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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Intelligence agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div 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id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Scientology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Unification Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apartheid_government_fronts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid_government_fronts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Apartheid government fronts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid_government_fronts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_fronts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_fronts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Communist fronts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_fronts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banned_paramilitary_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banned_paramilitary_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Banned paramilitary organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banned_paramilitary_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_front_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_front_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Corporate front organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_front_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Corporate front organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_front_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astroturfing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astroturfing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Astroturfing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astroturfing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Front organization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9" title="منظمة واجهة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظمة واجهة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontorganisation" title="Frontorganisation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frontorganisation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontorganisation" title="Frontorganisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frontorganisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_fachada" title="Organización fachada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organización fachada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سازمان صوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان صوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_de_fa%C3%A7ade" title="Organisation de façade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisation de façade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EB%A9%B4%EB%8B%A8%EC%B2%B4" title="표면단체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표면단체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_di_copertura" title="Società di copertura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Società di copertura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A9" title="חברת קש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חברת קש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantelorganisatie" title="Mantelorganisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mantelorganisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E8%88%8E%E5%BC%9F" title="企業舎弟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="企業舎弟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(organisasjon)" title="Front (organisasjon) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Front (organisasjon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_fachada" title="Organização de fachada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organização de fachada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontovska_organizacija" title="Frontovska organizacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Frontovska organizacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiteorganisaatio" title="Peiteorganisaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peiteorganisaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontorganisation" title="Frontorganisation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frontorganisation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96n_kurulu%C5%9F" title="Ön kuruluş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ön kuruluş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A9%E6%8A%A4%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="掩护机构 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="掩护机构" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1470315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Front_organization" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > 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class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Front_organization" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Front_organization" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organisations&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Front organisations">Front organisations</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Surrogate organization answering to someone else</div> <p>A <b>front organization</b> is any entity set up by and controlled by another organization, such as <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> groups, <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret societies</a>, banned organizations, religious or political groups, <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy groups</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>. Front organizations can act for the parent group without the actions being attributed to the parent group, thereby allowing them to hide certain activities from the authorities or the public. </p><p>Front organizations that appear to be independent <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary associations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charitable organizations</a> are called <b>front groups</b>. In the business world, front organizations such as <b>front companies</b> or <a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">shell corporations</a> are used to shield the <a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">parent company</a> from legal liability. In <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> is a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> which acts as a front (or surrogate) for another state. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intelligence_agencies">Intelligence agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Intelligence agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Non-official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-official cover">Non-official cover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agent_handling#Human_intelligence" title="Agent handling">Agent handling § Human intelligence</a></div> <p>Intelligence agencies use front organizations to provide "cover", plausible occupations and means of income, for their covert agents. These may include legitimate organizations, such as charity, religious or journalism organizations; or "<a href="/wiki/Brass_plate_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Brass plate firm">brass plate firms</a>" which exist solely to provide a plausible background story, occupation, and means of income. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Jennings_%26_Associates" title="Brewster Jennings & Associates">Brewster Jennings & Associates</a> was a front company set up in 1994 by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) as a cover for its officers. </p><p>The airline <a href="/wiki/Air_America_(airline)" title="Air America (airline)">Air America</a>, an outgrowth of <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Transport" title="Civil Air Transport">Civil Air Transport</a> of the 1940s, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Transport" title="Southern Air Transport">Southern Air Transport</a>, ostensibly a civilian air charter company, were operated and wholly owned by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, supposedly to provide <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>, but flew many combat support missions and supplied <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other CIA-funded front groups have been used to spread American <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and influence during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When intelligence agencies work through legitimate organizations, it can cause problems and increased risk for the workers of those organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent this, the CIA has had a 20-year policy (since 1976, per US Government sources) of not using <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> members or US journalists for intelligence purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another airline allegedly involved in intelligence operations was Russian <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> that worked in a close coordination with <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a> and <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzminov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzminov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company conducted forcible "evacuations" of Soviet citizens from foreign countries back to the USSR. People whose loyalty was questioned were drugged and delivered unconscious by Aeroflot planes, assisted by the company KGB personnel, according to former GRU officer <a href="/wiki/Victor_Suvorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Suvorov">Victor Suvorov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s and 1990s, specimens of deadly bacteria and viruses stolen from Western laboratories were delivered by Aeroflot to support the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_program_of_biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet program of biological weapons">Russian program of biological weapons</a>. This delivery channel encoded VOLNA ("wave") meant "delivering the material via an international flight of the Aeroflot airline in the pilots' cabin, where one of the pilots was a KGB officer".<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzminov_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzminov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least two SVR agents died, presumably from the transported pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzminov_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzminov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When businessman <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Glushkov" title="Nikolai Glushkov">Nikolai Glushkov</a> was appointed as a top manager of Aeroflot in 1996, he found that the airline company worked as a "<a href="/wiki/Cash_cow" title="Cash cow">cash cow</a> to support international spying operations" according to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldfarb_(microbiologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Goldfarb (microbiologist)">Alex Goldfarb</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-dissident_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissident-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3,000 people out of the total workforce of 14,000 in Aeroflot were <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">FSB</a>, SVR, or GRU officers. All proceeds from ticket sales were distributed to 352 foreign bank accounts that could not be controlled by the Aeroflot administration. Glushkov closed all these accounts and channeled the money to an accounting center called Andava in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dissident_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissident-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also sent a bill and wrote a letter to SVR director <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Primakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevgeni Primakov">Yevgeni Primakov</a> and FSB director <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Barsukov" title="Mikhail Barsukov">Mikhail Barsukov</a> asking them to pay salaries of their intelligence officers in Aeroflot in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-dissident_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissident-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glushkov was imprisoned in 2000 on charges of illegally channeling money through Andava. Since 2004 the company is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ivanov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Ivanov (politician)">Viktor Ivanov</a>, a high-ranking FSB official who is a close associate of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>. </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">As part of a sub-project of the CIA’s Project MKSHATTER, the company <a href="/wiki/WWASPS" class="mw-redirect" title="WWASPS">WWASPS</a> was set up to study the effectiveness of different behavior modification techniques on adolescents to gather data the Department of Education could implement; after the “youth revolution” of the 1960s the power movers of the day realized that the American youth, who largely had been perceived as too naive to pose any significant danger to the American agenda, were potentially far more dangerous than imagined, so various projects were created to study various means of “correcting” the next generations of American teens outside of the judicial system.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> has acknowledged using at least thirteen front companies to conceal their use of aircraft to observe criminal activity in the United States, including:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>KQM Aviation</li> <li>NBR Aviation</li> <li>NG Research</li> <li>PXW Services</li> <li>FVX Research</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organized_crime">Organized crime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organized crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Facade.JPG/220px-Facade.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Facade.JPG/330px-Facade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Facade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Front organizations often use facades of legitimate businesses to cover up illegal activity</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Criminal_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal organization">organized crime operations</a> have substantial legitimate businesses, such as licensed <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> houses, building construction companies, hair salons and karaoke bars, engineering firms, restaurants and bars, billiard clubs, trash hauling services, or dock loading enterprises. These front companies enable these criminal organizations to <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">launder</a> their income from illegal activities. As well, the front companies provide plausible cover for illegal activities such as <a href="/wiki/Gaming_law" title="Gaming law">illegal gambling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">Tattoo</a> parlors are often used as fronts for <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_motorcycle_club" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">outlaw motorcycle clubs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a> are illegal, criminal organizations set up front companies providing services such as a "<a href="/wiki/Massage_parlor" title="Massage parlor">massage parlor</a>" or "sauna" to the point that "massage parlor" or "sauna" is thought as a synonym of <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothel</a> in these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Colombian drug cartel, the <a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali Cartel</a>, in the past used Drogas La Rebaja, now a large national pharmacy store chain, as a front company in order to launder their drug trafficking earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The General Manager of the Pharaoh's Gentlemen's Club in <a href="/wiki/Cheektowaga,_New_York" title="Cheektowaga, New York">Cheektowaga, New York</a>, is the international leader of the <a href="/wiki/Outlaws_Motorcycle_Club" title="Outlaws Motorcycle Club">Outlaws Motorcycle Club</a>: John Ermin. Many Outlaws MC members also work at the club. Authorities have referred to Pharaoh's as a hot spot for drug dealing and sex trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club's owner is Peter G. Gerace Jr., the nephew of reputed <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_crime_family" title="Buffalo crime family">Buffalo crime family</a> boss Joseph A. Todaro Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Outlaws Motorcycle Club, themselves, have been designated by federal law enforcement as a criminal enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mafia_Family" title="Black Mafia Family">Black Mafia Family</a> established the Atlanta-based <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a> BMF Entertainment as a front company to launder funds that were generated from the sale of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boxing management company <a href="/wiki/MTK_Global" title="MTK Global">MTK Global</a> is owned by the reputed Irish gang boss <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kinahan" title="Daniel Kinahan">Daniel Kinahan</a>. Heredia Boxing Management alleges that MTK Global was established as a front company to launder funds made from drug trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the year of 2019, <a href="/wiki/ACT_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT Police">ACT Police</a> shut down the Lakeside Tattoo Parlour in <a href="/wiki/Belconnen" title="Belconnen">Belconnen</a> on the grounds of it being allegedly used to launder cash for the notorious outlaw motorcycle gang, <a href="/wiki/Comanchero_Motorcycle_Club" title="Comanchero Motorcycle Club">Comanchero Motorcycle Club</a>. The money laundered through the tattoo parlor allegedly came from the club's <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientology">Scientology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scientology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_front_groups" title="Scientology front groups">Scientology front groups</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> uses front groups either to promote its interests in politics, to make its group seem more legitimate, and to recruit.<sup id="cite_ref-stark_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stark-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>'s July 8, 1977 raids on the Church's offices (following discovery of the Church's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a>) turned up, among other documents, an undated memo entitled "PR General Categories of Data Needing Coding". This memo listed what it called "Secret PR Front Groups," which included the group APRL, "Alliance for the Preservation of Religious Liberty" (later renamed "Americans Preserving Religious Liberty").<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Cult_Awareness_Network" title="New Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a> (CAN) is considered by many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to now be a front group for the Church of Scientology, which took the group over financially after bankrupting it in a series of lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Time</i> identified several other fronts for Scientology, including: the <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a> (CCHR), <a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Happiness" title="The Way to Happiness">The Way to Happiness Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Scholastics" title="Applied Scholastics">Applied Scholastics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Concerned_Businessmen%27s_Association_of_America" title="Concerned Businessmen's Association of America">Concerned Businessmen's Association of America</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthMed_Clinic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthMed Clinic (page does not exist)">HealthMed Clinic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven years later the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a></i> showed how <a href="/wiki/Narconon" title="Narconon">Narconon</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Literacy_Crusade" title="World Literacy Crusade">World Literacy Crusade</a> were also fronts for Scientology.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Scientology groups include <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Medical">Downtown Medical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminon" title="Criminon">Criminon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education" title="Association for Better Living and Education">Association for Better Living and Education</a> (ABLE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification_Church">Unification Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unification Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organizations_related_to_the_Unification_Church" title="Organizations related to the Unification Church">Organizations related to the Unification Church</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In politics, a group may be called a front organization if it is perceived to be disingenuous in its control or goals or if it attempts to mask extremist views within a supposedly more moderate group. Some special interest groups engage in <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">astroturfing</a>, an attempt to mask lobbying as a <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassroots movement">grassroots movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apartheid_government_fronts">Apartheid government fronts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Apartheid government fronts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>-era government used numerous front organizations to influence world opinion and to undertake <a href="/wiki/Extra-judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-judicial">extra-judicial</a> activities and the killing of anti-apartheid activists; these included<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the following: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Citizen_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citizen (South Africa)">The Citizen</a></i> – funded secretly by the government and was intended to challenge the liberal <i><a href="/wiki/Rand_Daily_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Rand Daily Mail">Rand Daily Mail</a></i>, contributing to the political ruin of <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connie_Mulder" title="Connie Mulder">Connie Mulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Cooperation_Bureau" title="Civil Cooperation Bureau">Civil Cooperation Bureau</a> (CCB) – a covert, special forces organization that harassed, seriously injured, and eliminated anti-apartheid activists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Independent_Democratic_Alliance" title="Federal Independent Democratic Alliance">Federal Independent Democratic Alliance</a> (FIDA) – a conservative black group.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Foundation" title="International Freedom Foundation">International Freedom Foundation</a> – Washington-based mechanism to combat sanctions and support <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi" title="Jonas Savimbi">Jonas Savimbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a> – or Youth for South Africa, led by <a href="/wiki/Marthinus_van_Schalkwyk" title="Marthinus van Schalkwyk">Marthinus van Schalkwyk</a> as a short-lived Afrikaner youth group, surreptitiously funded by the Military Intelligence's Project Essay</li> <li>National Student Federation (NSF) – led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Crystal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Crystal (page does not exist)">Russell Crystal</a>, intended to challenge <a href="/wiki/NUSAS" class="mw-redirect" title="NUSAS">NUSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roodeplaat_Research_Laboratories" title="Roodeplaat Research Laboratories">Roodeplaat Research Laboratories</a> – Led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr._Daan_Goosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. Daan Goosen (page does not exist)">Daan Goosen</a>, the main research facility of <a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taussig_Familienstiftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Taussig Familienstiftung">Taussig Familienstiftung</a>, or Taussig Family Trust - a <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> conduit for secret government transactions<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Veterans for Victory – consisting of <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national servicemen</a>, a countermeasure to the <a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">End Conscription Campaign</a>, which was allied to the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">United Democratic Front</a> (UDF)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_fronts">Communist fronts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Communist fronts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communist_front" title="Communist front">Communist front</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> parties (especially <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> ones) have sometimes used front organizations to attract support from those (sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Fellow_travellers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow travellers">fellow travellers</a>") who do not fully agree with the party's ideology but agree with certain aspects of it. The front organization often obscures its provenance and may often be a tool for recruitment. Other <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> often describe front organizations as <a href="/wiki/Opportunist" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunist">opportunist</a>. The concept of a front organization should be distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> parties) and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a>. Both the united front and the popular front usually disclose the groups that make up their coalitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a list prepared in 1955 by the United States <a href="/wiki/Senate_Internal_Security_Subcommittee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Internal Security Subcommittee">Senate Internal Security Subcommittee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> set up no less than 82 front organizations in the United States in the 1930s and the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-Staar79-84_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staar79-84-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet intelligence <a href="/wiki/Soviet-run_peace_movements_in_Western_Europe_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-run peace movements in Western Europe and the United States">infiltrated many peace movements in the West</a>. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">World Peace Council</a>, important communist front organizations included the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">International Union of Students</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Staar84_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staar84-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Felix_Staar" title="Richard Felix Staar">Richard Felix Staar</a> has also suggested that these organizations were somewhat less important front organizations: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_People%27s_Solidarity_Organisation" title="Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation">Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Peace_Conference" title="Christian Peace Conference">Christian Peace Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Democratic_Lawyers" title="International Association of Democratic Lawyers">International Association of Democratic Lawyers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_of_Resistance_Movements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Federation of Resistance Movements (page does not exist)">International Federation of Resistance Movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Peace" title="International Institute for Peace">International Institute for Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Journalists" title="International Organization of Journalists">International Organization of Journalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">Women's International Democratic Federation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">World Federation of Scientific Workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Staar80-81_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staar80-81-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also numerous smaller organizations, affiliated with the above fronts such as <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Staar82-83_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staar82-83-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Staar86_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staar86-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous peace conferences, congresses and festivals have been staged with support of those organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Staar85_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staar85-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_World_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' World Party">Workers' World Party</a> (WWP)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set up an <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> front group, <a href="/wiki/A.N.S.W.E.R." title="A.N.S.W.E.R.">International ANSWER</a>. (ANSWER is no longer closely associated with WWP; it is closely associated with a WWP splinter, the <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a>, but PSL plays a more open role in the organization.) Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Unite_Against_Fascism" title="Unite Against Fascism">Unite Against Fascism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Coalition" title="Stop the War Coalition">Stop the War Coalition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respect_%E2%80%93_The_Unity_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Respect – The Unity Coalition">Respect – The Unity Coalition</a> are all criticised as being fronts for the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party (UK)</a>. </p><p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> established a front political party, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Party_(New_York)" title="Women's Equality Party (New York)">Women's Equality Party</a>. The party was established to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral fusion">electoral fusion</a> laws in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> that allow candidates to run on multiple ballot lines and to count all of their votes together. Critics of the party and of Cuomo have noted that there is an inherent level of deception involved in the party, as Cuomo is not a woman, the party has not favored women in its endorsement policies, and Cuomo's gubernatorial campaign fund is the primary source of revenue for the party's operations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> leadership and the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> created a puppet political party in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union">Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union</a> (LDPSU), which became the second officially-registered party in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-white_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to KGB General <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Bobkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Bobkov">Philipp Bobkov</a>, it was a "<a href="/wiki/Sergei_Vasilyevich_Zubatov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Vasilyevich Zubatov">Zubatov</a>'s pseudo-party under KGB control that directs interests and sentiments of certain social groups".<sup id="cite_ref-Moscow_2003,_page_574_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moscow_2003,_page_574-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Politburo" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Politburo">Soviet Politburo</a> member <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nikolaevich_Yakovlev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev">Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev</a> described in his book how KGB Director <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a> presented the project of the puppet party at a joint meeting with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and informed him about a selection of party leaders and the mechanism of funding from Communist Party money.<sup id="cite_ref-Moscow_2003,_page_574_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moscow_2003,_page_574-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book includes an official copy of a document providing the initial Liberal Democratic Party funding (3 million rubles) from the Communist Party's money. The Liberal Democratic leader, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a>, proved to be an effective media performer<sup id="cite_ref-white_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gained 8% of votes during the <a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">1991 presidential elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hale_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hale-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also supported the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">August 1991 coup attempt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">united front</a> is a political strategy and network of groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and used to advance its interests. It has traditionally been a <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> that has included eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">legally-permitted political parties</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (CPPCC), the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce</a>, the <a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade" title="China Council for the Promotion of International Trade">China Council for the Promotion of International Trade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Returned_Overseas_Chinese" title="All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese">All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">people's organizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, the united front and its targets of influence have expanded in size and scope.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The united front is managed primarily by but is not limited to the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> (UFWD). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Anti-Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Islamist">anti-Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> group in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> has also been accused of being a front organization. The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Women%27s_Freedom_in_Iraq" title="Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq">Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq</a> has been accused of being a front for the <a href="/wiki/Worker-Communist_Party_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker-Communist Party of Iraq">Worker-Communist Party of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banned_paramilitary_organizations">Banned paramilitary organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Banned paramilitary organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banned paramilitary organizations sometimes use front groups to achieve a public face with which to raise funds, negotiate with opposition parties, recruit, and spread propaganda. For example, banned <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organizations often have an affiliated <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> that operates more openly, but those parties themselves often end up being banned. The parties may or may not be front organizations in the narrow sense (they have varying degrees of autonomy, and the relationships are usually something of an <a href="/wiki/Open_secret" title="Open secret">open secret</a>) but are widely considered to be so, especially by their political opponents. </p><p>Examples are the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> in 1980s <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> or between the <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> groups <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a> (paramilitary) and <a href="/wiki/Batasuna" title="Batasuna">Batasuna</a> (party) in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Similarly, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> was highly stigmatized, it often operated largely through front groups. In addition, the Provisional IRA also operated a <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> front group, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Direct Action Against Drugs">Direct Action Against Drugs</a>. </p><p>Both Loyalist and Republican paramilitaries in Ireland during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> used cover names when they carried out sectarian attacks against civilians. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican">Republican</a> groups like the Provisional IRA and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> used front names like the <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reaction_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reaction Force">Catholic Reaction Force</a> and the People's Republican Army to claim responsibility for attacks on civilians,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Loyalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Loyalism">Loyalists</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defense_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Defense Association">Ulster Defense Association</a> used various front names such as the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Action_Force" title="Protestant Action Force">Protestant Action Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Freedom_Fighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Freedom Fighters">Ulster Freedom Fighters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Defenders" title="Red Hand Defenders">Red Hand Defenders</a> when they carried out attacks against civilians, most of which were aimed at Catholic civilians. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in Germany, the anti-Semitic and nationalist <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Consul" title="Organisation Consul">Organisation Consul</a> reportedly had a front company named the Bavarian Wood Products Company.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_front_organizations">Corporate front organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Corporate front organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell corporation</a></div> <p>Corporations from a wide variety of different industries, such as food, pharmaceutical and energy, set up front groups to advocate on their behalf. </p><p>Some pharmaceutical companies set up "patients' groups" as front organizations that pressure healthcare providers and legislators to adopt their products. For example, <a href="/wiki/Biogen" title="Biogen">Biogen</a> set up a campaign called <i>Action for Access</i>, which also claimed it was an independent organization and the voice of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> sufferers. People who visited the website and signed up for the campaign did not realise that these were not genuinely independent patient groups. </p><p>Over the past 15 years, increasing concerns about <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> have caused <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> to experience pressure from social movement activists to reduce the sugar content in its drinks. Although Coca-Cola has publicly promoted consumer engagement in healthy lifestyles with its campaigns such as '<a href="/wiki/Coming_Together_(advertisement)" title="Coming Together (advertisement)">Coming Together</a>', activists have also exposed that Coca-Cola has secretly funded <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">front groups or organizations that criticize social movement activists and legitimize controversial corporate activities</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Consumer_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Consumer Freedom">Center for Consumer Freedom</a> (CCF) and <a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Balance_Network" title="Global Energy Balance Network">Global Energy Balance Network</a> (GEBN) are two main groups that engage activists on behalf of Coca-Cola even though they were not intended to be publicly associated with Coca-Cola as a corporation. Research has revealed that the CCF, with a mission to "promote responsibility and protect <a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice" title="Consumer choice">consumer choices</a>", uses both verbal and visual strategies to articulate obesity as "personal responsibility" to protect the industry from corporate responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobacco companies frequently use front organizations and doctors to advocate their arguments about tobacco use although less openly and obviously than in the 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has charged that the tobacco industry funded seemingly-unbiased scientific organizations to undermine tobacco control measures and cited the <a href="/wiki/International_Life_Sciences_Institute" title="International Life Sciences Institute">International Life Sciences Institute</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way to combat public health measures against tobacco is to use lobbying and campaign contributions. For example, <a href="/wiki/R._J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company" title="R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company">RJ Reynolds</a>, the current second-largest tobacco company in the United States, created a front group named Get Government Off Our Back ("GGOOB") in 1994 to fight federal regulation of tobacco. By hiding its involvement with tobacco industry, GGOOB avoided the tobacco industry reputation for misrepresenting evidence and drew big supports from both public and legislative aspects, successfully resolving the threats from wide-reaching tobacco regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A list of some alleged corporate front groups active in the US is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Monitor" title="Multinational Monitor">Multinational Monitor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> are corporate front groups. These organizations present themselves as research organizations, using phrases such as "...Institute for Research" in their names. Because their names suggest neutrality, they can present the commercial strategies of the corporations which sponsor them in a way which appears to be objective <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economical</a> research rather than political lobbying. </p><p>Similarly the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a> has been criticised as a front organization for various industry bodies which seek to undermine regulation of their environmentally damaging activities under the guise of 'regulatory effectiveness'.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Astroturfing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></div> <p><i>Astroturfing</i>, a wordplay based on "<a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">grassroots</a>" efforts, is an American term used pejoratively to describe formal <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> projects which try to create the impression of a groundswell of spontaneous popular response to a politician, product, service, or event. Corporations have been known to "astroturf", but are not the only entities alleged to have done so. In recent years, organizations of plaintiffs' attorneys have established front groups such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victims_and_Families_United&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victims and Families United (page does not exist)">Victims and Families United</a> to oppose <a href="/wiki/Tort_reform_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tort reform in the United States">tort reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_of_influence" title="Agent of influence">Agent of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advocacy_groups" title="Category:Advocacy groups">Category:Advocacy groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Front_organizations" title="Category:Front organizations">Category:Front organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_and_deception" title="Denial and deception">Denial and deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">Dummy corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GONGO" class="mw-redirect" title="GONGO">GONGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Money loop">Money loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_bank" title="Offshore bank">Offshore bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racket (crime)">Racket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(UK,_1978)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978)">Revolutionary Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell company">Shell company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_man_(law)" title="Straw man (law)">Straw man (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawman argument">Strawman argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Terrorist front organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(humanities)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (humanities)">Transparency (humanities)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeary" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Leary" title="William M. Leary">Leary, William M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061220195609/https://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art7.html">"CIA Air Operations in Laos, 1955-1974 <i>Supporting the "Secret War"</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art7.html">the original</a> on December 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+Air+Operations+in+Laos%2C+1955-1974+Supporting+the+%22Secret+War%22&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fcsi%2Fstudies%2Fwinter99-00%2Fart7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span> From <i>Studies in Intelligence</i> (CIA), volume 43, number 1, winter 1999-2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, Thomas, "The Man Who Kept the Secrets : Richard Helms & the CIA", Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50777-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50777-0">0-394-50777-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe Davidson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/mediaculture/12840/">"I Am Not a CIA Agent"</a>. April 11, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Am+Not+a+CIA+Agent&rft.date=2002-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternet.org%2Fmediaculture%2F12840%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927023908/http://clinton6.nara.gov/1996/07/1996-07-17-press-briefing-by-mike-mccurry.html">"Press briefing by Mike McCurry"</a>. Clinton Presidential Materials Project. July 17, 1996. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+briefing+by+Mike+McCurry&rft.pub=Clinton+Presidential+Materials+Project&rft.date=1996-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclinton6.nara.gov%2F1996%2F07%2F1996-07-17-press-briefing-by-mike-mccurry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4262036">"Exclusive: Peace Corps, Fulbright Scholar Asked to 'Spy' on Cubans, Venezuelans"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. February 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Tattoo+parlour+allegedly+laundering+money+for+bikie+gang+seized+by+police&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-07-29%2Ftattoo-parlour-seized-by-act-police-as-criminal-asset%2F11358528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6297507/canberra-tattoo-parlour-shut-down-for-alleged-bikie-links-and-money-laundering/">"Canberra tattoo parlour shut down for alleged bikie links and money laundering"</a>. July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canberra+tattoo+parlour+shut+down+for+alleged+bikie+links+and+money+laundering&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F6297507%2Fcanberra-tattoo-parlour-shut-down-for-alleged-bikie-links-and-money-laundering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teclyne.com.br/its-been-an-odyssey-for-mandy/">"It's been an odyssey for Mandy"</a>. <i>teclyne.com</i>. September 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teclyne.com&rft.atitle=It%27s+been+an+odyssey+for+Mandy&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teclyne.com.br%2Fits-been-an-odyssey-for-mandy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stark-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stark_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkBainbridge1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Stark, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" title="William Sims Bainbridge">Bainbridge, William Sims</a> (1987). <i>A Theory of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820403563" title="Special:BookSources/0820403563"><bdi>0820403563</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2375931M">2375931M</a>. <q>We know many cult movements that maintain client services as front organizations facilitating recruitment to the sponsoring movement. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/south-africa/biological/">the original</a> on January 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NTI%3A+Nuclear+Threat+Initiative&rft.atitle=South+Africa+-+Country+Profiles+-+NTI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fsouth-africa%2Fbiological%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabctrc.saha.org.za/reports/volume2/chapter6/part4/subsection2.htm">"TRC Final Report - Department of Foreign Affairs"</a>. <i>SABC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SABC&rft.atitle=TRC+Final+Report+-+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabctrc.saha.org.za%2Freports%2Fvolume2%2Fchapter6%2Fpart4%2Fsubsection2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar79-84-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Staar79-84_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Felix Staar, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a></i>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p.79, p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar84-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Staar84_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Felix Staar, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a></i>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar80-81-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Staar80-81_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Felix Staar, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a></i>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p.80-81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar82-83-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Staar82-83_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Felix Staar, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a></i>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p.82-83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar86-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Staar86_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Felix Staar, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a></i>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p.86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar85-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Staar85_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Felix Staar, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a></i>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p.85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrienne Weller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialism.com/drupal-6.8/?q=node/974">Millions in the streets! ...and here come the redbaiters</a>, <i>Freedom Socialist</i>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a>, Vol. 24, No. 1, April–June 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellafante2018" class="citation news cs1">Bellafante, Ginia (May 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/24/nyregion/cuomos-so-called-womens-party.html">"Cuomo's So-Called Women's Party"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cuomo%27s+So-Called+Women%27s+Party&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.aulast=Bellafante&rft.aufirst=Ginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F24%2Fnyregion%2Fcuomos-so-called-womens-party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-white-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-white_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-white_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2005" class="citation book cs1">White, Stephen (2005). "The Political Parties". In White, Gitelman Sakwa (ed.). <i>Developments in Russian Politics</i>. Vol. 6. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3522-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3522-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-3522-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+Parties&rft.btitle=Developments+in+Russian+Politics&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3522-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moscow_2003,_page_574-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moscow_2003,_page_574_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moscow_2003,_page_574_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nikolaevich_Yakovlev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev">Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev</a> <i>Time of darkness</i>, Moscow, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85646-097-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-85646-097-9">5-85646-097-9</a>, page 574 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Яковлев А. Сумерки. Москва: Материк 2003 г.</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hale-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hale_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2010" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Henry E. (2010). "Russia's political parties and their substitutes". In White, Stephen (ed.). <i>Developments in Russian Politics 7</i>. 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Central Intelligence Agency. May 1957. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78-00915R000600210003-9.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Front+in+Communist+China&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1957-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP78-00915R000600210003-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Brady" title="Anne-Marie Brady">Brady, Anne-Marie</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/article/magic_weapons.pdf">"Magic Weapons: China's political influence activities under Xi Jinping"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197812164">197812164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magic+Weapons%3A+China%27s+political+influence+activities+under+Xi+Jinping&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197812164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Farticle%2Fmagic_weapons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroot2016" class="citation cs2">Groot, Gerry (September 19, 2016), Davies, Gloria; Goldkorn, Jeremy; Tomba, Luigi (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2095/pdf/ch04_forum_groot.pdf">"The Expansion of the United Front Under Xi Jinping"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution</i> (1st ed.), ANU Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2Fcsy.09.2016.04a">10.22459/csy.09.2016.04a</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-068-6"><bdi>978-1-76046-068-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Story+Yearbook+2015%3A+Pollution&rft.atitle=The+Expansion+of+the+United+Front+Under+Xi+Jinping&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2Fcsy.09.2016.04a&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-068-6&rft.aulast=Groot&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fn2095%2Fpdf%2Fch04_forum_groot.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroot2019" class="citation web cs1">Groot, Gerry (September 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinopsis.cz/en/the-ccps-grand-united-front-abroad/">"The CCP's Grand United Front abroad"</a>. <i>Sinopsis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Big Food and the Body Politics of Personal Responsibility". <i>Southern Communication Journal</i>. <b>74</b> (1): 2–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10417940802360829">10.1080/10417940802360829</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1041-794X">1041-794X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144072818">144072818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Communication+Journal&rft.atitle=Big+Food+and+the+Body+Politics+of+Personal+Responsibility&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-17&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144072818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1041-794X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10417940802360829&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Morrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040718070821/http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/ILSI.pdf">"The Tobacco Industry and Scientific Groups: ILSI A Case Study (WHO)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>who.int</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/ILSI.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 18, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=who.int&rft.atitle=The+Tobacco+Industry+and+Scientific+Groups%3A+ILSI+A+Case+Study+%28WHO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftobacco%2Fmedia%2Fen%2FILSI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApollonioBero2007" class="citation journal cs1">Apollonio, Dorie E.; Bero, Lisa A. (March 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1805008">"The Creation of Industry Front Groups: The Tobacco Industry and "Get Government Off Our Back"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>97</b> (3): 419–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2005.081117">10.2105/AJPH.2005.081117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036">0090-0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1805008">1805008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17267719">17267719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+Industry+Front+Groups%3A+The+Tobacco+Industry+and+%22Get+Government+Off+Our+Back%22&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=419-427&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1805008%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0090-0036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17267719&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2005.081117&rft.aulast=Apollonio&rft.aufirst=Dorie+E.&rft.au=Bero%2C+Lisa+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1805008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multinationalmonitor.org/links/scat.php?scat_id=12">Corporate Front Groups and Corporate-Backed Groups</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908161844/http://multinationalmonitor.org/links/scat.php?scat_id=12">Archived</a> 2015-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Multinational Monitor Links Page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Mooney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html">Paralysis by Analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131200819/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html">Archived</a> January 31, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Monthly">The Washington Monthly</a>, May 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pointoflaw.com/archives/001269.php">Astroturf in the liability wars</a>, PointofLaw.com (sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Institute">Manhattan Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>), July 1, 2005</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_organization&action=edit&section=20" 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