276-2"><bdi>978-0-1405-1276-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-1405-1276-2&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginsborg_2003,_p._372-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ginsborg_2003,_p._372_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginsborg_2003,_p._372_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsborg2003" class="citation book cs1">Ginsborg, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cnGQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA372"><i>A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6153-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6153-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Contemporary+Italy%3A+Society+and+Politics%2C+1943%E2%80%931988&rft.pages=372&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6153-2&rft.aulast=Ginsborg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnGQBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeo2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romeo, Ilaria (30 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collettiva.it/copertine/internazionale/2022/10/30/news/ungheria-2454619/">"1956: dopo la repressione sovietica in Ungheria, i contrasti e le rotture all'interno del Pci"</a>. <i>Collettiva</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collettiva&rft.atitle=1956%3A+dopo+la+repressione+sovietica+in+Ungheria%2C+i+contrasti+e+le+rotture+all%27interno+del+Pci&rft.date=2022-10-30&rft.aulast=Romeo&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collettiva.it%2Fcopertine%2Finternazionale%2F2022%2F10%2F30%2Fnews%2Fungheria-2454619%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Italian Communists: Foreign Bulletin of the P.C.I.</i>, Rome, October–December 1980, p. 103</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Communists%3A+Foreign+Bulletin+of+the+P.C.I.&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1980-10%2F1980-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Napolitano, Giorgio (2005). <i>Dal Pci al socialismo europeo. Un'autobiografia politica</i> (in Italian). Laterza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8420-7715-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8420-7715-2"><bdi>978-8-8420-7715-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dal+Pci+al+socialismo+europeo.+Un%27autobiografia+politica&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8-8420-7715-2&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCacace2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cacace, Paolo (15 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929010907/http://www.toscanaeuropa.it/att_politica/documenti/dettaglio.asp?id_doc=4451">"Napolitano e l'<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>utopia mite' dell'Europa"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toscanaeuropa.it/att_politica/documenti/dettaglio.asp?id_doc=4451">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Napolitano+e+l%27%27utopia+mite%27+dell%27Europa&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft.aulast=Cacace&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toscanaeuropa.it%2Fatt_politica%2Fdocumenti%2Fdettaglio.asp%3Fid_doc%3D4451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKautskyBenjamin1968" class="citation journal cs1">Kautsky, John H.; Benjamin, Roger W. (March 1968). "Communism and Economic Development". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 122. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1953329">1953329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Communism+and+Economic+Development&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1968-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1953329%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kautsky&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Roger+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMNK-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TMNK_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="15_September_2011" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Carl Colby (director) (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstrunfeatures.com/themannobodyknew/"><i>The Man Nobody Knew: In Search of My Father, CIA Spymaster Ashley Colby</i></a> (Motion picture). New York City: Act 4 Entertainment<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2011</span>. <q>Edward Luttwak, interview: "[W]e estimated at the time they were getting $40–50 million a year at a time when we were putting $5–6 million into Italian politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Man+Nobody+Knew%3A+In+Search+of+My+Father%2C+CIA+Spymaster+Ashley+Colby&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Act+4+Entertainment&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstrunfeatures.com%2Fthemannobodyknew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake_2004-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drake_2004_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drake_2004_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2004" class="citation journal cs1">Drake, Richard (Summer 2004). "The Soviet Dimension of Italian Communism". <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 115–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F1520397041447355">10.1162/1520397041447355</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925390">26925390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57564743">57564743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Dimension+of+Italian+Communism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115-119&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57564743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26925390%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F1520397041447355&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_&_Mitrokhin_2001-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_&_Mitrokhin_2001_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_&_Mitrokhin_2001_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin2001" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2001). <i>The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB</i>. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mitrokhin%2C+Vasili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnazi1992" class="citation book cs1">Ignazi, Pietro (1992). Il mulino (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--6NAAAAMAAJ"><i>Dal PCI al PDS</i></a>. Il mulino. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8150-3413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8150-3413-7"><bdi>978-8-8150-3413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dal+PCI+al+PDS&rft.pub=Il+mulino&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8-8150-3413-7&rft.aulast=Ignazi&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--6NAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellucciMaraffiSegatti2000" class="citation book cs1">Bellucci, Paolo; Maraffi, Marco; Segatti, Paolo (2000). Donzelli (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ghGg_mV_iY8C"><i>PCI, PDS, DS: la trasformazione dell'identità politica della sinistra di governo</i></a>. Donzelli Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8798-9547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8798-9547-7"><bdi>978-8-8798-9547-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PCI%2C+PDS%2C+DS%3A+la+trasformazione+dell%27identit%C3%A0+politica+della+sinistra+di+governo&rft.pub=Donzelli+Editore&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-8798-9547-7&rft.aulast=Bellucci&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Maraffi%2C+Marco&rft.au=Segatti%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DghGg_mV_iY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer1998" class="citation book cs1">Kertzer, David I. (1998). <i>Politics and Symbols: The Italian Communist Party and the Fall of Communism</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-7724-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-7724-7"><bdi>978-0-3000-7724-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Symbols%3A+The+Italian+Communist+Party+and+the+Fall+of+Communism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-7724-7&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Library of Nations: Italy, Time Life Books</i> (paperback ed.). Time Life UK. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7054-0850-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7054-0850-9"><bdi>978-0-7054-0850-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+of+Nations%3A+Italy%2C+Time+Life+Books&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Time+Life+UK&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7054-0850-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiat2003" class="citation book cs1">Guiat, Cyrille (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mB5N9JH6BMC&dq=italian+communist+party+bologna+housing&pg=PA51"><i>The French and Italian Communist Parties: Comrades and Culture</i></a> (illustrated, commented ed.). Psychology Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5332-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-5332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+and+Italian+Communist+Parties%3A+Comrades+and+Culture&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+commented&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5332-7&rft.aulast=Guiat&rft.aufirst=Cyrille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mB5N9JH6BMC%26dq%3Ditalian%2Bcommunist%2Bparty%2Bbologna%2Bhousing%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aldo Agosti, "The Comintern and the Italian Communist Party in Light of New Documents," in Tim Rees and Andrew Thorpe (eds.), <i>International Communism and the Communist International, 1919–43.</i> Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.</li> <li>Luigi Cortesi, <i>Le origini del PCI.</i> Laterza, 1972.</li> <li>Franco Livorsi, <i>Amadeo Bordiga.</i> <a href="/wiki/Editori_Riuniti" title="Editori Riuniti">Editori Riuniti</a>, 1976.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Spriano" title="Paolo Spriano">Paolo Spriano</a>, <i>Storia del Partito Comunista Italiano</i>, vol. I <i>Da Bordiga a Gramsci</i>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Einaudi_Editore" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Einaudi Editore">Einaudi</a>, 1967.</li> <li><i>La nascita del Partito Comunista d'Italia (Livorno 1921)</i>, ed. L'Internazionale, Milano 1981.</li> <li><i>La liquidazione della sinistra del P.C.d'It. (1925)</i>, L'Internazionale, Milano 1991.</li> <li><i>La lotta del Partito Comunista d'Italia (Strategia e tattica della rivoluzione, 1921–1922)</i>, ed. L'Internazionale, Milano 1984.</li> <li><i>Il partito decapitato (La sostituzione del gruppo dirigente del P.C.d'It., 1923–24)</i>, L'Internazionale, Milano 1988.</li> <li><i>Partito Comunista d'Italia</i>, <i>Secondo Congresso Nazionale – Relazione del CC</i>, Reprint <a href="/wiki/Feltrinelli_(publisher)" title="Feltrinelli (publisher)">Feltrinelli</a>, 1922.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Partito_Comunista_Italiano" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Partito Comunista Italiano">Partito Comunista Italiano</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quinterna.org/lingue/english/historical_en/0_historical_archives.htm">Historical Archive of the Communist Left with hundreds of documents of PCd'I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/italy/index.htm">Communist Party of Italy Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marxists.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists.org">marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019062221/http://www.sinistra.net/">sinistra.net Online Archive of the Communist Left</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatriagrande.net/01_venezuela/debate/class_struggels.htm">Arrigo Cervetto, <i>Class Struggles and the Revolutionary Party</i>, 1964</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatriagrande.net/01_venezuela/debate/arrigo_cervetto.htm">Biography of Arrigo Cervetto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.uq.edu.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=61UQ&docid=61UQ_ALMA2193390180003131&lang=en_US&context=L">The Italian Road to Socialism, an interview by Eric Hobsbawm with Giorgio Napolitano; translated by John Cammett and Victoria DeGrazia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Communist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_Communist_Party" title="Template:Italian Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:Italian Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Communist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Italian Communist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Secretaries_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Secretaries of the Italian Communist Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">General Secretary</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a> (1922–1923)</li> <li><i>Executive Committee</i> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> (1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Ravera" title="Camilla Ravera">Camilla Ravera</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1930–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a> (1934–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1938–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1964–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> (1972–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1984–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a> (1988–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1972–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Tortorella" title="Aldo Tortorella">Aldo Tortorella</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leader in the Chamber of Deputies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1947–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ingrao" title="Pietro Ingrao">Pietro Ingrao</a> (1964–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Di_Giulio" title="Fernando Di Giulio">Fernando Di Giulio</a> (1979–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> (1981–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Zangheri" title="Renato Zangheri">Renato Zangheri</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Quercini" title="Giulio Quercini">Giulio Quercini</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leader in the Senate</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Scoccimarro" title="Mauro Scoccimarro">Mauro Scoccimarro</a> (1948–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Terracini" title="Umberto Terracini">Umberto Terracini</a> (1958–1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoardo_Pema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edoardo Pema (page does not exist)">Edoardo Pema</a> (1973–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Chiaromonte" title="Gerardo Chiaromonte">Gerardo Chiaromonte</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Pecchioli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugo Pecchioli (page does not exist)">Ugo Pecchioli</a> (1986–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leader in the European Parliament</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Amendola" title="Giorgio Amendola">Giorgio Amendola</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fanti" title="Guido Fanti">Guido Fanti</a> (1980–1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Cervetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Cervetti (page does not exist)">Giovanni Cervetti</a> (1984–1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Alberto_Colajanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Alberto Colajanni (page does not exist)">Luigi Alberto Colajanni</a> (1989–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></i> (1924–1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vie_Nuove" title="Vie Nuove">Vie Nuove</a></i> (1946–1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pattuglia" title="Pattuglia">Pattuglia</a></i> (1948–1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinascita" title="Rinascita">Rinascita</a></i> (1944–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Tasca" title="Angelo Tasca">Culturalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XII_International_Brigade" title="XII International Brigade">XII International Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Battalion" title="Garibaldi Battalion">Garibaldi Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AvtoVAZ" title="AvtoVAZ">AvtoVAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Youth_Federation" title="Italian Communist Youth Federation">Italian Communist Youth Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migliorismo" title="Migliorismo">Migliorismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Communist_Party" title="Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party">Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> / <a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a> / <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a> (1947–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a> (1976–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Socialist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Template:Italian Socialist Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Template talk:Italian Socialist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian Socialist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Socialist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Italian Socialist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;;width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Secretary</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Dell%27Avalle" title="Carlo Dell'Avalle">Carlo Dell'Avalle</a> (1892–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Turati" title="Filippo Turati">Filippo Turati</a> (1895–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Ferri_(criminologist)" title="Enrico Ferri (criminologist)">Enrico Ferri</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Dell%27Avalle" title="Carlo Dell'Avalle">Carlo Dell'Avalle</a> (1896–1898)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Bertesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Bertesi (page does not exist)">Alfredo Bertesi</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Bertini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Bertini (page does not exist)">Enrico Bertini</a> (1899–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savino_Varazzani" title="Savino Varazzani">Savino Varazzani</a> (1900–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Ferri_(criminologist)" title="Enrico Ferri (criminologist)">Enrico Ferri</a> (1904–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddino_Morgari" title="Oddino Morgari">Oddino Morgari</a> (1906–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Ciotti" title="Pompeo Ciotti">Pompeo Ciotti</a> (1908–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Lazzari" title="Costantino Lazzari">Costantino Lazzari</a> (1912–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidio_Gennari" title="Egidio Gennari">Egidio Gennari</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Lazzari" title="Costantino Lazzari">Costantino Lazzari</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Vella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arturo Vella (page does not exist)">Arturo Vella</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Bombacci" title="Nicola Bombacci">Nicola Bombacci</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidio_Gennari" title="Egidio Gennari">Egidio Gennari</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bacci" title="Giovanni Bacci">Giovanni Bacci</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Fioritto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico Fioritto (page does not exist)">Domenico Fioritto</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Oro_Nobili" title="Tito Oro Nobili">Tito Oro Nobili</a> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olindo_Vernocchi" title="Olindo Vernocchi">Olindo Vernocchi</a> (1925–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Coccia" title="Ugo Coccia">Ugo Coccia</a> (1930–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oddino_Morgari" title="Oddino Morgari">Oddino Morgari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Tasca" title="Angelo Tasca">Angelo Tasca</a> (1939–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Romita" title="Giuseppe Romita">Giuseppe Romita</a> (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Morandi" title="Rodolfo Morandi">Rodolfo Morandi</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Matteo_Lombardo" title="Ivan Matteo Lombardo">Ivan Matteo Lombardo</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelio_Basso" title="Lelio Basso">Lelio Basso</a> (1947–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Jacometti" title="Alberto Jacometti">Alberto Jacometti</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a> (1949–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Martino" title="Francesco De Martino">Francesco De Martino</a> (1963–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tanassi" title="Mario Tanassi">Mario Tanassi</a> (1966–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Ferri" title="Mauro Ferri">Mauro Ferri</a> (1968–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Martino" title="Francesco De Martino">Francesco De Martino</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Mancini" title="Giacomo Mancini">Giacomo Mancini</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Martino" title="Francesco De Martino">Francesco De Martino</a> (1972–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a> (1976–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Benvenuto" title="Giorgio Benvenuto">Giorgio Benvenuto</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Del_Turco" title="Ottaviano Del Turco">Ottaviano Del Turco</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdo_Spini" title="Valdo Spini">Valdo Spini</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Workers%27_Party" title="Italian Workers' Party">Italian Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party">Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avanti!_(newspaper)" title="Avanti! (newspaper)">Avanti!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_Sociale" title="Critica Sociale">Critica Sociale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Italy)" title="Red Guards (Italy)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Revolutionary_Marxist_Centre" title="International Revolutionary Marxist Centre">Maximalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism#Socialism" title="Reformism">Reformist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Division over World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craxism" title="Craxism">Craxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella" title="Naval Air Station Sigonella">Sigonella incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Ambrosiano" title="Banco Ambrosiano">Banco Ambrosiano scandal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Reformist_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Reformist Socialist Party">Italian Reformist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian Communist Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1922)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)">Unitary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Maximalist Italian Socialist Party">Maximalist Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_(Italy)" title="Socialist Unity (Italy)">Socialist Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialists" title="Italian Socialists">Italian Socialists</a> / <a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialists" title="Italian Democratic Socialists">Italian Democratic Socialists</a> / <a href="/wiki/Socialist_League_(Italy)" title="Socialist League (Italy)">Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Federation_(Italy)" title="Labour Federation (Italy)">Labour Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Socialist_Party" title="Reformist Socialist Party">Reformist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1996)" title="Socialist Party (Italy, 1996)">Socialist Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="New Italian Socialist Party">New Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_(2007)" title="Italian Socialist Party (2007)">Italian Socialist Party (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> <small>(social-democrats faction)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a> <small>(social-democrats faction)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;;width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a> (1947-1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centre-left" title="Organic centre-left">Organic centre-left</a> (1962-1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(Italy)" title="Unified Socialist Party (Italy)">Unified Socialist Party</a> (1966-1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentapartito" title="Pentapartito">Pentapartito</a></i> (1981-1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Progressives" title="Alliance of Progressives">Alliance of Progressives</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_National_Liberation_Committee_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Liberation_Committee" title="Template:National Liberation Committee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Liberation_Committee" title="Template talk:National Liberation Committee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Liberation_Committee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Liberation Committee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_National_Liberation_Committee_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autonomous Brigades (page does not exist)">Autonomous Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Garibaldi" title="Brigate Garibaldi">Garibaldi Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Justice and Liberty Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Fiamme_Verdi" title="Brigate Fiamme Verdi">Green Flame Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matteotti_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matteotti Brigades (page does not exist)">Matteotti Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Osoppo" title="Brigate Osoppo">Osoppo Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Brigades (page does not exist)">People's Brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_Historical_political_parties_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Historical Italian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_Italian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Historical Italian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_Italian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical Italian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_Historical_political_parties_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Historical political parties in Italy</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Unity_Party_(Italy)" title="Proletarian Unity Party (Italy)">Proletarian Unity Party</a> (1972–1984)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian Communist Party</a> (1921–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Democracy" title="Proletarian Democracy">Proletarian Democracy</a> (1978–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a> (1998–2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Democratic socialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party">Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party</a> (1881–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Workers%27_Party" title="Italian Workers' Party">Italian Workers' Party</a> (1882–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_of_Proletarian_Unity" title="Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity">Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity</a> (1964–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> (1991–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Italy)" title="Democratic Left (Italy)">Democratic Left</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Ecology_Freedom" title="Left Ecology Freedom">Left Ecology Freedom</a> (2010-2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Green</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Greens_(Italy)" title="Rainbow Greens (Italy)">Rainbow Greens</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Lists" title="Federation of Green Lists">Federation of Green Lists</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">Federation of the Greens</a> (1990–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social-democratic and liberal-socialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Reformist_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Reformist Socialist Party">Italian Reformist Socialist Party</a> (1912–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1922)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)">Unitary Socialist Party</a> (1922–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a> (1929–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a> (1943–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Socialists" title="Union of Socialists">Union of Socialists</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1949)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1949)">Unitary Socialist Party</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(Italy)" title="Unified Socialist Party (Italy)">Unified Socialist Party</a> (1966–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (1892–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a> (1947–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Federation_(Italy)" title="Labour Federation (Italy)">Labour Federation</a> (1994–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a> (1998–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialists" title="Italian Democratic Socialists">Italian Democratic Socialists</a> (1998–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_(political_party)" title="Article One (political party)">Article One</a> (2017–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radical and social-liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1853)" title="Action Party (Italy, 1853)">Action Party</a> (1853–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Italian Radical Party</a> (1904–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy,_1913)" title="Democratic Party (Italy, 1913)">Democratic Party</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Social Democracy (Italy)">Social Democracy</a> (1922–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Concentration" title="Republican Democratic Concentration">Republican Democratic Concentration</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radical Party</a> (1955–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="Democratic Alliance (Italy)">Democratic Alliance</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Network_(political_party)" title="The Network (political party)">The Network</a> (1991–1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centrist and centrist liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Constitutional Democratic Party (Italy)">Constitutional Democratic Party</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Democratic Liberal Party">Italian Democratic Liberal Party</a> (1919–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_the_Republic" title="Democratic Union for the Republic">Democratic Union for the Republic</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Union for the Republic (Italy)">Union for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renewal" title="Italian Renewal">Italian Renewal</a> (1996–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Italy)" title="The Democrats (Italy)">The Democrats</a> (1999–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_Pact" title="Segni Pact">Segni Pact</a> (1993–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Choice" title="Civic Choice">Civic Choice</a> (2013–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Popular_Alliance" title="Liberal Popular Alliance">Liberal Popular Alliance</a> (2015–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regionalist and federalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Independence_of_Sicily" title="Movement for the Independence of Sicily">Movement for the Independence of Sicily</a> (1943–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalists_and_Liberal_Democrats" title="Federalists and Liberal Democrats">Federalists and Liberal Democrats</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Italian_League" title="Federalist Italian League">Federalist Italian League</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_South_(Italy)" title="Great South (Italy)">Great South</a> (2011–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian-democratic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Catholic_Electoral_Union" title="Italian Catholic Electoral Union">Italian Catholic Electoral Union</a> (1906–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Catholics_(Italy)" title="Conservative Catholics (Italy)">Conservative Catholics</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> (1919–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (1943–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">Italian People's Party</a> (1994–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Christian Democrats for the Republic">Christian Democrats for the Republic</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre">Christian Democratic Centre</a> (1994–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Democrats" title="United Christian Democrats">United Christian Democrats</a> (1995–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democracy" title="European Democracy">European Democracy</a> (2001–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_for_Autonomies" title="Christian Democracy for Autonomies">Christian Democracy for Autonomies</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Union of Democrats for Europe">Union of Democrats for Europe</a> (1999–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservative-liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union_(Italy)" title="Liberal Union (Italy)">Liberal Union</a> (1913–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a> (1922–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Italy)">National Democratic Alliance</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(1993)" title="Union of the Centre (1993)">Union of the Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberal-conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Italy)" title="Economic Party (Italy)">Economic Party</a> (1919–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> (1994–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">The People of Freedom</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_and_Freedom" title="Future and Freedom">Future and Freedom</a> (2010–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Centre-Right" title="New Centre-Right">New Centre-Right</a> (2013–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_and_Reformists_(Italy)" title="Conservatives and Reformists (Italy)">Conservatives and Reformists</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_Italy" title="Direction Italy">Direction Italy</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambiamo!" title="Cambiamo!">Cambiamo!</a> (2019–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National-conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Man%27s_Front" title="Common Man's Front">Common Man's Front</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchist_National_Party" title="Monarchist National Party">Monarchist National Party</a> (1946–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Monarchist_Party_(Italy)" title="People's Monarchist Party (Italy)">People's Monarchist Party</a> (1954–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Party_of_Monarchist_Unity" title="Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity">Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity</a> (1959–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a> (1995–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a> (1910–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatants%27_Party" title="Combatants' Party">Combatants' Party</a> (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (1921–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (1946–1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">List of political parties in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:19th-century_Italian_political_groups" title="Template:19th-century Italian political groups">19th-century Italian political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_20th-century_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Early 20th-century Italian political parties">Early 20th-century Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1950s%E2%80%931990s_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:1950s–1990s Italian political parties">1950s–1990s Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Italian political parties">Current Italian political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_1946–1994_main_political_parties_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1950s%E2%80%931990s_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:1950s–1990s Italian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1950s%E2%80%931990s_Italian_political_parties" title="Template talk:1950s–1990s Italian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1950s%E2%80%931990s_Italian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1950s–1990s Italian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_1946–1994_main_political_parties_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> 1946–1994 main political parties in Italy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">List of political parties in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Historical Italian political parties">Historical Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:19th-century_Italian_political_groups" title="Template:19th-century Italian political groups">19th-century Italian political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_20th-century_Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Early 20th-century Italian political parties">Early 20th-century Italian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_political_parties" title="Template:Italian political parties">Current Italian political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="XII_International_Brigade_–_&quot;Garibaldi&quot;" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:XII_International_Brigade" title="Template:XII International Brigade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:XII_International_Brigade" title="Template talk:XII International Brigade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:XII_International_Brigade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:XII International Brigade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="XII_International_Brigade_–_&quot;Garibaldi&quot;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/XII_International_Brigade" title="XII International Brigade">XII International Brigade – <i>"Garibaldi"</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1t%C3%A9_Zalka" title="Máté Zalka">Máté Zalka</a> <small>(Nov 1936–Feb 1937)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolfo_Pacciardi" title="Randolfo Pacciardi">Randolfo Pacciardi</a> <small>(Feb–Jul 1937)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Penchienati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Penchienati (page does not exist)">Carlo Penchienati</a> <small>(Jul–Aug 1937)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nino_Raimondi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nino Raimondi (page does not exist)">Nino Raimondi</a> <small>(Aug–Sep 1937)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Bernard (page does not exist)">François Bernard</a> <small>(Sep–Oct 1937)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Zanoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arturo Zanoni (page does not exist)">Arturo Zanoni</a> <small>(Oct 1937–Feb 1938)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eloy_Paradinas_Quero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eloy Paradinas Quero (page does not exist)">Eloy Paradinas Quero</a> <small>(Feb–Apr 1938)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Vaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Vaia (page does not exist)">Martino Martini</a> <small>(Apr–Aug 1938)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Rivas_Amat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Rivas Amat (page does not exist)">Luis Rivas Amat</a> <small>(Aug 1938–Feb 1939)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battalions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Battalion" title="Garibaldi Battalion">Garibaldi Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Marty_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Marty Battalion (page does not exist)">André Marty Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabrowski_Battalion" title="Dabrowski Battalion">Dabrowski Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion" title="Thälmann Battalion">Thälmann Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KONARE" title="KONARE">Revolutionary National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Communist Party of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="International response to the Spanish Civil War">International response to the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461886#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461886#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461886#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121927719">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159457224">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/3008-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006465">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133184877">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133184877">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Partito comunista italiano"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710586&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810656637205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266475205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512090906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02835013?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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