CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="7P6YbdqwUsZqnUpaufiYnJM2Ha7+UMJjrB3GMNn0BMQGGK84anYIKcoa149IecL4X7IhNyDb3YWHMMl9oECmDQ==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Beckie Kiai" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/92213429/Factors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/32559562/14321016/15259779/s200_beckie.kiai.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/92213429/Factors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/BeckieKiai" /> <meta name="description" content="Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers" /> <title>(PDF) Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers | Beckie Kiai - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/92213429/Factors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9387f500ddcbb8d05c67bef28a2fe0334f1aafb8'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733009123000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733009123000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":null,"author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Beckie Kiai"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-12-05","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2015-01-01","headline":"Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Political Science","Kenya","Control Management"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/92213429/Factors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "a107e74bee2fa23d65cc90e4401a338e75c4b5085c4d4aec1d3cfbc1a5aa45bb", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="OcVcvLEARbLwH1KEuqdfErPS6bMxUOC8Kz2F0OuE+W/TI2vpAcYfXVCYz1FLJgV2f1bVKu/b/1oAEIqdkjBbpg==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/92213429/Factors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="fVmHSjs4uVWEExd58kum471r+6fDw4XbmIysWIGRVeKXv7Afi/7juiSUiqwDyvyHce/HPh1Imj2zoaMV+CX3Kw==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-86832e264efa375cdd3fa5979579c95643bf6a5c1b20c95ec7a98005fcb4b9a4.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 32559562; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F92213429%2FFactors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F92213429%2FFactors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":95281909,"identifier":"Attachment_95281909","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":92213429,"created_at":"2022-12-05T01:37:27.687-08:00","from_world_paper_id":222023590,"updated_at":"2024-11-25T14:46:08.186-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"This project is dedicated to my parents Isaac and Linah Kiai for their love and endless support in all my academic endeavours and to my siblings Ruth, Newton, Moses and Thomas for the push to always be a role model. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to sincerely appreciate the staff of University of Nairobi Nakuru Campus, all my lecturers and fellow classmates for the support received in the cause of this academic journey. I am particularly grateful to my supervisor Mr Mumo Mueke for his guidance while putting together this project, the encouragement, patience and inspiration. A special gratitude goes to Mr Leboo Leyiaro for always being there to listen and discuss my ideas with regards to this project. It is through her valued support that enabled me to come up with a successful project. This research wouldn't be successful were it not for the respondents to the study's questionnaire. Hence am thankful to all respondents of the Bloggers Association of Kenya (BAKE) for the valuable information they gave during the research process v TABLE OF CONTENTS","publication_date":"2015,,","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"95281909"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [32559562]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":95281909,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/95281909/mini_magick20221205-1-1a8xvz5.png?1670233650" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Factors affecting hate speech control for peace building in Kenyan social media. A case of Kenyan bloggers</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32559562" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BeckieKiai"><img alt="Profile image of Beckie Kiai" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/32559562/14321016/15259779/s65_beckie.kiai.jpg" />Beckie Kiai</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">81 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 92213429; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=92213429"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":95281909,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/92213429/Factors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":95281909,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/92213429/Factors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="95281909" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/92213429/Factors_affecting_hate_speech_control_for_peace_building_in_Kenyan_social_media_A_case_of_Kenyan_bloggers" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="27761505" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27761505/Digitized_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_Understanding_Effects_of_Digital_Media_Hate_Speech_on_Citizen_Journalism_in_Kenya">Digitized Ethnic Hate Speech: Understanding Effects of Digital Media Hate Speech on Citizen Journalism in Kenya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29293245" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KimothoStephen">Stephen G Kimotho</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ethnicity in Kenya permeates all spheres of life. However, it is in politics that ethnicity is most visible. Election time in Kenya often leads to ethnic competition and hatred, often expressed through various media. Ethnic hate speech characterized the 2007 general elections in party rallies and through text messages, emails, posters and leaflets. This resulted in widespread skirmishes that left over 1200 people dead, and many displaced (KNHRC, 2008). In 2013, however, the new battle zone was the war of words on social media platform. More than any other time in Kenyan history, Kenyans poured vitriolic ethnic hate speech through digital media like Facebook, tweeter and blogs. Although scholars have studied the role and effects of the mainstream media like television and radio in proliferating the ethnic hate speech in Kenya (Michael Chege, 2008; Goldstein & Rotich, 2008a; Ismail & Deane, 2008; Jacqueline Klopp & Prisca Kamungi, 2007), little has been done in regard to social media. This paper investigated the nature of digitized hate speech by: describing the forms of ethnic hate speech on social media in Kenya; the effects of ethnic hate speech on Kenyan's perception of ethnic entities; ethnic conflict and ethics of citizen journalism. This study adopted a descriptive interpretive design, and utilized Austin's Speech Act Theory, which explains use of language to achieve desired purposes and direct behaviour (Tarhom & Miracle, 2013). Content published between January and April 2013 from six purposefully identified blogs was analysed. Questionnaires were used to collect data from university students as they form a good sample of Kenyan population, are most active on social media and are drawn from all parts of the country. Qualitative data were analysed using NVIVO 10 software, while responses from the questionnaire were analysed using IBM SPSS version 21. The findings indicated that Facebook and Twitter were the main platforms used to express ethnic hatred. Hate speech incited hatred and conflict for political gain. Ethical issues raised included moral subordination and incivility.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Digitized Ethnic Hate Speech: Understanding Effects of Digital Media Hate Speech on Citizen Journalism in Kenya","attachmentId":48038272,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27761505/Digitized_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_Understanding_Effects_of_Digital_Media_Hate_Speech_on_Citizen_Journalism_in_Kenya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27761505/Digitized_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_Understanding_Effects_of_Digital_Media_Hate_Speech_on_Citizen_Journalism_in_Kenya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="67202777" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67202777/Hate_Content_on_Kenyan_Social_Media_Space_How_the_Social_Media_is_Propagating_the_Spread_of_Hate_Messages_in_Kenya">Hate Content on Kenyan Social Media Space: How the Social Media is Propagating the Spread of Hate Messages in Kenya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="132090894" href="https://mmust.academia.edu/JohnKirimiMraiji">John Kirimi M'raiji</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Media, Journalism and Mass Communications, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Over Time, assertions have been rife in many spheres on what constitutes hate messages. Developing countries especially in Africa have been hard hit with violence and uprisings in the recent past to what could be blames to such. However, what can be drawn and asserted to lead to advocacy of national, ethnicity, racial or and religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, prohibited by Article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) often precedes mass atrocities like genocide, civil wars, mass and forceful displacements of populations and war (ICCPR, 1966).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hate Content on Kenyan Social Media Space: How the Social Media is Propagating the Spread of Hate Messages in Kenya","attachmentId":78108375,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67202777/Hate_Content_on_Kenyan_Social_Media_Space_How_the_Social_Media_is_Propagating_the_Spread_of_Hate_Messages_in_Kenya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67202777/Hate_Content_on_Kenyan_Social_Media_Space_How_the_Social_Media_is_Propagating_the_Spread_of_Hate_Messages_in_Kenya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="7396058" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7396058/Peaceful_or_Violent_Online_hate_speech_during_Kenya_s_general_elections_2013">Peaceful or Violent? Online hate speech during Kenya’s general elections 2013</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9970760" href="https://birmingham.academia.edu/FreyjaOddsd%C3%B3ttir">Freyja Oddsdóttir</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper explores the dynamics of electoral violence in Kenya through a comparative study of the 2007 and 2013 election periods. While the most recent general elections in March 2013 have been widely regarded as peaceful in comparison to the 2007/8 post-election violence, this article will draw on data from interviews with civil society actors in arguing that the 2013 elections cannot be considered peaceful, but that the previously physical violence took on the form of online hate speech. In building this argument, this paper analyses online hate speech, self-censorship of the Kenyan media during the election period from 2012 to 2013, as well as the weaknesses of the reconciliation processes put in place after the 2008 post-election violence. It finds that online hate speech has been prominent during the campaign period of the 2013 elections, and that while a truth commission has been established, its members and work remain highly controversial. Long-standing grievances due to unequal access to public goods, political power and uneven government expenditure have not been dealt with adequately. Structural violence is still present, manifested in competition for political power, ethnic tensions and vulnerability to violent conflict. Security forces have repeatedly failed to act upon receiving early warning signs of conflict in the past, and a gap remains between intelligence on potential outbreak of conflict and action of security forces. The paper concludes that without outlets that allow for discussion on contentious issues, online hate speech and threats of violence will continue to thrive in online forums. Coupled with controversial reconciliation processes and continued structural violence, online hate speech in Kenya provides insight into an unresolved conflict and continued grievances, indicating continued vulnerability to violent conflict. The case of Kenya indicates that while online hate speech cannot be relied on solely to predict physical violence, it can provide insight into the conversations the public may be having offline. Such information is likely to be valuable for conflict early warning and response mechanisms, as well as conflict mapping. This also raises questions on how to engage with online forums in conflict-sensitive environment. While Kenyan authorities have chosen to outlaw hate speech and prosecute those who participate in spreading dangerous speech online, the challenge ahead lies in treading the fine line between censoring vs. allowing hate speech, and how to allow for public debates on contentious issues without fearing that violence will be triggered.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Peaceful or Violent? Online hate speech during Kenya’s general elections 2013","attachmentId":33986984,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7396058/Peaceful_or_Violent_Online_hate_speech_during_Kenya_s_general_elections_2013","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7396058/Peaceful_or_Violent_Online_hate_speech_during_Kenya_s_general_elections_2013"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="7305771" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7305771/Social_Media_Ethnic_hatred_and_Peace_Journalism_Case_of_Twitter_and_FaceBook_use_in_Kenya">Social Media, Ethnic hatred and Peace Journalism: Case of Twitter and FaceBook use in Kenya.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7769019" href="https://kabarak.academia.edu/MichaelMNdonye">Dr. Michael M . Ndonye, BA, MA(MJAC), PhD.</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social Media, Ethnic hatred and Peace Journalism: Case of Twitter and FaceBook use in Kenya.","attachmentId":34128642,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7305771/Social_Media_Ethnic_hatred_and_Peace_Journalism_Case_of_Twitter_and_FaceBook_use_in_Kenya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7305771/Social_Media_Ethnic_hatred_and_Peace_Journalism_Case_of_Twitter_and_FaceBook_use_in_Kenya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37293543" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37293543/Social_Media_and_Hate_Speech_Analysis_of_Comments_on_Biafra_Agitations_Nigeria_MCC_Vol_2_No_1_Article_04_pdf">Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23429637" href="https://nsuk.academia.edu/AhmadMuhammadAuwal">Ahmad Muhammad Auwal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Social media has been adjudged an innovation which can be utilized to propel socioeconomic and political transformations in the modern society. Given the liberty in access and use of social media, Nigerians have in recent times, put to use the platform to express their views on national issues. Recent occurrences have revealed that the use of vile and hateful comments dominate the discourse among Nigerians on the social media space, particularly Facebook. This development indicates the potentials of social media to pose serious threats to peaceful coexistence through the proliferation of hate comments. This paper examines users' comments on Biafra agitations and the Arewa youths' ultimatum to Igbo residents in the North, with a focus on the Facebook accounts of selected media organisations. The critical discourse analysis approach was employed to explore the tone of comments (that attack or express support for a particular ethnic or religious group, and those that attack the personality of the president based on his regional and ethnic affiliations) and their implications on peaceful coexistence in Nigeria. Findings reveal that users were polarised along regional and religious lines in their comments, posting negative and injurious comments capable of turning the nation against itself. This is attributed to the ubiquitous nature of social media, making it possible for users to anonymously read contents and react with derogatory comments that insult or ridicule the ethnic, political, regional and religious affiliations of the diverse population of the country. Thus, there is the need for an articulate policy framework to moderate what goes on in the social media, to counter the negative effects of the platform on peaceful coexistence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf","attachmentId":57248974,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37293543/Social_Media_and_Hate_Speech_Analysis_of_Comments_on_Biafra_Agitations_Nigeria_MCC_Vol_2_No_1_Article_04_pdf","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37293543/Social_Media_and_Hate_Speech_Analysis_of_Comments_on_Biafra_Agitations_Nigeria_MCC_Vol_2_No_1_Article_04_pdf"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="88584408" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88584408/Analysis_of_Hate_Speech_in_Promoting_Inter_Ethnic_Conflict_in_Nairobi_County_and_Uasin_Gishu_County_After_General_Elections_In_2007_8_In_Kenya">Analysis of Hate Speech in Promoting Inter-Ethnic Conflict in Nairobi County and Uasin Gishu County After General Elections In 2007/8 In Kenya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6174702" href="https://kenyattauniversity.academia.edu/charlesobulutsa">charles obulutsa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Analysis of Hate Speech in Promoting Inter-Ethnic Conflict in Nairobi County and Uasin Gishu County After General Elections In 2007/8 In Kenya","attachmentId":92600168,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88584408/Analysis_of_Hate_Speech_in_Promoting_Inter_Ethnic_Conflict_in_Nairobi_County_and_Uasin_Gishu_County_After_General_Elections_In_2007_8_In_Kenya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88584408/Analysis_of_Hate_Speech_in_Promoting_Inter_Ethnic_Conflict_in_Nairobi_County_and_Uasin_Gishu_County_After_General_Elections_In_2007_8_In_Kenya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="30830084" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30830084/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION_EXPLORING_THE_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_HATE_SPEECH_LEGISLATION_IN_KENYA">FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HATE SPEECH LEGISLATION IN KENYA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10654497" href="https://kenyatta.academia.edu/VictorMaobe">Victor Maobe</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HATE SPEECH LEGISLATION IN KENYA","attachmentId":56891350,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30830084/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION_EXPLORING_THE_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_HATE_SPEECH_LEGISLATION_IN_KENYA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30830084/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION_EXPLORING_THE_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_HATE_SPEECH_LEGISLATION_IN_KENYA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="6173939" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6173939/HATE_SPEECH_LAW_AND_MEDIA_EFFECT_IN_KENYA">HATE SPEECH LAW AND MEDIA EFFECT IN KENYA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4199561" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CamillaMusyoka">Camilla Musyoka</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"HATE SPEECH LAW AND MEDIA EFFECT IN KENYA","attachmentId":33058857,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6173939/HATE_SPEECH_LAW_AND_MEDIA_EFFECT_IN_KENYA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6173939/HATE_SPEECH_LAW_AND_MEDIA_EFFECT_IN_KENYA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="90685146" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90685146/Social_and_Emotional_Influence_of_Hate_Related_Speeches_in_Social_Media_on_Intra_Muslims_Conflict_in_Northern_Nigeria_Implications_for_Conflict_Resolution">Social and Emotional Influence of Hate-Related Speeches in Social Media on Intra-Muslims Conflict in Northern Nigeria: Implications for Conflict Resolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51517307" href="https://fugus.academia.edu/AbuUbaidaSani">Abu-Ubaida Sani</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social and Emotional Influence of Hate-Related Speeches in Social Media on Intra-Muslims Conflict in Northern Nigeria: Implications for Conflict Resolution","attachmentId":94179306,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90685146/Social_and_Emotional_Influence_of_Hate_Related_Speeches_in_Social_Media_on_Intra_Muslims_Conflict_in_Northern_Nigeria_Implications_for_Conflict_Resolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90685146/Social_and_Emotional_Influence_of_Hate_Related_Speeches_in_Social_Media_on_Intra_Muslims_Conflict_in_Northern_Nigeria_Implications_for_Conflict_Resolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="54008122" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54008122/The_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_was_Networked_What_Social_Media_Online_Political_Discussions_Reveal_about_the_2013_General_Elections_in_Kenya_El_discurso_%C3%A9tnico_del_odio_se_difundi%C3%B3_por_las_redes_An%C3%A1lisis_de_las_discusiones_pol%C3%ADticas_en_las_redes_sociales_dur">The Ethnic Hate Speech was Networked: What Social Media Online Political Discussions Reveal about the 2013 General Elections in Kenya / El discurso étnico del odio se difundió por las redes. Análisis de las discusiones políticas en las redes sociales dur</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80563098" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mwendeMaweu">mwende Maweu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Index Comunicacion Revista Cientifica En El Ambito De La Comunicacion Aplicada, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ethnic Hate Speech was Networked: What Social Media Online Political Discussions Reveal about the 2013 General Elections in Kenya / El discurso étnico del odio se difundió por las redes. Análisis de las discusiones políticas en las redes sociales dur","attachmentId":70579688,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54008122/The_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_was_Networked_What_Social_Media_Online_Political_Discussions_Reveal_about_the_2013_General_Elections_in_Kenya_El_discurso_%C3%A9tnico_del_odio_se_difundi%C3%B3_por_las_redes_An%C3%A1lisis_de_las_discusiones_pol%C3%ADticas_en_las_redes_sociales_dur","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54008122/The_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_was_Networked_What_Social_Media_Online_Political_Discussions_Reveal_about_the_2013_General_Elections_in_Kenya_El_discurso_%C3%A9tnico_del_odio_se_difundi%C3%B3_por_las_redes_An%C3%A1lisis_de_las_discusiones_pol%C3%ADticas_en_las_redes_sociales_dur"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":95281909,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":95281909,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_95281909" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="48956245" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48956245/SOCIAL_MEDIA_AND_HATE_SPEECH_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_SOCIO_POLITICAL_STABILITY_IN_RIVERS_STATE">SOCIAL MEDIA AND HATE SPEECH IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIO-POLITICAL STABILITY IN RIVERS STATE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="792106" href="https://obonguniversity.academia.edu/WilliamsAbomayeNimeniboPhD">Williams Abomaye-Nimenibo PhD</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: F Political Science , 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SOCIAL MEDIA AND HATE SPEECH IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIO-POLITICAL STABILITY IN RIVERS STATE","attachmentId":67352224,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48956245/SOCIAL_MEDIA_AND_HATE_SPEECH_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_SOCIO_POLITICAL_STABILITY_IN_RIVERS_STATE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48956245/SOCIAL_MEDIA_AND_HATE_SPEECH_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_SOCIO_POLITICAL_STABILITY_IN_RIVERS_STATE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="73755333" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73755333/Violence_hate_speech_and_inflammatory_broadcasting_in_Kenya_The_problems_of_definition_and_identification">Violence, hate speech and inflammatory broadcasting in Kenya: The problems of definition and identification</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23964361" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KeithSomerville">Keith Somerville</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Violence, hate speech and inflammatory broadcasting in Kenya: The problems of definition and identification","attachmentId":83835437,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73755333/Violence_hate_speech_and_inflammatory_broadcasting_in_Kenya_The_problems_of_definition_and_identification","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73755333/Violence_hate_speech_and_inflammatory_broadcasting_in_Kenya_The_problems_of_definition_and_identification"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="123591993" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123591993/PRAGMATIC_ANALYSIS_OF_HATE_RHETORIC_ON_SELECTED_SOCIAL_MEDIA_PLATFORMS_IN_NIGERIA">PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HATE RHETORIC ON SELECTED SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS IN NIGERIA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57285225" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbiodunAyeni1">Abiodun C . Ayeni</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PH.D. THESIS, 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HATE RHETORIC ON SELECTED SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS IN NIGERIA","attachmentId":117988568,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123591993/PRAGMATIC_ANALYSIS_OF_HATE_RHETORIC_ON_SELECTED_SOCIAL_MEDIA_PLATFORMS_IN_NIGERIA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123591993/PRAGMATIC_ANALYSIS_OF_HATE_RHETORIC_ON_SELECTED_SOCIAL_MEDIA_PLATFORMS_IN_NIGERIA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="72053466" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72053466/The_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_was_Networked_What_Social_Media_Political_Discussions_Reveal_about_the_2013_General_Elections_in_Kenya_">The Ethnic Hate Speech was Networked: What Social Media Political Discussions Reveal about the 2013 General Elections in Kenya’</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80563098" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mwendeMaweu">mwende Maweu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ethnic Hate Speech was Networked: What Social Media Political Discussions Reveal about the 2013 General Elections in Kenya’","attachmentId":81139377,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72053466/The_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_was_Networked_What_Social_Media_Political_Discussions_Reveal_about_the_2013_General_Elections_in_Kenya_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72053466/The_Ethnic_Hate_Speech_was_Networked_What_Social_Media_Political_Discussions_Reveal_about_the_2013_General_Elections_in_Kenya_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="105419118" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105419118/Testing_a_Media_Intervention_in_Kenya_u3cem_u3eVioja_Mahakamani_u3c_em_u3e_Dangerous_Speech_and_the_Benesch_Guidelines">Testing a Media Intervention in Kenya: \u3cem\u3eVioja Mahakamani\u3c/em\u3e, Dangerous Speech, and the Benesch Guidelines</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14252144" href="https://temple.academia.edu/LaurenKogen">Lauren Kogen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Testing a Media Intervention in Kenya: \\u3cem\\u3eVioja Mahakamani\\u3c/em\\u3e, Dangerous Speech, and the Benesch Guidelines","attachmentId":104879461,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105419118/Testing_a_Media_Intervention_in_Kenya_u3cem_u3eVioja_Mahakamani_u3c_em_u3e_Dangerous_Speech_and_the_Benesch_Guidelines","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105419118/Testing_a_Media_Intervention_in_Kenya_u3cem_u3eVioja_Mahakamani_u3c_em_u3e_Dangerous_Speech_and_the_Benesch_Guidelines"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="38709248" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38709248/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION_VIS_A_VIS_HATE_SPEECH_AN_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_LEGAL_PRESCRIPTION_AND_REGULATION_OF_HATE_SPEECH_IN_KENYA">FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION VIS-A-VIS HATE SPEECH: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL PRESCRIPTION AND REGULATION OF HATE SPEECH IN KENYA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="76963445" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DickOsala">Dick Osala</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION VIS-A-VIS HATE SPEECH: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL PRESCRIPTION AND REGULATION OF HATE SPEECH IN KENYA","attachmentId":58792893,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38709248/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION_VIS_A_VIS_HATE_SPEECH_AN_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_LEGAL_PRESCRIPTION_AND_REGULATION_OF_HATE_SPEECH_IN_KENYA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38709248/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION_VIS_A_VIS_HATE_SPEECH_AN_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_LEGAL_PRESCRIPTION_AND_REGULATION_OF_HATE_SPEECH_IN_KENYA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="123850975" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123850975/Politicization_of_Hate_and_Weaponization_of_Twitter_X_in_a_Polarized_Digital_Space_in_Nigeria">Politicization of Hate and Weaponization of Twitter/X in a Polarized Digital Space in Nigeria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="325579499" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ABDULHAMEEDOLAITANRIDWANULLAH">ABDULHAMEED OLAITAN RIDWANULLAH</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42612898" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BashiruUsman">Bashiru Usman</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="70560420" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LauratuAbdulsalam1">Lauratu Abdulsalam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Asian and African studies, 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Politicization of Hate and Weaponization of Twitter/X in a Polarized Digital Space in Nigeria","attachmentId":118209906,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123850975/Politicization_of_Hate_and_Weaponization_of_Twitter_X_in_a_Polarized_Digital_Space_in_Nigeria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123850975/Politicization_of_Hate_and_Weaponization_of_Twitter_X_in_a_Polarized_Digital_Space_in_Nigeria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="124888093" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124888093/Movers_and_Gladiators_of_Violence_Assessing_the_Impact_of_Hate_Speech_on_Peace_and_Security_in_Nigeria">Movers and Gladiators of Violence: Assessing the Impact of Hate Speech on Peace and Security in Nigeria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="311061980" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OLAWALEJAMES5">OLAWALE JAMES</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Movers and Gladiators of Violence: Assessing the Impact of Hate Speech on Peace and Security in Nigeria","attachmentId":119030241,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124888093/Movers_and_Gladiators_of_Violence_Assessing_the_Impact_of_Hate_Speech_on_Peace_and_Security_in_Nigeria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124888093/Movers_and_Gladiators_of_Violence_Assessing_the_Impact_of_Hate_Speech_on_Peace_and_Security_in_Nigeria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="18072175" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18072175/Mapping_and_Analysing_Hate_Speech_Online_Opportunities_and_Challenges_for_Ethiopia">Mapping and Analysing Hate Speech Online: Opportunities and Challenges for Ethiopia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3776" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MattiPohjonen">Matti Pohjonen</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mapping and Analysing Hate Speech Online: Opportunities and Challenges for Ethiopia","attachmentId":39860624,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18072175/Mapping_and_Analysing_Hate_Speech_Online_Opportunities_and_Challenges_for_Ethiopia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18072175/Mapping_and_Analysing_Hate_Speech_Online_Opportunities_and_Challenges_for_Ethiopia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="101063693" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101063693/Impact_of_Hate_Inducing_Speech_in_Nigeria_the_case_of_Media_Discourse">Impact of Hate Inducing Speech in Nigeria: the case of Media Discourse</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="78132708" href="https://unn-ng.academia.edu/OGECHUKWUUzoagba">OGECHUKWU Uzoagba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nwaoke and Uzoagba, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact of Hate Inducing Speech in Nigeria: the case of Media Discourse","attachmentId":101706393,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101063693/Impact_of_Hate_Inducing_Speech_in_Nigeria_the_case_of_Media_Discourse","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101063693/Impact_of_Hate_Inducing_Speech_in_Nigeria_the_case_of_Media_Discourse"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="105581767" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105581767/Ethnic_based_Online_Hate_Speech_in_Ethiopia_Its_Typology_and_Context">Ethnic-based Online Hate Speech in Ethiopia: Its Typology and Context</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="108213109" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TadesseMegersa2">Tadesse Megersa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ethnic-based online hate speech in Ethiopia , 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ethnic-based Online Hate Speech in Ethiopia: Its Typology and Context","attachmentId":104995743,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105581767/Ethnic_based_Online_Hate_Speech_in_Ethiopia_Its_Typology_and_Context","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105581767/Ethnic_based_Online_Hate_Speech_in_Ethiopia_Its_Typology_and_Context"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="25615776" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25615776/Censorship_or_Self_Control_Hate_Speech_the_State_and_the_Voter_in_the_Kenyan_Election_of_2013">Censorship or Self-Control? Hate Speech, the State and the Voter in the Kenyan Election of 2013</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37511" href="https://tulsa.academia.edu/WarigiaBowman">Warigia Bowman</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49279431" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JBowman5">J. Bowman</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Censorship or Self-Control? Hate Speech, the State and the Voter in the Kenyan Election of 2013","attachmentId":45945998,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25615776/Censorship_or_Self_Control_Hate_Speech_the_State_and_the_Voter_in_the_Kenyan_Election_of_2013","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25615776/Censorship_or_Self_Control_Hate_Speech_the_State_and_the_Voter_in_the_Kenyan_Election_of_2013"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="67181441" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67181441/Hate_Speech_in_the_Creation_of_Socio_Political_Dominance_in_Kenyan_Parliamentary_Debates">Hate Speech in the Creation of Socio- Political Dominance in Kenyan Parliamentary Debates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="108243421" href="https://independent.academia.edu/christineAtieno7">christine Atieno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hate Speech in the Creation of Socio- Political Dominance in Kenyan Parliamentary Debates","attachmentId":78095791,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67181441/Hate_Speech_in_the_Creation_of_Socio_Political_Dominance_in_Kenyan_Parliamentary_Debates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67181441/Hate_Speech_in_the_Creation_of_Socio_Political_Dominance_in_Kenyan_Parliamentary_Debates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="100291329" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100291329/Hate_Speech_in_Readers_Comments_and_the_challenge_of_Democratic_Consolidation_in_Nigeria_A_Critical_Analysis">Hate Speech in Readers’ Comments and the challenge of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: A Critical Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="266075695" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TordueTargema">Tordue Targema</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hate Speech in Readers’ Comments and the challenge of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: A Critical Analysis","attachmentId":101155343,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100291329/Hate_Speech_in_Readers_Comments_and_the_challenge_of_Democratic_Consolidation_in_Nigeria_A_Critical_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100291329/Hate_Speech_in_Readers_Comments_and_the_challenge_of_Democratic_Consolidation_in_Nigeria_A_Critical_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="71812349" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71812349/A_Lexicon_of_Violent_Extremist_Language_on_Social_Media_Youth_and_Radicalization_in_Mombasa_Kenya">A Lexicon of Violent Extremist Language on Social Media Youth and Radicalization in Mombasa , Kenya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98198573" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMwajumlah">Aisha Mwajumlah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Lexicon of Violent Extremist Language on Social Media Youth and Radicalization in Mombasa , Kenya","attachmentId":81005464,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71812349/A_Lexicon_of_Violent_Extremist_Language_on_Social_Media_Youth_and_Radicalization_in_Mombasa_Kenya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71812349/A_Lexicon_of_Violent_Extremist_Language_on_Social_Media_Youth_and_Radicalization_in_Mombasa_Kenya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="11916592" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11916592/Kenyan_Media_Peace_Journalism_and_Online_Violence">Kenyan Media, Peace Journalism and Online Violence.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7769019" href="https://kabarak.academia.edu/MichaelMNdonye">Dr. Michael M . Ndonye, BA, MA(MJAC), PhD.</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kenyan Media, Peace Journalism and Online Violence.","attachmentId":37286381,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11916592/Kenyan_Media_Peace_Journalism_and_Online_Violence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11916592/Kenyan_Media_Peace_Journalism_and_Online_Violence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="25747462" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25747462/Mechachal_Online_Debates_and_Elections_in_Ethiopia_Final_Report_From_hate_speech_to_engagement_in_social_media_Short_version_">Mechachal - Online Debates and Elections in Ethiopia. Final Report: From hate speech to engagement in social media (Short version)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35688314" href="https://addisababa.academia.edu/AbdissaZerai">Abdissa Zerai</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7211572" href="https://bg.academia.edu/GeraworkAynekulu">Gerawork Aynekulu</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="653501" href="https://oslomet.academia.edu/MulatuAlemayehuMoges">Mulatu Alemayehu A Moges</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49531632" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaTaflan">Patricia Taflan</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3776" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MattiPohjonen">Matti Pohjonen</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="430656" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/NicoleStremlau">Nicole Stremlau</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="187700" href="https://wits.academia.edu/IginioGagliardone">Iginio Gagliardone</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3076737" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/MesfinAwokeBekalu">Mesfin Awoke Bekalu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mechachal - Online Debates and Elections in Ethiopia. Final Report: From hate speech to engagement in social media (Short version)","attachmentId":46097852,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25747462/Mechachal_Online_Debates_and_Elections_in_Ethiopia_Final_Report_From_hate_speech_to_engagement_in_social_media_Short_version_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25747462/Mechachal_Online_Debates_and_Elections_in_Ethiopia_Final_Report_From_hate_speech_to_engagement_in_social_media_Short_version_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="25747549" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25747549/Mechachal_Online_Debates_and_Elections_in_Ethiopia_Final_Report_From_hate_speech_to_engagement_in_social_media_Full_Report_">Mechachal - Online Debates and Elections in Ethiopia. Final Report: From hate speech to engagement in social media (Full Report)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7211572" href="https://bg.academia.edu/GeraworkAynekulu">Gerawork Aynekulu</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35688314" href="https://addisababa.academia.edu/AbdissaZerai">Abdissa Zerai</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="653501" href="https://oslomet.academia.edu/MulatuAlemayehuMoges">Mulatu Alemayehu A Moges</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49531632" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaTaflan">Patricia Taflan</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14764521" href="https://olemiss.academia.edu/ZenebeBeyene">Zenebe Beyene</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3776" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MattiPohjonen">Matti Pohjonen</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="430656" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/NicoleStremlau">Nicole Stremlau</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="187700" href="https://wits.academia.edu/IginioGagliardone">Iginio Gagliardone</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3076737" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/MesfinAwokeBekalu">Mesfin Awoke Bekalu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mechachal - Online Debates and Elections in Ethiopia. Final Report: From hate speech to engagement in social media (Full Report)","attachmentId":46104690,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25747549/Mechachal_Online_Debates_and_Elections_in_Ethiopia_Final_Report_From_hate_speech_to_engagement_in_social_media_Full_Report_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25747549/Mechachal_Online_Debates_and_Elections_in_Ethiopia_Final_Report_From_hate_speech_to_engagement_in_social_media_Full_Report_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="114359258" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114359258/Deciphering_Digital_Hate_Assessing_the_Evidence_between_Online_Speech_and_Offline_Violence_in_Africa">Deciphering Digital Hate: Assessing the Evidence between Online Speech and Offline Violence in Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="302612209" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarleneStraub">Marlene Straub</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="230772621" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GlobalMediaJournalGermanEdition">Global Media Journal - German Edition</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Global Media Journal - German Edition, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Deciphering Digital Hate: Assessing the Evidence between Online Speech and Offline Violence in Africa","attachmentId":111078422,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114359258/Deciphering_Digital_Hate_Assessing_the_Evidence_between_Online_Speech_and_Offline_Violence_in_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114359258/Deciphering_Digital_Hate_Assessing_the_Evidence_between_Online_Speech_and_Offline_Violence_in_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="69380085" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69380085/Audience_Perception_of_Hate_Speech_and_Foul_Language_in_the_Social_Media_in_Nigeria_Implications_for_Morality_and_Law">Audience Perception of Hate Speech and Foul Language in the Social Media in Nigeria: Implications for Morality and Law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16045614" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HemenFaga">Hemen Faga</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Academicus International Scientific Journal, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Audience Perception of Hate Speech and Foul Language in the Social Media in Nigeria: Implications for Morality and Law","attachmentId":79499983,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69380085/Audience_Perception_of_Hate_Speech_and_Foul_Language_in_the_Social_Media_in_Nigeria_Implications_for_Morality_and_Law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69380085/Audience_Perception_of_Hate_Speech_and_Foul_Language_in_the_Social_Media_in_Nigeria_Implications_for_Morality_and_Law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="14486491" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14486491/Rethinking_the_Legal_Framework_on_Hate_Speech_in_Kenya_Addressing_Investigation_and_Prosecution_Challenges">Rethinking the Legal Framework on Hate Speech in Kenya: Addressing Investigation and Prosecution Challenges</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17375850" href="https://kenyatta.academia.edu/OkechiDennis">Okechi Dennis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rethinking the Legal Framework on Hate Speech in Kenya: Addressing Investigation and Prosecution Challenges","attachmentId":38325318,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14486491/Rethinking_the_Legal_Framework_on_Hate_Speech_in_Kenya_Addressing_Investigation_and_Prosecution_Challenges","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14486491/Rethinking_the_Legal_Framework_on_Hate_Speech_in_Kenya_Addressing_Investigation_and_Prosecution_Challenges"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="34598014" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34598014/Understanding_the_Crime_of_Hate_Speech_as_Prosecuted_in_Kenya_docx">Understanding the Crime of Hate Speech as Prosecuted in Kenya..docx</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25781694" href="https://kenyaschooloflaw.academia.edu/FernadosOmbaso">Fernados Ombaso</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Understanding the Crime of Hate Speech as Prosecuted in Kenya..docx","attachmentId":54463747,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34598014/Understanding_the_Crime_of_Hate_Speech_as_Prosecuted_in_Kenya_docx","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34598014/Understanding_the_Crime_of_Hate_Speech_as_Prosecuted_in_Kenya_docx"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="28118380" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28118380/Hate_Speech_in_Egypt_Kenya_Serbia_and_South_Africa">Hate Speech in Egypt, Kenya, Serbia and South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="196899" href="https://bg.academia.edu/DavorMarko">Davor Marko</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4506454" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YosraElGendi">Yosra El Gendi</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hate Speech in Egypt, Kenya, Serbia and South Africa","attachmentId":48434045,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28118380/Hate_Speech_in_Egypt_Kenya_Serbia_and_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28118380/Hate_Speech_in_Egypt_Kenya_Serbia_and_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="18892" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kenya">Kenya</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="573872" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control_Management">Control Management</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>