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For this project, Benesch teamed up with Media Focus on Africa (MFA) and the cast and crew of a Kenyan television comedy drama series, Vioja Mahakamani, to “inoculate” audiences against inciting speech, and make them more skeptical of it, by increasing understanding of what constitutes incitement to violence, the psychology behind incitement that helps prepare groups of people to condone or even take part in violence, and its consequences."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Testing a media intervention in Kenya: Vioja Mahakamani, dangerous speech, and the Benesch guidelines","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [14252144]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":48676076,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Testing a media intervention in Kenya: Vioja Mahakamani, dangerous speech, and the Benesch guidelines”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48676076/mini_magick20220702-5658-1muvl29.png?1656778520" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Testing a media intervention in Kenya: Vioja Mahakamani, dangerous speech, and the Benesch guidelines</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14252144" href="https://temple.academia.edu/LaurenKogen"><img alt="Profile image of Lauren Kogen" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/14252144/3906173/32559796/s65_lauren.kogen.jpg" />Lauren Kogen</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">30 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 28343021; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=28343021"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This evaluation was commissioned by Susan Benesch, Faculty Associate at the Berkman Center and Director of the Dangerous Speech Project, as part of a grant from the Fetzer Institute. For this project, Benesch teamed up with Media Focus on Africa (MFA) and the cast and crew of a Kenyan television comedy drama series, Vioja Mahakamani, to “inoculate” audiences against inciting speech, and make them more skeptical of it, by increasing understanding of what constitutes incitement to violence, the psychology behind incitement that helps prepare groups of people to condone or even take part in violence, and its consequences.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":48676076,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/28343021/Testing_a_media_intervention_in_Kenya_Vioja_Mahakamani_dangerous_speech_and_the_Benesch_guidelines"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":48676076,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/28343021/Testing_a_media_intervention_in_Kenya_Vioja_Mahakamani_dangerous_speech_and_the_Benesch_guidelines"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="48676076" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/28343021/Testing_a_media_intervention_in_Kenya_Vioja_Mahakamani_dangerous_speech_and_the_Benesch_guidelines" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="105419118" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105419118/Testing_a_Media_Intervention_in_Kenya_u3cem_u3eVioja_Mahakamani_u3c_em_u3e_Dangerous_Speech_and_the_Benesch_Guidelines">Testing a Media Intervention in Kenya: \u3cem\u3eVioja Mahakamani\u3c/em\u3e, Dangerous Speech, and the Benesch Guidelines</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14252144" href="https://temple.academia.edu/LaurenKogen">Lauren Kogen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Susan Benesch, human rights scholar, genocide prevention fellow at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, and faculty associate at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, has, over the last several years, developed an analytical framework for identifying ‘dangerous speech’ that catalyzes violence (Benesch, 2008; 2013). According to Benesch, “hate speech” is a vague term that encompasses many forms of speech, only some of which may catalyze violence under certain circumstances. By creating a set of guidelines “for monitoring speech and evaluating its dangerousness, i.e., the capacity to catalyze violence by one group against another,” Benesch aims to inform policies that reduce incitement to violence through speech while protecting free speech (Benesch, 2013). Among questions about these ambitious guidelines were how they could be used to make audiences more skeptical of incitement and therefore less likely to succumb to it. In the summer of 2012, Benesch teamed...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Testing a Media Intervention in Kenya: \\u3cem\\u3eVioja Mahakamani\\u3c/em\\u3e, Dangerous Speech, and the Benesch Guidelines","attachmentId":104879461,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105419118/Testing_a_Media_Intervention_in_Kenya_u3cem_u3eVioja_Mahakamani_u3c_em_u3e_Dangerous_Speech_and_the_Benesch_Guidelines","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105419118/Testing_a_Media_Intervention_in_Kenya_u3cem_u3eVioja_Mahakamani_u3c_em_u3e_Dangerous_Speech_and_the_Benesch_Guidelines"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="73755333" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73755333/Violence_hate_speech_and_inflammatory_broadcasting_in_Kenya_The_problems_of_definition_and_identification">Violence, hate speech and inflammatory broadcasting in Kenya: The problems of definition and identification</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23964361" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KeithSomerville">Keith Somerville</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Violence, hate speech and inflammatory broadcasting in Kenya: The problems of definition and identification","attachmentId":83835437,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73755333/Violence_hate_speech_and_inflammatory_broadcasting_in_Kenya_The_problems_of_definition_and_identification","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73755333/Violence_hate_speech_and_inflammatory_broadcasting_in_Kenya_The_problems_of_definition_and_identification"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="92321661" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92321661/Use_of_Contemporary_Broadcast_Media_in_De_escalating_Intra_communal_Violence_among_the_Abakuria_in_Kenya">Use of Contemporary Broadcast Media in De-escalating Intra-communal Violence among the Abakuria in Kenya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="204531125" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnOluoch6">John Oluoch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New media and mass communication, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The rapid growth in the vernacular broadcast media sector in Kenya has been lauded as key in the social and economic transformation of the rural communities. However, how they can be used in conflict management still remains datable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contemporary vernacular media intervention in the Abakuria community which has been prone to internecine intra-ethnic conflicts for a long time. The study analysed sources of information from broadcast media and their role in conflict resolution; evaluated the existing media reportage of intra-ethnic conflict; identified shortfalls in the usage of existing broadcast media platforms for resolving ethnic conflict and assessed the suitability of vernacular broadcast media in resolution of intra-ethnic conflict among the Abakuria community. The study used libertarian and social responsibility theories to advance understanding of the media in enhancing conflict management. It used a mixture of survey and qualitative ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Use of Contemporary Broadcast Media in De-escalating Intra-communal Violence among the Abakuria in Kenya","attachmentId":95361003,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92321661/Use_of_Contemporary_Broadcast_Media_in_De_escalating_Intra_communal_Violence_among_the_Abakuria_in_Kenya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92321661/Use_of_Contemporary_Broadcast_Media_in_De_escalating_Intra_communal_Violence_among_the_Abakuria_in_Kenya"><span 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class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="6173939" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6173939/HATE_SPEECH_LAW_AND_MEDIA_EFFECT_IN_KENYA">HATE SPEECH LAW AND MEDIA EFFECT IN KENYA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4199561" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CamillaMusyoka">Camilla Musyoka</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"HATE SPEECH LAW AND MEDIA EFFECT IN KENYA","attachmentId":33058857,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6173939/HATE_SPEECH_LAW_AND_MEDIA_EFFECT_IN_KENYA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6173939/HATE_SPEECH_LAW_AND_MEDIA_EFFECT_IN_KENYA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="27761505" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27761505/Digitized_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_Understanding_Effects_of_Digital_Media_Hate_Speech_on_Citizen_Journalism_in_Kenya">Digitized Ethnic Hate Speech: Understanding Effects of Digital Media Hate Speech on Citizen Journalism in Kenya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29293245" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KimothoStephen">Stephen G Kimotho</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ethnicity in Kenya permeates all spheres of life. However, it is in politics that ethnicity is most visible. Election time in Kenya often leads to ethnic competition and hatred, often expressed through various media. Ethnic hate speech characterized the 2007 general elections in party rallies and through text messages, emails, posters and leaflets. This resulted in widespread skirmishes that left over 1200 people dead, and many displaced (KNHRC, 2008). In 2013, however, the new battle zone was the war of words on social media platform. More than any other time in Kenyan history, Kenyans poured vitriolic ethnic hate speech through digital media like Facebook, tweeter and blogs. Although scholars have studied the role and effects of the mainstream media like television and radio in proliferating the ethnic hate speech in Kenya (Michael Chege, 2008; Goldstein & Rotich, 2008a; Ismail & Deane, 2008; Jacqueline Klopp & Prisca Kamungi, 2007), little has been done in regard to social media. This paper investigated the nature of digitized hate speech by: describing the forms of ethnic hate speech on social media in Kenya; the effects of ethnic hate speech on Kenyan's perception of ethnic entities; ethnic conflict and ethics of citizen journalism. This study adopted a descriptive interpretive design, and utilized Austin's Speech Act Theory, which explains use of language to achieve desired purposes and direct behaviour (Tarhom & Miracle, 2013). Content published between January and April 2013 from six purposefully identified blogs was analysed. Questionnaires were used to collect data from university students as they form a good sample of Kenyan population, are most active on social media and are drawn from all parts of the country. Qualitative data were analysed using NVIVO 10 software, while responses from the questionnaire were analysed using IBM SPSS version 21. The findings indicated that Facebook and Twitter were the main platforms used to express ethnic hatred. Hate speech incited hatred and conflict for political gain. Ethical issues raised included moral subordination and incivility.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Digitized Ethnic Hate Speech: Understanding Effects of Digital Media Hate Speech on Citizen Journalism in Kenya","attachmentId":48038272,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27761505/Digitized_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_Understanding_Effects_of_Digital_Media_Hate_Speech_on_Citizen_Journalism_in_Kenya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27761505/Digitized_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_Understanding_Effects_of_Digital_Media_Hate_Speech_on_Citizen_Journalism_in_Kenya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="79531529" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79531529/Evaluating_the_Contemporary_Vernacular_Broadcast_Media_Intervention_in_Communities_Prone_to_Intra_Ethnic_Conflict_in_Kenya_A_Case_of_the_Abakuria">Evaluating the Contemporary Vernacular Broadcast Media Intervention in Communities Prone to Intra-Ethnic Conflict in Kenya: A Case of the Abakuria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47094135" href="https://independent.academia.edu/johnoluoch">john oluoch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New media and mass communication, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The media can be used as an instrument to build as well as to destroy order, harmony and social coexistence in the human society. This study has tried to establish the inherent nature of social conflict and crises in human society as well as the significant role of the media and communication in forming and shaping individual or group perception of events or issues, as well as enhancing human interaction. It also perspectivizes the nature of violence and turmoil to the wellbeing of humanity. Vital roles of the media and the various conflict management apparatus like arbitration, collaboration, mediation, negotiation and reconciliation among other measures put in place to avert or control the recurrent violent conflict among the Abakuria community have also been highlighted. Keywords: intra-ethnic conflict, conflict resolution, vernacular broadcast media, Abakuria</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluating the Contemporary Vernacular Broadcast Media Intervention in Communities Prone to Intra-Ethnic Conflict in Kenya: A Case of the Abakuria","attachmentId":86214997,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79531529/Evaluating_the_Contemporary_Vernacular_Broadcast_Media_Intervention_in_Communities_Prone_to_Intra_Ethnic_Conflict_in_Kenya_A_Case_of_the_Abakuria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79531529/Evaluating_the_Contemporary_Vernacular_Broadcast_Media_Intervention_in_Communities_Prone_to_Intra_Ethnic_Conflict_in_Kenya_A_Case_of_the_Abakuria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="30830084" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30830084/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION_EXPLORING_THE_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_HATE_SPEECH_LEGISLATION_IN_KENYA">FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HATE SPEECH LEGISLATION IN KENYA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10654497" href="https://kenyatta.academia.edu/VictorMaobe">Victor Maobe</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HATE SPEECH LEGISLATION IN KENYA","attachmentId":56891350,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30830084/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION_EXPLORING_THE_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_HATE_SPEECH_LEGISLATION_IN_KENYA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30830084/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION_EXPLORING_THE_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_HATE_SPEECH_LEGISLATION_IN_KENYA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="92321672" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92321672/Perspectivizing_Vernacular_Broadcast_Media_Intervention_in_Stemming_Intra_Ethnic_Conflict_in_Kenya_A_Case_of_the_Abakuria">Perspectivizing Vernacular Broadcast Media Intervention in Stemming Intra-Ethnic Conflict in Kenya: A Case of the Abakuria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="204531125" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnOluoch6">John Oluoch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New media and mass communication, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The media can be used as an instrument to build as well as to destroy order, harmony and social coexistence in the human society. This study has tried to establish the inherent nature of social conflict and crises in human society as well as the significant role of the media and communication in forming and shaping individual or group perception of events or issues, as well as enhancing human interaction. It also perspectivizes the nature of violence and turmoil to the wellbeing of humanity. Vital roles of the media and the various conflict management apparatus like arbitration, collaboration, mediation, negotiation and reconciliation among other measures put in place to avert or control the recurrent violent conflict among the Abakuria community have also been highlighted. Keywords: intra-ethnic conflict, conflict resolution, vernacular broadcast media, Abakuria</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Perspectivizing Vernacular Broadcast Media Intervention in Stemming Intra-Ethnic Conflict in Kenya: A Case of the Abakuria","attachmentId":95361010,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92321672/Perspectivizing_Vernacular_Broadcast_Media_Intervention_in_Stemming_Intra_Ethnic_Conflict_in_Kenya_A_Case_of_the_Abakuria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92321672/Perspectivizing_Vernacular_Broadcast_Media_Intervention_in_Stemming_Intra_Ethnic_Conflict_in_Kenya_A_Case_of_the_Abakuria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="120392027" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120392027/Children_and_Television_The_Looming_Media_Effect_in_Kenya">Children and Television: The Looming Media Effect in Kenya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="297969876" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoyceAgalo">Joyce Agalo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN HUMANITIES, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The debate on children&#39;s behavior as competent television viewers and also cultural viewers today continues unabated in research. In the developed world, much of research has focused on the effects of television exposure on children&#39;s behavior and attitude formation. Other researches however, focused on effects on cognition. Yet the African child has been left out in such researches that continue to be conducted in developed world. Indeed, media research in Africa may not be meaningful without giving regard to Africanity among the children. This gives an open window through which one sees the peculiarities of the local culture in which African children grow as they get exposed to the media. While a number of Kenyan narratives celebrate the virtues of television including the discourses on coverage of the infamous terrorist attack in West Gate Shopping Mall in Nairobi, 21st September,2013,it appears that the role of television in Kenyan society is catapulting into political d...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Children and Television: The Looming Media Effect in Kenya","attachmentId":115556648,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120392027/Children_and_Television_The_Looming_Media_Effect_in_Kenya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120392027/Children_and_Television_The_Looming_Media_Effect_in_Kenya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48676076,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48676076,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_48676076" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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